Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Gender, Theology and Spirituality) Robert E Shore-Goss - Joseph N Goh - Unlocking Orthodoxies For Inclusive Theologies - Queer Alternatives-Routledge (2020)
(Gender, Theology and Spirituality) Robert E Shore-Goss - Joseph N Goh - Unlocking Orthodoxies For Inclusive Theologies - Queer Alternatives-Routledge (2020)
The Church was again left behind in society in 2019. The United Methodist
Church voted to uphold its ban on same-sex marriage and LGBT clergy in
February, while Taiwan became the first Asian country to legalize same-sex
marriage in May. Why is God being pitched against sex between two loving
individuals because they are not a man and a woman? This volume weaves
together the most important spiritual and theological resources to decipher
divine justice for our LGBTQ sisters and brothers. It is the most powerful
declaration of God’s love for them as much as their love for God.
—Wong Wai Ching Angela, Vice President for Programs,
United Board, and Honorary Professor, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong
Dive into this cascade of queer theologies with abandon. Appreciate the
variety of starting points, the range of conclusions. Let imagination and the
arts, play and sex instruct the one body we are about our multiple desires.
Then speak of the divine with more insight and of creation with more care.
—Mary E. Hunt, Co-Director, Women’s Alliance
for Theology, Ethics, and Ritual (WATER)
This book enters a new liminal space between the LGBTQ and denominational
Christian communities. It simultaneously explores how those who identify
as queer can find a home in church and how those leading welcoming, or
indeed unwelcoming, congregations can better serve both communities.
The primary argument is that queer inclusion must not merely mean an
assimilation into existing heteronormative respectability and approval.
Chapters are written by a diverse collection of Asian, Latin American,
and US theologians, religious studies scholars, and activists. Each of them
writes from their own social context to address the notion of LGBTQ
alternative orthodoxies and praxes pertaining to God, the saints, failure
of the church, queer eschatologies, and erotic economies. Engaging with
issues that are not only faced by those in the theological academy, but also
by clergy and congregants, the book addresses those impacted by a history
of Christian hostility and violence who have become suspicious of attempts
at “acceptance.” It also sets out an encouragement for queer theologians
and clergy to think deeply about how they form communities where queer
perspectives are proactively included.
This is a forward-looking and positive vision of a more inclusive theology
and ecclesiology. It will, therefore, appeal to scholars of Queer Theology
and Religious Studies as well as practitioners seeking a fresh perspective on
church and the LGBTQ community.
For more information and a full list of titles in the series, please visit: www.
routledge.com/religion/series/GTS
Unlocking Orthodoxies
for Inclusive Theologies
Queer Alternatives
Contributors xi
PART I
Provoking church 25
PART II
Repainting saints 71
PART IV
Expanding eschatologies 193
Bibliography 243
Index 263
Contributors
In an essay “In Search of Queer Theology Lost,” Mark Jordan argues that
queer theology develops from a curriculum of sexual stigma. He writes, “To
dissent from the societal judgements about what is shameful, filthy, diseased,
or demonic is to yearn for another language, another itinerary of beauties.
Camp is one way to make beauty from what others call ugly, to invent
speech out of curses and spitting.”1 For Jordan, queer theology looks like a
“camp,” a parody that subverts mainstream heterosexist orthodoxies. He
understands the inclusion of parody in queer theology as “the jolt of putting
the stigmatized next to the holy.”2 Ecclesial authority renders queer theolo-
gies as thoroughly deviant, empty of economies of grace – thus, disgraceful.
Jordan picks up the queer theology of Marcella Althaus-Reid, who under-
stands queer theology as “the challenge of a theology where sexuality and
loving relationships are not only important theological issues but experiences
(that) unshape Totalitarian Theology . . . while re-shaping theologians.”3
She asserts that queer theology is “a first-person theology, diasporic, self-
disclosing, autobiographical and responsible for its own words.”4 Althaus-
Reid understands that the queer theologian is a “villain-theologian,” whose
transgressive writing exposes outside the boundary experiences what hetero-
normative theology eliminates from its orthodox praxis. The villainous queer
theologian breaks the silence imposed by orthodox theological praxis but
surfaces human, albeit, excluded diasporic experiences. She writes, “Borders
of thinking are crossed. Body-Borders, God may cross God’s own borders
too.”5 She observes, “Queer theology does theology with impunity.”6 For
her, queer theology stages excluded life experiences, which she variously
describes as “indecent,” “obscene,” and “libertine.” The queer kenosis of
the incarnate God requires a different theological strategy to find the liber-
tine God in outside experience.7 Queer kenosis, for Althaus-Reid, requires a
critical expansion and surprising divine economy to include a nomadic wan-
derlust within the stories of the libertine lives and the excluded experiences
of LGBTQ humanity. She further observes, “At the bottom line of Queer
theologies, there are biographies of sexual migrants, testimonies of real lives
in rebellions made of love, pleasure, and suffering.”8 These dangerous expe-
riences of queer wanderlust make queer people “un-institutionalized, restless
2 Robert E. Shore-Goss
nomads,”9 but it requires the queer theologian to participate in borderland
“wanderlust” of queer people to seek divine “wanderlust.”10 For Althaus-
Reid, queer theology has a transformational praxis:
The church requires the voices of those driven away because these are
the ones that Wisdom herself uses: lovers of Christ who were declared
heretics or were burned or consigned to silence, those who are difficult
to find in seminary curriculum, womanist, feminist, queer, activist. They
may not make up the structure of the institutional church, but without
them the body of Christ is hopelessly maimed and dismembered.18
From two differing and interdependent cultural areas, a pastor and a theo-
logian indicate LGBTQ people independently present challenges of inclu-
sion for the churches. Both queer clergy and theologians function as angelic
messengers of truth-speaking and prophets of compassion, heeding Jordan’s
call for queer theology: “The queer theology I await wants to change the
world by reshaping subjects in community.”19 As angelic messengers birthed
from the sufferings, aspirations, prayers, and dreams of LGBTQ folks, all
theological contributors in this volume are “angels in fleshly drag,” with
utopian or heavenly desires to transform themselves and transform their
world and churches into an inclusive, just, and compassionate society for
LGBTQ Christians.
I have heard the stories of numerous trans women who were welcomed but
instructed that they had to dress at church conforming to the gender of their
birth.
Jesus’ ministry of compassion shatters boundaries of religious stigma and
ostracism. It is a genuine ministry of radical compassion and unconditional
acceptance. Richard Rohr captures Jesus’ practice of inclusion: “The only
people that Jesus seemed to exclude were precisely those who refused to know
they were ordinary sinners like everyone else. The only thing he excluded was
exclusion itself.”27 Likewise, Indonesian clergy Rev. Stephen Suleeman of the
6 Robert E. Shore-Goss
Jakarta Theological Seminary, who while in seminary in Chicago took a class
on Urban Ministry and was personally transformed, writes,
I was impressed when I met two pastors who did their ministry there,
trying to befriend LGBT people without condemning them, but instead
showing love and understanding to them. I thought the church there
really was doing the right thing.28
This reflection circulated widely among clergy and religious leaders of Prot-
estant denominations on Facebook, and Rev. Jake Joseph’s insights star-
tled many people in welcoming and open congregations by the claim that
LGBTQ folks do not owe “thank you(s)” to progressive churches because
they no longer harm but welcome them. It may take generations to address
wounds of queer trauma, re-build trust, and create healing communities of
8 Robert E. Shore-Goss
reconciliation by narrating our faith stories in unimagined locales and non-
heteronormative spaces.
On the other hand, engaging heterosexual and welcoming Christians,
we discover that many heterosexual Christians, likewise, are victims of
a patriarchal and colonizing heteronormativity. For instance, I partici-
pated in a small bible group of the church. It was filled with wonderful
heterosexual Christians, predominantly retired clergy and their spouses.
I openly represented a queer voice, that was accepted. As we engaged
one another, we found common ground in struggles, oppressive gender
systems, and shared concerns. We created a hybrid church with partial
queer and non-queer space, a promising start in inclusivity. This gives us
“angelic” hope that we can create an open table and welcoming space
for all.
Wendy Farley eloquently expresses the need for an open table and open
church to gather those driven away:
Farley cites a quote from Gregory of Nyssa, “It is through Christ’s own
flesh that the ‘other’ is my sister, my brother; indeed the ‘other’ is me. . . .
The establishment of the Church is re-creation of the world. But it is only
in the union of all particular members that the beauty of Christ’s body is
complete.”35 Many of the contributors accept the hospitality of Jesus’ open
table, and that table is large to seat us all if we listen and learn from each,
celebrating our differences but recognizing simultaneously that we share a
common table and experience of a welcoming God.
“Alternative orthodoxies”
A few years ago, Joseph N. Goh and I began conversations about the Fran-
ciscan practice of “alternative orthodoxy.” As openly gay theologians/clergy
from different cultural settings, we found ourselves involved in Christian min-
istries as well as academic theological research, teaching, and writing: Goh in
Malaysia and myself in the United States. However, we share a background
from the Roman Catholic Church and found personal and theological value
in Francis of Assisi and the Franciscan notion of an alternative orthodoxy.
“Alternative orthodoxy” is a Franciscan notion, arguing that more important
than orthodoxy is an orthopraxy that stresses praxis over doctrine.
Introduction 9
The Franciscans found innovative strategy to be both traditional and revo-
lutionary. This strategy quietly pays attention to practices that were generally
ignored such as poverty, humility, nature, other creatures, and incarnation
rather than atonement. It gave priority to practice over orthodoxy, or often
raising up heterodoxy by living into the praxis. Alternative orthodoxy is a
minority perspective, is living simultaneously into a tradition with a majority
orthodoxy and living into outsider or queer space. It is an attempt to engage
church traditions and practices while being attentive to queer diasporic
experience excluded or marginalized. It is a method of bringing together
the traditional with the revolutionary. Franciscan Richard Rohr provides a
description of the tension included, “Being a prophet demands two seem-
ingly opposites: radical traditionalism and shocking iconoclasm at the same
time.”36 A prophet lives on the edge with an alternative critique of society.
This critical alternative of “radical traditionalism and shocking iconoclasm”
correlates with the work of queer theologians while queer clergy and Francis-
cans such as Richard Rohr are frequently under the pressures of “breaking
the rules properly within the church.” It is a hybrid position of being both
“insider” and “outsider,” orthodox and heretic. Prophets, across Jewish and
Christian histories, provided critical alternative visions by living into those
social alternatives. Nevertheless, queer theologians, with tenure protections,
may often jolt or transgress traditions with queer camp and queer libertine
experience, with less consequences than queer clergy.
Alternative orthodoxy is a practiced spirituality and exploration of alter-
natives or praxis of seeing differently. Philosopher John Caputo observes,
“We are always, constantly haunted by the memory of Jesus, by the unnerv-
ing prospect that one day Jesus will drop by unannounced.”37 This is the
deconstructive dream of Jesus’ ministry and praxis of God’s reign. For Rohr,
it involves “an inner and outer freedom by structurally living on the edge of
the inside of the church and society.”38 The Franciscan stress is on action,
practice, and lifestyle of Jesus (and followed by Francis of Assisi) as foun-
dational for spirituality. It leads to personal transformation, or as Richard
Rohr describes it, “That humans tend to live themselves into a new way of
thinking more than think themselves into new ways of living.”39 Introducing
deconstructive dreams or alternatives into “inside” traditions reframe those
traditions creatively into new possibilities and expansions of Christian praxis.
Queer theologies have used various theological strategies in the form of
transgression and dissidence (Mark D. Jordan, Robert E. Shore-Goss, Mar-
cella Althaus-Reid, Lisa Isherwood, Gabriela González Ortuño), eliding dual-
isms through radical love (Patrick S. Cheng); affirming inclusive hybridity,
intersectionality, and liminality (Patrick S. Cheng, Justin Sabia-Tanis, Susan-
nah Cornwall, Nicolas Panotto, Rose Wu, Adriaan van Klinken, Michael
Sepidoza Campos), radical excavation (Gerard Loughlin, Elizabeth Leung,
Jill Cox, Lai-shan Yip), radical inclusivity (Michael Bernard Kelly, Joseph N.
Goh, Chris Greenough) or making theologically indecent, obscene, and per-
verted transgressions (Marcella Althaus-Reid, Robyn Henderson Espinoza).
10 Robert E. Shore-Goss
These queer theologies are alternative orthodoxies or subversive strategies
that engage Christian traditions and resources to make them less restrictive,
exclusive, and harmful to queer folks.
Joseph N. Goh observes:
What I really enjoy about this piece is Rohr’s statement that one “can
only unlock systems from the inside.” This resonates with what I’m
doing some of my work, i.e. using Roman Catholic theological thought
to queer Roman Catholic disapprobations of homosexuality. In addition
to eliding binaries, producing liminalities and inducing perversions by
looking to tensions between radical traditionalism and shocking icono-
clasm, I think it is important to include antagonistic outsiders within
the conversation, to “befriend the enemy,” so to speak. I would like to
add a dimension of radical befriending and listening to the list. Rohr’s
“holding the tension of opposites” by being “on the edge of the inside”
in order to “unlock systems from the inside” can never work unless there
is radical befriending and listening on both sides.40
God functions in the same way as LGBT people with respect to radi-
cal love. To the extent that LGBT people break down boundaries of
sexuality and gender in our relationships, both God and LGBT people
send forth a radical love that breaks down fixed categories and bound-
aries. For God, these categories include the divine and human, and life
and death. For LGBT people, these categories include the categories of
female and male, and homosexual and heterosexual.50
Cheng, as many queer theologians here, writes and thus understands that
the queer God is incarnated in the inclusive loving, the interrelatedness of
queer people and non-queer people, relationality without boundary fixity.
Let’s examine this queer potpourri.
Provoking church
The first contribution is the keynote address, “Toward Radical Inclusion,”
of the then retired Bishop Yap Kim Hao of Singapore and Malaysia, to the
Conference renew at the Free Community Church (2014). In 1968, Yap Kim
Hao was consecrated the first Asian Bishop of Singapore and Malaysia in
the Methodist Church. He became a “Pastor of the Marginalized,” a hetero-
sexual ally, arguably the first religious leader to speak against the political
mistreatment of LGBTQ peoples in his country. His views were repudiated
by the Methodist bishop who succeeded him in office. Bishop Yao passed at
the age of 88 in 2017. Bishop Yap’s words for LGBTQ inclusion are more
urgent at a time when the United Methodist Church worldwide voted in a
contentious church meeting to continue its opposition against same-sex mar-
riage and ordination of gay and lesbian ordination. Many LGBTQ Method-
ists and their allies have been deeply pained over the decision, and the table
of the church has been closed.
His address lays out what an inclusive church might look like. These
involved: inclusivity of members, lesbian inclusion on an equal basis, inclu-
sivity of the heterosexual community, helping LGBTQ folks reconcile their
sexuality to their faith, and finally an inclusive theology. He remarks, “We
are familiar with the Buddhist emphasis on compassion and doing no harm.
I recall the question of doing good and the way in which Micah answers: ‘He
[sic] has told you, O mortal, what is good; and what does the Lord require
of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your
God (Micah 6.8).’”51 Bishop dreamed of and invited the church to move to
inclusive practice and inclusive theology.
There is no question for LGBTQ believers, who grew up in churches before
their sexual orientation and/or gender identity underwent transition, that the
Introduction 13
church was a stumbling block. Churches failed at inclusion and chose a man-
agement strategy of excluding those who do not fit into their heteronorma-
tive agenda. They stopped being vehicles of grace! Here in this section are
two authors who examine the failure of the church to heed Christ’s call to
companionship with the marginal. In the next two chapters, we discuss the
experience of queer failure at church and the church’s failure to recognize
God’s presence in queer lives.
In “Queer Church: Failure and Becoming in the Body of Christ,” Sara
Rosenau argues that the church failed spectacularly with queer people.
Rosenau develops Judith Halberstam’s notion that queer folks have failed
at gender conformity and opposite sex-attraction, and patriarchal families.52
Queer failure differs from heteronormative failure because it includes resis-
tance as well as imagines alternatives to heteronormative failures. Queer eccle-
siology recognizes the queer failure of the church to its LGBTQ people as its
foundation. Queer failure for ecclesiology invites “a transformed understand-
ing of sin, returning the church to humility.”53 Queer failure affirms that all
Christians have failed in sinning, and it raises the question of the church in
recognizing the universality of sin. Queer failure unmasks the failure of church.
To queer the church’s failure includes the realization that the church needs
the help of queer people to become church. Being undone by queer life, the
church is now poised to learn from the practices of queer Christians, prac-
tices of vulnerability and interdependence. In this way, queer Christians act
as a leaven, helping the whole church rise (Matthew 13.33). What emerges
from the church’s queer failures is a deeper understanding of its own vulner-
ability and need, and ultimately of its permeability to the world. Church and
world intermingle, and the incarnation of God is found queerly in-between.
As a leaven, queer Christians remind the church of the parable of the Good
Samaritan and the bleeding queer on the road to Jericho.
Joseph N. Goh, in his contribution “Songsang, Confessions, and The-
ologizings of Divine Lavishness,” explores how four gay men found divine
lavishness in personal spiritualities, sometimes having a foot in the church
and foot outside the church. He notes that the Federation of Asian Bish-
ops’ Conferences has made significant impact on the development of Asian
Catholic spirituality and growth by linking theology to lived Asian experi-
ences but at the same they overlook, dismiss, and exclude the lived experi-
ences of non-heteronormative Asians. Goh unpacks divine lavishness in the
sexual lives and stories of four Malaysian songsang (culturally equivalent to
queer without political agency) men: Henri, Freddie, Buck, and Hosea. Like
Marcella Althaus-Reid, who finds divine incarnation in the indecent sexual
lives of non-heteronormative folks, Goh expresses divine lavishness in their
lives. Goh writes:
Goh argues that locating spiritual agency is found in stories of the lives of
queer men, and Christian leaders have failed to listen and thus discover God’s
economy of grace in the lives of songsang men. The witness of queer outsid-
ers is absolutely needed by the church to overcome its queerphobia and to
become a site of the liberating love of Christ, just as the witness of the church
is crucial for queer folks to overcome ecclesiophobia and Christianophobia.
Repainting saints
Roman Catholic feminist theologian Elizabeth Johnson speaks of saints as
“friends of God,” for she refuses to divide the church into saints and non-
saints. The communion of saints is not an apartheid concept of separat-
ing people, but one that reconnects saints with living people to empower
them. Saints have inspired and impacted people’s lives. Johnson writes, “The
point is that corporately, inclusively, without discrimination, the whole liv-
ing church is a communion of saints.”55 Here we speak about holiness of
people in ordinary life, and the communion of saints graciously exemplify
and empower holiness in ordinary life. Here also we find an appropriation
of saints to impact queer lives. This section introduces two Catholic forms
of appropriating a relation with saints that promote queer resistance and
empowered religious faith.
The first is Justin Sabia-Tanis’ chapter “Nahum Zenil: ‘The Virgin Mary
Became My Mother’” that presents a unique strategy that impacted Zenil’s
life as a gay man and his art. Originally, the Virgin appeared to the indig-
enous Mexican peasant Juan Diego at the shrine of Aztec goddess Tonantzin,
“Our Revered Mother.” Our Lady of Guadalupe was used to further the col-
onization and assimilation of indigenous peoples into the Catholic Church.
As a youth, Nahum envisioned the Virgin Mary and Jesus as members of
his family, thus creating a “holy family.” He yoked his Catholic traditional
piety and devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe in such a radical way that
juxtaposed his gay life and lifestyle and consequently found acceptance from
the Virgin as his own mother. Nahum Zenil experienced an abiding presence
Our Lady of Guadalupe and her passionate care for all Mexicans. It included
all Mexicans, including gay Mexicans like himself.
The Virgin of Guadalupe becomes a force of undermining Catholic ortho-
doxy on homosexuality for Zenil. Nahum includes his own self-portraits
to integrate his sexuality with his spiritual devotion. Sabia-Tanis writes,
“Through his self-portraits, he depicts a wide range of theological images,
connecting both radical sexuality and traditional iconography, and chal-
lenging cultural and religious homophobia.”56 One of his unique paintings
Introduction 15
is the Virgin appearing to Zenil and a male lover in adjoining beds with
approval. Another is the Virgin’s blessing of their marriage. Traditional
Mexican devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe radically undermines Spanish
Catholic morality. This essay reminds us of the colonial Spanish conquest of
indigenous peoples. The vivid wood block print is of an incidence of Vasco
Nunez de Balboa as he crossed Panama; he set his fierce dogs upon two-
spirited indigenous people and killed them. Now Zenil Nahum comprehends
his gay sexuality as natural, joyful, and religiously sanctioned by the Virgin
and subverting colonial Spanish Catholicism.
Andy Buechel turns his attention to Mechthild of Magdeburg in “Queer-
ing Ecclesial Authority with Mechthild of Magdeburg: A Roman Catholic
Perspective,” to explore how he might queer the response to Catholic author-
ity today. Mechthild was a member of the Beguines, a medieval lay religious
counter-movement of women who lived voluntary poverty, chastity, prayer,
and care for the poor. The Beguines did not hide away in monastic enclosures
as religious women but lived in a liminal space as unmarried women among
the poor. Mechthild queered the boundaries of traditional women, either
nuns or married women, and were committed to a life of celibate religious
service to the poor. She risked ecclesial attention and sanction in her writings
to describe erotic longings between herself and God and within images of
female homoeroticism.
Mechthild understood God’s power as “formation, maintenance, and
consummation of intimacy.”57 She recognized the Church’s authority but
relativized that authority when it failed to be living up to appropriate use of
power. Andy Buechel applies Mechthild’s response to authority to unpack
Pope Francis’s ambivalent statements in his letter Amoris Laetitia (Joyfulness
of Love) that full inclusion of LGBTQ is harmful to society while he affirms
that LGBTQ people are loved by God and made in God’s image. Buechel
finds the dualism disappointing if not harmful to LGBT people. He affirms
Mechthild’s “example of finding, supporting, and accepting the authority
of those figures who are supportive and life-affirming.”58 Buechel recom-
mends that queer Catholics seek out supportive and life-affirming figures
of authority on the local level to live lives of loyal resistance and challenge.
His “queer loyal resistance” resides in the hope that the supportive ecclesial
leaders will recognize that LGBTQ folks reflect the divine image and live in
loving relationships. This will provide the leaven for the transformation of
the Roman Catholic Church.
Liberating flesh
Marcella Althaus-Reid asks a poignant question for the essays in this section:
“Is Fetishism an obscene trace of Christianity then?”59 Fetishism is frequently
associated with an inanimate object or particular body part, usually separate
but not exclusively from the genitals. Roman Catholic spirituality, along with
many of the world’s spiritualities, uses bodily fetishes to express ritually an erotic
16 Robert E. Shore-Goss
spirituality or emotional satisfaction. Ascetical practices – bodily disciplines from
floggings and bondage to the discipline of bodily practices of yogic meditation –
can be construed as fetishes. Nietzsche says that the saint “takes pleasure in the
wild uprising of his desires.”60 Carmen MacKendrick aptly observes:
Christianity has made a central claim that God entered the human world
of bodies in the person of Jesus. Yet Christianity has been historically disin-
carnational, despising non-compliant bodies in preference to “white, male”
heteronormative bodies. The following essays look at a variety of fetishes
that are considered obscene but have been reimagined as queer ascetical
practices, navigating charts of incarnational grace.
I explore an ascension theology in my essay, “Discovering the Missing
Body: Incarnational Inclusivity.” God’s incarnation endangers the church
because it cannot be confined to itself. In the Ascension, the body of the risen
Christ disappears from the sight of the disciples. However, with Pentecost,
the bestowal of the Spirit, the church has claimed authority to recognize and
confine incarnational presence of the risen Christ within its structure, liturgy,
word, prayer, and leadership. Anglican Bishop N. T. Wright, along with les-
bian theologian, Linn Marie Tonstad, observes that the risen Christ’s body
has disappeared in the clouds at the Ascension. There are very queer incar-
national consequences for the missing body of the risen Christ. By confining
incarnational presence, the church has promoted unjust incarnation by con-
fining it to heteronormative economy and colonizing non-normative bodies.
The Ascended Christ results in a promiscuous multiplication and expan-
sion of incarnational presence into indecent embodiments. I suggest that
the Stonewall Rebellion became the Queer Pentecost, unleashing theatrical
embodiments through drag, the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, the Drag
King Christ in John’s Gospel, and artistic media of gay stations of the cross
of Delmas Howe and Douglas Blanchard and the performative of Terence
McNally’s play Corpus Christi. I focus on Blanchard’s Ascension Station
where the risen Jesus, bare-chested, is embraced by a winged angelic hunk,
is kissed, and Jesus swoons in his arms. Both the winged angelic figure and
the ascending Jesus share crucified arm wounds. Symbolically, the ascended
Jesus unites with the wounded queer body of Christ.
Corpus Christi became a designated mission of mine church in North
Hollywood, California. I describe the cast as a postmodern church carry-
ing the emotional and passionate play for eight years in churches, theaters,
winning awards at the Edinburgh and Dublin Fringe Festivals, and brought
back to Broadway. The play often brought audiences to tears, and they, in
turn, found grace in their own sexual lives. The cast produced a documentary
Introduction 17
of their experience in finding faith, “Playing with Redemption,” now on
Netflix. They became queer church. Embracing an ascension theology recog-
nizes that Christ’s incarnation is embodied in queer bodies and the theatrical
performances. The Ascended Christ is promiscuously found everywhere in
fleshly bodies, even dis/graced and non-normative bodies.
In “Queering Violent Scenes: A Eucharistic Interpretation of BDSM,”
Bryan Mok and Pearl Wong explore BDSM as a theater or ritual of trans-
formation, noting the possibilities of transformation and healing through
reenactments of some violent or miserable scenes. The authors interview
Avem Tenjou Rika (a pseudonym) who is a shibari model, an ancient form
of Japanese rope bondage. They report from conversations that she experi-
ences not arousal but a tranquility, a meditative state that I have witnessed
among practitioners of bondage scenes. For Rika, shibari is a form of medi-
tation that remains sexual and erotic in which she has learned much about
herself as well as her relationship to others. After reviewing modern Chris-
tian explorations of BDSM in the theologies of Kent Brintnall, Lea Brown,
and Nicholas Laccetti, Mok and Wong shift the discussion of BDSM to the
eucharist, a ritual enactment of the cross. The eucharist represents an eating
of the body and drinking the blood of Christ, in which “this anamnesis of
the death of Jesus Christ directs people to a brutal and sanguinary event.”62
The eucharist does not just repeat the violent death of Christ but transgresses
the ritual boundaries into a sacrament of grace.
Mok and Wong argue that an eucharistic interpretation is an appropriately
queer interpretation of BDSM. Both are analogously rituals of potential grace
and divine presence. As a chaplain to the Los Angeles leather community, I
have witnessed and interviewed folks and friends involved in BDSM, who
lost a self-centeredness and liberated into a sublation into divine presence.
Both the rituals of BDSM and eucharist “have symbolically queered violent
scenes so that these scenes can be transformed into healing and liberating
grace.” The authors offer a convincing and persuasive argument to open
Christians to read BDSM through the lens of eucharist, but also it allows
BDSM practitioners to understand that their rituals may share the trajectory
of grace and liberation of eucharist.
Hugo Córdova Quero uses Marcella Althaus-Reid’s deployments of the
economy of dis/grace in the sexual stories of the poor to mediate between
the contributions of Mok and Wong with Shore-Goss in sexual stories. Cór-
dova claims that most churches perceive bodies as dangerous, indecent, and
uncontrollable, for they legislate which bodies are deemed holy enough for
salvation. He follows Althaus-Reid’s Indecent Theology to uncover the rela-
tionship between sexuality, bodies, and incarnation through an exploration
of the film La Mala Educación. The film denounces what Marcella and queer
theologians denounce, that:
Notes
1 Mark D. Jordan, “In Search of Queer Theology Lost,” in Sexual Disorienta-
tions: Queer Temporalities, Affects, Theologies, ed. Kent L. Britnall, Joseph A.
Marchal, and Stephen D. Moore (New York: Fordham University, 2018), 7689.
2 Ibid., 7849.
3 Marcella Althaus-Reid, The Queer God (New York: Routledge, 2002), 8.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid., 50.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., 38.
8 Ibid., 8.
9 Ibid., 49.
10 Ibid.
11 Marcella Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology: Theological Perversions in Sex, Gen-
der and Politics (New York: Routledge, 2000), 200.
12 Althaus-Reid, The Queer God, 2.
13 Jordan, “In Search of Queer Theology Lost,” 7860. See also Jordan, “Missing
Scenes,” Harvard Divinity Bulletin 38, no. 3–4 (2010): 58–67.
14 Ibid., 7860.
15 Tony Kushner, Angels in America is broken down into two parts: Millennium
Approaches and Perestroika (New York: Theater Communications Group,
2014). There has a been 2018 revival of the play on Broadway.
16 Kushner, Perestroika, 4.6, 19. 18–19, ibid.
17 Miak Siew, “Learning to Be Queer: Questions the Church Should Be Asking,” in
God’s image 34, no. 2 (2015): 65.
