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UN4DRR-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109 (2022) 012051 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012051

Water quality status based on Pollution Index and Water

Quality Index of Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta Province

M Aprilia1, H Effendi1,2, S Hariyadi1

1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine
Sciences, IPB University, Jl Lingkar Akademik Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
2
Center for Environmental Research, PPLH Building 2 nd-4th Floor, Jl Lingkar
Akademik Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

E-mail: hefni.effendi@apps.ipb.ac.id

Abstract. The Ciliwung River receives loads from various sources of pollution along the border,
both from agricultural waste, industrial waste, and domestic waste. The various wastes that enter
the river cause a decrease in water quality. This study aims to determine the water quality status
of the Ciliwung River in the Jakarta segment based on the Pollution Index (PI) and the Pesce-
Wunderlin Water Quality Index (WQI). Monitoring on Ciliwung River water quality in the
Jakarta segment was carried out in February-September 2021 at 18 observation stations. Most of
the parameter tested for the water quality of the Ciliwung River in Jakarta does not meet the river
water quality standards of class II based on Attachment VI of Government Regulation of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021, such as total suspended solid, total dissolved solid,
dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, total nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical
oxygen demand, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms. The water quality status of the Ciliwung
River in the Jakarta segment is in medium to bad condition based on the Pesce-Wunderlin Water
Quality Index and classified as moderately to extremely polluted based on the Pollution Index.

1. Introduction
The Ciliwung watershed covers an area of 347 km 2 with a coverage area originating from Mount Gede
Pangrango in West Java Province to Jakarta Bay in DKI Jakarta Province [1]. Administratively, the
Ciliwung watershed is divided into six consecutive segments which include Bogor Regency, Bogor City,
Depok City, and Jakarta City [2]. The Ciliwung River is one of the largest rivers that flow past Jakarta,
where the river flows through the middle of Jakarta and passes many settlements, densely populated
housing, and slums, and therefore needs special attention on the water quality of the Ciliwung River [3].
Increased human activities have an impact on decreasing water quality, due to the entry of various kinds
of pollutants, such as agricultural waste, industrial waste, domestic waste, and others [4].
The Ciliwung River is an open ecosystem, so that various pollutant sources contribute to increasing
the input of the pollution load along the border, both from agricultural waste, domestic waste, industrial
waste, and livestock waste [5]. The condition of the Ciliwung River in DKI Jakarta is also worsened due
to the rapid development that causes waste to also increase [6]. Changes in land use from agriculture to

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UN4DRR-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109 (2022) 012051 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012051

urban areas also affect water quality [7]. These things lead to significant water quality degradation in
the Ciliwung River [8].
Based on the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021 concerning
the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management, water pollution is the entry or
inclusion of living things, substances, energy and or other components into water by human activities,
thereby exceeding the water quality standards that have been set. Water quality is the nature of water
and the condition of a waters that can be analyzed based on several parameters (physics, chemistry, and
biology) [9]. River water quality is an important aspect in environmental management and sustainable
development to ensure the availability of decent water. Management of river water quality can be done
through the maintenance of water functions to meet the quality standards according to their designation
[10]. Based on the Decree of the Governor of West Java Number 38 of 1991 and the Decree of the
Governor of DKI Jakarta Province Number 582 of 1995, the allotment of the Ciliwung River is as a
source of raw water for drinking water.
The activities of monitoring the quality and pollution of the Ciliwung River have been carried out by
several researchers before. Research by Rahardjo and Widayat [11] states that the level of pollution of
the Ciliwung River is classified as lightly to extremely polluted, with several water quality parameters
exceeding quality standards, namely phosphate, detergent, and organic matter. Based on the research of
Sujati et al. [12], the level of pollution of the upstream segment of the Ciliwung River (Bogor Regency)
is in the moderately polluted category. Research by Sutamihardja et al. [13] shows that the waters of the
Ciliwung River around Katulampa, Bogor Market, and Warung Jambu have been in hypertrophic
category. Very dynamic water conditions cause changes in pollution levels at any time or season. This
study aims to determine the water quality status of the Ciliwung River segment of DKI Jakarta based on
the Pollution Index and Pesce-Wunderlin’s Water Quality Index. Water quality status is the level of
water quality conditions that indicate polluted conditions or good conditions in a water source within a
certain time by comparing it with the established water quality standard. The water quality status might
be considered for water resources management [14].

