SYLLABUS OF INSTRUCTION

'PRELIM'
​*​MATTER
​*KINDS AND FORMS
​*CHEMICAL NATURE OF MATTER
​*PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER
 OBJECTIVES
* Affirmative participate in every subject
activity as manifestation of appreciation
on the significance of physics towards
aviation maintenance profession.
* define ,classify and give example s of matter and the different
forms of matter
 MATTER
Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass. Therefore, the air, water, and food you need
to live, as well as the aircraft you maintain, are all
forms of matter. The Law of Conversation states
that matter cannot be created or destroyed. You
can, however, change the characteristics of matter.
When matter changes state, energy,
which is the ability of matter to do
work, can be extracted. For
example, as coal is heated it
changes from a solid to a
combustible gas which produces
heat energy.
KINDS AND FORMS
 KINDS AND FORMS
‘SOLID’

A solid has a definite volume and shape, and is

independent of its container. For example, a
rock that is put into a jar does not reshape itself
to form to the jar. In a solid there is very little
heat energy and, therefore, the molecules or
atoms cannot move very far from their relative
position. For this reason a solid is
incompressible.
 LIQUID
When heat energy is added to solid matter, the
molecular movement increase. This causes the
molecules to overcome their rigid shape. When a
material changes from a solid to a liquid, the
material’s volume does not significantly change.
However, the material conforms to the shape of
the container its held in. An example of this is a
melting ice tube.
 Liquids are also considered incompressible.
Although the molecular of a liquid are farther
apart than those of a solid, they are still not far
enough apart to make compressible possible.In a
liquid, the molecules still partially bond together.
This bonding force is known as surface tension and
prevents liquids from expanding and spreading out
in all directions. Surface tension is evident when a
container is slightly over filled.
 GAS
As heat energy is continually added to a material,
the molecular movement increases further until the
liquid reaches a point where surface tension can no
longer hold the molecules down. At this point the
molecules escape as gas or vapor. The amount of
heat required to change a liquid to a gas varies with
different and the amount of pressure of liquid is
under. For example, at a pressure that is lower than
a atmospheric
 water boils at a temperature less than 212
Fahrenheit. Therefore, the boiling point of a
liquid is said to vary directly with pressure.
Gases differ from solids and liquids in the fact
that they have neither a definite shape nor a
volume. Chemically the molecules of a gas are
exactly the same as they were in their solid or
liquid state. However, because the molecules in
a gas are spread out, gases are compressible.
 CHEMICAL NATURE OF MATTER
For a better understanding of the characteristics
of matter, chemists typically reduce it to its basic
units. The atom is the basic unit of matter. The
three subatomic particles that forms atoms are
protons, neutrons, and electrons. The positively
charged protons and the neutrons, which have no
electrical charge, coexist in an atom’s nucleus.
The negatively charged electrons orbit around
the nucleus in orderly rings, or shells. The
hydrogen atom is the simplest atom. It has one
proton in the nucleus, no neutrons, and one
The oxygen atom is more complex. An oxygen atom
contains eight protons and eight neutrons in the
nucleus, and has eight electrons orbiting around
the nucleus.
There are over 100 known elements, or atoms.
Each has identifiable number of protons, neutrons,
and electrons. In addition, every atom has its own
atomic number, as well as its own atomic mass.
Generally, when atoms bond together they form
a molecule. However, there are a few molecules
that exist as single atoms. Two examples that
you will most likely use in aircraft maintenance
is helium and argon. All other molecules are
made up of two or more atoms. For example,
water (H2O) is made up of two atoms hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen.
 When atoms bond together to form a
molecule they share electrons. In the example
of H2O, the oxygen atom has six electrons in
its outer, or valence shell. However, there is
room for eight electrons. Therefore, one
oxygen atom can combine with two hydrogen
atoms by sharing the single electrons from
each hydrogen atom.
 PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER
Matter is composed if several molecules. The
molecule is the smallest unit of a substance (at
least two atoms) that exhibits the physical and
cemical properties of the substance.
Furthermore, all molecules of a particular
substance are exactly alike and unique to that
substance.
 Matter exists in different physical states. Solid,
liquid, and gaseous are the three most commonly
encountered states and are discussed in this text. A
physical state refers to the physical condition of a
compound, not to a compound’s chemical structure.
In other words, ice, water, and steam are all H2O,
and the same type of matter appears in all of these
states.All atoms and molecules in matter are
constantly in motion. This motion is caused by the
heat energy in the material. The degree of motion
determines the physical state of matter.