18 Wendy Farley, Gathering Those Driven Away: A Theology of Incarnation (Lou-
isville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2011), 5.
19 Jordan, “In Search of Queer Theology Lost,” 7768.
20 For instance, the works of J. D. Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a
Mediterranean Jewish Peasant (San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991);
Marcus Borg, Jesus: Uncovering the Life, Teachings, and Relevance of a Religious
Revolutionary (San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco, 2006) and Jesus A New
Vision: Spirit, Culture, and the Life of Discipleship (San Francisco, CA: Harper
& Row, 1987).
21 Marcus Borg, Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time (San Francisco, CA: Harp-
erColllins, 2009), 1346.
22 Diarmuid O’Murchu, Inclusivity: A Gospel Mandate (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis
Press, 2015), 618.
22 Robert E. Shore-Goss
23 Linn Marie Tonstad, God and Difference: The Trinity, Sexuality, and the Trans-
formation of Finitude (New York: Routledge, 2015), 276.
24 O’Murchu, Inclusivity, 1157–406. His whole book argues for radical inclusivity.
25 Miroslav Volf, Exclusion and Embrace: A Theological Exploration of Identity,
Otherness, and Reconciliation (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1996), 72–3.
26 Joerg Rieger, God and the Excluded: Visions and Blindspots in Contemporary
Theology (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001), 37.
27 Richard Rohr, “The Unnamable One,” Center for Action and Contemplation,
February 14, 2019, https://cac.org/the-unnamable-one-2019-12-14/.
28 “Activist of the Week: Stephen Suleeman (Indonesia),” Being LGBT in Asia, July
10, 2013, https://beinglgbtinasia.wordpress.com/2013/07/10/64/.
29 Quoted in Joseph N. Goh, “Practical Guidelines for SOGIESC Theologising in
Southeast Asia: Foregrounding Gender Nonconformity, Sexual Diversity and
Non-Dyadic Embodiment,” in Siapakah Sesamaku? Pergumulan Teologi dengan
Isu-Isu Keadilan Gender (Jakarta, Indonesia: Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Theologi
Jakarta, 2019), 185. See also Greg Carey, Sinners: Jesus and His Earliest Fol-
lowers (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2009), 30–6 and Patrick S. Cheng,
Radical Love: An Introduction to Queer Theology (New York: Seabury Press,
2011), x.
30 Pauline Ong, “Towards a Responsible and Life-Giving Ministry with and among
Sexual and Minorities,” in A Theological Reader on Human Sexuality and Gen-
der Diversities, ed. R. Gaiwad and T. Nainan (New Delhi and Nagpur, India:
ISPCK/NCCI, 2017), 343.
31 Serene Jones, Trauma + Grace: Theology in a Ruptured World (Louisville, KY:
John Knox Westminster Press, 2009), 3–22. For religious/spiritual trauma, see
Dalene Fuller Rogers, Pastoral Care for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Healing
the Shattered Soul (New York: Routledge, 2002), 31–42.
32 Joseph N. Goh, Living Out Sexuality and Faith: Body Admissions of Malaysian
Gay and Bisexual Men (London: Routledge, 2018), 89; original emphasis.
33 Jake Joseph, “An Open Letter to the UCC: The LGBTQ Right to Distrust God
Reflection,” Plymouth Staff Reflection, June 5, 2018, https://us10.campaign-
archive.com/?u=41554bb1f38e3437f605e9439&id=af68a84deb, author’s bold
print.
34 Wendy Farley, Gathering Those Driven Away: A Theology of Incarnation (Lou-
isville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2011), 5.
35 Farley, Gathering Those Driven Away, 1.
36 Richard Rohr, “Prophets: Self Critical Thinking: Who Would Want to Be a
Prophet?,” Center for Action and Contemplation (blog), February 19, 2015,
para. 2, https://cac.org/who-would-want-to-be-a-prophet-2015-02-19/.
37 John D. Caputo, What Would Jesus Deconstruct? The Good News of Postmod-
ernism for the Church (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007), 31.
38 Richard Rohr, Eager to Love: The Alternative Way of Francis of Assisi (Cincin-
nati, OH: Franciscan Media, 2016), 33.
39 Ibid., 84.
40 Originally, the prospectus to contributors from Robert E. Shore-Goss and Joseph
N. Goh, “Unlocking Theological Systems from the Inside,” author’s bold print.
41 Cheng, Radical Love, 6–11, 36–8, 47–8.
42 O’Murchu, Inclusivity, 1157–407.
43 Johann Baptist Metz, Faith in History and Society: Toward a Fundamental Practi-
cal Theology (New York: Seabury, 1980), 111.
44 Robert Goss, Queering Christ: Beyond Jesus ACTED UP (Cleveland, OH: Pil-
grim Press, 2002), 253.
45 Catherine Keller, “Response: To Mark Jordan’s ‘In Search of Queer Theology
Lost,’” in Sexual Disorientations, 7997.
Introduction 23
46 David M. Halperin, Saint Foucault: Toward a Gay Hagiography (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1995), 62.
47 Gerard Loughlin, “Introduction: The End of Sex,” in Queer Theology: Rethink-
ing the Western Body, ed. Gerard Loughlin (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007), 10.
48 Lisa Isherwood and Marcella Althaus-Reid, “Queering Theology,” in The Sexual
Theologian: Essays on Sex, God, and Politics, ed. Marcella Althaus-Reid and
Lisa Isherwood (New York: T & T Clark, 2004), 7–8.
49 Marcella Althaus-Reid, Hard Core Queer: The Church of Dis/Grace (Paper read
at the Queering the Church conference, Boston, MA: Boston University School
of Theology, 2007).
50 Cheng, Radical Love, 31.
51 Page 32 of this volume.
52 Judith Halberstam, The Queer Art of Failure (Durham, NC: Duke University
Press), 2009.
53 Page 44 of this volume.
54 Page 64 of this volume.
55 Elizabeth A. Johnson, “A Community of Holy People in Sacred World: Rethink-
ing the Communion of the Saints,” New Theology Review 12, no. 2 (1999): 6.
56 Page 73 of this volume.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human (Lincoln, NE: University of
Nebraska Press, 1956), 142.
61 Carmen MacKendrick, Counterpleasures (Albany, NY: SUNY, 1999), 157. See
her discussion on asceticism and sadomasochism, 65–6.
62 Page 145 of this volume.
63 Page 162 of this volume.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid.
66 Page 176 of this volume.
67 Ibid.
68 David Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More
Than Human World (New York: Vintage Books), 1996.
69 Page 204 of this volume.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid.
72 Page 221 of this volume.
73 Ibid.
74 Ibid.
75 Jay Emerson Johnson, Peculiar Faith: Queer Theology for Christian Witness
(New York: Seabury Press, 2014), 3.
76 Donald E. Messer and Joseph N. Goh, “Locating the Face of God: Practical
Theological Reflections on LGBTQ People and Churches,” in God’s image, 36,
no. 2 (2017): 23.
Part I
Provoking church
1 Toward radical inclusion
Yap Kim Hao
“The woods are lovely, dark and deep/But I have promises to keep/And
miles to go before I sleep/And miles to go before I sleep.”
Graceful recognition
The queer practice of recognition in community helps articulate an ecclesiol-
ogy where the church is faithful to changing and becoming in and through
relational exchanges between people. I describe graceful recognition as a
process of communal relationality whereby the community recognizes oth-
ers both within and outside their community by holding open an account of
the other, thus extending God’s gift of grace to the other. But the opposite is
also true, the other holds open an account of the community, and the com-
munity is transformed by this gift of grace. I use the example of the practice
of Baptism as a practice transformed by graceful recognition understood as
faithfulness to the promises and potentiality of God’s grace active in com-
munal becoming.
Butler’s ecstatic subjectivity draws on and reformulates Hegel’s descrip-
tion of the moment of recognition that forms the subject. Following Hegel,
Butler describes the self as constituted outside of itself, through relation to
others.10 In this ecstatic subjectivity the self relies on the other because it
is dependent on the other for its constitution. For Butler, the self does not
belong to itself; in fact it remains in a kind of self-unknowing, because it is
in part constituted by what it cannot know.11 The self realizes this radical
dependency in the act of recognition where it is exposed to its own opacity,
a sense of being other to oneself.12 Butler calls this the “ontological primacy
of relationality itself.”13
36 Sara Rosenau
There is a parallel to Butler’s ecstatic self in Kathryn Tanner’s ecclesiology
of plasticity. In Tanner’s work, God is the giver of all that we have, God is
overflowing with gifts and the world is created, exists, and continues because
of God’s giving.14 Humanity is ecstatically oriented toward God, receiving
God’s gift through participation in Christ. This participation is made pos-
sible by the plasticity of human nature, a plasticity that mirrors God’s own
incomprehensibility.15 Thus, becoming more like God is to become plastic
again, shaped in God’s own image.16 Tanner’s plasticity of individuals is
repeated in her ecclesiology. The mission of the church is to both receive the
gifts of God, and give them away.17 However, no one practice or set of prac-
tices defines Christian community. Rather, community is constantly being
formed and reformed through the “messy, ambiguous, and porous character
of the effort to live Christianly.”18
Butler’s relational self helps to nuance how the ecstatic moment of recog-
nition is dependent on community. First, there is a self-awareness that takes
place at the moment of recognition when the self realizes “the fact that we
cannot exist without addressing the other and without being addressed by
the other.”19 Second, the moment of awareness of my fundamental “social-
ity” also brings with it an awareness of my opacity to myself. The exchange
of recognition reveals to me not only that I cannot go back to the self I was
prior to the exchange but, more fundamentally, that I never was an indepen-
dent “I” to begin with. Butler writes, “What is recognized about a self in the
course of this exchange is that the self is the sort of being for whom staying
inside itself proves impossible.”20 Butler claims that it is “precisely my own
opacity to myself [which] occasions my capacity to confer a certain kind of
recognition on others.”21
For Butler the opacity of the self protects the exchange of recognition
from appropriation.22 This is true in part because the exchange of recogni-
tion between self and other is not enclosed in a dyadic relation but, rather,
is dependent on norms. “The social dimension of normativity precedes and
conditions any dyadic exchange.”23 The classic example of gender helps to
explain this relationship. If I understand myself as a woman it is, in part,
because others have ‘recognized’ me as a woman for my entire life. To under-
stand myself as a woman I am dependent upon others’ recognition of me as
a woman. However, everyone, myself as well as others who recognize me,
utilize the norms of gender that inform and determine the norm of “woman”
prior to my being recognized as such. Therefore, the “I” does not offer rec-
ognition to the other from its “private resources” but from the norms that
are socially available.24 The self becomes aware of its own opacity in the
exchange of recognition. This opacity of the self is also related to the excess
of the self. Butler explains this by way of narrative. Because I am constituted
by others and by norms, which proceed me, I can never say everything that
I am in my self-narrative. Further, I cannot explain or narrate my life fully
because the discourse, the words I use to narrate, are not my life. My life
goes on even as I narrate and I am unable to fully capture it.25
Queer church 37
Queer people know well the communal dynamic of recognition described
by Butler. Many queer people can reference an experience of being able to
recognize themselves when they were recognized by the queer community.
This moment of recognition points to one’s opacity to oneself in that it
reveals one’s dependence on communal recognition to make one’s life “liv-
able.”26 This is especially poignant because queer people exist in a heteronor-
mative society where the livability of queer people is not always recognized.
An example of this surfaced after the Pulse Nightclub massacre of 49 queer
people of color in June 2016. In grief, solidarity, and resistance, queer people
began to share online their first experiences of going to gay bars and clubs.
The stories revealed vulnerable moments of how the self becomes in and
through community. Carrie Brownstein speaks about discovering what kind
of other selves are possible in a lesbian club. “Only away from the glare of
homophobia could we experience malleability, a flexing of the self, a full
rotation. Who knew there were 360 degrees?”27 Brownstein’s flexible self,
known in community, connects with Tanner’s movement of the self becoming
plastic. As Brownstein describes, when queer individuals are first seen by the
queer community they become recognizable to themselves, or they recognize
the possibilities of what they might become.
The point of becoming “away from the glare of homophobia” highlights
the difficulty of recognition when it pushes against social norms, as a lesbian
request for recognition does. Here, Sara Ahmed’s point is helpful as she
describes becoming a lesbian as a process of “becoming reoriented,” turn-
ing away from a compulsory heterosexuality.28 Becoming reoriented is also
to be disoriented in one’s self and with the world as it was before.29 Yet this
disorienting state, which connects with Butler’s opacity, also opens up pos-
sibilities of new futures. For queer people this is the possibility of becoming
other than heterosexual; the queer community holds open this possibility.
Prophetic performativity
Since queer people continue to be excluded from many church communi-
ties, graceful recognition remains an unfolding vision for church, yet not
the reality of every church. Therefore, it is important to describe how queer
Christians are prophetically engaged in transforming church communities.
This is captured in our second queer practice, prophetic performativity. Per-
formativity is how we embody social norms. However, when performativity
pushes the boundary of the norm, an expansion of the norm becomes pos-
sible. In ecclesiology, the performativity of non-normative bodies disrupts
the whole body and transforms it.
Butler’s embodied performativity ruptures a notion of communal unity
through uniformity. Prophetic performativity of queer Christians disorients
the whole body in a productive way. Christians gather around the table not
40 Sara Rosenau
in unity of shared agreement, but are disoriented by the difference of queer
Christians. This disorientation has the potential to reorient the whole to
discover new ways of being together, new configurations of community that
recognize the other.
Todd draws on the image of Christ’s body, broken in communion and bro-
ken over the conflict of inclusion of queer people. For Todd, the broken-
ness is denied when unity is proclaimed at the expense of queer bodies.
After communion concluded, Rev. James Preston, in a moment of prophetic
anger, smashed a communion chalice on the floor. It was, in Todd’s words
“a moment of the Spirit interceded to express anguish sighs too deep for
Queer church 43
words. In the breaking of the cup, Christ spoke to the real brokenness of
the moment.”54
Queer Christians are oriented toward God. However, the church com-
munity, here in the example of the United Methodist Church, denies the
Christian witness of queer Christians through prohibitions on marriage,
ordination, and sometimes membership. The prophetic performativity of
queer bodies interrupts any claims of unity by means of exclusion. The act
of breaking the chalice interrupted an ecclesiology of agreement as expressed
through the practice of communion. The ruptured glass proclaimed the pro-
tester’s grief over the body of Christ already broken in the exclusion of queer
people from ordination and other church practices. This brokenness had
both a theological dimension and material impact, on the lives and bodies of
queer Christians. Rev. Julie Todd writes, “In the church there simply must be
some recognition that parts and pieces of the LGBTQ Body of Christ in the
United Methodist Church have been not only broken, but lost. Left. Dead.
Gone. Taken. Parts that aren’t coming back to be made part of the whole.
Irretrievable by choice or by force.”55
Queer Christians live in critical and transformative relation to the norms
of Christian community and in doing so the whole body is invited to dis-
orientation and reorientation. This invitation is to become faithful to God’s
gift of grace by reorienting the church community toward God, allowing
for a more plastic communal practice of recognizing and receiving the other.
Faithful failure
Both graceful recognition and prophetic performativity point to how the
presence of Queer Christians is transformative to the ecclesial body of Christ.
I would like to consider one more queer practice as transformative of how
the church as a body of Christ can be faithful to its own becoming. I suggest
that the church divest from models of success and view its own becoming
as a faithful practice of failure. Queer theorist Judith Halberstam argues
that stories of failure can be reconsidered as new stories of the possible. A
faithful practice of failure means understanding failure as opening the pos-
sibility for other ways of being community together. I specifically explore
how the church can repent of modes of perfection that do not also engender
humility. Recognizing failure as a possibility invites church to return to the
Protestant invitation to be always in a mode of reforming. Reforming is not
change simply for the sake of change, but in response to God’s call to become
plastic again.
Notes
1 Nicholas M. Healy, Church, World and the Christian Life: Practical-Prophetic
Ecclesiology (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 36.
2 Sara Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others (Durham,
NC: Duke University Press, 2006), 4. I recast Ahmed’s phrase “to queer phenom-
enology is also to offer a queer phenomenology.”
3 Kathryn Tanner, Christ the Key (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010),
39–41.
4 Judith Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself (New York: Fordham University
Press, 2005).
5 Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology, 172.
6 For another example of using the “texts” of lives in theology and ethics, see Traci
C. West, Disruptive Christian Ethics: When Racism and Women’s Lives Matter
(Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006), 144–79.
48 Sara Rosenau
7 Michael Bush, “Calvin and the Reformanda Sayings,” in Calvinus Sacrarum Lit-
erarum Interpres: Papers of the International Congress on Calvin Research (Göt-
tingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008), 285–99. The full reformed
phrase is interesting here: “Ecclesia reformata, semper reformanda secundum
verbi dei” is translated as “The church reformed and always being reformed
according to the Word of God.”
8 Farley, Gathering Those Driven Away, 5. Farley emphasizes that being oriented
towards lovers of Christ is much different then “some tepid obligation to be
inclusive,” 5.
9 Philippians 1.6, NRSV.
10 Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself. Butler dispels the notion that a self that is
not “self-grounding” cannot be responsible for his or her actions. She argues the
opposite, that a self-dependent on others and norms for its constitution actually
creates the possibility for agency, an agency within certain boundaries.
11 Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York: Routledge, 2009), 151.
12 Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself, 27. Butler writes “I am, as it were, always
other to myself, and there is no final moment in which my return to myself takes
place.”
13 Butler, Undoing Gender, 150.
14 Kathryn Tanner, Jesus, Humanity, and the Trinity: A Brief Systematic Theology
(Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001), 39.
15 Tanner, Christ the Key, 39–53. See also Brandon Lee Morgan, “Gift, Grace, and
Ecclesial Time in the Theology of Kathryn Tanner,” Perspectives In Religious
Studies 41, no. 1 (2014): 49–64. Morgan gives an overview of how Tanner relates
to the philosophical and theological debate about the gift economy. For a critique
of Tanner’s use of gift, see Sarah Coakley, “Why Gift? Gift, Gender and Trinitar-
ian Relations in Milbank and Tanner,” Scottish Journal Of Theology 61, no. 2
(2008): 224.
16 Tanner, Christ the Key, 87.
17 Tanner, Jesus, Humanity, and the Trinity, 90–5.
18 Kathryn Tanner, “Shifts in Theology Over the Last Quarter Century,” Modern
Theology 26:1 (2010): 43–4.
19 Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself, 33.
20 Ibid., 28.
21 Ibid., 41. Butler acknowledges that she goes beyond Hegel on this point.
22 Ibid., 27.
23 Ibid., 24. Neither does the exchange involve a collapsing of the you into the I.
The “I” does not annihilate the other in the exchange of recognition. For Butler
this would be impossible because, since the I is always outside itself, there is no
I for the you to collapse into. See also Undoing Gender, 149.
24 Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself, 26.
25 Ibid., 36.
26 Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Power of Mourning and Violence (London:
Verso 2004), xv.
27 “‘My First Gay Bar’: Rachel Maddow, Andy Cohen, and Others Shared Their
Coming-Out Stories,” The New York Times, June 22, 2016, www.nytimes.
com/2016/06/23/fashion/my-first-gay-bar-rosie-odonnell-rachel-maddow-alexander-
wang-andy-cohen-share.html?_r=0
28 Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology, 21 and 84–7. Ahmed develops Adrienne Rich’s
term here.
29 Ibid., 21.
30 Cheri DiNovo, Qu(e)erying Evangelism: Growing a Community from the Out-
side in (Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2005). DiNovo develops a vision for her
Queer church 49
local church using the image of the queer stranger who teaches the church the
truth of the gospel.
31 Elizabeth Stuart, “Sacramental Flesh,” in Queer Theology: Rethinking the West-
ern Body, ed. Gerard Loughlin (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007), 65–75.
32 Ibid., 68.
33 Marilyn Bennett Alexander and James Preston, We Were Baptized Too: Claim-
ing God’s Grace for Lesbians and Gays (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox
Press, 1996). Pamela Lightsey writes about the connection between the denial of
baptism to enslaved Africans and the denial of Christian rituals to queer people.
See Our Lives Matter: A Womanist Queer Theology (Eugene, OR: Pickwick
Publications, 2015), 87.
34 Stuart, “Sacramental Flesh,” 68.
35 Nadia Bolz-Weber, Pastrix: The Cranky, Beautiful Faith of a Sinner and Saint
(New York: Jericho Books, 2013), 136.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid., 134.
38 Ibid., 138–9.
39 Farley, Gathering Those Driven Away, 3.
40 Butler, Undoing Gender, 2.
41 Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself, 24.
42 Ibid.
43 Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New
York: Routledge, 1999), 173.
44 Ibid., 185. Original emphasis.
45 Ibid., 41.
46 Butler, Undoing Gender, 3.
47 Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology, 71, 87, 92. Ahmed also theorizes how whiteness
is a ground for race, becoming a background and a “straightening device,” 137.
48 Butler uses examples of gay, lesbian, transgender, and intersexed people in much
of her work, other norms include the categorization of people with physical and
mental disabilities as well as norms of race, ethnicity, and nationality to name
only a few.
49 Butler, Undoing Gender, 31.
50 Kathryn Tanner, Theories of Culture: A New Agenda for Theology (Minneapolis,
MN: Fortress Press, 1997), 82.
51 Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology, 158.
52 Ibid., 170. Ahmed develops the table as a concept in her queer phenomenology,
although she is not talking about the communion table per se.
53 Julie Todd, “On the Body Being Broken,” Love Prevails, May 12, 2016, https://
loveprevailsumc.com/2016/05/12/on-the-body-being-broken.
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 Halberstam, The Queer Art of Failure, 3. See also Syndicate Theology’s sympo-
sium on how Halberstam’s Queer Art of Failure intersects with Theology. Silas
Morgan, “Queer Art of Failure Symposium,” Syndicate, June 8, 2015, https://
syndicate.network/symposia/theology/the-queer-art-of-failure/.
57 Ibid., 89.
58 Ibid., 88.
59 Ibid., 23.
60 Ibid., 2. Halberstam is drawing on both Muñoz and Foucault here. See José
Esteban Muñoz, Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity (New
York: New York University Press, 2009).
61 Halberstam, Queer Art of Failure, 89. Halberstam is drawing on Gramsci here.
50 Sara Rosenau
62 Ibid.
63 Ibid.
64 Halberstam, 92.
65 Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology, 175.
66 Ibid. “For queers of other colors, being ‘out’ already means something different,
given that what is ‘out and about’ is oriented around whiteness,” 175.
67 Bush, “Calvin and the Reformanda Sayings.” Luther uses this phrase in various
writings. These are reviewed in Paul Althaus, The Theology of Martin Luther
(Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1966), 242–5. Althaus translates the phrase as
“at one and the same time a righteous man and a sinner,” 1. For how this phrase
applies to ecclesiology see Robert Kress, “Simul justus et peccator: Ecclesiological
and Ecumenical Perspectives,” Horizons 11, no. 2 (1984): 255–75.
68 James Alison, Undergoing God: Dispatches from the Scene of a Break-in (New
York: Continuum, 2006), 173.
69 Ibid., 79.
70 Letty M. Russell, Church in the Round: Feminist Interpretation of the Church
(Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1993), 124.
71 1 Cor. 7.29–31, NRSV.
72 Russel, Church in the Round, 124.
73 Healy, Church, World and the Christian Life, 12.
74 Paul Lakeland, “‘I Want to Be in That Number’: Desire, Inclusivity and the
Church,” in Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society of America 66
(2011): 21.
75 Ibid.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid., 22.
78 Ibid., 27.
79 Ibid., 22.
80 Ibid., 27.
81 See, for example, a poll by the Public Religion Research Institute which found
that 57 percent of white evangelicals see Christians as facing discrimination in
America. Only 44 percent of white evangelicals said the same about Muslims.
Emma Green, “White Evangelicals Believe They Face More Discrimination
Than Muslims,” The Atlantic, March 10, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/politics/
archive/2017/03/perceptions-discrimination-muslims-christians/519135/.
82 Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology, 177.
3 Songsang, confessions,
and theologizings of divine
lavishness
Joseph N. Goh
I value listening to confessions. Yet when I was younger, I could not muster
the courage to confess who I was to myself. Like many, I struggled deeply
as a gay teenager. I was terrified that people would discover what Roman
Catholicism refers to as my “intrinsic disorder” and “grave depravity.” At
the same time, I told confessions of God that were deliberately degenderized
and desexualized, like how an eye infection disappeared after I supplicated
the Sacred Heart, or how my daily recitation of the rosary was a committed
response to the request of Our Lady of Fatima for the (ambiguous outcome
of the) conversion of sinners. Safe, respectable, decent religiosity.
As a closeted male religious and clergyperson for two decades, I listened
to confessions in the box, at the bedside, at dining tables, in hospitals, in
buses, in numerous countries. I heard people admitting to having “sinful”
sexual relations with others of the same sex, or performing the “iniquity”
of “dressing up in women’s clothes.”1 The shame, guilt, and brokenness
in their voices haunted my own closeted heart, as I learned to my dismay
(and horror) that human confessions were measured by heteronormativity,
or “the everyday and mundane ways in which heterosexuality is privileged
and taken for granted . . . normalized and naturalized.”2 The meting out of
absolution to penitents in God’s name was a privilege that usually flooded
me with joy, but to utter “I absolve you” to the confessions of queer/trans,
or gender-variant and sexually diverse people who were sincerely trying to
be themselves was a struggle, a dilemma, a transgression of theological and
ecclesiastical justice that grew ever stronger within me.
As a Malaysian in Malaysia who is now an older out gay man and wid-
ower, and whose main struggles with gay shame are somewhat behind me, I
now consider myself an interfaith Christian, a queer/trans-affirming minister,
a theological activist, and a researcher in gender and sexuality issues for
whom there is no division between academia and spiritual practice. Aware
of my privilege, I wear these labels tentatively, as I am learning to listen to
myself in order to confess more deeply. I also feel inclined to narrate stories
through faith-inflected lenses in order to prayerfully disclose the godly con-
fessions of queer/trans people.
52 Joseph N. Goh
In steadfastly holding on to C. S. Song’s affirmation that “the totality of life
is the raw material of theology,”3 I am also convinced that “the human body
is the very embodiment and enfleshment of God’s presence”4 for one who
seeks what is good, just and holy, regardless of whether this body belongs to
someone who identifies as queer, trans, cis or straight. Admittedly, my bias is
to reveal the confessions of queer/trans bodies through God-glasses, notably
Malaysian bodies that have been accused of being songsang.5
Many Malaysian men would readily adopt global badges such as “gay” or
“bisexual” or “transgender,” and may even tolerate one or two local labels
when wielded in jest, but as yet, not songsang. As an adjectival catch-all cat-
egory, songsang means inverted, deviant, aberrant, abnormal, unintelligible,
unworthy. Songsang implies a state of disgust, wanton and irresponsible
sexual pursuits, mental instability, and flagrant flaunting of sexual ethics.
To be songsang is to interiorize a slur that implies human diminishment.
It is to be an actor in budaya binatang, or a culture of animals.6 It is to be
sub-human. Songsang echoes queer in many parts of the world, without the
political reappropriation that queer has undergone. As I write this chapter,
I am not aware of any Malaysian academic or activist who has upended
songsang with successful political traction. Yet, while bodies continue to
be branded as songsang, as culpable of unspeakable acts, and shunned by
mainstream Christian hierarchies, I claim them for the task of theologizing.
This chapter is as much inspired by gay men’s confessions of sexuality and
faith as it is by 1 John 3.1, which reads: “Think of the love that the Father
has lavished on us, by letting us be called God’s children; and that is what
we are.” I suspect that my retention of “Father” as a name for God in the
first epigraph may provoke the ire of some, or at least raise an eyebrow. I am
aware that many readers have had negative experiences of their fathers that
cause them to dispense with any conceptualization of God as father. I am
familiar with feminist theological criticisms of androcentric and patriarchal
imaginings of God that have frequently served to oppress women within and
outside the theological realm.
My words come from my own experiences as someone who was theo-
logically nurtured in the United States, Singapore, and Malaysia, and who
believes that God is reflected in female, male, non-gender-specific, and
multiply-gendered identities. I see God as both mother and father and “all the
in-between areas represented in the created universe.”7 I do not believe in rep-
resentations of God that are exclusively male or female, patriarchal or matri-
archal, cisgender or transgender, heterosexual or homosexual. In retaining
“Father” for God as the scriptural origin of loving lavishness in this chapter, I
look to my own pa’ (as I would my ma’) in his unconditional and unwavering
love and support he lavished on me throughout all my years of existence. It
is thus an exercise of joy when I speak of God’s lavishness by alluding to the
imagery of overwhelmingly loving divine fatherhood in scripture.
It is with this delight that I find myself eager and ready to listen to gay
men’s confessions of the lavishness of God. In Bahasa Malaysia, the verb
Songsang, confessions, and theologizings 53
and adverb “lavish” translate as sungguh banyak (plenitude), suka mem-
berikan (likes giving, generous), mewah (extravagant), boros (wasteful), and
melimpah or mencurah (to pour out unreservedly). All these terms provide
multiple facets of the profusion of loving acceptance, the excessive strength
and support, and the overwhelming “wasteful” magnanimity of God – divine
traits which are preached from the pulpit of every church in Malaysia. I am
curious as to how lavishness can be a talking point, a provisional (and cur-
rently necessary for dialogue, not validation or approval) common ground
between queer/trans people and churches.