2. Materials and method

Monitoring of the water quality of the Ciliwung River in the Jakarta segment is carried out in February-
September 2021 by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Environmental Service (DLH DKI Jakarta) in
collaboration with the Environmental Research Center of the IPB University (PPLH IPB). The
monitoring is divided into 18 observation stations. The research location map is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Research location at Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta.

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UN4DRR-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109 (2022) 012051 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012051

The water sampling locations included the Upper Ciliwung-Manggarai (station 1), the Ciliwung-
West Canal (station 2), the Manggarai-Istiqlal (station 3), the Istiqlal-Gajahmada (station 4), and the
Istiqlal-Gunung Sahari (station 5). The location was chosen based on the provisions of SNI
6989.57:2008 concerning Surface Water Sampling Methods, which refers to the general criteria for site
selection, namely natural water sources, polluted water sources, used water sources, and or the location
of the entry of water into reservoirs or lakes. Furthermore, observations and measurements of several
water quality parameters were carried out in situ and other parameters were analyzed at the Regional
Environmental Laboratory of DKI Jakarta Province (LLHD DKI Jakarta) (Table 1).

Table 1. Water quality parameter and measurement methods.

Parameter Unit Tools Methods
Physics
Temperaturea o
C SCT meter, thermometer SNI 6989.57:2008
Transparencya cm Secchi disk Visual
TSSb mg/L Analytical balance Gravimetric [15]
TDS meter, analytical
TDSb mg/L Gravimetric [15]
balance
Chemical
pHa - pH meter SNI 6989.11-2004
DOa mg/L DO meter SNI 6989.57:2008
Ammoniab mg/L Segmented Flow Analyzer Segmented Flow Analysis [15]
Nitriteb mg/L Spectrophotometer SNI 06-6989 9-2004
Nitrateb mg/L Spectrophotometer SNI 6989.79:2011
Total nitrogenb mg/L Spectrophotometer Persulfate digestion [15]
Total phosphateb mg/L Spectrophotometer SNI 06-2483-1991
BODb mg/L Spectrophotometer SNI 6989.72:2009
CODb mg/L Spectrophotometer Closed reflux [15]
Biology
Total coliformsb MPN/100 mL Multiple tube Most Probable Number [15]
Fecal coliformsb MPN/100 mL Multiple tube Most Probable Number [15]
a
parameter measured directly in the field (in situ)
b
parameter measured in the laboratory

2.1. Pesce-Wunderlin Water Quality Index

The Water Quality Index (WQI) is a model used to evaluate water quality. The principle is to collect the
measurement results of water quality parameters and then convert them into a single value or index [16].
According to Pesce and Wunderlin [17], the formula for determining the level of pollution based on the
WQI is as follows (equation 1).
∑ni=1 Ci Pi
WQI = (1)
∑ni=1 Pi
where, n is the total number of parameters, C i is the value assigned to parameter i after normalization
and Pi is the relative weight assigned to each parameter.
The determination of WQI is carried out through data normalization by transforming the measured
values of n water quality parameters with different units into values without units on a scale of 0-100.
The weighting of water quality parameters is carried out to describe the importance of each parameter
as an indicator of water quality. The weight of each parameter is given a value of 1-4 according to its
level of importance to aquatic organisms. A value of 1 is given for the parameter with the smallest role
in the life of aquatic organisms, while a value of 4 is given for the most important parameter for the life
of aquatic organisms [18]. The relative weight values of each parameter (P i) and the concentration of
the normalized water quality parameters (C i) were summarized in Table 2.

