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3-20-2021
Recommended Citation
YANG, Yufeng; LUO, Hongtian; WANG, Qing; HE, Zhili; and LONG, Aimin (2021) "Large-scale Cultivation of Seaweed is Effective Approach to Increase Marine Carbon Sequestratio
Coastal Environmental Problems," Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version): Vol. 36 : Iss. 3 , Article 4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20210217103
Available at: https://bulletinofcas.researchcommons.org/journal/vol36/iss3/4
This Technical Roadmap and Strategic Thinking of Ocean Negative Emissions Aiming Carbon Neutrality is brought
to you for free and open access by Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version). It has been
accepted for inclusion in Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version) by an authorized editor of
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version). For more information, please contact
lcyang@cashq.ac.cn, yjwen@cashq.ac.cn.
Large-scale Cultivation of Seaweed is Effective Approach to Increase Marine
Carbon Sequestration and Solve Coastal Environmental Problems
Abstract
All countries in the world are paying attention to low-carbon and carbon neutrality to achieve the
mitigation of climate warming by reducing CO2 emissions. Ocean is the largest carbon pool on the earth
and play an important role of carbon neutrality. More than half of the biological carbon on the earth is
achieved by marine organisms. Among them, seaweed resources are abundant, with advantages such as
low cost, high yield, measurable carbon sink, and strong cultivation controllability. Industrialized blue
carbon can be formed offshore, which is a sustainable model for future development in coastal
ecosystems. In addition, large-scale cultivation of seaweed can provide potential solutions to the global
marine environmental problems such as ocean acidification, hypoxia, eutrophication, and harmful algal
blooms. This review focuses on the function of seaweed carbon sinks, and seaweeds' potential to solve
coastal environmental problems in terms of cultivation, environmental bioremediation effects, and
comprehensive benefit assessment. In conclusion, large-scale seaweed cultivation is an effective
approach for developing low-carbon economy, increasing marine carbon sink capability, solving marine
environmental problems, and finally achieving carbon neutrality.
Keywords
seaweed, carbon sink, low-carbon economy, sustainable development, environmental bioremediation
Authors
Yufeng YANG, Hongtian LUO, Qing WANG, Zhili HE, and Aimin LONG
This technical roadmap and strategic thinking of ocean negative emissions aiming carbon neutrality is available in
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version): https://bulletinofcas.researchcommons.org/journal/
vol36/iss3/4
专题:服务碳中和目标的海洋负排放技术路径与战略思考
Technical Roadmap and Strategic Thinking of Ocean Negative Emissions Aiming Carbon Neutrality
大型海藻规模栽培是增加海洋碳汇
和解决近海环境问题的有效途径
摘要 当前,世界各国均关注于减缓气候变暖、降低大气二氧化碳(CO2)排放为核心目标的低碳和碳中和
理念。海洋是地球最大的碳库,在降低大气 CO2 浓度方面具有重要作用。地球上超过一半的生物碳由海洋生