My focus in this chapter is on the lived experiences of gay men who strad-
dle their sexuality, gender, and faith, and who continue to be deeply affected
by Christian hierarchies who treat them as songsang. Despite antagonistic
attitudes from state, society, and church, these men continue to gaze upon
the loving face of God. They attribute their sexuality to an inclusive God,
and see themselves as conceived out of godly generosity.8
As I listen, I reflect. As I reflect, I pray, and I tell confessions of God’s
lavishness.
Goh: And what do you think God is saying to you in terms of your
sexuality?
Henri: I don’t know . . . yeah, I don’t know (laughs) . . . before in this
sort of my coming out journey, you know I used to pray, I said
God this is wrong, I shouldn’t be this, please change me, and guess
what, nothing happened, that miracle of changing didn’t . . . hap-
pen, and even now I say, God if this is wrong, if I am going against
your will, then show me, give me a very clear sign, because clearly
I don’t respond well to hints and subtleties, if you have to strike
me by lightning then please do it because that’s . . . I’m not gonna
see it any other way . . . knock on wood I haven’t been struck by
lightning yet (chuckles) so, suppose if there was a message in that,
it would be, yeah, you are what you are.
In his repeated claims of “I don’t know,” Henri reveals that the connection
between his sexuality and sense of faith does not lend itself to him with
either absolute clarity. In the process of learning to understand his sexuality
in his “coming out journey,” or the process of sexual self-disclosure, Henri’s
initial belief – which was reflected in his prayer – was that that being gay “is
wrong” and merited divine disapproval. Undeniably, he saw a dissonance
between his sexuality and his faith, which led him to implore God to “change
[him]” because he felt that he “shouldn’t be this.” These feelings of guilt and
sinfulness due to being gay initially prompt Henri, like many other queer/
trans Christians, to pray the gay away.43
Specifically, Henri’s conflicted feelings reflect the stand of Malaysian Angli-
can Bishop Ng Moon Hing on the inadmissibility of homosexual expressions,
and that “the Bible teaches the sanctity of marriage of one man-one woman
as husband and wife in a family.”44 Traditional Christian thought which
valorizes heteronormativity through popular axioms such as “the bible says
that homosexuality is a sin” and “the bible says that marriage is between a
man and a woman” rattles Henri’s self-belief as a “valid” Christian. Yong
Songsang, confessions, and theologizings 59
Ting Jun denounces such sentiments as scriptural apotheosis which prompt
Christians leaders and educators to “read the bible through the socialized
eyes of their cultures and religions [and] look upon and treat wo/men and
LGBTQ people with contempt.”45
The disapproval of the Anglican Church, as is the case with many other
mainstream Malaysian churches, is predicated on the belief that homosexual
expressions contradict what is often indexed as divinely ordered sexuality
and gender. Donald L. Boisvert remarks that “it is not just the fact of male-
on-male bodies doing unholy things that is problematic; it’s also male-on-
male bodies doing suspiciously supposedly un-masculine things, or behaving
in decidedly unmanly ways.”46 Therefore, ecclesiastical disapproval pertains
to the transgression of socially sanctioned sexual and gender roles, inasmuch
as it relates to the notion of divine disapprobation. Godly men, as such, do
not have sex with other men if they are to remain as men approved by God.
Henri finds that he has never really discarded such intuitions of being
“wrong.” He continues to beseech God for “a very clear sign” as an approval
of his sexuality. Interestingly, Henri tests God for his validity as a gay man.
He does this in two ways: First, he implores the divine for a “change.”
Second, he asks to be “struck by lightning” if being gay is something that
“[goes] against [God’s] will.” That Henri has neither experienced a purported
conversion from being gay to straight (or even somewhere in between!), nor
struck down by the natural elements becomes for him the ultimate revelation
of divine endorsement: that “[he is] what [he is],” and it is pleasing to God.
He experiences divine acceptance and approval through the absence of a
successful conversion to heterosexuality and penalty by lightning.
Absence of change or penalty become indicators of the presence of God
in Henri’s life as a gay man. This knowledge, in turn, acts as evidence for
him that he is the consequence of divine omnificence, and that God is totally
cognizant of his sexuality. God, as such, is imagined as the Profound Knower
and Endorser of Queer Sexuality.
Henri becomes astutely aware that by accepting and living his life as a gay
man, he is also accepting and living a godly life. Interestingly, while Henri
conscripts God as a steady presence in his life, the image of the divine is
transformed from a Potential Punisher to an unconditionally accepting Pro-
found Knower. For Henri, divine lavishness comes by way of an experience
of God’s total understanding and embrace of the gay man that he is.
I move from Henri to Freddie, a Hokkien-Chinese Malaysian educator and
activist in his early 30s who calls himself a “liberal Christian” and talks about
a sense of God that is similar to Henri. Akin to Henri, he is no stranger to
ecclesiastical homophobia. When we spoke, Freddie still identified as a Chris-
tian, albeit an angry one. Nevertheless, in recent years, he has distanced him-
self from Christianity. The following excerpt is a glimpse into Freddie’s faith:
God is love, and that is what God is all about. . . . I hang on to that
because God is not going to judge me for who I am, because he will still
60 Joseph N. Goh
love me for who I am, who he has made me to be. And with that, it gives
me the confidence to say that, you know, God loves, he even loves the
most homophobic person ever. Um, because that is . . . his nature, it’s
written there that God is love. You know, he cannot be anything else.
It’s just mind-boggling for me how some homophobic people can’t see
that in their own religion, where they can distort the fact that they can
turn into God hate this, God hate that, when actually it is impossible for
him to feel anything other than love. And love towards his own creation,
his own people . . . that’s what I hold on to, and that’s what I believe.
Um . . . most of the time I’m . . . comfortable with myself, I think because
of the last few years so I have to . . . know people who are gay, and seen
how comfortable they are, and then have also been reading up on . . .
Christian books that are affirming of homosexuality, and so I am becom-
ing comfortable and, because I now know that, you know, being gay is
not wrong . . . it’s just a part of . . . human expression, natural human
expression . . . it is intended by God for some reasons that he, we may
not know.
For Hosea, what is central to his sense of being a man who straddles his
sexuality and faith is the belief that being gay “is intended by God,” although
the actual reason and purpose of his sexuality lies beyond his immediate and
complete comprehension and knowledge. He acknowledges that a large part
of being “comfortable with [him]self” is due to the inspiration that he draws
from other “people who are gay” who are self-assured. I am convinced that
the presence of “comfortable” gay people is crucial for Hosea, because it
becomes a sign for him that “God is present in [queer] communities, creating
the hope and reality of at-home-ment.”57 For Nancy L. Wilson, the idea of
“at-home-ment” means that queer people “create environments of beauty,
safety, and home”58 for themselves and others in deference to God. Rather
than being rejected by God, queer people become the implements and vessels
that incarnate the presence of God to others. God, according to Rose Wu
“is not a solitude divine being but a God of communion and solidarity”59 in
human–divine and human–human relationships.
I suggest that it is God as the Plenitude of At-Home-Ness who is present
in self-confident gay people whom Hosea experiences. In deriving strength
and support from such people, he derives strength and support from God.
This situation, in turn, fuels his sense of being “at home” with himself as
a gay man. Hosea’s self-acceptance also ensues from his reading of gay-
affirming “Christian books” that provide him with constructive views on
being both gay and Christian. As Daryl White and Kendall O. White Jr
point out, the writings of queer Christians are infused with themes in which
“lonely self-hate is transcended by loving embrace, and painful rejection is
replaced by graceful assurance.”60 Through a sort of anonymous but pal-
pable queer solidarity, confessions of other gay men inspire and embolden
his own confessions.
Hosea’s association with other gay men and personal accumulation of
knowledge on sexuality and faith serve to dispel a notion of “wrongness”
and incompatibility in being both gay and Christian. Instead, he discerns his
sexuality from a perspective of faith by injecting it with the idea of divine
knowledge and purposefulness. Not unlike Henri, Hosea understands that
64 Joseph N. Goh
he is somehow meant to live as a gay man, that his sexuality is integral to
his existence as “natural human expression.” To embrace his “being-himself-
ness” is to embrace and live out his sexuality as a gay man as intended by
God. To live life as intended by God, in turn, is ultimately to participate in
divine lavishness.
Notes
1 This is a de-identified collage of numerous accounts that in no way betrays the
confessional seal which I hold dearly to this day.
2 Thomas Johansson and Jesper Anasson, Fatherhood in Transition: Masculinity,
Identity and Everyday Life (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 161.
3 C. S. Song, “New Frontiers of Theology in Asia: Ten Theological Theses,” The
Southeast Asia Journal of Theology 20, no. 1 (1979): 15.
4 D. J. Louw, “Beyond ‘Gayism’? Towards a Theology of Sensual, Erotic Embodi-
ment within an Eschatological Approach to Human Sexuality,” Journal of Theol-
ogy for Southern Africa 132 (2008): 113.
5 Utusan Online, “Seks Songsang Terdedah Penyakit Berjangkit,” Utusan Online,
December 30, 2010, www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=
1230&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_14.htm.
6 Utusan Online, “Seksualiti Merdeka 2011 Cuba Promosi Budaya ‘Binatang’:
Ibrahim Ali,” Utusan Online, November 3, 2011, www.utusan.com.my/utusan/
info.asp?y=2011&dt=1103&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Muka_Hadapan&
pg=mh_04.htm.
7 Virginia R. Mollenkott, “We Come Bearing Gifts: Seven Lessons Religious Con-
gregations Can Learn from Transpeople,” in Trans/Formations, ed. Lisa Isher-
wood and Marcella Althaus-Reid (London: SCM Press, 2009), 48.
8 In some ways, theologizing on gay men and their vicissitudes hints at apologetics,
but this strategy remains a necessary task in countries like Malaysia that continue
to criminalize sexual activities between men in the name of religion.
9 Stephen B. Bevans, Models of Contextual Theology, Rev. and expanded (Maryk-
noll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002), 3.
10 Hugo Córdova Quero, “Embodied (Dis)Placements: The Intersections of Gender,
Sexuality, and Religion in Migration Studies,” in Intersections of Religion and
Migration: Issues at the Global Crossroads, ed. Jennifer B. Saunders, Elena Fid-
dian-Qasmiyeh, and Susanna Snyder (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 156.
11 Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology, 5.
12 James Alison, On Being Liked (New York: Crossroad Publishing, 2003), 58.
13 Department of Statistics, Malaysia, “Population Distribution and Basic
Demographic Characteristics 2010,” 2010, www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.
php?r=column/ctheme&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT
09&bul_id=MDMxdHZjWTk1SjFzTzNkRXYzcVZjdz09.
14 S. Batumalai, “Goodwill and God’s Will in Malaysia,” CTC Bulletin (Bulletin
of the Commission on Theological Concerns), Christian Conference of Asia, XI,
no. 1 (1992): 24–31.
15 Jojo M. Fung, Shoes-Off Barefoot We Walk: A Theology of Shoes-Off (Theologi
Buka Kasut) (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Longman Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., 1992).
16 John Cheong, “Christian Education as Mission in Islamic Malaysia: A Survey of
Contextual Approaches,” Asia Journal of Theology 25, no. 1 (2011): 59–81.
17 Dulcie Abraham, “Feminine Images of God and the Search for a Spirituality of
Wholeness,” Faith Renewed: A Report on the First Asian Women’s Consultation
on Interfaith Dialogue, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Kowloon, Hong Kong: Asia
Women’s Resource Centre for Culture and Theology (AWRC), November 1, 1989).
18 Jojo M. Fung, Ripples on the Water (Johor, Malaysia: Diocesan Office for Social
Communication, 2003).
Songsang, confessions, and theologizings 67
19 Sharon A. Bong, “Sexualising Faith and Spiritualising Sexuality in Postco-
lonial Narratives of Same-Sex Intimacy,” in Persons and Sexuality: Probing
the Boundaries, ed. Carlo Zuccarini and Alison Moore (Oxford, UK: Inter-
Disciplinary Press, 2009), 33–44 and Becoming Queer and Religious in Malay-
sia and Singapore (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020); Goh, Living Out
Sexuality and Faith.
20 Julian C. H. Lee, Policing Sexuality: Sex, Society and the State (London: Zed
Books, 2011), 56.
21 See Lee, 97–108.
22 Jade See, “What It Means to Suffer in Silence: Challenges to Mental Health
Access among LGBT People (Policy for Action No. 2/ 2019),” (Galen Centre
for Health and Social Policy, April 2019), https://galencentre.org/2019/04/22/
conversion-therapy-is-a-form-of-violence/.
23 Good Samaritan Kuala Lumpur, “Good Samaritan Kuala Lumpur,” Facebook,
accessed July 7, 2017, www.facebook.com/gskualalumpur/.
24 Carrey Yubong, “Antioch Mission in Asia: Autocephalous (Independent) Church
in Catholic Apostolic Tradition,” accessed July 18, 2017, www.australian
churchofantioch.com/antioch-mission-in-asia.html.
25 Dayalan Danabalan, Hazri Haili, Tham Jia Vern, and Amelinder Bhullar con-
tributed suggestions to this woeful list in Malay, Chinese, and Indian languages.
It is beyond the scope of this chapter to critically analyze all these terms.
26 The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia, “Malaysian Penal Code”
(1997), secs. 377 A – C, www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/index.php?r=portal2/
lom2&id=1687.
27 Free Malaysia Today, “Seks Dalam Penjara, Hukuman Ditambah 9 Tahun,”
Free Malaysia Today, January 26, 2017, www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/
bahasa/2017/01/26/seks-dalam-penjara-hukuman-ditambah-9-tahun/.
28 Marco Ferrarese et al., “Identity Formations in Contemporary Malaysia: Traversing
and Transcending Ethnicity,” in Malaysia Post-Mahathir: A Decade of Change?, ed.
James Chin and Joern Dosch (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish, 2015), 54.
29 Rose Wu, Liberating the Church from Fear: The Story of Hong Kong’s Sexual
Minorities (Kowloon, Hong Kong: Hong Kong Women Christian Council, 2000).
30 Marcella Althaus-Reid, “Queer I Stand: Lifting the Skirts of God,” in The Sexual
Theologian: Essays on Sex, God and Politics, ed. Marcella Althaus-Reid and Lisa
Isherwood (London: T & T Clark, 2004), 99–109.
31 Susannah Cornwall, Sex and Uncertainty in the Body of Christ: Intersex Condi-
tions and Christian Theology (London: Equinox, 2010).
32 Rebecca M. M. Voelkel, Carnal Knowledge of God: Embodied Love and the
Movement for Justice (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2017).
33 See Adeline Lum, “Celebrating Manhood in Christ,” Christianity Malaysia,
March 5, 2014, http://christianitymalaysia.com/wp/celebrating-manhood-
christ/; Adeline Lum, “Freedom in Christ for Sexually Broken People,”
Christianity Malaysia, April 12, 2013, http://christianitymalaysia.com/wp/
freedom-christ-sexually-broken-people/.
34 Song, “New Frontiers of Theology in Asia: Ten Theological Theses,” 20.
35 Lai-shan Yip, “Listening to the Passion of Catholic Nu-Tongzhi: Developing
a Catholic Lesbian Feminist Theology in Hong Kong,” in Queer Religion, ed.
Donald L. Boisvert and Jay Emerson Johnson, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger,
2012), 74.
36 Jonathan Y. Tan, Christian Mission among the Peoples of Asia (Maryknoll, NY:
Orbis Books, 2014), 95–6.
37 Office of Theological Concerns, “Methodology: Asian Christian Theology,” in
For All Peoples of Asia: Documents from 1997 to 2001, ed. Franz-Josef Eilers,
vol. 3 (Quezon City, Philippines: Claretian Publications, 2000), 331.
68 Joseph N. Goh
38 Kuan-Hsing Chen, Asia as Method: Toward Deimperialization (Durham, NC:
Duke University Press, 2010), 212.
39 Yip, “Listening to the Passion of Catholic Nu-Tongzhi,” 64.
40 Francis, “Letter of the Holy Father to the Grand Chancellor of the ‘Pontifi-
cal Universidad Católica Argentina’ on the 100th Anniversary of the Found-
ing of the Faculty of Theology,” Libreria Editrice Vaticana, March 3, 2015,
https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2015/documents/papa-francesco_
20150303_lettera-universita-cattolica-argentina.html.
41 Wu, Liberating the Church from Fear, 98.
42 Michael Bernard Kelly, Seduced by Grace: Contemporary Spirituality, Gay Expe-
rience and Christian Faith (Melbourne, Australia: Clouds of Magellan, 2007),
196.
43 Denise L. Levy and Patricia Reeves, “Resolving Identity Conflict: Gay, Lesbian,
and Queer Individuals with a Christian Upbringing,” Journal of Gay & Lesbian
Social Services 23, no. 1 (2011): 53–68.
44 Cited in Elizabeth Yuan, “Malaysia’s First Openly Gay Pastor to Marry,” CNN,
August 31, 2011, www.cnn.com/2011/US/08/31/malaysian.pastor.gay.wedding/
index.html.
45 Yong Ting Jin, “The Bible and Critical Feminist Hermeneutics,” in God’s image
33, no. 1 (2014): 7.
46 Donald L. Boisvert, “What Kind of Man Are You? Same-Sex Relations, Mascu-
linity and Anglican Queer Malaise,” Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 42,
no. 2 (2013): 233.
47 Cheng, Radical Love, 51.
48 Andrew K. T. Yip, “Attacking the Attacker: Gay Christians Talk Back,” The
British Journal of Sociology 48, no. 1 (1997): 116.
49 Yip, 121.
50 Joseph N. Goh, “Survivalist Sexuality-Faith Strategies in Biblical Meaning-Mak-
ings: Non-Heteronormative Malaysian Christian Men and Negotiations of Sex-
ual Self-Affirmation,” QUEST: Studies on Religion & Culture in Asia 1 (2016):
44.
51 George Zachariah, “Church and Homophobia: Envisioning an Inclusive Church,”
in Christian Responses to Issues of Human Sexuality and Gender Diversity: A
Guide to the Churches in India, ed. Philip Kuruvilla (New Delhi and Nagpur,
India: ISPCK/NCCI, 2017), 14.
52 Margaret Robinson, “Reading Althaus-Reid: As a Bi Feminist Theo/Method-
ological Resource,” Journal of Bisexuality 10, nos. 1–2 (2010): 117.
53 Jane M. Grovijahn, “Godly Sex, a Queer Quest of Holiness,” Theology & Sexu-
ality 14, no. 2 (2008): 122.
54 Yip, “Listening to the Passion of Catholic Nu-Tongzhi,” 76.
55 Ong, “Towards a Responsible and Life-Giving Ministry with and among Sexual
and Gender Minorities,” 339.
56 Alison, On Being Liked, 15.
57 Nancy L. Wilson, “Queer Culture and Sexuality as a Virtue of Hospitality,” in
Our Families, Our Values: Snapshots of Queer Kinship, ed. Robert E. Shore-Goss
and Amy Adams Squire Strongheart (New York: Harrington Park Press, 1997),
27.
58 Ibid.
59 Wu, Liberating the Church from Fear, 85.
60 Daryl White and Kendall O. White, Jr, “Queer Christian Confessions: Spiritual
Autobiographies of Gay Christians,” Culture and Religion 5, no. 2 (2004): 209.
61 Goh, Living Out Sexuality and Faith, 87.
62 Eric M. Rodriguez, “At the Intersection of Church and Gay: A Review of the
Psychological Research on Gay and Lesbian Christians,” Journal of Homosexual-
ity 57, no. 1 (2010): 8.
Songsang, confessions, and theologizings 69
63 Kelly, Seduced by Grace, 48.
64 Jonathan Alexander and Karen Yescavage, “Bi, Buddhist, Activist: Refusing
Intolerance, But Not Refusing Each Other,” Journal of Bisexuality 10, no. 1–2
(2010): 156.
65 See Joseph N. Goh, “‘Why Is It Wrong?’: Conceptualisations of Sexual Wrongdo-
ing and Sexual Ethics among Gay-Identifying Malaysian Men,” in Doing Asian
Theological Ethics in a Cross-Cultural and an Interreligious Context, ed. Yiu
Sing Lúcás Chan, James F. Keenan, and Shaji George Kochuthara (Bengaluru,
India: Dharmaram Publications, 2016), 347–60.
66 John Paul II, Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed. (E-Book) (Libreria Edi-
trice Vaticana, 1997), para. 1431, www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/what-
we-believe/catechism/catechism-of-the-catholic-church/epub/index.cfm.
67 S. Batumalai, “An Understanding of Malaysian Theology,” Asia Journal of The-
ology 4, no. 1 (1990): 45.
Part II
Repainting saints
4 Nahum Zenil
“The Virgin Mary became
my mother”
Justin Sabia-Tanis
I believe so. It was a response to a need I had from the time I was very
young and it became stronger as I felt more isolated, more alone. This
feeling was very strong, and horrible also, precisely because I was sur-
rounded by my family. I shared their language, their acts, their daily
rituals, but I always felt apart, foreign, alone. Maybe that is why I had
to make myself another family. The Virgin Mary became my mother.
Christ took the place of my father.1
This familial identification with the Virgin of Guadalupe and Jesus mitigated
the extreme isolation he experienced daily.
In his childhood home, as in almost all Mexican houses of the time and
many today, stood an altar to the Virgin, which was a source of comfort and
fascination for him, and from which he drew inspiration. Eve Kosofksy Sedg-
wick writes of a strong connection with specific items as a common survival
strategy for queer youth, “I think that for many of us in childhood the ability
to attach intently to a few cultural objects, objects of high or popular culture
or both, objects whose meaning seemed mysterious, excessive, or oblique in
relation to the codes most readily available to us, became a prime resource
for survival. . . . This can’t help coloring the adult relation to cultural texts
and objects.”2 For Zenil, this connection was with first the items on his fam-
ily’s altar dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, and then subsequently and
by extension, to the Virgin herself.
As a child, in the midst of an environment unlike himself, surrounded on
all sides by those whose ways of speaking and being in the world were so
familiar yet so alien, Zenil felt a deeper connection with Mary and Jesus,
accessible first through their altars, than with those around him. This strat-
egy of making a place for himself in the midst of isolation, finding affirma-
tion from the spiritual realm when it was not to be found elsewhere, can be
seen over and over again in his work as a mature artist. It is a profoundly
revolutionary act for a gay man. Instead of seeing the Virgin and Jesus
as symbols or part of the largely anti-sexual, anti-gay Mexican Catholic
Nahum Zenil 75
Church, he instead sees them as his salvation from isolation, societal and
religious condemnation, and conservatism. The clarity of his childhood faith
and connection with the Virgin and Jesus matured into a deep understand-
ing of profound blessing, with critical political and spiritual implications
expressed through art and writing.
Leaving Veracruz in his teens, Zenil went on to complete his schooling in
Mexico City, following in his father’s footsteps to gain his certification as
a teacher, a career that he pursued for 20 years until the mid-1980s, while
studying art at the Escuela Nacional de Pintura [National School of Paint-
ing], known as The Esmerelda, from which he graduated in 1964.
Cortés points here to the use of images from Mexican culture as a way to
explore personal identity and the inner emotional landscape, rather than as
the literal depiction of an object or straightforward expression of Mexican
heritage. This description fits very accurately with Zenil’s art. Rather than
76 Justin Sabia-Tanis
simply mimesis, Mexican symbol sets are reworked in his art, and that of
other artists, to reflect a deep level of individuation through the alteration
of common cultural icons. These images reflect Mexicanidad [Mexicanness]
expressed through and within a person, which then offers a springboard for
greater individualization as well as affirmation of a collective experience.
As Cortés points out, this mirrors the emergence of queer theory and its
emphasis on identity.
Cortés goes on to reflect, “one could say that neo-Mexicanism also pro-
poses itself as visualizing a culture exiled in its own country.”7 This is note-
worthy in light of Zenil’s strategy of creating an alternative family for himself
and building an interior home as a way to live within the surrounding repres-
sive society. I would argue that Zenil’s art both reflects his sense of separa-
tion from family and society while asserting a refusal to be exiled from his
country and his heritage. His paintings and collages emphasize his identity
as both gay and Mexican, insisting that he is an intrinsic part of Mexican
society, rather than divergent from it. His use of Mexican cultural icons
places him squarely within his national context, while his use of homoerotic
imagery simultaneously situates him outside of societal norms. The power
of Zenil’s work lies precisely in the juxtaposition-made-unity of these ideas
held in tandem. Yet at the same time, Cortés’ analysis applies to Zenil, who
is most certainly responding to societal forces of homophobia that wish to
exile him and others like him, at least from public view, while exploring in
depth the interior landscape.
Queer cultural critic José Esteban Muñoz describes the work of artists
from marginalized communities as disidentification, a process that takes
apart and restructures elements of the dominant culture thus showing that
it is exclusionary but can be remade. He writes,
At the same time, Antonio Viego argues, “Zenil’s compulsive use of self-
portraiture is not read as an expressive practice of homosexual narcissism,
but rather as a critical form of self-reflection, as an existential questioning, if
you will, which serves as an indictment to all Mexicans to be more critical of
themselves and the society in which they live.”11 Zenil’s self-portraits thus are
able to represent not only an individual countenance but to challenge others
to engage in the same thoughtful, intense self-reflection by projecting their
own faces and identities in a similar way into the subject matter.
In considering the question of his self-portraiture, it is important to
remember that Zenil is inspired by the interior landscape. His art works are
78 Justin Sabia-Tanis
images of his emotions, not simply his face and body. Artists can always be
seen within their own works in some way; Zenil chooses to make that pres-
ence profoundly visible by using his own image. He describes other people
as “very strange, very full of mystery,”12 and thus he paints what he is able
to know more accurately and completely – himself, his own emotions, and
his intimate partner and lover. These self-portraits should not be seen as an
example of hubris but of humility because, it seems, in his way of thinking,
one should reverently, cautiously, and rarely attempt to depict that which
others experience and which we cannot adequately comprehend. In an inter-
view, he comments about his use of self-portraiture:
Thus, Zenil uses his image endlessly precisely because the possibilities of
subject matter for his art are infinite. These works are a glimpse of a lim-
itless interior vision, identified and represented by Zenil’s own face and
body.
Zenil is not, however, simply interjecting himself into sacred scenes but
rather engaging a cultural tradition of embodying the holy figures of Chris-
tianity’s narratives. Feast days in Mexico are often accompanied by proces-
sions through the streets in which members of the community embody the
saints. Zenil writes of his experiences as a boy,
One day I was St. Joseph. We left as a procession from the Village Casino,
leading with my right hand the donkey that carried the “Virgin.” It had
nothing to do with mysticism; it was all about the joy of living. It was
on the Paisano Day. . . . I was chosen because even though I was still
very young I already had a beard. I wore a green robe and held a lily in
my left hand. Infused with a certain holiness I lead the walk down the
street. We reached the cemetery, paused to remember the dead, sung and
discoursed about the exalted qualities of the departed . . .; we returned
with the merriment and continuous music to the Casino, which was
already decorated with all the Christmas motives, and the little tree in
the middle.14
Note that Zenil does not say that he portrayed St. Joseph, but rather that one
day he was St. Joseph. This was not taking on the role of a saint but rather
the enfleshment of Joseph on a particular day to mark a specific feast. At the
same time, Zenil puts the word “Virgen” in quotes because the young girl
seated upon the donkey was not the embodiment of the Virgin for the painter
since he had/has a direct and distinct relationship with the Holy Mother
Nahum Zenil 79
herself, rather than with this girl from his village. Jaime Moreno Villarreal
comments on this passage, noting:
Even though the painter states this pilgrimage “had nothing to do with
mysticism”, it does show how this local celebration was deeply immersed
in a religious spirit, which allows us to picture his world originally. The
remembrance of the fellow dead at the cemetery seems to transform into
a secular office of communion with the saints. Thus, and in many other
ways, moral flesh reunited with Christ’s mystic body consecrates also in
Nahum B. Zenil’s imagery.15
I agree wholeheartedly with Villarreal that while the text states that it
was not a mystical experience, it nevertheless describes the way in which
the villagers’ embodiment of these saints, combined with the time in the
cemetery connecting with those who had died, offered a way to reach
through this world into one beyond physical manifestation. It certainly
has a mystical quality.
Zenil’s use of self-portraiture functions in a way that builds on this child-
hood experience of “being” St. Joseph. His depictions of his own body
within a sacred context constitute a vision of the living flesh as a site through
which holy realities and realms can be understood and known, in physical,
spiritual, and emotional ways. Each of the sacred images in which we see
Zenil’s body should be considered in light of his “being” St. Joseph; in each
work of art, Zenil is that figure. His body thus makes a theological claim
about the ability of human beings to enflesh sacred bodies, as Mexican popu-
lar religious culture does. Zenil’s work, however, radically adds to this – by
disidentifying and reconfiguring it – by using the face and flesh of a Mexican
gay man as the vehicle for sacred embodiment.