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UN4DRR-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109 (2022) 012051 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012051

Table 2. The value of the Pi and Ci used in the Pesce-Wunderlin WQI calculation [17] [18] [19] [20].
Normalization factor (Ci)
Relative
Parameter Unit
weights (Pi)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Temperature °C 1 21/16 22/15 24/14 26/12 28/10 30/5 32/0 36/−2 40/−4 45/−6 >45/<−6

TSS mg/L 4 <20 <40 <60 <80 <100 <120 <160 <240 <320 <400 >400

TDS mg/L 2 <100 <500 <750 <1000 <1500 <2000 <3000 <5000 <10000 ≤20000 >20000

pH - 1 7 7–8 7–8,5 7–9 6,5–7 6–9,5 5–10 4–11 3–12 2–13 1–14

DO mg/L 4 ≥7.5 >7 >6.5 >6 >5 >4 >3.5 >3 >2 ≥1 <1

Ammonia mg/L 3 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1 <0.2 <0.3 <0.4 <0.5 <0.75 <1 ≤1.25 >1.25

Nitrite mg/L 2 <0.005 <0.01 <0.03 <0.05 <0.1 <0.15 <0.2 <0.25 <0.5 ≤1 >1

Nitrate mg/L 2 <0.5 <2 <4 <6 <8 <10 <15 <20 <50 ≤100 >100

Total nitrogen mg/L 2 <0.8 <3.8 <7.5 <13 <18 <27 <48 <85 <149 ≤265 >265

Total phosphate mg/L 1 <0.2 <1.6 <3.2 <6.4 <9.6 <16 <32 <64 <96 <160 >160

BOD mg/L 3 <0.5 <2 <3 <4 <5 <6 <8 <10 <12 ≤15 >15

COD mg/L 3 <5 <10 <20 <30 <40 <50 <60 <80 <100 ≤150 >150
MPN/
Total coliforms 100 3 <50 <500 <1000 <2000 <3000 <4000 <5000 <7000 <10000 ≤14000 >14000
mL
MPN/
Fecal coliforms 100 3 <5 <50 <100 <200 <300 <400 <500 <700 <1000 ≤1400 >1400
mL

After normalization and weighting as shown in Table 2, the level of pollution based on WQI can be
calculated. Based on the WQI value, the classification of water conditions can be divided into five
criteria as shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Water criteria based on the Pesce-Wunderlin WQI.

Class Score Criteria
1 91-100 Excellent
2 71-90 Good
3 51-70 Medium
4 26-50 Bad
5 0-25 Very bad

2.2. Pollution Index

Determination of the water quality status of the Ciliwung River is also calculated using the Pollution
Index, as a comparison from the Pesce-Wunderlin WQI. The Pollution Index is one of the indexes that
serves as a guide in determining the level of pollution of a water according to the Ministry of
Environment of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on the Decree of the Minister of the Environment
Number 115 of 2003 concerning Guidelines for Determining the Status of Water Quality, water quality
management using the Pollution Index can assist the decision-making process so that water management
actions can be carried out appropriately. Determination of the status of water pollution using the
Pollution Index is stated in the Decree of the Minister of the Environment Number 115 of 2003 as
follows (2).
(Ci/Lij)2M + (Ci/Lij)2R
PI = √ (2)
2

where, Ci is concentration of water quality parameters (i) analysis results; L ij is concentration of water
quality parameters (i) quality standard for water allocation (j); (Ci/Lij) M is maximum value of Ci/Lij;
and (Ci/Lij)R is average value of Ci/Lij.

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UN4DRR-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109 (2022) 012051 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012051

Determination of PI is carried out by comparing the concentration of water quality parameters

observed with class II river water quality standards in Attachment VI to Government Regulation of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021. Based on IP values, water conditions are classified into four
criteria which are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4. Water criteria based on the Pollution Index (PI).

Class Score Criteria
1 0 ≤ PI ≤ 1.0 Good water quality
2 1.0 < PI ≤ 5.0 Lightly polluted
3 5.0 < PI ≤ 10 Moderately polluted
4 PI > 10 Extremely polluted

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Water quality parameter

Most of the parameter values for the water quality of the Ciliwung River in DKI Jakarta have not met
the class II river water quality standards, such as TSS, TDS, DO, ammonia, nitrite, total nitrogen, BOD,
COD, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms. The range of general characteristics of the waters of the
Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta from 18 points for four observations along with their quality standards is
shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Water quality of the Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta.