物完成。大型海藻栽培具有成本低、产量高、碳汇可计量、栽培可控性强等优势;在近海可形成产业化的蓝
碳,是海洋碳汇值得推崇的可持续发展模式。此外,规模栽培大型海藻可解决栽培海区海洋酸化、低氧、富
营养化、有害藻华等海洋环境问题。文章从大型海藻栽培、环境修复作用及综合效益评估等方面综述了大型
海藻碳汇功能及其解决近海环境问题的潜力。大型海藻规模栽培是发展低碳经济、增加海洋碳汇、实现碳中
和,以及解决近海环境问题的有效途径。
关键词 大型海藻,碳汇,低碳经济,可持续发展,环境修复
DOI 10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20210217103
*通信作者
资助项目:国家重点研发计划(2020YFD0901101),国家自然科学基金项目(41977268),南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠
海)创新团队建设项目(311020005)
修改稿收到日期:2021年2月28日;预出版日期:2021年3月7日
院刊 259
专题:服务碳中和目标的海洋负排放技术路径与战略思考
260 2021 年 . 第 36 卷 . 第 3 期
大型海藻规模栽培是增加海洋碳汇和解决近海环境问题的有效途径
程中能高效进行光合作用,增加海洋碳汇。收获的大 海藻体表,互利共生;微生物参与大型海藻生态过程
型海藻还可生产琼胶和作为鱼、鲍等经济动物饵料。 多个环节[22,23],是栽培区大型海藻碳汇和 N、P 生物地
部分大型海藻凋落物形成碎屑或被微型生物分解后形 球化学过程主要“协助者”。③ 大型海藻规模栽培对
成溶解有机碳(DOC)输出至附近海域,起到积极的 浮游生物群落结构稳定具有重要作用;在抑制有害藻
碳汇作用。在大型海藻碳汇过程中,生物泵(BP)和 华的同时,提高浮游植物多样性(图 1)。
微型生物碳泵均发挥了重要功能 [12,13]。目前,我国大 2.2 大型海藻固碳能力及效益
型海藻栽培海域面积仅占我国近海海域面积的 0.3%, 大型海藻固碳潜力预测显示,全球陆架区大型
大型海藻栽培规模还有巨大潜力和发展空间[11]。大型 海藻固碳潜力每年可达 0.7 Gt ,约占全球海洋年均净
海藻栽培还可通过发展贝藻、鲍藻、鱼藻复合养殖提 固碳总量的 35%[24]。权伟等[25]对我国海藻碳汇研究表
高经济动物养殖海域的固碳增汇能力。大型海藻规模 明,1999—2012 年我国近海大规模栽培的大型海藻年
栽培不仅能直接驱动养殖海域生物地球化学循环,还 均固碳量分别为:海带 26.45 × 10 4 t 、裙带菜 3.23 × 10 4
具有重要的碳中和与负排放作用[18-20]。 t、紫菜 2.24×104 t、江蓠 2.01×104 t、其他 7.93×104 t,
大型海藻碳汇过程和生态修复机理主要包括: 合计 41.85 × 10 4 t 。上述时段内,大型海藻栽培年均产
① 通过光合作用,吸收碳(C)、氮(N)、磷 生生态价值 609 亿元;其中,固定 CO2 生态价值年均
(P),降低海水 N、P 和大气 CO2 浓度,增加海洋碳 为 4.29 亿元,释放氧气(O2)生态价值年均为 6.34 亿
汇和水体溶氧;提高 pH 值,防治海洋酸化;高效吸 元,吸收 N、P 元素生态价值年均为 598 亿元,占总价
收 N、P,防治海域富营养化。因此,大型海藻规模栽 值比例超过 98%[26]。2014 年,中国、韩国、日本、印
培能有效改善水质和沉积环境,具有良好的生境修复 度尼西亚、印度、马来西亚、菲律宾、越南等亚太地
效应。② 通过改善水体和沉积环境,提高浮游动物休 区栽培大型海藻的国家减排 2.87×106 t CO2,碳市场价
眠卵的孵化率[21];部分微生物和浮游生物附着在大型 值 2 880 万美元[27]。
大型海藻通过光合作用等生理代谢活
吸收
CO2、TN、TP 动增加海洋碳汇,提高水体溶解氧
O2 (DO)和防治海洋酸化
释放
大型海藻栽培能有效吸收N、P,降低
CO2 DO 其浓度,提高水质和沉积环境质量,
微生物 浮游生物
防治水体富营养化
水质 pH值
解析了无机氮代谢通路关键酶的表达
增加海洋碳汇,防治 加速微生物驱 养护浮 释放化
调控特性,揭示了无机氮代谢关键酶
水体富营养化和海水 动的C/N/P等 生物地球化学耦合 游动物 感物质
酸化,修复近海生境 元素的循环和 和鱼贝 抑制有 基因的功能,阐释了大型海藻无机氮
转化 资源 害藻华 利用的调节机理
大型海藻和微藻在营养盐和光竞争中
底栖生物
居于优势地位,分泌的化感物质能破
休眠卵 坏微藻细胞结构,对微藻生长有明显
改善沉积环境 降低 N、P、S、 的抑制作用
增加浮游动物休眠卵萌发率
重金属
图 1 栽培区大型海藻碳汇过程和生态修复机理
Figure 1 Carbon sequestration processes and bioremediation mechanism of seaweeds in cultivation area
院刊 261
专题:服务碳中和目标的海洋负排放技术路径与战略思考
海洋; N 、 P 等营养盐在海水中的过度增加,不仅是
3 解决近海海洋环境问题的潜力
营养盐绝对数量上的升高,而且也导致其结构和比例
大型海藻通过光合作用吸收海水 CO 2,增加海洋 变化,并引发海洋生态系统中有机质增多、低氧区形
碳汇,促进并加速大气 CO2 向海水扩散,在增加海洋 成、藻华爆发等过程[36]。大型海藻具有良好的营养盐吸
碳汇方面具有重要的生态环境作用。收获的大型海 收能力,其规模栽培能缓解近海富营养化[37]。据估算,
藻用作医药、化工、食品及动物饲料、农业肥料等原 2015 年中国栽培的大型海藻去除海域中 7.56×104 t N 和
料 [6,15]。此外,大型海藻在解决海洋酸化、低氧、富 0.96×104 t P,封存 5.40×105 t C,吸收 1.98×106 t CO2,释
营养化、有害藻华等一系列生态环境问题方面具有重 放 1.44×106 t O2[38]。1 hm2 大型海藻栽培可去除 17.8 hm2
要的作用[28]。 海域的 N 和 126.7 hm2 海域的 P,以此推断,增加 17 倍
262 2021 年 . 第 36 卷 . 第 3 期
大型海藻规模栽培是增加海洋碳汇和解决近海环境问题的有效途径
越,是我国大型海藻规模栽培从无到有的成功范例。 区琼胶厂利用龙须菜等江蓠属大型海藻为原料,生产
目前,龙须菜栽培已形成了从基础研究到技术研发、 琼胶产品,2 年新增产值 9 476 万元。大型海藻作为琼
栽培推广与产品研制的产业链。龙须菜栽培的经济效 胶生产原料具有良好的经济效益。
益、环境效益和社会效益显著。本文以汕头南澳海域 (2)大型海藻规模栽培与鲍生态养殖经济效益。
降低 N、P 等生源
养殖海域 提高水环境和 保障养殖海域
要素浓度、提高水
生境修复 沉积环境质量 水体安全
体 DO和 pH 值
大型海藻与微藻的化 提高浮游植物多样性
优化养殖海域浮 防治养殖海域
感作用及在营养盐和
游植物群落结构 有害藻华