The presence of the two toy horses peering through the window points to
the playful nature of sexuality in Zenil’s sensual cosmology. Nor is this a
repressed sexuality that hides behind a macho cowboy exterior, but rather is
comfortable with the presence of a plaything as witness to the action through
a window.
Mark Jordan, in his essay entitled “God’s Body,” describes the interac-
tions between portraits of religious figures and their viewers. In particular,
he addresses the intimate connection between Christ and those who gaze
upon him, especially gay men:
His portraits are meant to attract and direct devotion. They are portraits
of someone loved ardently by members of both sexes. Jesus is our Lord,
but also our friend. We go to him with our cares and our concerns. We
suppose that he knows all of our shameful secrets, including our hid-
den sexual desires and acts. He even sees us performing them. So Jesus
knows things about my body and what I do with it that an erotic partner
of many years may not know, that the sum of my lovers may not have
seen. Jesus knows me inside out. He loves me and I love him. He wants
to help me in my daily struggle to live rightly, including with regard to
sexual desires and acts. How does his gaze on my body affect my gaze
on his?18
Like Jordan, Zenil is impacted by his gaze upon sacred images as well
as a holy presence in his life. While we are considering Zenil’s image of the
Virgin, rather than of Christ, Jordan describes an intimacy with Jesus which
parallels that expressed by Zenil in his feelings for the Virgin of Guadalupe,
Nahum Zenil 81
and which stems from observing and interacting with devotional art. Like
Jordan’s understanding of Christ, which is developed through his engage-
ment with images of Jesus, we may consider that Zenil sees the Virgin as a
witness to his intimacy, knowing him and his body more closely and accu-
rately than another human being could, even Vilchis. Here we see, too, the
possibilities of art to expand our understanding of queer theology because,
while Jordan’s words are radical, Zenil’s vision engages our senses by show-
ing us the Virgin present in his bedroom. He makes literally apparent that
which is spiritual and invisible, yet tangible to him.
In a cyclical dynamic, the Virgin’s awareness of the totality of the artist’s
life through her gaze on him consequently continues to shape and inform his
view of her. Through this work, Zenil advances his understanding of sexual-
ity as natural and positive, as something known to holy figures as well as
humans, and embraced by them. At the same time, he decodes the image of
the Virgin of Guadalupe, restructuring her popular image – associated with
traditional, conservative Mexican culture and a homophobic church – and
returning her to her radical origins of appearing to those whom society has
devalued and then extending that into the modern world by showing her
blessing those marginalized today. This Virgin is no prude but rather a holy
figure who embraces all of life, including its most private intimate moments
enacted by men who love her and who love other men.
The artist placed his artwork within a traditional frame with small painted
scenes on porcelain depicting the encounters between the Virgin of Gua-
dalupe and Juan Diego,19 with folkloric versions of the Virgin’s rose motif
carved into the wood between them. The frame tells the story of the first
sighting of the Holy Mother in Mexico. According to tradition, in Decem-
ber of 1531 a maiden appeared to an indigenous peasant, Juan Diego, on
Tepeyac Hill, now a part of Mexico City and probably the site where the
goddess Tonantzin was worshipped in the pre-Hispanic times. This appari-
tion revealed herself to be the Mother of God, speaking to Juan Diego in
Nahautl, the indigenous language of that area of Mexico, which was also the
language used in the area surrounding Zenil’s childhood home.
The legend goes on to say that when the peasant reported his sighting of
Mary to the Spanish Archbishop, the episcopate did not initially believe the
claims, and asked for a sign, which the Virgin consented to give. While Juan
Diego tried to evade this responsibility, the Virgin was persistent. Eventually,
she led him to a bed of roses, which did not grow in that location at that
time of year; he placed them in his tilma, or cloak to transport them back
to the city as a sign of the veracity of the Virgin’s presence. When he opened
his tilma to reveal the roses to the Archbishop, the Virgin’s image had been
miraculously imposed upon the garment. This simulacrum, a supernatural
occurrence beyond human making, provided additional proof of her revela-
tion. A tilma with her image appears in the Basilica built in her honor on the
site of her revelation. While historical records from 1531 do not corroborate
this account, it is clearly accepted as historical fact by many of the modern
82 Justin Sabia-Tanis
Mexican faithful. In the four rondels of the frame that Zenil uses around
his art, we see the peasant first encountering the Virgin, worshipping her,
leaving her to head for the city, and then presenting his evidence before the
Archbishop, completing the circuit of the story.
Zenil deconstructs and then reconstructs the meaning of these colonial
era images and ideas by demonstrating the Virgin’s ongoing revelation to
the marginalized of modern Mexican society in the work that he creates.
The frame itself, and the stories it tells, are repurposed in both structure
and meaning. The artist literally situates himself and his lover within
Mexican traditional religion demonstrating that his story fits within the
narrative structure of the Virgin’s appearances to the marginalized of
Mexico. The frame also reinforces the connection with the legacy of Mexi-
can ex-voto art, devotional images that express gratitude and connection
between a sacred figure and a worshipper.20 Her intention of demonstrat-
ing her love for the outcast indigenous Mexican in her appearance to Juan
Diego remains her intention in appearing to Zenil, the outcast mestizo
gay Mexican.
Mexican ex-votos are narrative images,21 almost always created along
a formula in which the subject is usually painted on her/his knees facing
and beseeching Christ, the Virgin, or a saint for intervention or expressing
gratitude. Twentieth- and twenty-first-century ex-votos address contempo-
rary themes such as political unrest, drug use, domestic violence, gangs,
incarceration, and so on as well as more traditional themes of illness and
suffering. Here, in a departure from the formula, however, Zenil demon-
strates that one does not have to be kneeling to be faithful; one can be
devout even in bed.
Ex-votos, however, are not solely narrative paintings; the physical art-
works themselves are understood to have spiritual impact and agency. Mar-
garita de Orellana, editor of the magazine Artes de Mexico and a book series
of the same name, writes of the art form,
Bendiciones
In 1990, Zenil revisited this theme of radical inclusion and blessing in Ben-
diciones, where we again see Zenil and Vilchis in the foreground, with the
Virgin of Guadalupe behind them. The Virgin is seen on a tilma hanging
against a greyish brown wall that appears to be made of bricks or cinder-
blocks. Roses pour from the bottom of the tilma – more from the cloth
itself than from the figure, since they also come from the marginal areas
of the fabric, as when Juan Diego was displaying them for the Archbishop.
The roses appear to flow in a steady stream down upon Zenil and his lover.
The men are standing shoulder to shoulder, with their arms around each
other. Their fingertips can be seen just above the other’s waist. The men are
dressed identically in gauzy black button up shirts that are open at the col-
lar and are slightly translucent. They wear white belts and black trousers.
The image ends at about upper thigh/groin level on the men. At the bottom
frame of the picture, the flowers are piling up against the lower edge of the
image. Roses stream behind and in front of them. If this continues, they will
be engulfed in the blossoms piling up around them. The frame of the picture
seems to form a container in which the roses flow – otherwise, they would
fill the room, spreading out horizontally.
Here the Virgin of Guadalupe is in her traditional pose as seen on the
tilma, or cloak, of Juan Diego. Zenil depicts himself standing before her
image with his partner, Vilchis. This time the Virgin more explicitly partici-
pates in the scene, showering her blessings upon them in form of the roses
that proved to the Archbishop the veracity of Juan Diego’s claims to have
seen her. The roses were the validation of her existence, her demonstra-
tion of love for an indigenous Mexican peasant scorned and ignored by the
church’s powers that be. The roses function as proof in the same way in this
image, demonstrating the reality of the Virgin’s role in Zenil’s life and her
affirmative presence in the lives of those who are marginalized by ecclesial
authorities. Here again Zenil extends her blessing, showing that it applies
to a gay couple. In the ex-voto Gracias, Virgencita de Guadalupe, we saw
the Virgin’s passive presence in his bedroom; here she goes a step further by
actively offering the blessings of her roses upon the couple.
This is in some sense a more serious, mature portrait of the couple. Instead
of lying naked in bed observed by playthings, they stand side by side, shoul-
der to shoulder. But, unlike the previous image where they were in parallel
beds not touching, here their arms are now interlinked and they form a
solid, unified presence. It is a portrait of two men who have spent many
years together and who experience – in the past, present, and presumably
86 Justin Sabia-Tanis
the future – the timeless blessings of the Virgin. Her abundant roses here
bestow an extravagant benediction on the couple, pouring down and filling
up the bottom frame of the painting. The Virgin is on the upper half of the
diptych, while Vilchis and Zenil are on the lower portion; the separation of
the paintings may express the distinction between the natural and super-
natural worlds, but the motion of the flowers as they pour forth from above
unifies the composition. The roses draw the viewers’ eyes from the top, the
heavenly world, to the bottom, the earthly love shared by two men and link
the two thematically.
Vilchis and Zenil have been together for more than 40 years now and
share an extremely strong bond. In a book about Mexican gay couples,
David Gonzales writes, “In Gerardo [Vilchis], Nahum [Zenil] has found the
companionship and strength which he needed. Even his mother accepted
it ‘because she felt that Gerardo protected me’.”24 The two men identify
spirituality as central to their life-long commitment. In the same interview,
They admit that living together is not easy, but together they seek solu-
tions to the problems, “we want to continue living together until our
deaths and so the adversities become minimized because we have a more
important objective.” For them, “Seeking spiritual enrichment to be bet-
ter is one of the bases which has kept us together for so long.” In this
permanent and continual search, they have learned to “avoid jealousy,
dislikes and problems,” and to focus their energies on the positive. They
say that they know each other so well that they discover themselves
thinking the same thing.25
Conclusion
Pilar Turo writes about Zenil, “For him, to be gay is to be Mexican. Which is
to say, to be between worlds and in a way, in none; which is to be mestizo.”26
This profound hybridity of his nature, a mixed-race mestizo identity, through
his art, stakes a simultaneous claim of the right to freedom for himself as a
gay man and for all Mexicans of all sexual orientations, genders, and races.
For him, to be liberated, to be whole, to seek justice, to express a belief in
God, to find salvation, to be gay – these are all inextricably part of what it
means to be human, to be Mexican, to be Nahum Zenil.
Zenil depicts a wide range of theologically infused images in his art, fus-
ing sexual identity and faith within traditional iconography, and challenging
culturally and religiously based homophobia. His use of self-portraiture puts
himself in direct contact with the sacred subject matter, which at the same
time proclaims the intensity of his need for justice both as a gay man and as a
Mexican. He makes a clear claim for the inclusion of LGBTQ people within
sacred art and shows the redemptive power of religious iconography and
devotion for queer people, beginning with himself but extending outward
to include others.
Zenil makes visible not only the ineffable sacred but also the queer lives,
bodies, and community that are often rendered invisible in the religious
world, celebrating these as part of the spiritual realm. This stands, of course,
in stark contrast to the systematic repression and even demonization of
LGBTQ people by many of the religious structures of our world, including
the Mexican Catholic church of Zenil’s upbringing and today. But while
religious institutions were (and are) often condemning and shunning LGBTQ
people, artists like Zenil assert a positive and profound vision of spiritual-
ity that emphasizes inclusion, social justice, and the sacredness of sexuality.
Through his profound personal connection with the Virgin of Guadalupe,
he transforms images that represent oppression to many into statements of
freedom. Here, the divine figures serve to liberate both the subject(s) and
the viewers from sex-negative and homophobic ideologies, offering instead
possibilities for holy intimacy through an engaged spirituality.
Holland Cotter writes in a New York Times review of Zenil, that
his images, sacred and profane, have the cumulative weight of a mys-
tery play, reverential and comic, with a melodramatic edge. They tell
the story of a gay man coming to terms with the inhospitable society in
which he was raised, not by rejecting it, but by carving out a niche for
himself within and against its grain.27
88 Justin Sabia-Tanis
Zenil fully embraces his spiritual and artistic heritage as a Mexican and
then utilizes it to express his reality as a gay man in Mexico, including his
life with Vilchis. The result is work that is both devout and playful, express-
ing his views that both sexuality and spirituality are natural and joyful. His
work is, as Cotter notes, both fully expressive of and encompassed within
Mexican culture but also runs counter to prevailing social and religious
norms, thereby expressing a new and liberated Mexican reality in which his
body and his life are holy and included.
The power of Zenil’s work lies in its deep and life-affirming embrace of
the spiritual and the sexual. These images reflect the substance of the artist’s
lifelong conscious search for God and his commitment to his own spiritual
development, one which is lived out both internally and within his relation-
ship to Gerardo Vilchis. In interviews with them as a couple, it is clear that
not only is faith vital to both of their lives but that they view their relation-
ship – with all of the joys and challenges that come from living in deep inti-
macy with another – as a critical component of that faith. Their life together
embodies the realities of their beliefs. Sexuality is intrinsically a part of that
life; there is no separation into holy and profane. This is a faith that refuses
to be confined by papal rules, societal limitations, prudery or shame; it is
boundless, fulfilling, devoted, and sexual.
This is a radical attitude, reflected in Zenil’s daring artwork, in a Catho-
lic country because it challenges the very nature of faith as expressed pri-
marily by the spirit, not the body, especially not the “impure” body of the
homosexual. It also engages the lingering uncertainties about brown bodies
as worthy, given the pigmentocracy still prevalent in Latin America. Zenil
deliberately lifts up his and Vilchis’ native features and brown skin, placing
these visages in holy settings with the Virgin’s blessings.
Zenil presents an alternative that allows for, and in fact celebrates, the
beauty and pleasure of the queer mestizo body. Here, God rejoices in plea-
sures experienced between lovers and partners in their brown bodies. Here,
the Virgin moves beyond the shield of her chastity to reveal a woman who
bore multiple children and loves them all. The indigenous face and body
of the Virgin were meant to be subsumed under the Spanish Catholic epis-
copacy but here re-emerges victorious as an indigenous icon who refuses
to play by the rules. First the Virgin appears to a native peasant; here, she
appears to a queer mestizo who then is obligated – joyfully – to reveal her
loving presence in his life to the world. Her presence in Zenil’s life is part of
her ongoing process of appearing to the Mexican people.
Through these images, Zenil demonstrates that that Mexicanidad is
hybridity. Luis Morett writes, “The work of Zenil highlights his ability to
synthesize, from his own life, the unease of the soul overwhelmed by the
prejudices of the norm, revealing an essence which enshrines religion with
eroticism, virtue with transgression, myth with history.”28 The challenge of
living within a homophobic, racist, and sex-negative culture and faith is
the exact force which allows for the emergence of a holistic and affirming
Nahum Zenil 89
spiritual vision. Thus, what Zenil adds to theological discourse is this syn-
thesis of the erotic and spiritual through iconography in which the two are
intrinsically and inextricably linked to the point at which they become syn-
onymous, and thus revolutionary.
In Bendiciones/Blessings and Gracias, Virgencita de Guadalupe, we see
how Zenil centers himself, a gay man, in the heart of Mexico’s faith, under
the blessing and protection of the Virgin of Guadalupe, not as an exile but
as a beloved child. Through these works of art, we see that gay men can
stand at the heart of Mexico’s faith, with a new vision of both sexuality and
Mexicanidad. Edward de Jesus Douglas concludes,
Eliding the nation as race into the gay male and the gay male into the
image, Zenil, like [Frida] Kahlo, creates a sophisticated pictorial fiction
in which the artist himself functions as an authentic and transparent folk
artifact. Artistic process and product become autobiography and mimic
the lived disjunctures between individual and society, sex and gender,
and race and nation. They do so in a form or a space where these dis-
junctures no longer exist. Because of its authenticity and transparency,
indeed, its ethnicity, the folk artifact – as the image itself and as the
artist objectified in the image – is politics by other means, as it critically
manipulates the visual signs of race and nation, embodying, and thus
advocating, radical social alternatives.29
And this is the unity expressed through Zenil’s art – it is highly personal and
yet profoundly political with implications far beyond the individual. Zenil
makes a claim for the freedom of life and expression for all Mexicans. In his
efforts to depict his inner world in which he creates a place of blessing for
himself and his lifelong partner, he offers a word of blessing for all people,
which is inextricably linked to a vision of social justice and political freedom.
Zenil wrote in a poem:
Notes
1 Cristina Pacheco, “Between Sexuality and Guilt/Entre la sexualidad y la culpa,”
in Nahum B. Zenil: Witness to the Self, Testigo Del Ser, ed. Edward J. Sullivan
and Clayton C. Kirking (San Francisco, CA: The Mexican Museum / El Museo
Mexicano, 1996), 26–7. Translation by Jerry Post, provided in the text, “Creo
que sí. Respondió a una necesidad que tuve desde muy niño y se hizo más y más
fuerte conforme fui sintiéndome más aislado, más solo. Esa sensación era muy
viva y terrible también precisamente porque yo me encontraba rodeado por mi
familia; compartía su lenguaje, sus actos, sus ceremonias cotidianas, pero siempre
me sentía ajeno, extraño, solo. Quizá por eso tuve que hacerme de otra familia:
la Virgen pasó a convertirse en mi madre, Cristo ocupó el lugar de mi padre.”
2 Eve Kosofksy Sedgwick, “Queer and Now,” in Tendencies (Durham, NC: Duke
University Press, 1993), 3.
3 Ruben Gallo, New Tendencies in Mexican Art: The 1990s (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2004), 7.
4 Gallo, after defining the term, goes on to say, “They [the neo-Mexicanists] pre-
sented a palatable image of Mexico as a colorful, festive country filled with
age-old traditions and untouched by the complex troubles of present-day life.”
Nahum Zenil 91
(Gallo, 7). This critique, however, does not fit with Zenil’s work and is contested
by other critiques as outlined below.
5 Alejandro Navarrete Cortés, “Symbolic Production in Mexico in the 1980s,” in
Age of Discrepancies, ed. Olivier Debroise (Mexico City D.F., Mexico: UNAM,
2006), 279.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., 280.
8 José Esteban Muñoz, Disindentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance
of Politics (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 25.
9 Olivier Debroise, “Nahum B. Zenil,” in Nuevos Momentos Del Arte Mexicano:
New Moments in Mexican Art, ed. James Riesta (Mexico and New York: Turner
Parallel Project, 1990), 83.
10 Holland Cotter, “Art Review: The Self as a Mix of Personal and Political,” The
New York Times, September 12, 1997, sec. Arts, accessed December 28, 2015
www.nytimes.com/1997/09/12/arts/art-review-the-self-as-a-mix-of-personal-
and-political.html.
11 Antonio Viego, “The Place of Gay Male Chicano Literature in Queer Chicana/o
Cultural Work,” Discourse 21, no. 3 (1999): 87.
12 Pacheco, “Between Sexuality and Guilt/Entre la sexualidad y la culpa,” 28.
13 “Nahum Zenil,” an interview with Partricia [sic] Medoza in Peter Weiermair,
Aktuelle Kunst aus Mexiko (Contemporary Art from Mexico): Julio Galan,
Laura Gonzalez, Silvia Gruner, Sergio Hernandez, Fernando Leal, Pedro Olvera,
Ruben Ortiz, Nestor Quinones, Adolfo Riestra, Gerardo Suter, Nahum Zenil
(Frankfurter Kunstverein Raiffeisenhalle, 1992), 85. Note: the correct spelling
of the author’s first name is Patricia. Translation by the author. Original: “Mein
Werk ist vollkommen autobiographisch, erzählerisch, wobei ich der Haupt-
darsteller bin und wickelt sich in einer Abfolge von Theaterszenen ab. Ich bin
aufmerksamer Beobachter meines Existierens, so als würde ich mit der Kamera
Momente einfangen, die gesehen werden müssen. So kommt es, daß meine Selb-
stportraits kein Ende haben, denn die Möglichkeiten sind unbegrenzt.
14 Jaime Moreno Villarreal, Nahum B. Zenil, Artistas en México 35 (Mexico City:
Editorial Gráfica Bordes, Intituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 2013), 12–13. Trans-
lation provided in the text, 23: “No tenía nada que ver con lo místico; sí, con el
gusto de vivir. Era el Día del Paisano [ . . . ]. Me escogieron a mi porque, aunque
muy joven, ya usaba la barba; me puse túnica verde, tomé una azucena con la
mano izquierda; investido de cierta santidad iba al frente por la calle de abajo;
llegamos al panteón, hicimos una pausa para recordar a los paisanos muertos,
cantamos y se dijeron discursos exaltando las cualidades de los difuntos [ . . .];
regresamos con la algarabía y música continua al Casino ya adornado con moti-
vos navideños, con el arbolito en el centro.”
15 Ibid., 13. Translation provided by the text, 24: “Aunque el pintor afirma que
esa procesión “No tenía nada que ver con lo místico”, [sic] sí muestra cómo
en su pueblo semejante fiesta civil se reveló profundamente imbuida de espíritu
religioso, lo que nos permite atisbar en su mundo de origen. La recordación de
los “paisanos muertos” en el panteón parece transfigurarse en un oficio secular
de comunión con los santos. Así y de muchas maneras, la reunión de la carne
mortal en el cuerpo místico de Cristo se consagra en la imaginería de Nahum B.
Zenil . . .”
16 “Thank you, Virgin of Guadalupe.” The form of “Virgin,” “Virgencita,” is a
diminutive which is sometimes translated as “Little Virgin,” but is used here as
a term of affection as one would use for a beloved family member rather than a
diminishment of her stature. In some places the title of this work is listed as “Ex-
voto,” but that is the type of art work, rather than the name given by the artist.
92 Justin Sabia-Tanis
17 Pacheco, “Between Sexuality and Guilt/Entre la sexualidad y la culpa,” 31.
Translation by Jerry Post, supplied by text, “La sociedad se encarga de deformer
e impeder el desarrollo natural de algo tan maravilloso como la sexualidad. Hay
leyes que la castigan. Pero no solo la sociedad civil trata de reprimirla, también
las autoridades eclesiásticas. Todo eso vuelve conflictiva a la sexualidad cuando
debería ser vista como algo fresco, natural, agradable, divertido como un juego
. . . . Mi deseo, intención, es que llegue el momento en que la sexualidad pueda
vivirse sin culpa y sin dolor.”
18 Mark D. Jordan, “God’s Body,” in Queer Theology: Rethinking the Western
Body, ed. Gerard Loughlin (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 287.
19 In another painting, also entitled Gracias, Virgencita de Guadalupe, which shows
a very traditional image of the Virgin, with Juan Diego below her holding up the
moon on which she stands, Zenil painted himself as Juan Diego. That works is
inscribed, “Gracias, Virgencita de Guadalupe, madre mia.” Madre mia means,
“my mother,” reaffirming the nature of their familial relationship. While many
Mexicans might affirm the Virgin as their mother, I believe that Zenil is referring
here to his specific conceptualization of her as a literal parent figure.
20 Michele Beltran, Elin Luque, and Solange Alberro, Retablos y exvotos, Bilingual
ed. (México, D.F., Mexico: Artes de Mexico, 2000), 39.
21 In the modern Mexican context referenced here, ex-votos refers to narrative
paintings. The term can also mean objects which are attached to images. Zenil’s
work falls within the type of image described by Beltran et al, and de Orellana,
that is a painting that tells the story of a miraculous encounter with a holy figure.
22 Margarita de Orellana, “Exvotos,” Artes de Mexico # 53. Exvotos / Ex-Votos.
Bilingual ed. (México, D.F., Mexico: Artes de Mexico, 2000), 81.
23 Beltran, Luque, and Alberro, Retablos y exvotos, 39, 42. Author’s translation:
“Un exvoto es un acto de devoción personal, realizado para ser visto por los
demás. Tiene por objetivo comunicar a otros fieles cómo la intervención sobre-
natural favoreció a una persona; representa la relación privilegiada que unió
a ésta con Cristo, la Virgen o algún santo. Al momento de verse en peligro, el
creyente suplica a la santa imagen que le socorra, prometiéndole un exvoto si
interviene. Esto puede parecer a primera vista un simple pacto entre el hombre y
la figura sobrenatural. Sin embargo, la relación no es sólo material, pues quien
es favorecido por el milagro se compromete moralmente.”
24 David Gonzalez, “Retratos Y Testimonios de Parejas Homosexuales,” MEXFAM
(2006), 32. Original text: “En Gerardo, Nahum ha encontrado la compañía y
fortaleza que necesitaba. Incluso su mamá lo aceptó ‘porque sentía que Gerardo
me protegía’.”
25 Ibid., 35. Author’s translation, “Admiten que la convivencia no es fácil, pero
juntos buscan la solución a los problemas, “queremos seguir viviendo juntos
hasta que nos muramos y así las adversidades se hacen menos porque tenemos
un objetivo más importante”. Para ellos, “enriquecernos espiritualmente para ser
mejores es una de las bases para mantenernos juntos durante tanto tiempo”. En
esa búsqueda permanente y cotidiana, han aprendido a “evitar los celos, disgus-
tos y problemas”, y a enfocar sus energías hacia lo positivo. Dicen conocerse tan
bien que a veces se descubren pensando lo mismo.”
26 Pilar Turu, “Homosexualidad Y Mestizaje: La Obra de Nahúm B. Zenil,” Cul-
tura Colectiva, n.d., http://culturacolectiva.com/homosexualidad-y-mestizaje-
la-obra-de-nahum-b-zenil/. “Para él, ser gay es ser mexicano. Es decir, estar entre
dos mundos y a la vez en ninguno; como el ser mestizo.”
27 Cotter, “Art Review.”
28 Quoted by Maai Ortíz in “Iconografía Y Descripción Plástica de La Obra de
Nahum Zenil,” Nahum Zenil, June 21, 2011, http://nahumzenil.blogspot.
Nahum Zenil 93
com/2011/06/iconografia-y-descripcion-plastica-de.html. Original: “En la obra
de Zenil destaca la capacidad para sintetizar, a partir de su propia vida, las inqui-
etudes del alma avasallada por los prejuicios de la norma, develando la esencia
que engarza religión con erotismo, virtud con transgresión, mito con historia.”
29 Eduardo de Jesus Douglas, “The Colonial Self: Homosexuality and Mestizaje in
the Art of Nahum B. Zenil,” Art Journal 57, no. 3 (1998): 14.
30 Raquel Tibol, “Dolorides monologues de Nahum B. Zenil,” in Nahum B. Zenil:
Witness to the Self, Testigo Del Ser, ed. Edward J. Sullivan and Clayton C. Kirk-
ing (San Francisco, CA: The Mexican Museum / El Museo Mexicano, 1996), 78.
Translation by Illona Katzew and Joseph R. Wolin,
Young lady, you have done very well in this dance of praise. You shall
have your way with the Son of the virgin, for you are delightfully weary.
Come at noontime to the shade of the spring, into the bed of love. There
in the coolness you shall refresh yourself with him.20
[Soul]: Lady Love, you are a robber; for this as well shall you make
reparation.
[Love]: Mistress and Queen, take then me.
[Soul]: Lady Love, now you have recompensed me a hundredfold on
earth.
[Love]: Mistress and Queen, in addition you may demand God and all
his kingdom.21
The eroticism between the two female figures is apparent; the intimacy
craved is one that demands all. All of this is ripe for queer exploration.
But this passage also shows us something important about how Mechthild
understands God’s love and power. It is this that we must most attend to as
we think with Mechthild about power and authority in the Church.
You should visit the infirmary every day and comfort the sick with the
consoling words of God and refresh them generously with earthly things,
for God is rich beyond all accounting. You should clean for the sick
and in God cheerfully laugh with them. You should yourself carry away
their personal waste, lovingly ask them in confidence what their private
infirmity is, and truly stand by them. Then God’s sweetness shall flow
into you in marvelous ways.27
Woe, Crown of the holy priesthood, how utterly have you disappeared.
You have nothing left but your trappings; that is, ecclesiastical author-
ity with which you war against God and his chosen intimates. For this
God shall humiliate you before you know it, and our Lord speaks thus:
‘I shall touch the pope in Rome in his heart with great misery, and in
this misery I shall tell him reproachfully that my shepherds of Jerusalem
have become murderers and wolves.29
Note that, even in the midst of this diatribe, Mechthild does not deny that
these people in fact possess authority in the Church. The issue is not whether
they technically can or cannot do something, the issue is how they are choos-
ing to exercise it. They have become the tyrants who lord it over those below
them, and use the authority that God has given to maintain intimacy and
love in the community in such a way as to attack those whom God holds
dearest.
Mechthild’s insistence that ecclesial authority must be modeled on the
way that God exercises power is useful as we think through our responses to
church authority today. How is authority being exercised in our day? Does
it have the trappings of tyranny – with edicts that place heavy burdens on
some, and do so without the input or voices of those who will be affected?
Is power exercised capriciously, without discussion or deliberation? Is the
104 Andy Buechel
purpose of a given ecclesial statement to make intimacy and community
within the Church and with God more readily available, or does it serve to
reinforce the power of some and the marginalization of others? Mechthild
gives us a witness of one who courageously speaks out against this misuse of
power: neither denying the authority in itself nor affirming that it has been
properly exercised. This is the function and role of the queer prophet. It is
the function of one trying to unlock a system of domination from inside.