No. Parameter Unit Standardsa Value
Physics
1 Temperature °C dev. 3 24.7-33.5
2 Transparency m - 0.06-0.62
3 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/L 50 8-396
4 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 1000 20-1980
Chemical
5 pH - 6-9 6.47-7.9
6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L 4b 0.95-7.35
7 Ammonia (NH3-N) mg/L 0.2 <0.11-15.63
8 Nitrite (NO2-N) mg/L 0.06 0.01-0.59
9 Nitrate (NO3-N) mg/L 10 0.04-6.1
10 Total Nitrogen (TN) mg/L 15 2.55-33.69
11 Total Phosphate (TP) mg/L 0.2 <0.016-0.16
12 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/L 3 1.27-32.06
13 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 25 <10-125.65
Biology
14 Total coliforms MPN/100 mL 5000 8400-570000000
15 Fecal coliforms MPN/100 mL 1000 4300-310000000
a
Based-on class II river water quality standards in Attachment VI to Government Regulation of the Republic of
Indonesia Number 22 of 2021
b
Minimum limit

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UN4DRR-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109 (2022) 012051 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012051

Total Suspended Solid (TSS) is a solid that is present in a solution but is not dissolved, can cause the
solution to become cloudy, and cannot directly settle to the bottom of the solution. Meanwhile, Total
Dissolved Solid (TDS) is a solid dissolved in a solution, either in the form of organic or inorganic
substances. When rainfall is high, rainwater runoff will carry soil and mud to river bodies so that the
TSS value increases [21]. The main sources of TDS in rivers are runoff from agriculture, household
waste, and industry. The most common chemical elements that are dissolved are calcium, phosphate,
nitrate, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Usually caused by an inorganic ionic material commonly found
in water [22].
DO (Dissolved Oxygen) in waters comes from diffusion through the air and the process of
photosynthesis by autotrophs. The increase in the diffusion of oxygen into the water is assisted by the
wind. Temperature, pressure, and the concentration of various dissolved ions can affect the level of
dissolved oxygen concentration. The process of photosynthesis in waters is limited by the availability
of nutrients. In addition, the inflow is also a source of dissolved oxygen in the waters [9]. According to
[23], dissolved oxygen in the Ciliwung River at Jakarta segments was relatively low due to the
accumulation of garbage, little vegetation around the river, and dredging of the river. This proves that
the Ciliwung River has been polluted and the aquatic organisms that live in it have been disturbed. The
life of aquatic organisms can take place well at a dissolved oxygen concentration of at least 5 mg/L [9].
Ammonia and nitrite concentrations which tend to be high during the study are thought to be related
to the low concentration of dissolved oxygen and high concentrations of BOD and COD due to the input
of domestic waste into the Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a
description of the total amount of oxygen needed in the decomposition of biodegradable organic matter,
while Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) describes the total amount of oxygen needed to oxidize both
biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter by microorganisms in the water. High
concentrations of ammonia and nitrite can also be caused by mineralization of nutrients due to
decomposition of organic matter, high organic nitrogen content, and high oxygen consumption [24].
Coliform bacteria are divided into two, namely fecal coliform (derived from feces) and non-fecal
coliform (derived from dead animals or plants). The high abundance of total coliforms was caused by
the large number of household waste inputs, such as feces and food waste. In addition, the total
abundance of coliforms is also influenced by several water quality parameters, such as temperature,
salinity, and pH [25]. Coliform bacteria can grow in waters at a temperature of 10-45oC with an optimum
temperature of 37oC. The optimum temperature significantly affects the speed of bacterial growth, the
rate of enzyme growth, and the rate of enzyme inactivation [26].