光竞争中均占优势 抑制藻华微藻生长
大型海藻规模栽培
出版海水养殖绿色
提出海水养殖 研发海水养殖绿色 建立养殖企业
生产与海藻生态修
绿色生产理论 生产技术 绿色管理体系
复论文和专著
提出基于大型海藻规模栽培海水养殖绿色生产理论
图 2 基于大型海藻规模栽培的海水养殖绿色生产理论
Figure 2 Green production theory of mariculture based on large-scale cultivation of seaweeds
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院刊 265
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于大型海藻在 CO2 捕获过程的高效性及在经济和碳汇 Salmon Aquaculture Could Incorporate Seaweed and Sea
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carbon strategies in China. Ocean & Coastal Management, 14 Wang F M, Sanders C J, Santos I R, et al. Global blue carbon
2020, 194: 105241. accumulation in tidal wetlands increases with climate change.
3 Buschmann A H, Camus C, Infante J, et al. Seaweed National Science Review, 2020, doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa296.
production: Overview of the global state of exploitation, 15 Pei L X, Ye S Y, Yuan H M, et al. Glomalin-related soil protein
farming and emerging research activity. European Journal of distributions in the wetlands of the Liaohe Delta, Northeast
Phycology, 2017, 52(4): 391-406. China: Implications for carbon sequestration and mineral
266 2021 年 . 第 36 卷 . 第 3 期
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268 2021 年 . 第 36 卷 . 第 3 期
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杨宇峰 暨南大学生命科学技术学院教授、博士生导师。主要从事海洋环境和水生生
物研究和教学工作。近年来,主持科学技术部、国家自然科学基金重点项目和面上基
金 10 多项。在大型海藻生物修复与浮游生物生态学方面取得了较系统的研究成果,获国
家和省部级科研奖励 4 次。发表论文 180 篇,出版专著 2 部。E-mail: tyyf@jnu.edu.cn
YANG Yufeng Professor and Ph.D. Supervisor at the College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan
University. Dr. Yang’s research interests are marine environment and hydrobiology. In recent years, he has
led over 10 projects from Ministry of Science and Technology, and Natural Science Foundation of China.
He has obtained a series of important achievements in areas of seaweed bioremediation and plankton ecology, and has won 4 times of
Science and Technology Advancement Award at national, provincial and ministries levels. Up to now, he has published 180 papers and
2 books. E-mail: tyyf@jnu.edu.cn
■责任编辑:岳凌生
*Corresponding author
院刊 269
专题:服务碳中和目标的海洋负排放技术路径与战略思考
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production: Overview of the global state of exploitation, processes and mechanisms in coastal mariculture environments
farming and emerging research activity. European Journal of in China. Science China Earth Sciences, 2017, 60(12): 2097-
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6 European Commission. Science for Environment Policy: National Science Review, 2020, doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa296.
Salmon Aquaculture Could Incorporate Seaweed and Sea 15 Pei L X, Ye S Y, Yuan H M, et al. Glomalin-related soil protein
Urchins to Reduce Nitrogen Enrichment. Bristol: DG distributions in the wetlands of the Liaohe Delta, Northeast
Environment News Alert Service, 2016. China: Implications for carbon sequestration and mineral
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