Mechthild models another queer tactic of resistance to badly exercised
authority: aligning oneself with authority that is well-exercised. Mechthild’s
desire as a beguine to return the Church to its apostolic roots in poverty,
prayer, good works, and intimacy with God were part of a larger movement
in church reform at the turn of the second millennium. Most famous among
the new groups at this time that were seeking to re-make the Church in
Christ’s image (rather than that of the Roman Empire), were the mendicant – or
begging – orders founded by Sts. Francis and Dominic. Of these, Mechthild
was particularly close to the Dominicans. It was most probably her Domini-
can confessor, Heinrich of Halle, who first encouraged her to write down the
“greetings” (as she called them) that she was receiving from God. It was this
encouragement that led her to write The Flowing Light of the Godhead, the
text that has preserved her memory to this day. The Dominican friars seem
to have modeled the kind of servant-leadership that Mechthild encourages
from all church leadership, repeatedly earning her high praise.30
Like Mechthild and the beguines, though, the Dominicans were not with-
out their own opposition within the Church. They were a religious order
founded, in part, to model the kind of apostolic life that too many of the
secular or diocesan clergy often scandalously failed to showcase. Where
many of the diocesan priests had concubines and children (clerical marriage
having only been universally banned the previous century, a rule that was
slow to take hold), the Dominicans were known for their chastity; where
diocesan priests were often barely literate and poorly educated, the Domini-
cans were founded to preach zealously and compellingly, requiring thorough
education; where diocesan priests and bishops seemed interested in worldly
wealth and gain, the Dominicans started by begging for all that they had
and renouncing personal property. This led to numerous conflicts between
diocesan clergy and the new orders, not least because the new groups fell
under the immediate jurisdiction of the pope and were thus seen to threaten
the authority and autonomy of the local bishops. As Sara S. Poor has pointed
out, many of Mechthild’s stronger criticisms of the clergy and church author-
ity stem from her alignment with the Dominicans – and their way of life – in
contrast to the secular clergy.31
This is an important aspect to notice about Mechthild. For her, the issue
was not “dissent” or “heresy” versus “orthodoxy” or “fidelity.” It wasn’t
about accepting Catholic notions of apostolic authority or renouncing them
in favor of her personal views about God, as though these dichotomies
offered the only options. She did not choose between tradition and prophetic
Queering ecclesial authority 105
speech, nor even between church authority and something else. Authority
in the Church was not (and is not) monolithic. When some figures – even
the pope at times – stood against church reform and the vision of intimacy
with the Divine that Mechthild knew from her own experience, she found
and allied with those church authority figures (often of the lower clergy in
the religious orders) whom she could stand with and who would stand with
her. Sara Poor called this Mechthild’s “critical devotion.”32
Queer Catholics have been exercising this same kind of critical devotion in
their own lives and churches for some time. For every hostile word or action
that might come from popes, bishops, or priests, there are also others who
give refuge. In every diocese in this country there is at least one (if not more)
parishes which are known for being LGBTQ friendly. There are priests who
will minister, accompany, and encourage queer folk. For me, the brothers
and priests of the Society of Mary (Marianists) gave me guidance and friend-
ship that was vital as I struggled with coming out and what it meant for my
relationship to God, Christ, and the Church. I know of one parish deep in the
southern United States where, albeit clandestinely, a “Marriage Encounter”
retreat was put on for gay and lesbian couples, even before they were legally
able to marry in that state. Many Catholic sisters, not able to be clerical
“authority” figures in the Church due to the continued and unjust denial
of ordination to women, nonetheless make their de facto moral authority
known on behalf of queer folk every day. Authority, properly understood, is
not uniformly opposed to LGBTQ persons in the Catholic Church, though
it can often seem that way. Mechthild knew this in her alliance with the
Dominicans, and I have seen it in my own life as well. As much as these
situations may not be ideal – they often have to occur subversively and out
of the public eye – they are also real sites where a different idea of church is
lived and nurtured, where the intimacy with God and community that was
so dear to Mechthild thrives and Christ’s body is made queerly manifest.
I think this way of living church, remaining within a structure that can
be nourishing while often also being oppressive and working for its trans-
formation from within, is important. It is, however, something which can
prove to be simply too damaging for some, if the environment becomes just
too toxic. This is one of the “critical differences” that exists between our
time and Mechthild’s: there are other options which exist for us in ways
that they didn’t for her. In her day, being a member of the Church was not
something optional, nor were there multiple denominations or groups that
one could choose between. To formally renounce the institutions as oppres-
sive or destructive would not only warrant ecclesiastical penalty, but civil
punishment as well. This is not the case today (at least in the United States,
from where I write this, and many other countries). Thus there is some-
thing more intentional about our decisions about church membership – and
accordingly our view about that Church’s leadership – than there might
have been for her. Some queer this situation by maintaining membership in
multiple ecclesial bodies: remaining, for instance, in the Roman Catholic
106 Andy Buechel
Church while also breaking bread with Episcopalians, Independent or Old
Catholic Churches, or the Metropolitan Community Churches. They may
participate in liturgies linked to Roman Catholicism, but find themselves
forbidden to use church properties in many dioceses, which is the situation in
many places with D ignity – a pro-LGBT Catholic group in the United States.
All of these tactics require intentionality and may or may not indicate that
a person renounces or affirms the authority of leaders in a given denomina-
tion. Whatever decisions one makes on these matters, I think that thinking
with Mechthild of Magdeburg on authority can help us grapple with these
questions and help us make our choices.
Mercy: the word reveals the very mystery of the Most Holy Trinity.
Mercy: the ultimate and supreme act by which God comes to meet
us. Mercy: the fundamental law that dwells in the heart of every person
who looks sincerely into the eyes of his brothers and sisters on the path
of life. Mercy: the bridge that connects God and man, opening our hearts
to the hope of being loved forever despite our sinfulness.33
These words echo the way that Mechthild views God and God’s love for the
world, if expressed in less erotic terms. For Francis, God is that Mystery that
seeks to restore that intimacy damaged by sin. God’s power, then, is closely
linked to God’s mercy; God’s power is exercised to restore that relationship
Queering ecclesial authority 107
and closeness that has been harmed. In this, Francis’ notion of God’s power
is aligned to Mechthild’s.
More importantly, in many ways Francis tries to live out this idea of what
power is for him in his own exercise of his ministry. The ways in which he
seems to be following the advice Mechthild gave to church leaders in her
day is striking. This can be seen in the small, symbolic gestures that have
marked his papacy, such as insisting on carrying his own bag and paying
his own hotel bill after his election and his decision not to move into the
traditional papal apartments but rather live in a simpler style. His ground-
breaking decision to celebrate the eucharist for Holy Thursday in places like
prisons while incorporating non-Catholics (and non-Christians!) into the
foot washing service echoes the instructions that Mechthild gave those in
leadership positions that they should not stand on the prerogatives of office
but rather serve everyone else.
Flowing from this attitude, Francis sees as one of his primary goals the
reform of the Church into a genuinely synodal body. By synodality, one does
not mean simply the gathering of bishops every few years to discuss some
pressing topic, as occurred in the sessions that culminated in Amoris Laetitia.
This is an important part of the process but more importantly, synodality
refers to the church thinking, discerning, and deciding together. If the notion
was truly put into effect, the laity, lower clergy, and non-ordained religious
would have a major role to play in conversations with bishops and the pope
in how the Church is to be run. This would, necessarily, include those mem-
bers of the Church who identify as queer or LGBT. Some small processes
have been put in place to move in this direction, like the administration of
questionnaires to any willing member of the Church, but this is only a start.
Francis, during the sessions of the Synod on the Family, made it clear that he
didn’t want those gathered to simply tell him what they thought he wanted
to hear. Rather, he encouraged frank, honest, and attentive discussion (and
disagreement) as necessary for the kind of church he was envisioning. When
addressing the opening of the Synod sessions, he related a story about cardi-
nals who were not speaking their minds, for fear that he thought something
different. He told them, “This is not good, this is not synodality, because
it is necessary to say all that, in the Lord, one feels the need to say: with-
out polite deference, without hesitation. And, at the same time, one must
listen with humility and welcome, with an open heart, what your brothers
say. Synodality is exercised with these two approaches.”34 In this Francis is
modeling what he expects authority to look like when these bishops return
to their dioceses.
In this, I think we can understand something of the confusing “double-
ness” that often marks Francis’ thinking on queer matters, as I discussed in
this chapter’s opening. On the one hand, he seems remarkably solicitous and
compassionate to queer people, while on the other he castigates gay marriage
and attacks “gender ideology.” This, I suspect, is him exercising the honest
talk that he wants to see the entire Church exercising. He does genuinely
108 Andy Buechel
believe that modern gender theory – as he understands it – and (some) moves
for greater inclusion of LGBTQ persons are harmful for society. He also sees
these people as human beings, loved by God and made in the imago dei. He
is, I believe, wrong on the first part and his words can do real damage. We
must not ignore this and simply give him a pass based on affection or his
good intentions. But I also believe that he means what he says: we not only
can, but must talk back to the pope. We need to tell him why we believe he’s
wrong and show him the damage that some of his words can do. Not in such
a way as to trap him in legalese (as some conservative cardinals have recently
tried to do in a public challenge to the merciful approach of Amoris Laetitia),
but rather as fellow baptized members of Christ’s body, looking to heal the
real divisions that exist by striving for greater honesty and justice. This is
what the pope himself asks us to do. He has spoken what seems to him to be
the truth. We, as his fellow pilgrims, are to speak clearly and prophetically
what we have discerned in our own lives, trusting that the Spirit is alive and
active. This will not be easy, and institutionally the power is not stacked in
our favor, but it does seem to me that a real opportunity exists for dialogue
at all levels of the Church here.
It is difficult to overstate the importance of this development. In prin-
ciple, what Francis wants is a Church that is honest about disagreement and
comfortable with the difficult work of arguing together for the good of the
community. Exactly how this will play out remains to be seen, and it’s being
resisted in some quarters. Nevertheless, what we see is a concrete movement
toward the kind of communal exercise of authority which does not simply
dictate based on one’s office, but rather asks of everyone in the Church what
Mechthild told the priors and prioresses of her day to ask their communi-
ties: “‘Dear brother (or sister), how does this suit you?’ and then take action
according to their best-intentioned wishes.”35
Of course, as also discussed earlier, these moves have often been accom-
panied by some very harsh rhetoric toward queer persons, not only from
Francis but from others who hold positions of authority in the Church. Thus
it is essential to also heed Mechthild’s example of finding, supporting, and
accepting the support of those authority figures who are supportive and life-
affirming – even if, in our day, that may mean some making the decision to
leave the institutional body of a given church. I find, on the whole, that Fran-
cis is one of these figures, though it has been essential to me to intentionally
seek out others on the local level in whom I can find spiritual succor. Even in
those comments or occasions where Francis speaks harshly, his overall atti-
tude and approach strikes me as one who would be open to hearing a con-
trary view and, possibly, even modifying his own were he to find something
persuasive. This was not the attitude of his predecessors and I think it should
not be underestimated while thinking about how queer Catholics and Chris-
tians can find true community and home in the churches of their baptisms.
As with Mechthild, we may be suspected by many and never find ourselves
in the ecclesial center; we also may be able to find ourselves nourished by
Queering ecclesial authority 109
communities that reveal the profound love of God. And like Mechthild, in
her strong and prophetic words to the “Crown of the holy priesthood,” it is
also necessary to hold the pope and others in authority to account for those
words and actions that cause harm to queer persons, women, or any other
marginalized person or group in the church and world.
Mechthild of Magdeburg has left us a text and theological project that
is ripe with opportunity for contemporary queering, to live and parodically
repeat in a very different situation that queer Christians find themselves in
today. By reframing what the power of God means, Mechthild also reframed
what ecclesiastical authority means – remaining traditional while also being
iconoclastic; seeking to unlock the doors of church structures from inside.
Queer Christians, women, and many others find themselves today in very
difficult positions in relation to their church leadership: many both accepting
that authority while also chafing at its destructive elements. This dynamic
can be particularly seen in the example of Pope Francis and the genuine affec-
tion and welcome that many feel from him while also never forgetting the
damage some of his words can cause. Mechthild is one of our many possible
companions as we grapple with how to live in this difficult reality and ten-
sion; she is a resource of encouragement, support, and challenge as we strive
to form the Church into what it professes to be: the very body of Christ.
Notes
1 This document, known as the Relatio post disceptationem, became quickly
embroiled in questions of translation and accuracy among Catholic conserva-
tives and some Synod participants. It holds no teaching authority in the Catholic
Church, and was intended as a summary of discussions to that point, not as a
final statement. See Péter Erdő, “Synod 14 – Eleventh General Assembly: Relatio
post disceptationem of the General Rapporteur, Cardinal Péter Erdő,” National
Catholic Reporter, October 15, 2014, www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/relatio-
post-disceptationem-2014-synod-bishops-family. The section “Welcoming
Homosexual Persons” can be found at paragraphs 50–2.
2 Andrea Tornielli and Giacamo Galeazzi, This Economy Kills: Pope Francis on
Capitalism and Social Justice (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2015), 150.
The comparisons here are indirect, but nonetheless deeply troubling. For a reply
on this point, see Lisa Fullam, “‘Gender Theory,’ Nuclear War, and the Nazis,”
Commonweal Magazine, February 23, 2015, www.commonwealmagazine.org/
gender-theory-nuclear-war-and-nazis-0.
3 Edward Pentin, “Cardinal Bergoglio Hits Out at Same-Sex Marriage,” National
Catholic Register, July 8, 2010, www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/cardinal_
bergoglio_hits_out_at_same-sex_marriage. The later direction of this author’s
career, who went from praising Bergoglio in this piece to becoming one of his
more ferocious critics as pope from the Catholic right, shows that the confusion
on Francis with these matters is not simply felt by queer or progressive folk.
4 Though this chapter primarily deals with LGBT and queer matters, everything
about the said above can also apply to Francis’ approach to women. On the one
hand, Francis claims that he wants greater roles and voice for women in posi-
tions of (non-clerical) authority, while simultaneously rejecting the ordination
of women to the priesthood and occasionally using sexist images to illustrate
110 Andy Buechel
points that he wants to make. See Rita Ferrone, “Francis’s Words about Women:
What Does He Really Think?,” Commonweal Magazine, April 5, 2017, www.
commonwealmagazine.org/francis%E2%80%99s-words-about-women.
5 Francis, The Joy of Love: Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation of the Holy Father
Francis to Bishops, Priests and Deacons, Consecrated Persons, Christian Married
Couples, and All the Lay Faithful on Love in the Family, Libreria Editrice Vati-
cana, March 19, 2016, §250–251. Compare to the Synod of Bishops, The Voca-
tion and Mission of the Family in the Church and in the Contemporary World:
The Final Report of the Synod of Bishops to the Holy Father, Pope Francis, Synod
of Bishops, October 24, 2015, www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/
rc_synod_doc_20151026_relazione-finale-xiv-assemblea_en.html.
6 Amoris Laetitia, §56.
7 Ibid., §90–119.
8 Ibid., §250.
9 Rohr, “Prophets: Self Critical Thinking.”
10 For more of my thinking on these markers of queer theology, see my That We
Might Become God: The Queerness of Creedal Christianity (Eugene, OR: Cas-
cade Books, 2015), 1–16.
11 Elizabeth Stuart, Gay and Lesbian Theologies: Repetitions with Critical Differ-
ence (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003), 108.
12 Carolyn Dinshaw, Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and
Postmodern (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999), 39.
13 Amy Hollywood, “The Normal, the Queer, and the Middle Ages,” Journal of the
History of Sexuality 10, no. 2 (2001): 173–9, at 173.
14 Some argue that the beguines were completely condemned at Vienne, but Bernard
McGinn shows that the story is more complicated than that. See, McGinn, The
Harvest of Mysticism in Medieval Germany, 1300–1500 (New York: Crossroad,
2005), 61–4.
15 Mechthild of Magdeburg, The Flowing Light of the Godhead, trans. Frank Tobin
(Mahwah, NY: Paulist Press, 1998), II.26. 96. The first number in the citation
refers to the book number of Mechthild’s text, the second the chapter, and the
third the page number in the Paulist translation.
16 Farley, Thirst of God, 26.
17 Amy Hollywood, “Queering the Beguines: Mechthild of Magdeburg, Hadewi-
jch of Anvers, Marguerite Porete,” in Queer Theology: Rethinking the Western
Body, ed. Gerard Loughlin (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007), 163–75, at 165.
18 Mechthild, Flowing Light of the Godhead, I.22.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid. For more on Mechthild’s nuptial imagery, see Amy Hollywood, The Soul as
Virgin Wife: Mechthild of Magdeburg, Marguerite Porete, and Meister Eckhart
(Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995).
21 Mechthild, Flowing Light of the Godhead, I.1, 40.
22 Farley, The Thirst of God, 59.
23 Mechthild, Flowing Light of the Godhead, I. Prologue. 39.
24 Farley, Thirst of God, 60.
25 Mechthild, Flowing Light of the Godhead, VI. 10. 236.
26 Ibid., VI. 1. 223.
27 Ibid., VI. 1. 224.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid., VI. 21. 250.
30 See Mechthild, Flowing Light of the Godhead, III.1, III.17, IV.20 (in praise of
St. Dominic), IV.21–22, and V.24 for a selection of texts in which she praises the
Dominicans and their mission.
Queering ecclesial authority 111
31 Sara S. Poor, Mechthild of Magdeburg and Her Book: Gender and the Making
of Textual Authority (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004):
41–8.
32 Ibid.
33 Francis, The Face of Mercy: Bull of Indiction of the Extraordinary Jubilee of
Mercy, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, April 11, 2015. http://w2.vatican.va/con-
tent/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco_bolla_20150411_
misericordiae-vultus.html.
34 Francis, “Greeting of Pope Francis to the Synod Fathers during the First Gen-
eral Congregation of the Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod
of Bishops,” October 6, 2014, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/
speeches/2014/october/documents/papa-francesco_20141006_padri-sinodali.
html.
35 Mechthild, Flowing Light of the Godhead, VI. 1. 224.s.
Part III
Liberating flesh
6 Discovering the missing body
Incarnational inclusivity
Robert E. Shore-Goss
What happens when you downplay or ignore the ascension? The answer
is that the church expands to fill the void. If Jesus is more or less identi-
cal with the church – if, that is, talk about Jesus can be reduced to talk
about his presence within his people rather than standing over against
them and addressing them from elsewhere as their Lord, then we have
created a high road to the worst kind of triumphalism.4
116 Robert E. Shore-Goss
With Pentecost, the church and the Spirit are identified, leaving the church
in control of determining the replacement presence of the risen Christ. But
Pentecost in Luke’s account does not intend that the church just control
the incarnation of Christ, but follow the Spirit as She leads disciples to dis-
cover further incarnated presence, such as Philip baptizing the Ethiopian
eunuch and the Spirit welcoming the first non-Jewish convert to the church
in the form of an African proto-transgender person.5 The Spirit continues to
expand the vision of Jesus’ radical inclusivity of the open table. On the other
hand, Wright continues:
If the church identifies its structures, its leadership, its liturgy, its build-
ing, or anything else with the Lord – and that’s what happens if you
ignore the ascension or turn it into another way of talking about the
Spirit – what do you get? You get, on the one hand, what Shakespeare
called the “insolence of office” and, on the other hand, the despair of
late middle age, as people realize it doesn’t work.6
Wright argues that the disappearance of the risen body of Christ is a way of
speaking theologically that the Ascended Christ is everywhere, even outside
the institutional church and outside of Christianity. The church restricts and
controls the incarnate presence of the Ascended Christ rather than search for
the presence of the Ascended Christ outside itself. When the church exclu-
sively and solely recognizes itself as incarnated presence, it creates “unjust
incarnation.” It refuses to search behind its walls for incarnation and often
turns incarnation unjustly against fleshly bodies.
Linn Marie Tonstad queers the Ascension of Jesus, “Ascension means
that body of Jesus is, in a sense, lost to the church – the church doesn’t have
it, so the church cannot control who gets to be or who gets to eat Christ’s
body.”7 Christ’s resurrected body disappears in the clouds as he ascends.
Symbolically, the Ascended Christ stands as corrective to the story of Pente-
cost, where the church is imbued with the Spirit and claims the authority to
discern the presence of the incarnated, resurrected Christ and define Christ’s
presence. This ecclesial claim to authoritatively define the presence of Christ
and control access to the body of Christ is undermined symbolically by the
loss of Christ’s resurrected body in the Ascension. Tonstad observes, “The
loss of the body of Christ – instead of asserting that body of Christ has been
handed over to the church, it recognizes that the body of Christ, elsewhere
and outside itself.”8 The Ascension of Christ indicates inclusion of Christ’s
presence beyond and elsewhere than in the church.
The church restricted Christ’s presence and image to a heterosexual econ-
omy, failing to remember the words of the righteous in Matthew 25.37–39:
“Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you
something to drink? When did we see you a stranger and invite you in, or
needing clothes and clothe you? When did we see you sick or in prison
and go to visit you?” And Jesus’ response: “Truly, I say to you, as you did
Discovering the missing body 117
it to the least of my (non-heteronormative) family, you did it to me (Mat-
thew 25.40).” Through much of Christian history, the institutional church
had serious difficulty discovering the presence of Christ in the outsider, the
indecent, and the non-normative. Jesus disturbs the church’s purity codes by
shifting the gaze to the impure excluded, for through the exclusion of queer
bodies, the church harms and even crucifies the Ascended Christ.
Theologian Niels Gregersen affirms, “the divine logos became flesh and
was present in Jesus, with the flesh of others, and for all flesh.”9 Jesus shared
the conditions of the flesh in all its shared messiness, joy and sadness, love
and desire, tragedy and suffering. Incarnational inclusivity, on the other
hand, has developed in the postmodern period to expand and deepen the
notion of deep incarnation in cosmology and evolutionary emergence, eco-
logical interrelatedness with the web of life, postcolonial liberation theolo-
gies, incarnational plurality and other religions, and in a variety of queer and
liberation theologies.10 Jesus’ fleshliness has been constructed as the Erotic
Christ, the Christa, the Queer Christ, the Transgender Christ, the Drag King,
the Christ with HIV/AIDS, the Leather Christ, the anonymous Christ, the
Suffering Christ with non-human animal suffering, and so on. These trouble
the heteronormative meme of incarnation.
One important forgotten aspect of incarnational theology, often dis-
missed or suppressed theologically and ecclesially, is that while institutional
Christianity represents the divine/human incarnation as a gendered male
to reinforce and institutionally transform into patriarchal and heterosexist
privilege, it is likewise desexed, sanitized, or spiritualized. Bjorn Kröndorfer
describes flesh (sarx) as “intimate flesh,” for it embraces a male body as “a
vulnerable and fluid body that does not shy away from body fluids.”11 He
notes that “the physical intimacy of sarx appeals more to the theatre-going
audience.”12
the genitals of Jesus are typically and normatively excluded from speech.
To talk about them is indecent or provocative or blasphemous. To medi-
tate on them would be obscene. We are urged to meditate on Jesus’
acts and sufferings. We are asked to gaze on imaginary portraits of him
and picture for ourselves his height and weight, the color of his skin
or the length of his hair. But if our meditation should drift towards his
pelvis, we are immediately rebuked and then condemned as perverted
or pornographic.14
This has occurred ever since the advent of crucified corpse of Christ on the
cross in the late tenth century in German cathedrals. The history of Chris-
tian mystical desire for union with Christ has tapped into heterosexual and
homosexual desires of pious devotees, saints, and mystics. Both Caroline
Bynum and Leo Steinberg, in their examinations of the naked Jesus in reli-
gious art, passed over the questions of erotic gaze in their viewing of the
body of the crucified Christ and emerging art of sexing Jesus.15 On the other
hand, Richard Trexler pushes the boundaries of the naked Jesus on the cross
from the artist’s perspective to a devotional context of same-sex gazing at
the desirous body of Jesus and male arousal at the image. Trexler writes,
“that not completely unlike other gods, Jesus, whether in his image or in the
vision of him in imitation, might physically seduce his devotees.”16 Mark
Jordan highlights a similar concern that Catholic artistic representations of
the naked crucified Jesus were suspected because of the male homosexuality
within the priesthood.17 Jordan writes,
For as long as I can recall, I had a special enthrallment with the Christian
corpus. The body of the crucified Jesus, intensely desirable in its plun-
dered and suffering masculinity beckons me by the sheer power of its
homoerotic enticement. . . . Worshipping the handsomely glorious body
of Jesus hung from this cross, gay men can enter into an act of erotic
and spiritual intimacy with their Lord. As they kneel and bring their
gaze upward, they see suspended in front of them, inviting in his semi-
naked vulnerability, his arms open wide to embrace them, the broken
and desirable body who was all things to all people, the source of their
need and truly its embodiment.19
Boisvert argues that such intimate and imaginary fleshly congress whether
with a woman or a gay man – especially, for someone socially marginal,
involves an erotic gaze engendering “a form of personal wholeness, accep-
tance in the eyes of God; desired and touched by God; summoned forth by
God’s love.”20 Womanist theologian Shawn Copeland, likewise, makes a
similar observation:
The new freedom that Copeland stresses is a positive self-valuation with the
observer’s gaze upon and fleshly identification with the crucified Black Jesus.
Similarly Boisvert insightfully offers the notion that a male homoerotic gaze
of Christ becomes a graced moment: “As gay men fix their tearful eyes on the
120 Robert E. Shore-Goss
crucified Jesus, infinitely desirable in his gashed and vulnerable beauty, they
find themselves transfigured into his spiritual partners, and they can imagine
themselves one in and with him lovers in a dangerous time.”22
Patrick S. Cheng narrates how Tony Ayres, an Asian man of Chinese
descent in Australia, discovered embodied grace in an anonymous sexual
encounter with another man. Cheng notes,
Cheng, like many gay and bisexual Christians, understands the Erotic Christ
as a possible trajectory to overcome negative religious stigmas of themselves
and embrace their own embodied sexuality. The incarnation embeds a fleshly
hermeneutic that incites and excites carnal liberation.
One particular Good Friday I was moved by curiosity to see the entire
ritual of Jesus’ transformation. . . . My avid eyes did not miss a single
action that my Aunt Pella performed upon Jesus’ torso. In silence with
prayers, sprinkling holy water, and with great devotion she would clean
each part of Jesus’ body. The stripping of Jesus’ loincloth was the climax
of the forbidden ritual. Finally, the secret of what was behind Jesus’
loincloth was revealed to me; he had no penis!24
Later that Good Friday, after the passion narrative read, each attendee came
up to venerate the crucified body of Jesus by kissing the body. Manuel kissed
Discovering the missing body 121
Jesus on the lips. The irritated priest said, “What are you doing? Are you del
otro lodo (from the other side)?”25 The crucified Jesus becomes the occasion
of realizing that the church has castrated Jesus, but the childhood incident
as the veneration of the cross led Mendoza to identify connect with the vul-
nerable Christ. What is remarkable is Mendoza’s early experience of being
stigmatized as el otro lado:
Reading and interpreting Jesus’ passion narrative from el otro lado give
me strength to understand that, after all, Jesus’ brokenness and pen-
etrability were ways in which God became fully implicated in the lives
of those who were at the margin, whose lives did not matter and whose
effeminate bodies were not considered to be human. Reading and gazing
upon Jesus’ body through otros lados of interpretation help me to under-
stand that the Crucified One is indeed the Risen Jesus who challenges us
to go back to Galilee and find Good News.26
Like many, the desirable body of Jesus marked their own bodies with the
nails of religious stigma. The ritual performance of kneeling in prayer and
gazing at the crucified Christ sexualized my relationship. I looked to the
wounded Jesus on the cross initially as companion, my best friend, and later
in seminary I realized that I was in love with Christ, not just spiritually but
physically in love. The homoerotic connection with Jesus, that preceded my
own linguistic reflection, bloomed in the Jesuit seminary in the formative all-
male environment, theological studies, maturity in contemplative practices,
and with ordination to priesthood as I came out and accepted my homo-
sexuality. I now look back, realizing that the crucified Jesus represented my
own closeted struggle with homoerotic desires, their repression, yet there
was likewise a psycho-spiritual identification with the crucified Christ and
the risen Christ. My sublimating and channeling my love with the crucified
and risen Christ was a life line for coming out and accepting myself.
Communion – receiving the body of Christ – into my own body was a
ritual of sublimation, relishing the digested wafer as Christ’s body in my own
body and full of erotic overtones. Over the years, there was a slow trans-
formation of erotic self-negativity through fleshly communion with Christ.
Communion was a spiritual-passionate intimacy with Christ. And this is not
just a homoerotic perception but also of many religious women.
Mark Jordan aptly describes the priesthood as a liturgical impersonation
of Jesus with the words of the priest at mass as “sonic drag.”27 He notes,
And the priest at the altar, possess no longer just his own dangerous and
despised body, but the body of Jesus. He possessed it by making it, and he
possesses it by impersonating it. The priest holds the consecrated wafer
has become Jesus holding his own consumable and divine body. . . . For
a man to do it is a symbol of the most physical elevation. The priest as
Jesus makes his body perfect and then passes it around to be eaten.28
122 Robert E. Shore-Goss
Communion and the priesthood helped me accept my homoerotic gestalt.