3.2. Pesce-Wunderlin WQI and Pollution Index

Based on the Pesce-Wunderlin Water Quality Index (WQI), the values range from 32.65 to 62.35 (Figure
2), so the pollution level of the Ciliwung River is classified as medium to bad condition (Table 3).
Meanwhile, based on the Pollution Index (PI), it is known that station 2-4 in February showed lightly
polluted (score 3.01), but overall, the IP range is from 5.39-20.54 (Figure 3), so the level of pollution is
classified as moderately to extremely polluted conditions (Table 4). These results are not in line with
research by Rahardjo and Widayat [11] which states that the level pollution of the Ciliwung River is
classified as lightly to extremely polluted, with several water quality parameters exceeding the quality
standards, namely phosphate, detergent, and organic matter. The condition of polluted waters is thought
to be due to the high input of organic matter and nutrients.

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UN4DRR-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109 (2022) 012051 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012051

80

70
Water Quality Index (WQI)

60 medium

50

40
bad
30

20
very
10 bad
0
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 3-3 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 5-1
Observation points
Februari Juni Agustus September

Figure 2. Pesce-Wunderlin WQI of Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta.

20
Pollution Index (PI)

extremely polluted
15

10
moderately polluted
5
lightly polluted
good
0
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 3-3 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 5-1
Observation points
Februari Juni Agustus September

Figure 3. Pollution Index of Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta.

The input of the pollutant load is thought to come from household and industrial sewage pipes (as
point source pollution) and surface water runoff (as non-point source pollution). This assumption is
supported by [27] that found several home-scale industries and small industries, such as printing, batik
dyeing, tofu and tempeh making, as well as car and motorcycle welding workshops that pollute the
Ciliwung River. According to [28], domestic (household) waste contributes about 75% to water
pollution, followed by office and commercial waste contributing around 15%, and industrial waste
contributing around 10% to river water pollution in DKI Jakarta.
River water pollutant sources can be divided into two types, namely point sources and non-point
sources. Point source pollution is a known source of water contaminants or contaminants originating
from identifiable sources, such as ditches, industrial pipes, sewers, and sewage treatment plants. This
type of pollutant source can be distinguished from other pollutant sources. In addition, the location of
the point source pollution can be determined precisely. On the other hand, non-point source pollution is
an unknown source of water pollution or pollution does not come from a single source. This type of
pollutant source is very difficult to control and may come from various sources, such as pesticides,

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UN4DRR-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109 (2022) 012051 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012051

fertilizers, industrial waste, and others that are carried away by runoff. The location of non-point source
pollution cannot be determined precisely [29].
Based on field observations, most of the station characteristics are full of permanent and semi-
permanent settlements that look irregular. The existence of settlements around the river can negatively
affect the landscape physical condition, river water quality, and riparian aesthetic quality. Riparian areas
are the ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic components of the landscape. Well-functioning
riparian landscapes can filter surface and sub-surface water flow, prevent riverbank erosion, filter air
pollution, and provide habitat for various species and active corridors for species to move through
increasingly fragmented urban landscapes [30]. According to [31], irregular settlements generally do
not have adequate sanitation and are characterized by unpatterned (random) construction, so it is
assumed that they are not connected to the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) facilities. Therefore,
it is necessary to make management efforts to control the input of organic matter and nutrients into the
Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta. On the other hand, most regular settlements already have good sanitation
and are equipped with septic tanks as a condition of development by developers.

4. Conclusion
Most of the parameter values for the water quality of the Ciliwung River in DKI Jakarta have not met
the class II river water quality standards based on Attachment VI of Government Regulation of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021, such as total suspended solid, total dissolved solid, dissolved
oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, total nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total
coliforms, and fecal coliforms. The water quality status of the Ciliwung River in the DKI Jakarta
segment is in medium to bad condition based on the Pesce-Wunderlin WQI and classified as moderately
to extremely polluted based on the Pollution Index.

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the Environmental Agency of DKI Jakarta Province (DLH DKI Jakarta)
and the Center for Environmental Research of IPB (PPLH IPB) who have carried out Monitoring of
DKI Jakarta River Water Quality in 2021.

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