Christ’s incarnation was extended in the communion ingestion of the body
of Christ and then through ordination. Christ’s incarnation was taking root
in my own flesh. Imperfectly, I enfleshed Christ in imitation. My colleague
Thomas Bohache has helped me to understand this transformation of birth-
ing the queer Christ inclusively:
God calls us to do great things. For Mary, that great thing is conceiving
the Christ in her body. For queers, that great thing . . . means conceiv-
ing of our self-worth, our creativity, and our birthright as children of
God . . . who can give birth to the Christ. This is good news for every
oppressed person but especially for queers, who are often led to believe
that we cannot and should not give birth to anything.29
unless I can embrace my own flesh, and its beginnings in the flesh of
another, I cannot love other fleshly beings – nor can I understand the
incarnation. What is at stake for them is nothing less than the possibil-
ity of love.30
My fleshly connection with Christ was freeing me from familial shame and
ecclesial homophobia to love myself, men, humanity, and all life. I could
envision myself as priest and lover. Patrick S. Cheng contextualizes the strug-
gle for amazing grace:
I accepted myself as a carnal outsider, as both priest and lover as I left the
Jesuits to pursue a queer journey into the fleshliness of gay life and embrace
an incarnational spirituality.
The body occupies a social space whose texture and tone cannot be fully
assessed only through the workings of spoken language, but we also
must be sensitive to the physical placement, condition, and actions of
real and specific bodies. Meaning is embodied. Human experience, then,
involves an array of factors only some of which are discursive in nature.
Bodies serve as a nonmaterial text to be read, but they are also material
realities that shape information within the context of the world.”42
I will select several embodied texts of queer resistance and rebellion that
challenge the Christian heteronormative meme.
Though the SPIs parody Catholic nuns, they imitate the best of their chari-
table works with social activism, compassionate care, and fundraising in the
millions for various LGTBQ and non-queer folks at risk. Their parody is
directed at the restrictive moralism and dogmatism of the Catholic hierarchy
and destructive Christian policies impacting the queer community.
Wilcox locates the Sisters in the “tradition of joyful, playful and perfor-
mative activism.”47 She compares it with Muñoz’s notion of “disidentifi-
cation.”48 She contextualizes their ludic performativity with Sara Warner’s
definition of “acts of gaiety are performances of redress that transform the
vicious banality of homophobia and misogyny into something fantastic and
fabulous.”49 Warner continues that such performativity as “a gesture of radi-
cal openness, gaiety shows us that what hurts, what causes us shame, and
what we feel is wrong with the world is not necessary or inevitable, and it
gives a license to unmake and remake it in other guises.”50
Drag clowns in white-face paint and glitter, with outlandish costumes,
have potent social power in their use of humor and camp. In attending the
play, The Laramie Project on the hate crime death of Matthew Shepard, I
observed how a fundamentalist Christian hate group from the Phelps Clan
picketed and harassed attendees, for they use the common tactic of provok-
ing a public reaction. When the Sisters arrived, with their clown face and
humor, they just laughed and made fun of the Phelps clan. The protesters
were unable to deal with the Sisters laughing at them, they panicked and fled.
The SPIs are experts at queer street theater with the prophetic edge of
the prophet Jeremiah. During the Christmas season, the post-Christian Los
Angeles Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence queer the Mexican posada, a ritual
procession and song to find housing for Joseph and Mary pregnant with
child. The Sisters replaced Joseph with a transgender male and Mary with a
lesbian woman. They use rituals of social parody to communicate how the
LGBTQ community is unable to find housing and are not welcome as nar-
rated in the birth of Jesus the Christ. I witnessed similar responses to drag
clown Nuns from Christian protesters, carrying hateful signs and hurling
abuses and invectives.
Queer social parody of drag nuns offers LGBTQ folks redress to religious
shame, guilt, and stigma. Althaus-Reid writes about the urban poor of Bue-
nos Aires who construct the Catholic Saint Liberata as Santa Librada, who
is the cross-dressing crucified Woman Christ. Santa Librada is a hybrid of
Christ and the Virgin Mary, occupying novel space for institutional Christ
and the Virgin Mary used in the Spanish conquest of indigenous peoples in
South America with the cross-dressing alternative of a Jesus/Mary figure
Discovering the missing body 127
who cares for the poor.51 Latin American Hugo Córdova Quero has argued
how the restrictive, hetero-patriarchal dogma of incarnation has been used
to universalize the way of being embodied and thus against all who do not fit
into its restrictive view – such as transgender and intersex people. Restrictive
embodied normativity is unjust and a misuse of Christ’s incarnation. Quero
writes, “If the doctrine of incarnation is accurate and implies not only the
relationality of divine with creation but also the embodiment of God into
creation, then God is the God of transgender and intersex people as well as
gays, cross-dressers, bisexual, heterosexual people and the like.”52
Drag performativity and transgender/intersex bodies destabilize patriar-
chal and colonial constructions of incarnation. Countering heteronormative
incarnation, the San Francisco SPIs annually celebrate Easter Sunday with the
Hunky Jesus Contest and the addition of the Foxy Mary to the contest.53 One
Arizona UCC church has celebrated the Hunky Jesus and Foxy Mary contest.
This contest is perceived as blasphemous by conservative Christians, but it is a
ludic performance with a profound incarnational truth that Christ is embodied
in non-normative bodies. The Hunky Jesus contest can be read intertextually
with the work of postcolonial biblical scholar who argues that Jesus is por-
trayed as a Drag King in John’s Gospel. John uses Ioudaioi (the Jews) over
a hundred times; it appears to include a nationalist elite group committed to
racial purity and going back to the time of the Book of Ezra that stigmatizes
miscegenation, normalizing racialized Jewish heterosexual marriage. Tat-Siong
Benny Liew understands Jesus at the Last Supper in John’s Gospel as a drag-
king, taking on the female/slavish work of washing the feet of his disciples.54
He argues that John portrays Jesus as drag-king, performing a “literary
striptease,” and that the author depicts Jesus wanting water, giving water,
and water flowing from his body on the cross “speak to Jesus’ gender inde-
terminacy and hence his cross-dressing and other queer desire.”55 Jesus as
drag-king performs a theatrical parody of gender and critiques the racialized
Ioudaioi policies of racialized nationalism and its colonial policy cooperating
with the Romans. Liew concludes that John uses a strategy to resist colo-
nial power and its “constructions of racial-ethnic identities that turn out to
hetero-masculinist.”56
The passion and crucifixion of Christ, the martyrs – all that tortured
flesh, a lot of it male, just cascading down from every direction. It
occurred to me that I’d come across that in my life in New York, in the
S&M scene with its costumes and role-playing. Sometime after that, I
was in New York again, and made another pilgrimage through the old
gay haunts that are now mostly gone – the piers, the trucks, the bars
of Greenwich Village. That’s when it all came together. I decided to do
a Gay Passion, set on the sex piers, commemorating the tens of thou-
sands of wonderful, attractive, intelligent men wiped out because they
were celebrating their sexuality. I also decided to use S&M imagery to
emphasize the torture that AIDS has caused the whole gay community.59
Howe sets his stations series on the gay sex piers of Greenwich Village in
New York City in 1970s and early 1980s. He intends to celebrate his sexual
relationship with his spouse, gay men, and their sexuality during a period of
early gay sexual liberation and to remember the losses to the AIDS pandemic
in subsequent decades. He notes,
The sex piers are gone now. But the paintings are intended to evoke a
conglomeration of feelings: the celebration of sexuality and the male
body that the sex piers represented, the thrill of all that sex so openly
available at the time, and of course the grief that has followed with
AIDS.60
Jesus, shirtless and wearing blue jeans, swoons in the arms of a winged
dance partner who appears to be a hunky male angel. But they both have
crucifixion wounds on their wrists. Jesus is embraced directly by God.
The position of their arms suggests a ballroom dance, perhaps a waltz,
with God’s hand planted firmly on Jesus’ bottom.69
The male youthful angelic figure, bare-chested with wings, holds the Ascend-
ing Christ, also bare-chested, but passionately wraps his arms around the
Christ in an intimate dance and with one hand holding his clothed but-
tock and kisses Jesus on the right cheek. Both figures significantly carry the
wounds of crucifixion on their hands. The opening epigram is taken from the
Song of Songs 1.2, “O that you would kiss with the kisses of your mouth”
Blanchard as well as his co-author Kittredge Cherry indicate that the embrac-
ing angel is symbolic of God’s solidarity with the suffering Christ. Perhaps
a more suggestive reading might comprehend that the Ascended Christ now
embraces the crucified Queer Body of Christ. Earlier Kittredge Cherry writes,
All our murdered dead known and unknown are images of Christ cru-
cified. So are the hundreds of thousands who perished in the AIDS
Discovering the missing body 131
epidemic, dying in agony and poverty. . . . So are the hundreds of gay
and lesbian young, known and unknown, who kill themselves rather
than face the horror of human hatred barreling toward them. . . . This
is what he tried to paint in the stations.70
People tend to react strongly to this image. Some find it too sexual and
recoil at the thought of God’s hand on my butt. (At least God has no
body below the waist here!) Others welcome the painting because it
removes the shame of sexuality, presenting erotic love as holy. Sacred
same-sex kisses are rarer in art than gay bashings, so the most daring
part of Blanchard’s Passion series occurs here after Jesus dies. . . . There
is no longer doubt about whether Jesus was simply an ally of queer
people. The full revelation of his gay sexual orientation does not happen
in his lifetime, but is disclosed in the afterlife by Blanchard.71
Cherry notes that some folks felt that the series should have stopped before
this image while others wanted this image to start this series.72 Blanchard’s
painting of Jesus’ Ascension becomes the hermeneutical key for interpreting
the whole series, with the culmination in a theological affirmation of mystical
marriage with God. Human erotic passions, same-sex passionate connection
with Jesus and God become an affirmation of the theo-dynamics of same-sex
sexuality in Jesus and God.
Corpus Christi
Finally, the last performance media that I want to explore is Terrence McNal-
ly’s play Corpus Christi, which received threats and protests primarily from
William Donohue of the Catholic League and other Christian conservative
groups as it opened at the Manhattan Theater in 1998 and was forced to
close down two weeks later. It was later produced in October 2006 at my
church with a cast of men and women, violating the original intention of
McNally to cast all men. I originally talked to Nic Arnzen, the director, about
finding a transgender person as Joshua/Jesus. It proved not to be feasible. I
discovered that the British transsexual woman and playwright Jo Clifford
did so in the play The Gospel According to Jesus Queen of the Heaven at the
132 Robert E. Shore-Goss
Edinburgh fringe festival.73 The idea of transgender Jesus was as repugnant
as gay Jesus. Jo Clifford has taken her play to Brazil to counter the newly
elected (2018) authoritarian and anti-LGBT president Jair Bolsanaro.
Corpus Christi was wonderfully and emotionally received, and Terrence
sent some Hollywood celebrity friends to scout out and ascertain the quality
of the performance and report to McNally. The play spun off as a mission-
ary movement of the church. It told a story that resonated with audiences:
Joshua/Jesus was bullied in his earlier years by homophobic students in high
school, the tender love of Judas for Joshua and their exchange of rings, and
the condemnation of Joshua by Pilate as the King of Faggots touched audi-
ences. Perhaps one of the dramatic points is the scene with Joshua/Jesus offi-
ciating at the marriage of Bartholomew and Thomas, with the background
music of Pachelbel’s Canon in D Major which left few dry eyes in the audi-
ence. It was during the fight for marriage equality and before the US Supreme
Court declared that same-sex marriage was constitutional. The priest in the
play warns Joshua/Jesus of the lethal consequences of this blasphemous mar-
riage ritual of two disciples. This resonated with the audience in the struggle
for same-sex marriage prior to the US Supreme Court Decision in 2015.
The cast was predominantly unchurched, alienated by Christian homopho-
bia, and on opening night, I found the cast holding hands and praying. This
spontaneous custom of prayer continued with every performance and cast
changes with the life span of performances. The play became sacred space
to retell a sacred story in a different carnal mode. Thomas Bohache writes,
“The queer Christ animates his/her followers to speak to others in their own
language: this tells me that there are many diverse ways to tell the Christ
story and to share the Christ Spirit.”74 The cast became a postmodern church
to tell anew the fleshly parable of Joshua, a gay youth in Corpus Christi,
Texas, in the 1950s. For six years, the cast took the play around the US, to
the Fringe Festivals both in Edinburgh (Scotland), and Dublin (Ireland), and
finally to off Broadway. The cast was a zealous missionary movement.
Gay author James Langreaux, who viewed the play several times, wrote
about an event that happened in a performance in Hollywood. He speaks about
a heterosexual married friend, who believed that Jesus could change your sex-
ual orientation from gay/lesbian to straight. He brought his friend, Ian, to a
performance of Corpus Christi. At the crucifixion of Joshua, Langreaux writes,
my friend jumped out of his seat and ran to the foot of the stage, (“Oh
my God, Ian . . . what are doing?) With reckless abandon and utter
humility, Ian leapt up on the stage and fell on his face where he wept
loudly and kissed the actor’s bare feet.75
Ian’s dramatic and emotional weeping stunned the cast and audience. But
there were hundreds of profound and less dramatic emotional responses of
audiences, who heard the carnal story of Joshua and his troubled relation-
ship with Judas and institutional religion. Brandon, who played Joshua/
Discovering the missing body 133
Jesus, narrates his experience of the play at Grace Episcopal Cathedral in
San Francisco.
One beautiful man came up to me after the show and said: “Before I
came here, I thought I was dying with AIDS, now that I am leaving here
now, I am living with it and will live a happy life of many years with it.
I feel healed.” I started crying.76
For six years, the cast, mostly non-affiliated with institutional religion,
became an ecclesial community with a story about same-sex love and fighting
against homophobic bullying. They told an inclusive story of grace to the dis-
solute. The cast made a documentary of their spiritual journey “Playing with
Redemption,” now on Netflix, detailing their experience and the transforma-
tion that they derived from the play. The cast became a postmodern church
with an embodied ritual performance of a homo-carnal Jesus to retell the
gospel story to fight for marriage equality and against homophobic bullying.77
Notes
1 Margaret R. Miles, The Word Made Flesh: A History of Christian Thought (Mal-
den, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 1.
2 Rebecca M. Voelkel attempts to speak of a female recovery of the carnal knowl-
edge of God in Carnal Knowledge of God: Embodied Love and the Movement of
134 Robert E. Shore-Goss
Justice (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2017); see also Michael Bernard Kelly,
Christian Mysticism’s Queer Flame: Spirituality in the Lives of Gay Men (New
York: Routledge, 2019), 9.
3 N.T. Wright, Surprised by Hope: Rethinking Heaven, the Resurrection, and the
Mission of The Church (San Francisco, CA: HarperOne, 2008), 109–17.
4 Ibid., 112.
5 Sean D. Burke, Queering the Ethiopian Eunuch: Strategies of Ambiguity in Acts
(Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2013).
6 Wright, Surprised by Hope, 113.
7 Linn Marie Tonstad, Queer Theology: Beyond Apologetics (Eugene, OR: Cas-
cade Books, 2018), 1951.
8 Linn Marie Tonstad, God and Difference: The Trinity, Sexuality, and the Trans-
formation of Finitude (New York: Routledge, 2016), 273.
9 Niels Henrik Gregersen, “The Extended Body of Christ: Three Dimensions of
Deep Incarnation,” in Incarnation: On the Scope and Depth of Christology, ed.
Niels Henrik Gregersen (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2015), 231.
10 Lisa Isherwood, Introducing Body Theology (Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press),
1998; Cheng, Radical Love; From Sin to Amazing Grace: Discovering the Queer
Christ (New York: Seabury, 2012); Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology; Robert E.
Goss, Jesus ACTED UP: A Gay & Lesbian Manifesto (San Francisco, CA: Harp-
erSanFrancisco, 1993), Queering Christ: Beyond Jesus ACTED UP (Cleveland,
OH: Pilgrim Press, 2002).
11 Bjorn Kröndorfer, “Genderless or Hyper-Gendered? Reading the ‘Body of
Christ’ from a Critical Men’s Perspective,” in Reading the Body of Christ: Eine
Geschlectertheologische Relecture, ed. Saskia Wendell and Aurica Nutt (Tübin-
gen, Germany: Anna Brungart, 2016), 151–2.
12 Ibid., 151.
13 Jordan, “God’s Body,” 283.
14 Ibid.
15 See Robert E. Goss, “Christian Homodevotion to Jesus,” in Queering Christ:
Beyond Jesus ACTED UP (Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2002), 128–9; also,
Richard Rambuss, Closeted Devotions (Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
1998), 42–9.
16 Richard C. Trexler, “Gendering Jesus Crucified,” in Iconography at the Cross,
ed. Brendan Cassidy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 108.
17 Jordan, The Silence of Sodom, 203–4.
18 Ibid., 205.
19 Donald Boisvert, Sanctity and Male Desire: A Gay Reading of the Saints (Cleve-
land, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2004), 170. I want to make note that the erotic language
was censored and toned down by Pilgrim Press. See Boisvert, “Talking Dirty
about the Saints: Storytelling and the Politics of Desire, Theology & Sexuality
12, no. 2 (2006): 165–79, and in particular, 171–2.
20 Ibid., 171.
21 M. Shawn Copeland, Enfleshing Freedom: Body, Race, and Being (Minneapolis,
MN: Fortress Press), 2010, 78.
22 Boisvert, Sanctity and Male Desire, 171.
23 Patrick S. Cheng, From Sin to Amazing Grace: Discovering the Queer Christ
(New York: Seabury Press, 2012), 77–8.
24 Manuel Villalobos Mendoza, Abject Bodies in the Gospel of Mark (Sheffield, UK:
Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2012), 1.
25 Ibid., 2.
26 Ibid., 163–4.
27 Jordan, The Silence of Sodom, 207.
Discovering the missing body 135
28 Ibid., 207–8.
29 Thomas Bohache, “Embodiment as Incarnation: An Incipient Queer Christol-
ogy,” Theology & Sexuality 10, no. 1 (2003): 26.
30 Mayra Rivera, Poetics of the Flesh (Durham, NC: Duke University, 2015), 3144.
31 Cheng, From Sin to Amazing Grace, 106–7.
32 Rivera, Poetics of Flesh, 437.
33 Ibid., 476.
34 My eco-spirituality is dependent upon my fleshly and intimate connection with
Christ as a youth and in the Johannine insight of the porous fluidity and expan-
siveness of God’s incarnation into the web of life: Shore-Goss, God is Green: An
Eco-Spirituality of Incarnate Compassion (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2016).
35 Gregersen, 234. Many other authors in the edited volume, Incarnation, find
themselves overlapping and expanding the insights of Gregersen. I add such
works as Matthew Fox’s The Coming of the Cosmic Christ and Stations of the
Cosmic Christ (2017) and Richard Rohr, The Universal Christ (2019).
36 Laurel Schneider, “Promiscuous Incarnation,” in The Embrace of Eros: Bodies,
Desires, and Sexuality in Christianity, ed. Margaret D. Kamitsuka (Minneapolis,
MN: Fortress Press, 2010), 241–2.
37 I arrive at similar notion of Christ’s incarnation as grace or compassion intercon-
nected ecologically in my book God is Green (2016).
38 Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology, 119–20.
39 Althaus-Reid, The Queer God, 38.
40 Ibid., 77.
41 Mark D. Jordan, “Notes on Camp Theology,” in Dancing Theology in Fetish
Boots: Essays in Honor of Marcella Althaus-Reid, ed. Lisa Isherwood and
Mark D. Jordan (London: SCM Press, 2010), 181–90. See also Elizabeth Stuart,
“Camping around the Canon: Humor as a Hermeneutical Tool in Queer Read-
ings of the Bible,” in Take Back the Word: A Queer Reading of the Bible, ed.
Robert E. Goss and Mona West (Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2000), 23–34.
42 Anthony B. Pinn, Embodiment and the New Shape of Black Theological Thought
(New York: New York University Press, 2010), 9.
43 Robin Meyers, Spiritual Defiance: Building a Community of Resistance (New
Haven, CT: Yale University, 2015), 1676. Warren Carter calls this protest entry
“street theater” in Matthew and the Margins (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books,
2000), 414.
44 See The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, Inc., “Orders Worldwide,” The Sisters
of Perpetual Indulgence, n.d., www.thesisters.org/world-orders. At the moment,
they are absent from Africa and Asia, and that may be due to cultural conditions
of exporting the Sisters, though I found my work on mad saints in Tibetan Bud-
dhism to be a striking parallel.
45 Melissa N. Wilcox, Queer Nuns: Religion, Activism, and Serious Parody (New
York: New York University Press, 2018), 276.
46 Ibid., 1617.
47 Ibid., 68.
48 Muñoz, Disidentifications.
49 See also Sara Warner, Acts of Gaiety: LGBT Performance and the Politics of
Pleasure (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2012), 192.
50 Ibid., 2231. See also Warner, 192.
51 Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology, 79–81.
52 Hugo Córdova Quero, “This Body Trans/Forming Me: Indecencies in Trans-
gender/Intersex Bodies, Body Fascism and the Doctrine of the Incarnation,” in
Controversies in Body Theology, ed. Marcella Althaus-Reid and Lisa Isherwood
(London: SCM Press, 2008), 117.
136 Robert E. Shore-Goss
53 Alex Mak, “It Was the Biggest Hunky Jesus Contest in History,” Broke-Ass
Stuart, April 2, 2018, https://brokeassstuart.com/2018/04/02/it-was-the-biggest-
hunky-jesus-competition-in-history/.
54 Tat-Siong Benny Liew, “Queering Closets and Perverting Desires: Cross-Exam-
ining John’s Engendering and Transgendering Word Across Different Worlds,”
in They Were All Together in One Place, ed. Randall Bailey, Tat-Siong Benny
Liew, and Fernando F. Segovia (Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009),
251–88.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid., 281.
57 Yasmine Hafiz, “‘Stations Of The Cross: The Struggle For LGBT Equality’ By Mary
Button Emphasizes Shared Sufferings,” Huffpost Religion, May 27, 2014, www.
huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/stations-of-the-cross-lgbt-equality_n_5168966.
html.
58 Lester Strong, “Coloring the World Queer: Delmas Howe’s Stations: A Gay
Passion, The Archive no. 22 (2007), www.leslielohman.org/the-archive/no22/
delmas-howe_strong-22.html.
59 Ibid.
60 Ibid.
61 BDSM, or bondage-discipline/Dominance-submission/sadomasochism.
62 Lester Strong, “Coloring the World Queer.”
63 Marcella Althaus-Reid, The Queer God (New York: Routledge, 2003), 34.
64 Kittredge Cherry with Douglas Blanchard, The Passion of Christ: A Gay Vision
(Berkeley, CA: The Apocryphile Press, 2014), 19.
65 Ibid., 11.
66 Ibid., 21–2.
67 Ibid., 22.
68 Blanchard’s “Jesus’ Return to God,” FineArt America, March 21, 2014, http://
fineartamerica.com/featured/22-jesus-returns-to-god-from-the-passion-of-christ-
a-gay-vision-douglas-blanchard.html.
69 Cherry with Blanchard, The Passion of Christ, 121.
70 Ibid., 22.
71 Ibid., 121–2.
72 Ibid., 122.
73 British transsexual woman and playwright, Jo Clifford wrote and performed
one person play, “The Gospel to Jesus the Queen of Heaven,” in Lyn Gard-
ner, “Edinburgh Festival 2014: Female Jesus Teaches a Lesson in Tolerance,”
The Guardian, August 7, 2014, www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2014/
aug/07/edinburgh-festival-2014-gospel-according-to-jesus-domino-effect. Listen
to Jo Clifford at https://vimeo.com/135951101.
74 Thomas Bohache, Christology from the Margins (London: SCM Press, 2008),
268.
75 James Alexander Langreaux, Gay Conversations with God: Straight Talk on
Fanaticism Fags, and the God Who loves Us (Scotland, UK: Findhorn Press,
2012), 136–7.
76 Nic Arnzen with the Cast and Friends of Corpus Christi, “Communion: Playing
with Redemption,” in Queering Christianity: Finding a Place at the Table for
LGBTQI Christians, ed. Robert E. Shore-Goss, Thomas Bohache, Patrick S.
Cheng, and Mona West (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, 2013), 241.
77 See Arnzen and Cast, “Communion: Playing with Redemption,” 229–49.
78 Wright, Surprised by Hope, 110.
7 Queering violent scenes
A Eucharistic interpretation
of BDSM
Bryan Mok and Pearl Wong
Laccetti contends that the cross of Calvary – the BDSM scene par excel-
lence – can, unlike any other BDSM scenes, truly liberate Christians from sin
and brokenness through the Eucharist.56 Quoting Elizabeth Stuart, he claims
that “through the Eucharist ‘all and everything are caught up in this great
drama of salvation’ – the drama, the S/M scene, of the cross of the impassible
God.”57 In brief, the Eucharist brings the transgressive and salvific power of
the BDSM scene par excellence into presence.
Laccetti’s penetrative work powerfully links the queerness of BDSM with
traditional theology and offers an imaginative way to reconsider both of
them. However, it has some limitations. First and most importantly, by say-
ing that the cross of Calvary is the BDSM scene par excellence in which the
impassible Godhead and the queer (simultaneously passible and impassible)
Christ take the role of the dom and the sub respectively, Laccetti was virtu-
ally denying the factuality of violence of Calvary. The crucifixion, in this
aspect, is nothing more than a divine drama or theater. Nevertheless, the
Nicene Creed clearly states that Jesus Christ did suffer, and by no means
ought we to consider this suffering as something pseudo. Furthermore, this
conception may also jeopardize the historicity of our faith. Second, Laccetti’s
analogous account relies heavily on Roman Catholic doctrines, including
transubstantiation, the real or corporeal presence of Christ in the bread and
the cup, and the sacrificial nature of the Eucharist.58 This is understandable
as Laccetti is a Catholic theologian. Nonetheless, this form of argument
is alien to most Protestant Christians,59 and does not provide a Christian
perspective which is not based on teachings which are specific to Roman
Catholicism. Third, while Laccetti has employed a number of dialectical
rhetorical sayings like parodying without parodying, a re-presentation rather
than a representation, and masochism without masochism,60 he did not offer
satisfactory explanations that make the paradox plain. As a result, one can
hardly tell whether Laccetti’s argument is dialectical or indeed contradictory.
Perhaps a key problem of Laccetti’s account is its attempt to identify the
cross of Calvary with a BDSM scene. In this case, Carrette’s warning about
simplistic associations between BDSM and Christian theology makes much
sense.61 On the one hand, as Carrette contends, theology needs to understand
the political ideology that underlies various manifestations of BDSM.62 On the
other hand, we also need to be cautious about confusing analogy with direct
association. Laccetti’s notion that the cross of Calvary is BDSM scene par
Queering violent scenes 145
excellence is deemed to fall prey to such confusion because no clear analogical
distance can be found between them. We contend that a reason for this short-
age is that Laccetti does not pay enough attention to the theatricality or ritual-
ity of both BDSM and the Eucharist. Therefore, instead of associating BDSM
with the crucifixion and the Eucharist in a direct way, we try to investigate
into the similarity between the Eucharist and BDSM in hermeneutic strategy.
The institution of the Lord’s Supper is closely related to the Passion of
Christ, for it is – or resembles – the eating of Jesus’ body and the drinking of
his blood (1 Corinthians 11.23–26). Similar to the cross of Calvary, eating
someone’s body and drinking someone’s blood are bloody and violent acts.
Although the Lord’s Supper is, at least on the phenomenological level, not an
actual cannibalism, this anamnesis of the death of Jesus Christ directs people
to a brutal and sanguinary event. However, this brutality and bloodiness is
washed away by means of ritualization that transforms a remembrance of a
violent event into “a sacramental meal which by visible signs communicates
to us God’s love in Jesus Christ.”63 To put it differently, when the anamnesis
of the Lord’s crucifixion through “eating his body and drinking his blood”
becomes a sacrament, i.e. the Eucharist, the violent nature of the event is
transgressed and is transformed into a celebration of God’s love. The cel-
ebration of the Eucharist is not a repetition of Jesus’ suffering and death
but a confession of Christ’s presence. Every time the church celebrates the
Eucharist, the presence of Christ is confessed and experienced.64 It radically
challenges “all kinds of injustice, racism, separation and lack of freedom”
and restores human dignity through the penetration of God’s all-renewing
grace.65 Thus, the Eucharist brings about sanctification and reconciliation,
preparing us to “offer ourselves as a living and holy sacrifice in our daily
lives.”66 Using the language of BDSM, the Eucharist is like a scene that rec-
ollects the cross of Calvary for the sake of transforming painful suffering to
healing grace. We take the bread and the cup as if we are eating the body and
drinking the blood of Jesus Christ, but it is not really a violent act.
Similar to BDSM scenes, we can see from the previous discussion that the
Eucharist employs a hermeneutic strategy which converts suffering into joy by
queering a violent scene. It is a reinterpretation of the violent scene of Calvary
which has wounded Jesus of Nazareth and ultimately claimed his life. In reen-
acting the breaking of his body and the shedding of his blood, it transforms
the brutal death of Jesus into a visible healing grace that blesses and unites
its receivers. The Eucharist is thus a queering process in the sense that it has
inaugurated a peculiar way to perceive the bloody scene of Calvary which
was at odds with the dominant and normative understanding of that time.
In other words, violence and domination are always entangled with BDSM
practices. In parodying a scene of violence and suffering, it unavoidably takes
on its violent and abusive form. As form can never be separated from content,
violence and suffering continue to exist in the attempt to transgress them. For
instance, when a dom whips a sub in a BDSM play, it is really an act of whip-
ping, though its purpose is not hurting the other. Therefore, BDSM involves
both the continuity and discontinuity of social domination and violence.
Queering violent scenes 147
Furthermore, we must also be cautious about the influence of late capital-
ism on the practice and conception of BDSM. Carrette reminds us that a
theology of BDSM will become overly sensational and confusing if it does
not have this critical awareness.75 Like Noyes and Weiss, Carrette focuses
much on the inextricability between BDSM and the social context, but his
particular contribution lies in his insight into the influence of economic and
commercial culture on BDSM. He asserts that BDSM is “a technology of
modern living which draws on a whole series of cultural resources” and thus
cannot be read or interpreted outside commerce and the media.76 Otherwise,
such reading or interpretation will become an ahistorical phantom which
neglects the possibility of BDSM becoming a commercial strategy.77 There-
fore, Carrette underscores the economics of (intense and intimate) relation-
ship in BDSM plays in the context of our late capitalist world rather than its
phenomenological parallels to any traditional Christian elements.78
In line with the thought of Noyes, Carrette argues that BDSM is both
oppressive and liberating. It carries the oppressive structural relation, but
at the same time generates liberating pleasures that transform the practi-
tioners.79 On the one hand, it can be dangerous as “submission without a
purpose or symbolism other than its own pleasure simply becomes a form of
reasserting the psychosexual self, which sustains capitalism.” On the other
hand, it can also be valuable “if [BDSM] pleasures are located in the intense
exchange between persons and the non-empirical realities” because in this
way “the intensity of pleasure becomes a revelation of God.”80 Carrette
raises a critical point here: the indispensability of a transcendental reference.
For him, this transcendental reference is the presence of love and justice,
and the presence of them is God. If a BDSM play does not point to any
surpassing purposes or symbolisms, the physical rapture of it is nothing but
idolatry. On the contrary, if it directs the practitioners to the presence of love
and justice, the complexity of intense exchange will become a pathway to
intimate expressions of love.81 In this case, BDSM can become a gift of God
that renews the vanilla world, as in Carrette’s words:
This loving intensity is a gift of the exchange between the created order
and its creator, between life and its refusal to produce and its free will
to celebrate the intensities of being alive. The divine presence in acts of
erotic exchange transforms them into mysterious encounters with our
God-given power and our submission to God’s loving power. God brings
an ethic of value to games of submission and domination, which . . .
shapes the contours of our everyday life.82
In addition, Carrette also affirms the significance of theology for the under-
standing and interpretation of BDSM. In order to break away from the
oppressive structure of late capitalism, he contends that it is not enough for
BDSM to simply be a consensual act since our consent is more or less manu-
factured in and by this late capitalist society. From a Christian perspective,
148 Bryan Mok and Pearl Wong
he believes that we have to interrogate the consensual politics of BDSM,
asking “whether they are given by God (the presence of love and justice)
as Christ was given to the torturous pains of crucifixion out of love for the
world.”83 For him, only in this way can we responsibly theologize BDSM
and make real contribution to the conception of it. When we have the criti-
cal awareness that our intense exchange serves for the presence of love and
justice, BDSM is able to transcend the mode of late capitalist production and
free our bodies “from the market of global exploitation” by creating a ritual
space that leads to non-productive pleasured relationship which brings the
presence of love and justice into the vanilla world.84
This brings us back to our discussion on the Eucharist. While Carrette
accurately suggests that the critical awareness directing us to God – the
presence of love and justice – is critical to the reading of BDSM in our
late capitalist society, he does not specify how Christians can acquire and
maintain this critical awareness. It is at this point that we need a Eucharistic
interpretation of BDSM. Our foregoing discussion argues that the Eucharist
and BDSM share a similar hermeneutic strategy that queerly transforms a
violent scene into liberating practice. It is on this basis that a Eucharistic
interpretation of BDSM makes sense. The core argument of our proposal
is that a “Eucharistic awareness” enables and empowers those – especially
Christians – who read and/or practice BDSM to discern the presence of love
and justice in the midst of such an intense exchange and seductive scene.
According to Saint Paul, we are accountable to the body and blood of the
Lord Jesus Christ, and thus have to examine ourselves and discern Christ’s
body every time we eat the bread and drink the cup of the Eucharist; other-
wise, we are not only eating and drinking in vain but also raising judgment
against ourselves (1 Corinthians 11.27–29). This awareness is what we call
a “Eucharistic awareness.” It keeps reminding us of the mysterious nature
of the sacrament – the fact that we are partaking in something deeper or
higher, namely the presence of Christ through sharing the bread and the
cup. To acquire it, faith is required.85 As faith is primarily not about one’s
cognitive acceptance of a certain set of doctrines but God’s gift to us through
Jesus Christ; that we can discern the presence of Christ depends on grace.
Indeed, it is God’s grace that drives us to partake in the Eucharist. Thus,
“the [E]ucharist is essentially the sacrament of the gift which God offers to
us in Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit.”86 Furthermore, “as it is
entirely the gift of God, the [E]ucharist brings into the present age a new
reality which transforms Christians into the image of Christ and therefore
makes them his effective witnesses.”87 In other words, it is the gift nature of
the Eucharist that makes us aware of Christ’s presence and hence empowers
our everyday life. The presence of Christ is not something we can actively
bring about by celebrating the Eucharist but is a grace given to us which we
can only receive passively. Likewise, BDSM play is not liberating in itself.
Unlike what consumerist culture has told us, we are not healed because
we are engaged in BDSM. Rather, it is the intense exchange between the
Queering violent scenes 149
practitioners which transforms us and makes us realize the presence of love
and justice.
As we have argued in light of Carrette’s theological account, the key to
enact the ritual power of BDSM is the critical awareness of the presence
of love and justice. Here, we try to demonstrate that one way to acquire
and bear in mind such awareness is to interpret and/or practice BDSM in
a Eucharistic way. Hence, instead of regarding the cross of Calvary as the
BDSM scene par excellence, we suggest that a Eucharistic awareness is cru-
cial for theologizing BDSM. Taking this into account, it is not the desire
or passion of the practitioners but the call to love and justice which urges
them to the play. In other words, BDSM, seen in this way, is a gift given to
them for the pursuit of deeper relationship and greater love. It is a somatic
and spiritual exercise for them to contemplate on the suffering of the world
and catch a glimpse of peace and justice. This Eucharistic interpretation
illuminates BDSM by realizing that pleasure and liberation are not gained
by but via the infliction and reception of suffering. What is really enjoyable
is not the suffering (or the simulation of suffering) itself but the love and
justice which it points to. When our late capitalist society compels us to take
advantage of the suffering of others, a Eucharistic interpretation of BDSM
overturns the power relationship of the dom and the sub. It breaks away
from the indifference and injustice of this world by being compassionate to
one’s partner. In BDSM play, it seems that the dom has made the sub suffer,
but they deeply connect to each other and to the world through great love
and care. Similarly, in celebrating the Eucharist, it seems that we have bro-
ken Christ’s body and shed Christ’s blood, but we are in actuality sharing
the salvific grace of God. Both BDSM and the Eucharist have symbolically
queered violent scenes so that these scenes can be transformed into healing
and liberating grace.
Conclusion
In this chapter, we have argued that both Eucharistic celebrations and BDSM
plays employ the same hermeneutic strategy, that is, of queering a violent
scene through the transformative power of rituals and hence convert exploit-
ative abuse into a liberating sacrifice. While BDSM strives to parody a scene
of suffering and overturn its power structure by reformulating it into a plea-
surable and liberating theater, the Eucharist inaugurates a peculiar way to
perceive the bloody scene of Calvary and converts exploitative abuse which
takes the life of Jesus into a moment of salvation and redemption. This com-
monality in rituality and hermeneutics makes a Eucharistic interpretation
of BDSM possible. Furthermore, as BDSM is not inherently transgressive
and liberating, a Eucharistic interpretation of BDSM can make significant
contribution to the reading and practice of BDSM by helping observers and
practitioners avoid a consumeristic ideology and break away from the per-
petuation of social violence and the hegemony of the late capitalist system.
150 Bryan Mok and Pearl Wong
The Hong Kong populace knows very little about BDSM and often mis-
takenly equates it with sexual violence. For this reason, it is important for
BDSM practitioners to clarify what BDSM really is. Yet this is far from
being enough. They also need to penetrate the theatrical or ritual nature of
BDSM in order to become aware of, and understand its inherent ambigui-
ties. A religious analysis of BDSM is significant at this point and a theo-
logical account is of particular importance to Christians. This chapter is a
preliminary attempt to connect such a queer and intense erotic practice to a
fundamental part of the Christian tradition. Although there are undoubtedly
many other possible interpretations, we hope that this chapter can dialogue
with traditional Christian thought on numerous levels.
Notes
1 This general observation that the public often confuses BDSM with sexual vio-
lence is confirmed by Linda Wong Sau-yung, executive director of the Association
Concerning Sexual Violence Against Women, one of the most renowned local
associations concerning domestic and sexual violence in Hong Kong. Linda Wong
Sau-yung, Facebook Messenger conversation to author (Mok), June 5, 2017.
2 See the website of the Standnews, https://thestandnews.com/erotica2/ [in tradi-
tional Chinese].
3 See, for example, “Zhiyao shi ziyuan, wan SM ye wufang?” [Is it really okay
to play SM if it is voluntary?], the website of Hong Kong Sex Culture Society,
published January 20, 2003, accessed June 2, 2017, www.sexculture.org.hk/b5_
article_detail.php?title_id=56; Ng Wai-wa, “‘Xing’ shi renquan hai shi daode
wenti?” [Is “sex” a human right or moral issue?], the website of The Society for
Truth and Light, published November 6, 2014, accessed June 2, 2017, www.
truth-light.org.hk/nt/article/%E3%80%8C%E6%80%A7%E3%80%8D%E6
%98%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E9%82%84%E6%98%AF%E9%
81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%EF%BC%9F.
4 See, for example, Robert M. Price, “Masochism and Piety,” Journal of Religion
and Health 22, no. 2 (1983): 161–6; Ariel Glucklich, Sacred Pain: Hurting the
Body for the Sake of the Soul (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,
2001); Anna Elizabeth Fisk, “‘Wholly Aflame’: Erotic Asceticism in the Work
of Sara Maitland,” Theology & Sexuality 16, no. 1 (2010): 5–18. See also Kar-
men MacKendrick, Counterpleasures (Albany, NY: State University of New York
Press, 1999), 65–86.
5 Jeremy R. Carrette, “Intense Exchange: Sadomasochism, Theology and the Poli-
tics of Late Capitalism,” Theology & Sexuality 11, no. 2 (2005): 15.
6 We are not suggesting that BDSM is abusive and exploitative in nature. There is
a subtle difference between Eucharistic celebrations and BDSM plays. The former
transforms an actual abusive scene (the crucifixion) to a sacrament that commu-
nicates grace, whereas the latter makes use of a fictional scene that is seemingly
abusive to emancipate the practitioners.
7 Ng Wai-ming, Riben liuxing wenhua yu Xianggang: lishi, zaidi xiaofei, wenhua
xiangxiang, hudong [Japanese Popular Culture and Hong Kong: History, Local
Consumption, Cultural Imagination, Interaction] (Hong Kong: The Commercial
Press, 2015), 10.
8 Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, trans. Franklin S. Klaf (New
York: Stein and Day, 1965 [1886]), 53, 86. See also Bill Thompson, Sadomas-
ochism: Painful Perversion or Pleasurable Play? (London: Cassell, 1994), 16–17;
Queering violent scenes 151
Thomas S. Weinberg and G. W. Levi Kamel, “S&M: An Introduction to the
Study of Sadomasochism,” in S&M: Studies in Dominance & Submission, ed.
Thomas S. Weinberg, rev. ed. (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Book, 1995), 15–16;
John K. Noyes, The Mastery of Submission: Inventions of Masochism (Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 5–6.
9 For examples, see Thompson, Sadomasochism, 16–27; Weinberg and Kamel,
“S&M: An Introduction to the Study of Sadomasochism,” 15–17. For Freud’s
account, see Sigmund Freud, “The Sexual Aberrations,” in The Basic Writings
of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. A. A. Brill (New York: The Modern Library,
1938), 569–71.
10 See Thompson, Sadomasochism, 28–35.
11 Weinberg and Kamel, “S&M: An Introduction to the Study of Sadomasoch-
ism,” 19.
12 Julianne Buenting, “Rehearsing Vulnerability: BDSM as Transformative Ritual,”
Chicago Theological Seminary Register 93, no. 1 (2003): 40.
13 Robert J. Stoller, Pain and Passion: A Psychoanalyst Explores the World of S &
M (New York: Plenum Press, 1991), 17, 290.
14 Margot Weiss, Techniques of Pleasure: BDSM and the Circuits of Sexuality (Dur-
ham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 80–1.
15 Noyes, The Mastery of Submission, 2.
16 In fact, this is not limited to Japanese AVs and is also the problem of Western
poronographic films. See Stoller, Pain and Passion, 242.
17 Ibid., 15–16; Noyes, The Mastery of Submission, 11.
18 Thompson, Sadomasochism, 14.
19 Stoller, Pain and Passion, 14–15; Buenting, “Rehearsing Vulnerability,” 41.
20 Thompson, Sadomasochism, 14–16. For more details, see MacKendrick, Coun-
terpleasures, 123–43.
21 Andrea Beckmann, The Social Construction of Sexuality and Perversion: Decon-
structing Sadomasochism (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 97.
22 MacKendrick, Counterpleasures, 132.
23 Weiss, Techniques of Pleasure, 10.
24 Beckmann, The Social Construction of Sexuality and Perversion, 117.
25 Weiss, Techniques of Pleasure, viii.
26 Noyes, The Mastery of Submission, 4.
27 Stoller, Pain and Passion, 19.
28 Ibid., 49.
29 Noyes, The Mastery of Submission, 12; see also ibid., 184, 200, 216–17.
30 Mark Thompson, introduction to Leatherfolk: Radical Sex, People, Politics, and
Practice (Boston, MA: Alyson, 1991), xix.
31 Buenting, “Rehearsing Vulnerability,” 40.
32 Ibid., 44.
33 Ibid., 44–5.
34 Ibid., 46.
35 Jonathan Cahana, “Dismantling Gender: Between Ancient Gnostic Ritual and
Modern Queer BDSM,” Theology & Sexuality 18, no. 1 (2012): 67–8.
36 Corie Hammers, “A Radical Opening: An Exploration of Lesbian/Queer BDSM
Public Sexual Cultures,” in Sexualities: Past Reflections, Future Directions, ed.
Sally Hines and Yvette Taylor (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 248.
37 Ibid., 253.
38 Ibid., 257–62.
39 Ibid., 264.
40 Avaem Tenjou Rika (pseudonym; founder of Shibari for All), interviewed by the
author (Wong), May 19, 2017.
152 Bryan Mok and Pearl Wong
41 Ibid.
42 “Shengfu SM ≠ biantai nueda: shi yishu he mingxiang” [Shibari SM ≠ perverse
beating: it is art and meditation], YouTube video, 1:42, from an interview tele-
vised by HK01 on May 3, 2017, in Cantonese Chinese, posted by “HK01,” May
5, 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcmsI_xco60.
43 Rika, interview.
44 Kent L. Brintnall, “Rend(er)ing God’s Flesh: The Body of Christ through a Mas-
ochistic Hermeneutic,” The Council of Societies for the Study of Religion Bulletin
34, no. 3 (2005): 45–8.
45 Ibid., 47.
46 Ibid., 46.
47 Lea D. Brown, “Dancing in the Eros of Domination and Submission within SM,”
in Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-
Reid, ed. Lisa Isherwood and Mark D. Jordan (London: SCM Press, 2010), 148.
48 Ibid., 149–51.
49 Ibid., 151.
50 Nicholas Laccetti, “Calvary and the Dungeon: Theologizing BDSM,” in Queer
Christianities: Lived Religion in Transgressive Forms, ed. Kathleen T. Talvacchia
(New York: New York University Press, 2015), 148–59.
51 Ibid., 153.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid., 155.
54 Ibid., 155–6.
55 Ibid., 156.
56 Ibid., 157–8.
57 Ibid., 156, quoting Elizabeth Stuart, “Making No Sense: Liturgy as Queer Space,”
in Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honor of Marcella Althaus-Reid,
ed. Lisa Isherwood and Mark D. Jordan (London: SCM Press, 2010), 121.
58 Ibid., 156–7.
59 We do notice that some of these Catholic doctrines are shared by some Protestant
churches such as the Lutherans and the Anglicans/Episcopalians. However, they
do not constitute the faith and experience of most Protestants outside Lutheran-
ism and Anglicanism.
60 Laccetti, “Calvary and the Dungeon,” 156–7.
61 Carrette, “Intense Exchange,” 15.
62 Ibid., 13–14.
63 Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry, Faith and Order Paper 111 (Geneva, Switzer-
land: World Council of Churches, 1982), 8.
64 Ibid., 10.
65 Ibid., 12.
66 Ibid., 10.
67 Laccetti, “Calvary and the Dungeon,” 151.
68 Ibid., 150–2.
69 Weiss, Techniques of Pleasure, ix, 6.
70 Ibid., 154.
71 Ibid., 230.
72 Brown, “Dancing in the Eros of Domination and Submission within SM,” 146.
73 Noyes, The Mastery of Submission, 3–4.
74 Ibid., 14.
75 Carrette, “Intense Exchange,” 12.
76 Ibid., 14.
77 Ibid., 15.
78 Ibid., 17.
Queering violent scenes 153
79 Ibid., 18–23.
80 Ibid., 24–5.
81 Ibid.
82 Ibid., 25.
83 Ibid.
84 Ibid., 26–7.
85 Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry, 10.
86 Ibid., 8.
87 Ibid., 11.
8 Unfaithful noxious sexuality
Body, incarnation, and
ecclesiology in dispute
Hugo Córdova Quero
Introduction
This chapter focuses on the challenges and concerns presented to queer theolo-
gies and theologians when exploring the relationship between the doctrine of
incarnation, bodies, and ecclesiology. I focus on queer theologies, especially on
indecent theology, proposed by the late theologian Marcella Althaus-Reid as a
way to address issues of bodies, sexuality, and the doctrine of the incarnation
amidst the lives of queer believers.1 In doing so, we need to remember that the
materiality of the incarnation has rippled consequences for ecclesiology, that
is, the community of believers from where queer believers have traditionally
been ostracized. I take as an example the film La Mala Education [bad educa-
tion]2 as a cultural artifact that can help us to visualize the negative aspects of
the dismissal of the relationship between the doctrine of incarnation, sexuality,
and bodies in the context of the Roman Catholic Church.
The first part of the chapter draws from traditional systematic theology
to highlight the ways that bodies, sexuality, and the Divine have historically
been constructed. The second part deals with the way that indecent theology
addresses this topic by queering La Mala Educación. It focuses on the man-
ner that La Mala Educación challenges queer theologies and theologians to
embrace ecclesiologies that would foster friendship, love, compassion, and a
healthy understanding of sexuality and the performances of gender.
In both Evangelium Vitae and Veritatis Splendor, the Virgin Mary is the
ultimate model for the moral life: “Mary is the radiant sign and inviting
model of the moral life” (John Paul II 1993, par. 120). She combines
merciful compassion and empathy for all sinners with a determination
to protect moral law from “beguiling doctrines, even in the areas of
philosophy and theology (par. 120).”9
It is this wisdom that teaches peoples to seek justice and freedom and to
call them by many names; it is this wisdom that teaches long-sufferings
and patience, mercy and prophecy; it is this relational wisdom that
awakens us today to the ecological crisis and prompts us to seek ecojus-
tice in the name of our entire Sacred Body.17
Precisely that is what queer theologies propose. That is, to fully understand
the relationality of God acting in creation through the witness that comes
from the event of the incarnation of Christ.
Indecenting theology
Althaus-Reid’s emphasis on (re)connecting theology with the dignity of indi-
viduals whose bodies and sexuality have long been invisibilized and banished
from the “decent” teachings of Christian denominations is laudable. It is
within this queer methodology, framework, and interpretation that queer
theologies arose with the challenge to embody alternative spaces to interrupt
160 Hugo Córdova Quero
heteropatriarchal dicta that deny individuals the hope and the liberating
message of the incarnation. Althaus-Reid’s book Indecent Theology showed
how queer theologies subvert the dictates of society and their concomitant
alliance with legitimate religious institutions dating back to the Spanish colo-
nial times, as in the case of Latin America.
The project of an indecent theology is, in fact, a hermeneutical task that
requires multiple deconstructions where sexuality is always a key element
to understand theological, political, and ideological transactions within the
materially incarnated daily lives of queer believers. Althaus-Reid states:
La Mala Educación
Can the film La Mala Educación help us to explore the relationship between
sexuality, bodies, and incarnation? As many films dealing with religion have
attempted to spin a positive aspect in terms of this relationship, my take is
that La Mala Educación takes the opposite direction by pointing out the
negatives effects of this relationship when power is abused and directly
affects the lives of those who are caught in-between. In this film, ecclesiol-
ogy implies the material oppression of the faithful and the complete negation
of God’s kenosis through the incarnation. In other words, ecclesial institu-
tions become “bodies without organs”26 where the negotiation of power is
rendered sterile and gives way to a hegemonic colonial abuse(s) of power.
That is precisely what La Mala Educación prophetically announces to the
world though it is an actualized evangelical message.
Directed by Pedro Almodóvar, this film places the story in Madrid in 1980
where director Enrique Godad is looking for material for a new movie. Sud-
denly, he receives the visit of his ex-schoolmate, Ignacio Rodríguez, who
brings to him a story entitled La Visita (The Visit). According to Ignacio,
the first part of the story is inspired by their common childhood at St. John’s
School, while the second part creates new situations for the adult life of the
characters. The main character of La Visita is Ignacio who, when grown up,
becomes Zahara, a transgender actress who impersonates Sara Montiel – a
famous Spaniard actress – on stage. Zahara wants to blackmail a priest,
Father Manolo, who not only abused and harassed him while at school, but
who also expelled Enrique from the school after discovering the affection
that developed between the two (then) ten-year-old kids.
Without knowing it yet, Enrique has found the material for his new film.
But the visit paid by Ignacio, or Angel Andrade as he wants to call himself
nowadays, has opened up in Enrique a past that he has left behind. Soon,
Enrique will discover that the man in front of him is Juan, the brother of
Ignacio. The latter died three years earlier from overdosing himself with
heroin. Juan and Father Manolo, who already has become Juan’s lover, gave
the deadly poison to him. While La Visita ends with the death of Zahara, La
162 Hugo Córdova Quero
Mala Educación is ended by Father Manolo, now using his moniker “Mr.
Berenguer,” who uncovers all the truth in front of Enrique’s eyes.
Despite the convoluted plot – which in the end is one story (La Mala
Educación) containing another (La Visita) – the interrelation of episodes
from daily life as well as of created situations highlights the primary topic
of this film. It deals with the use of power and its connection with sexual-
ity within the religious realm (the abuse by Father Manolo) as well as its
consequences in the secular world (Ignacio as a heroin-addicted transgen-
der woman). Almodóvar presents the story in many ways and degrees of
intensity. For example, when Ignacio as a kid is narrating his success in
reaching the honors board of the school and its award by being taking
along with the other honored students to a picnic day in the country, the
film takes us to a river. Many kids are running toward the water to swim
and enjoy nature. They look happy, free, and relaxed. Suddenly the sound
of a kid singing appears, and the camera moves from the kids in the water
to a close up on the boy singing in front of the water while Father Manolo
plays the guitar. It is Ignacio singing the song entitled “Moon River.” While
Ignacio continues off-screen with the words “tell me where I can find God
the good and ill . . .” the camera moves to focus on the kids enjoying the
water and swimming. Then the camera is back to where Ignacio and Father
Manolo were left before that movement, but they are not there. The voice
of Ignacio singing remains off-screen, this time with the words “tell me
what is hidden in the dark, and you will find it.” The bushes are shaking
and suddenly Ignacio, after shouting “no,” runs out of the bushes pulling
his pants up. Behind him, Father Manolo also runs out of the bushes while
calling Ignacio.
Ignacio falls on the ground and hits his head; the camera then approaches,
and we see blood coming out of his forehead while the voice of Ignacio
narrates off-screen, “A trickle of blood divided my forehead in two. I had a
feeling the same thing would happen with my life. It would always be divided
and I could not help it.”27
In these words, the whole set of effects of that education on Ignacio is
summed up. Over the plot of the movie, we discover that rape, sexual harass-
ment, lies, physical abuse, and fear are the elements that mold and finally
ruin the life of Ignacio. The film denounces what queer theologies have also
begun to expose: that traditional Christianity has denied the body by viewing
it as the locus of per/version, and that vision has split humanity into selves
and bodies. While selves are to be saved, bodies are to be punished, which
contradicts the incarnation in which selves are never possible without liber-
ated bodies. Unfortunately, this divide facilitates the overuse of power on
those who are more vulnerable, lower in the chains of institutional power
and control. The film locates Ignacio and Enrique amid this situation. Father
Manolo is the character that embraces and carries out the cumbersome appa-
ratus of institutional Christianity to punish deviant behaviors, while, at the
same time, liberating his fantasies. In a sense, Father Manolo is just as split
Unfaithful noxious sexuality 163
in two as Ignacio himself in the latter’s self-description of being split as a
result of such an education.
If sexuality and bodies are surgically removed from the incarnated God
in God’s creation, then Christian churches are rendered as places of oppres-
sion and abuse of power. In his book Queering Christ, Robert E. Shore-Goss
describes how this operates in Christian Roman Catholicism. He states:
In this quotation, Shore-Goss not only describes the noxious effects of sepa-
ration between body and self within institutional power but also points out
how this desensitizes the actors in charge of reproducing the dicta of that
institutional power, in this case, clergy and religious men and women. In
some cases, the consequences would affect the lives of people to the point of
no return. If Shore-Goss in his own life was able to find liberation and resis-
tance to these dynamics in the love of Frank and David, and be able to make
the theology of his experiences, La Mala Educación shows the underside of
this. The locus for this anti-evangelical oppression is fully visible in the lives
of Ignacio and Ernesto, who then re-present the stories of millions of people
who were, are, or will never be able to find liberation and resistance as the
hope of incarnation has been sliced out from them. Scene 10 “Cinema Sin”
and scene 11 “Predator” illustrates this issue very well.
In scene 10 Ignacio describes the movie theater as the place where he had
the happiest moments with Enrique. It is there that they discovered the films
by Sara Montiel, Spain’s gay icon.29 The scene shows Sara Montiel on screen
in the movie Esa Mujer [that woman]. In that scene, Sara plays the role
of Soledad, a woman returning to the convent where she used to belong.
When Soledad enters the room, the nun does not recognize her. Soledad
then asks, “Don’t you recognize me, Mother? Has the world changed me
so much?” To these words, the nun responds, “Mother Soledad? What are
you doing here?” While the dialogue continues on screen, we see Ignacio
and Enrique crossing their arms to reach each other’s genitalia. The camera
then returns to the screen where the film of Sara Montiel is playing to then
return to Ignacio and Enrique from behind. While the nun on the screen
denies shelter to Soledad by saying: “It is not God who rejects you. It is
164 Hugo Córdova Quero
I, in the name of my order,” we can still infer from behind the seats that
Ignacio and Enrique are masturbating each other. Paradoxically, it will be
the same religious institution, namely, the Roman Catholic Church that, in
the person of Father Manolo, will reject them in their affections through
this veiled hand-job. By inference, maybe God is not rejecting Ignacio and
Enrique in this story; it is perhaps just Father Manolo – in the name of his
particular reading of God’s will – who rejects them. However, the inter-
textuality continues with the next scene, which makes this rejection more
evident and complicated.
Scene 11 continues in the dorms of the school later that night. Ignacio
cannot sleep and goes to the restroom. Enrique follows him. Ignacio is
guilty about the event at the movie theater. When the two kids are talking
in the bathroom, Father Manolo enters the dorm. He notices that there are
two empty beds and walks toward the restroom. The two kids hide in one
of the stalls, but Father Manolo can find them. After reprimanding them,
Father Manolo sends Enrique to sleep and takes Ignacio to the chapel to
say mass. Two off-screen statements of Ignacio mark this scene. In the first
comment, Ignacio is still at mass with Father Manolo, and Ignacio exclaims,
“I think I have just lost my faith at this moment. . . . So I no longer believe
in God or hell. As I do not believe in hell I am not afraid . . . and without
fear, I am capable of anything.”30 Then, Ignacio is at the sacristy helping
Father Manolo to remove his altar garments. After begging him not to expel
Enrique, Ignacio, still off-screen, continues, “I sold myself for the first time
in that sacristy to avoid the expulsion of Enrique. But Father Manolo tricked
me. I swore that one day I would make him pay for that.”31
However, following Michel Foucault, nobody is entirely passive in
response to the dicta of institutional power.32 As the film shows, Ignacio
was able to hunt and dominate Father Manolo who formerly dominated and
abused him. However, Juan – Ignacio’s brother – would also dominate the
lives of Father Manolo and, for a while, of Enrique. As stated by Foucault,
power comes from everywhere, and there are many participations in issues
of power that exceed the classic oppressor/oppressed binary.33
Even so, the queering act of the movie is situated precisely in the intri-
cate net of names and characters that intermingle in the plot of the film,
displaying different dynamics of power. As for Ignacio/Zahara, Juan/Igna-
cio and Angel, and Father Manolo/Mr. Berenguer, the characters display
different performativities and dynamics to live and survive their circum-
stances. Their consistent naming and re-naming themselves allow them
to distort the dicta of the dominant institution depicted in this film, the
Roman Catholic Church. Naming, or labeling, is a powerful act of institu-
tions and, by extension, of those who carry the authority to do so in the
name of those institutions.
Judith Butler offers us an enlightened example by questioning or interro-
gating the act of naming through baptism. In her work The Psychic Life of
Power, she analyzes the connection between language and its power to call
Unfaithful noxious sexuality 165
and fix identities that are ad eternum connected to the name along with an
ongoing presence of the namer.34 She explains:
This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you.
No one has greater love that this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends.
You are my friends if you do what I command you. I do not call you
servants any longer, because the servant does not know what the master
is doing; but I have called you friends, because I have made known to
you everything that I have heard from my Father. You did not choose
me but I chose you. And I appointed you to go and bear fruit, fruit that
will last, so that the Father will give you whatever you ask in my name.
I am giving you these commands so that you may love one another.42
She sees in this pericope that the relationality proposed by Jesus is very
different from the one proposed by Paul in his epistles, in which he defines
a “master/slave” relationality. Stuart recognizes that Jesus’ teachings carry
out a distortion of blood and ownership lines of kinship in a way that ben-
efits friendship. Jesus offers a “friendship which essentially involves mutual
service and sacrifice.”43 Stuart sees this pattern in the Biblical witness when
affirming, “It is only in friendships that the Scriptures present us with mod-
els of equal, mutual and just relationships. In these relationships, God is
present in the passion between the persons.”44 With this authority from the
Scriptures, she turns to human beings. According to her, human beings are
168 Hugo Córdova Quero
called by God to incarnate this friendship. Stuart continues affirming, “We
are called to relate to the world in friendship: a relationship which as it grows
between people results in mutual and equal acceptance, respect and delight,
it is an embodied relationship with social and political repercussions.”45
The recognition of friendship in this way affects social and political life
individually as well as communally and links the whole of creation. If God is
a friend, and we are called to incarnate that friendship, which also affects our
social and political life, then God is also related to the whole creation. This
statement could not be possible without the incarnation of Christ, seeking
to make the whole of creation of the indwelling place of God.
Therefore, the idea of God as a friend is an incarnational perspective, but
also requires us to talk about mutual responsibility and interrelation. This
idea has tremendous implications for ecclesiology. It is not possible to claim
to be part of Christ’s Church and not receive all human beings as friends of
God. Stuart defines the lack of this dimension of responsibility and inter-
relation as sin and points out the fact that sin is part of “the various forces
in our society that conspire to keep us apart from each other, to assume
masks and play roles, to treat each other unjustly.”46 Therefore, our task
as queer theologians and believers is to “fight in the name of Christ against
the constructions of injustice in the world. This includes fighting against
the construction of sex, and relationships in general, in terms of domina-
tion and submission.”47 This statement implies a requisite of self-evaluation
for Christianity in order to see how this domination and subordination are
reproduced in our theologies and our institutional organizations. This is also
a fundamental concern in Indecent/Queer theologies. On this Stuart affirms:
“Love means not having to say you’re sorry” – one of the biggest lies ever
invented and one of the biggest causes of injustice, for this idea encour-
ages irresponsibility by assuming people that they are not accountable
for their actions. Love demands recognition and repentance from injus-
tice. The Church will never convince the vast majority of lesbian and
gay people, bisexual people, battered women, and all those victims of
demonic dualism, that has distorted our attitudes to the body and rela-
tionships, of its friendship unless it first acknowledges its guilt and asks
for forgiveness.48
Friendship with the divine, whether he, she, or it, is inspired by human
friendship, and vice versa. This does not trivialize the divine nor ele-
vate the human. It merely names friendship as the adequate relational
Unfaithful noxious sexuality 169
referent. As women begin to value friendships with women, the refer-
ent for divine-human friendship is given new content. . . . [T]he divine
friend surprises with Her revelations at times, inspiring humans to the
same serendipity.50
Conclusion
Sexuality, bodies, and the doctrine of the incarnation are pivotal to the daily
lived experiences of the faithful. Queering this dogma should bring into
the conversation all the dimensions of human experience in order to affirm
that in Jesus all humanity is embraced by the Divine. The analysis of La
Mala Educación has given us ample examples of anti-incarnational abuses of
power and oppression of bodies and sexuality within a religious institution
such as the Roman Catholic Church.
Queer theologies offer a third space in order to destroy heteropatriarchal
binaries at play in abusive religious institutions. The doctrine of the incar-
nation calls queer believers to decolonize our relationalities and notions of
friendship and partnership, even amid the problematic displays of ecclesias-
tical power. In the particular case of indecent theology, it joins other queer
theologies in raising a prophetic voice to take up the cuddles of Incarnation
in our bodies, gender, and sexuality in the following of Christ. In light of
noxious mandates of sexuality within the boundaries of oppressive theolo-
gies, queer/indecent theologies allow us to integrate our own experiences
with that of Christ faithfully. It is imperative to remember that our task is to
queer and decolonize Christian beliefs, not to make an adaptation functional
for power structures, either religious or politic/economic. The film La Mala
Educación prophetically points out the fact that when God becomes a slave
of human interpretations, the material consequences are deployed in the real,
tangible lives of the faithful.
Christian churches and other religious institutions should think deeply
about the role they play in the political and social arena through the foster-
ing of heteropatriarchy. What is defined by law or condemned by it does not
necessarily imply that the churches have to assume the same attitudes as the
nation-state or societies. Communities of believers should be independent
of the fluctuations of the politics of the State, mostly when those politics are
against the message of Jesus, which deeply involves community, solidarity,
love, and friendship. Every time I watch La Mala Educación, I cannot avoid
wondering what the lives of its characters would be if an incarnational theol-
ogy were the basis for the religious institutions in which they participated.
We can dream and see a few examples of religiosities that are liberating,
but the film continues to prophetically alert us of the broad deployment of
theo(ideo)logies that oppress individuals and communities.
If we are to be faithful disciples of Jesus, the incarnation of Christ demands
of Christians an equal response to the world. If God is the parameter/model
for human life, and sexuality is part of life, when we say that sexuality and
172 Hugo Córdova Quero
gender performances are fluid, we are saying that God is also fluid. The
perichoretical and amical understanding of God through God’s relationality
with the creation is a continuous liberating dynamic. It is this God who is
present in creation through the incarnation of Christ, and seeks the whole
of creatureliness to be God’s indwelling place. The whole of creatureliness
definitively implies sexuality, gender performance, and bodies. They are the
locus for a real, tangible friendship with God. Queer theologies and indecent
theologians are midwives in the unfolding of the new life of creation. Our
bodies form the locus for that marvelous cosmic process of birthing incar-
nated liberations.
Notes
1 Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology and The Queer God (London: Routledge, 2003).
2 Pedro Almodovar (Dir.), La Mala Educación [Bad Education], 105 minutes (Sony
Pictures, 2004, DVD).
3 Robert V. Rakestraw, “Becoming Like God: An Evangelical Doctrine of Theosis,”
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 40, no. 2 (1997): 260.
4 Karimpumannil Mathai George, The Silent Roots: Orthodox Perspectives on
Christian Spirituality (The Risk Books Series #63) (Geneva, Switzerland: WCC
Publications,1994), 37.
5 Rosemary Radford Ruether, Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology
(Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1993), 116.
6 John Paul II, The Splendor of Truth, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, August 6, 1993.
http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_
enc_06081993_veritatis-splendor.html.
7 John Paul II, The Gospel of Life, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, March 25, 1995.
http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_
enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae.html
8 Aline H. Kalbian, Sexing the Church: Gender, Power, and Ethics in Contempo-
rary Catholicism (Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2005), 120.
9 Ibid., 121.
10 Radford Ruether, Sexism and God-Talk, 117.
11 Gavin D’Costa, Sexing the Trinity: Gender, Culture and the Divine (London:
SCM Press, 2000), 56.
12 Ibid., p. 30.
13 Gavin D’Costa, “Queer Trinity,” in Queer Theology: Rethinking the Western
Body, ed. Gerard Loughlin (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007), 269–80.
14 Jordan, “God’s Body,” 281–92.
15 J. Severino Croatto, Liberación y Libertad: Pautas Hermenéuticas (Ciudad
Autonoma de Buenos Aires: Mundo Nuevo, 1973).
16 Jordan, “God’s Body,” 285–6.
17 Ivone Gebara, Longing for Running Water: Ecofeminism and Liberation, trans.
David Molineaux (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1999), 91.
18 George, The Silent Roots, 44.
19 Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology, 5.
20 Althaus-Reid, The Queer God, 68.
21 Hugo Córdova Quero, “Risky Affairs: Marcella Althaus-Reid Indecently Queer-
ing Juan Luis Segundo’s Hermeneutic Circle Propositions,” in Theology in Fetish
Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid, ed. Lisa Isherwood and Mark
D. Jordan (London: SCM Press, 2010), 207–18.
Unfaithful noxious sexuality 173
22 Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology, 135.
23 Carolyn Poljski, Coming Out, Coming Home or Inviting People in? Supporting
Same-Sex Attracted Women from Immigrant and Refugee Communities (Mel-
bourne, Australia: Multicultural Centre for Women’s Health, 2011).
24 Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology, 173.
25 Ibid., 148.
26 Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizo-
phrenia, trans. Brian Massumi, 2 vol. (London: Continuum, 2004).
27 “Un hilo de sangre dividía mi frente en dos. Y tuve el presentimiento de que con
mi vida ocurriría lo mismo. Siempre estaría dividida y yo no podría hacer nada
para evitarlo.” [La Mala Educación, Scene 7, “Padre Manolo” (Father Manolo)].
28 Robert Shore-Goss, Queering Christ: Beyond Jesus Acted Up (Cleveland, OH:
Pilgrim Press, 2002), 11.
29 “Ignacio has become Zahara, a transvestite and drug addict, who impersonates
Sara Montiel (Gay icon, a sort of a Spanish Mae West of the 60’s and 70’s) and is
a member of a fifth-rate variety company” (“Bad Education – Directed by Pedro
Almodovar,” 2004).
30 “Creo que perdí mi fe en este momento. . . Por lo tanto no creo más en Dios o en
el infierno. Y como no creo más en el infierno, no tengo miedo . . . y sin miedo
soy capaz de hacer cualquier cosa.” [La Mala Educación, Scene 11 “Predator.”].
31 “Me vendí por primera vez en aquella sacristía para evitar la expulsión de Enrique.
Pero el Padre Manolo me engañó. Juré que algún día le haría pagar por ello.” [La
Mala Educación, Scene 11 “Predator.”].
32 Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writ-
ings, 1972–1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John
Mepham, and Kate Soper (New York: Phantom, 1980).
33 Ibid.
34 Judith Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press, 1997).
35 Ibid., 110–11.
36 Ibid., 117.
37 Ibid., 119. Original emphasis.
38 Quero, “This Body Trans/Forming Me,” 90.
39 Ibid.
40 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan
Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 183.
41 Elizabeth Stuart, Just Good Friends: Towards a Lesbian and Gay Theology of
Relationships (London: Mowbray, 1995).
42 Texts are taken from the New Revised Standard Version.
43 Stuart, Just Good Friends, 170.
44 Ibid., 173.
45 Ibid., 213.
46 Ibid., 220.
47 Ibid., 231.
48 Ibid., 237.
49 Ibid., 241.
50 Mary Hunt, Fierce Tenderness: A Feminist Theology of Friendship (New York:
Crossroad, 1994), 84.
51 Butler, Bodies That Matter.
52 This name is a pseudonym.
53 Stuart, Just Good Friends.
54 Butler, Gender Trouble, 30.
55 Marcella Althaus-Reid, From Feminist Theology to Indecent Theology: On Pov-
erty, Sexual Identity and God (London: SCM Press, 2004), 102.
9 Deafinitely different
Seeing deafness, Deaf, and
healing in the Bible from Deaf
perspectives
Kristine C. Meneses
The banqueteers were well aware that the majority of Deaf people had
not yet had the opportunity to attend Deaf education and experience sign
language socialization. But they pledged themselves to continue to fight to
ensure that all Deaf people had the “right” to these experiences.22
Often, we do not think of deafness as a way of life, or of the Deaf as another
human variety in ways that the Deaf consider themselves. The existential
question, “What does it means to be Deaf?” is simplistically answered by the
majority that the Deaf are different. The Deaf see themselves as displaying
diversity, not a consequence of their inability to hear, of auditory deformity,
or bodily anomaly.23 Despite a life of in-betweenity, that is, living in a hearing
society while connected to the Deaf community, many Deaf people gradually
accept their identity and deafness, and they continually discover themselves as
fluid. For them, deafness is a “way of life.”24 There are Deaf people who do
not fully accept their deafness because they were brought up to believe that
they were hearing persons. Thus, deafness for them was an auditory defect
that needed repair. In this case, many of them gave in to assistive medical
technology, such as cochlear implantation. Though a Deaf person manages
to live a life of in-betweenity, the difficult negotiations of their identity can be
detrimental to their self-understanding and the acceptance of their Deafhood.
There is a high possibility that a Deaf person will gradually embrace the hear-
ing identity for practical reasons and the avoidance of stigma.
Thus, for the hearing majority, perspectives of deafness as a “way of life”
and the Deaf as another human variety are difficult to comprehend because
we equate a holistic life to a “functional” body or senses. For Bauman, hear-
ing loss can be viewed as gaining deafness that is not a negative but a positive
condition.25 The Deaf must be valued and respected as they are. Their picto-
rial language, communication, perspectives, arts and designs, psychology,
humor, and philosophy are some of the things they have to offer us that can
enrich our views on people who are often labelled as disabled, different, or
deviant. Bauman and Murray asserted that “Deaf ways of being in the world
are ways that contribute to the cognitive, creative and cultural diversity of
the human experience.”26
Scene 1: expository
Then he (Jesus) returned from the region of Tyre, and went by way of
Sidon towards the Sea of Galilee, in the region of the Decapolis.
The narrator gives us a summary of the itinerary and route of Jesus. The nar-
rator is not interested in the purpose of Jesus’ activity. In fact, Mark the evan-
gelist projects Jesus as one who is always at work and unstoppable. If one
refers to the map of North and Central Palestine, and follows his itinerary
route, one will notice that Jesus was all over the place. Sidon is at the north
of Tyre, while the Sea of Galilee is at the south of Tyre, and the Decapolis is
at the East with its cities far apart. Where is Jesus going?
Tyre, Sidon and Decapolis are wealthy places. Places may or may not only
be geographical locations, hence the need for critical scrutiny and creative
imagination. Tyre means “a rock,” which could either pertain to its location
at the port or acts as a clue to a character’s condition. Sidon43 in Greek means
182 Kristine C. Meneses
“hunting,” which could relate to the action of some characters who later
went “hunting” for Jesus for some reason. Decapolis could be composed of
two Greek words deka (deka) which means “ten,” and polij (polis) which
mean “city.” However, Decapolis is not a matter of quantity. Instead, this
term denotes collections or clusters of cities, which could be more than ten.44
This provides a possibility that there were “multitudes” of people of varied
ethnicities residing in the area.
After an encounter with a Syro-Phoenician woman, will Jesus have a dif-
ferent reception to another Greek populace who will approach him with a
request?
Scene 2: Jesus, Deaf man and crowd; They brought to him a Deaf45 man
who had an impediment in his speech; and they begged him to lay his
hand on him.
The crowd spoke to Jesus, and “begged him to lay his hand on him.” Yet
ironically, we do not hear this plea coming from the Deaf person.
Deaf in Greek is kwfo.n (kophon),46 and is translated as either “deaf” or
“dumb.” The adjective kwfo.n (kophon) describes a person whose condition
is the inability to speak or articulate the self, thus, speechless. Noteworthy is
that both Jesus and the Deaf individual remain speechless. The word kwfo.n
(kophon) can likewise mean “blunt” or “dull.” These two meanings are
extremes. A person who is blunt could simply be frank and straight-forward.
Words uttered could be sharp and hurtful, like a sharp stone, or flint, which
in turn seems to allude to Tyre, which also means “rock.” As an extreme
interpretation, a person who is “dull” is lifeless or shy. This person could
have lost a zest for life, or is embarrassed with his or her condition.
It would be worthwhile to consider that the Hebrew term for “Deaf,”
vrexe (cheresh),47 is not categorically an impediment but a condition of being
silent, as in to listen, which could be something voluntary.48 Could it be that
the Deaf person kept silent because he was being misunderstood? Could it
be that he opted to be “dull” after trying to be “blunt” in expressing his
thoughts and feelings, but people misjudged him?
The actions of the crowd: “brought,” “begged” Jesus to lay his hand on
the Deaf seems to indicate urgency and force. The Greek verb fe,rousin49
(pherousie: brought) can also mean “to bear,” “bear patiently,” “endure,”
“put up with,” “move with force or speed,” or “carry with burden.” If we
consider the alternative meanings of the verb “brought,” could it be that
the Deaf was forcibly brought to Jesus? Did the Deaf feel that he was a bur-
den to the crowd? Did he accept that something was wrong with him? Did
he simply accommodate the crowd on what they wanted, but deep inside
refused to be told what he needed to be and do? Did he even need healing?
Scene 3: Jesus and the Deaf; He took him aside in private, away from
the crowd, and put his fingers into his ears, and he spat and touched his
Deafinitely different 183
tongue. Then looking up to heaven, he sighed and said to him, “Eph-
phatha,” that is, “Be opened.” And immediately his ears were opened,
his tongue was released, and he spoke plainly.
It is in this scene that we finally hear Jesus speak one word in the entire nar-
rative: “Ephphatha.” Notice the silence of the Deaf person throughout. Was
this a sign of his consent to what Jesus was doing to him? Did he think or
feel that Jesus was absurd when he put his hands on his ears, and spat and
touched his tongue? Was this his gesture of accepting Jesus into his space?
The impression we have in reading this scene is that the Deaf person
seemed to be “dull” and the one who was “blunt” was Jesus. The Deaf per-
son seemed to be dull by allowing Jesus to performing some sort of “magic”
on him, and Jesus was “blunt” in putting his hands in the ears of the Deaf
person, and spitting on and touching the tongue of this individual. Jesus’
actions give us the impression that what he did was a sort of quack treat-
ment. After doing all these to the Deaf, Jesus uttered a “magic” word Effaqa,
after which all things broke “loose,” the ear of the Deaf was made open, his
tongue loosened, and he spoke plainly. If this was a moment of rejoicing,
why was the Deaf person still silent? He uttered no word to prove that Jesus
indeed “cured” or “healed” him.
Beginning with Effaqa, the verbs dianoi,cqhti (to open completely: dia-
noichtheti), hvnoi,ghsan (spoke freely: enoigesan), and evlu,qh (to loose:
elythe) point to the same action, that is, “to open.” These verbs reiterate
that something was made “open.” Was the ear of the Deaf person opened
and his tongue truly loosened?
I also wish to focus on the body parts associated with hearing and speaking.
The ear (w=ta: ota) could be a metaphor, which pertains to “the faculty of
perceiving with the mind” or “the faculty of understanding and knowing.”50
The word glw,sshj (glosses) is commonly translated as “tongue.” However,
glw,sshj (glosses) can also mean “language,”51 that is, an “utterance out-
side the normal pattern of speech, thus requires special interpretation.”52 It
can also mean “antiquated, foreign, unintelligible, mysterious utterances,”53
which is comparable to a performance language or body language, and the
few sounds which the Deaf can produce, as his way of communication.
Nonetheless, for the crowd, this expression was probably something strange,
out of the ordinary or mysterious that necessitated the laying on of hands.
Most scholars agree that Effaqa (Ephphatha) is said directly to the Deaf
person. Nonetheless, will such a take on the word Effaqa (Ephphatha) be
meaningful to Deaf people? Could it be possible to deconstruct our usual
take on this passage? Jin Young Choi sees in this passage a somatic engage-
ment between Jesus and the Deaf man.54 This means that when Jesus touched
the Deaf man, Jesus was likewise touched by the encounter. Hence, Choi
asserts that “With this (Deaf) man, Jesus is and becomes an Other.” Focusing
on the inability of the Deaf to speak, Choi re-reads Jesus’ healing as blur-
ring the boundary and challenging society’s dominant demarcation rules of
184 Kristine C. Meneses
the normal and abnormal. The silent language of the Deaf person strongly
shows that his body is his text, and he thus expresses himself in his own way.
To “open” could allude to an entirely new understanding of the other who
seems different, and this was made possible due to the somatic engagement
of Jesus with the crowd, who were set free from their language barriers and
negative attitudes toward the Deaf person.
Scene 4: Jesus and the crowd; Then Jesus ordered them to tell no one; but
the more he ordered them, the more zealously they proclaimed it. They
were astounded beyond measure, saying, “He has done everything well;
he even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.”
The crowd was amazed, and affirmed that Jesus did well. Although Jesus
ordered the crowd “to tell no one,” the crowd did otherwise. The crowd’s
ears were blocked, as though with a rock (Tyre). Likewise, their tongues were
“released” because they “openly” spoke about Jesus’ amazing deeds.55 One
might wonder how their tongues could be released, when their ears were
blocked? In reality, one can encounter Deaf people who can speak although
they cannot hear, because they do lip-reading.
Often, when people are caught up with excitement, they fail to listen to
what is told to them, because they are emotionally overwhelmed. This might
have been the situation of the crowd here. Their failure to heed Jesus’ instruc-
tion may have been due to overwhelming amazement. Moreover, when a
sort of healing or miracle happens, there are instances when the one who is
healed speaks, like the woman who was bleeding, the blind man in John’s
discourse, one of the ten who was healed with skin disease. Was the Deaf
person healed, or was it the crowd and Jesus who finally understand the
language, the “tongue” of the Deaf? In order to understand this, I wish to
use another exegetical tool, the socio-rhetoric analysis, in order to “see”
what may have happened.
Conclusion
Despite their experience of exclusion in varied ways, such as information
inaccessibility, the Deaf have been accommodating to the hearing main-
stream who often remain insistent on imposing normalcy upon them because
of a belief that deafness is a medical malady. Aside from being a minority in
a society dominated by hearing people, their numbers are far less than the
poor. In fact, in many cases, the Deaf experience insignificance in society,
because they are often (1) considered a minority; (2) victims of various forms
of abuse; and (3) politically and socio-economically displaced. As a way to
conscientize the hearing, the Deaf frequently use their negative experiences
to assert their Deafhood, that is, the survival of their language and culture.
Opening their doors to the hearing through membership in their community
is a gesture of welcoming others. The Deaf do not expect any favors in return
for the welcoming attitude they extend to the hearing.
Including the Deaf in society begins with meeting them “eye-to-eye” and
being keen to their way of communication to us through gestures and other
forms of body language. Presenting a traditional reading of the passage in
Mark 7.31–37 as a healing story has internalized our fear of disability, of the
different. Such fear is shown in our fixation on Jesus’ activity, which prevents
188 Kristine C. Meneses
us from focusing on the Deaf man, thus keeping him silenced. Such internaliza-
tion has brought about a negative understanding of deafness and the negation
of Deaf people in our theological conversations. Through this means, we have
unwittingly harmed them throughout history. I suggest that an alternative
reading is possible, such as the conversion or metanoia of Jesus and crowd.
An interpretation of Mark 7.31–37 as a conversion story or a paradigm
shift of the crowd and Jesus might raise a question on theological content
of God’s image and divine will. In the passage, the crowd and perhaps
Jesus desire the good of the Deaf man through the restoration of hearing
and speech. A Deaf perspective, however, challenges our standard read-
ing of a God who is “complete,” who desires well-being or wholeness
solely in able-bodiedness. If we consider the Deaf perspective, we can see
that Jesus’ action showed sensitivity, respect, and acceptance toward the
Deaf. In other words, Jesus’ action showed that God loves diversity. In
fact, God’s creation is characterized by diversity. Openness to diversity and
inclusivity demands an attitude that is sensitive, respectful, and accepting.
What does a conversation with the Deaf offer us? The gospel invites us to
dismantle our attitudes of enforcing “normalcy” on the Deaf, to celebrate
their “signature” uniqueness, and be open to what they can teach us about
being truly human.
Notes
1 See Stanley Porter and Matthew Malcom, The Future of Biblical Interpretation:
Responsible Plurality in Biblical Hermeneutics (Downers Grove, IL: InterVar-
sity Press, 2013), Musa Dube, Postcolonial Feminist Interpretation of the Bible
(St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press, 2012), Kwok Pui-lan, Postcolonial Imagination
and Feminist Theology (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2005),
and Rasiah Sugirtharajah, Postcolonial Reconfiguration: An Alternative Way of
Reading the Bible and Doing Theology (St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press, 2003).
2 A notable exception is Louise Lawrence who immersed herself among people
with disabilities, whom I will refer to later in this chapter.
3 Lennard Davis, ed., Beginning with Disability: A Primer (New York: Routledge,
2018).
4 It was only in the 1980s that Sign Language was acknowledged as a language
with its own linguistic structures and syntax. See Edward Dolnick, “Deafness as
Culture,” The Atlantic Monthly 272, no. 3 (1993): 37–53.
5 Audism is a term coined by Tom Humphries in his dissertation in 1975. This is a
form of discrimination against the Deaf. It retains the belief that those who can
hear are superior to those who cannot. Audists therefore are those who devalue
the Deaf.
6 “Interview with Dexter Filkins and Jean Vanier,” CNN Amanpour, April 6, 2018.
Vanier is the founder of L’Arche, a home and a community of people with mental
disability.
7 Adrienne Cook, “Fat Pride,” The Washington Post, May 14, 1978.
8 A world that values physical performance, agility and capabilities (ableism), and
hearing (audism).
9 Based on Paddy Ladd’s concept of Deafhood, Understanding Deaf Culture: In
Search of Deafhood (Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 2003). Disablehood
as a form of identity is open to further studies.
Deafinitely different 189
10 Social constructs extend to other forms of “disability,” unintentionally honing
attitudinal barriers that keep us from seeing the person beyond the physical
dimension. There are other dimensions of the person necessary to his/her whole-
ness or well-being, and physiological make-up is just one of them. See Lennard
J. Davis, The Disability Studies Reader, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2006),
Justine Anthony Haegele and Samuel Hodge, “Disability Discourse: Overview
and Critiques of the Medical and Social Models,” Quest 68, no. 2 (2016): 193–
206, and Nicole Matthews, “Contesting Representations of Disabled Children in
Picture-Books: Visibility, the Body and the Social Model of Disability,” Children’s
Geographies 7, no. 1 (2009): 37–49.
11 We need to realize that all of us will reach a point in life when our sensory and
physical efficacy will deteriorate. Disability is part of our reality, which many of
us seem to deny. We are all temporary- or temp-abled.
12 James I. Charlton, “The Dimensions of Disability Oppression,” in The Disability
Studies Audience, ed. Lennard J. Davis (New York: Routledge, 2006), 220.
13 Merv Hyde and Des Power, “Some Ethical Dimensions of Cochlear Implantation
for Deaf Children and Their Families,” Oxford Academic Journal of Deaf Studies
and Deaf Education 11, no. 1 (2006): 102–11; John A. Albertini and Manfred
Hintermair, “Ethics, Deafness, and New Medical Technologies,” Oxford Aca-
demic Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 10, no. 2 (2005): 184–92;
Tom and Jacqueline Humphries, “Deaf in the Time of the Cochlea,” Oxford
Academic Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 16, no. 2 (2011): 153–63;
Chijioke Obasi, “Seeing the Deaf in ‘Deafness,’” Oxford Academic Journal of
Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 13, no. 4 (2008): 455–65.
14 Mike Oliver, Politics of Disablement (London: Macmillan Education, 1990).
15 Rebecca A. R. Edwards, Words Made Flesh: Nineteenth-Century Deaf Educa-
tion and the Growth of Deaf Culture (New York: New York University Press,
2012); Mairian Corker, “Deafness/Disability: Problematizing Notions of Identity,
Culture and Structure,” in Disability, Culture and Identity, ed. Sheila Riddell and
Nick Watson (New York: Routledge, 2003).
16 Steven Chough and Kristina Doblins, “How is Asian Deaf Culture Different
from American Deaf Culture?,” in Deaf Way Two Audience: Perspectives from
the Second International Conference on Deaf Culture, ed. Harvey Goodstein
(Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2006), 227.
17 In this case, there is a threat to the loss of sign language because children are
taught to speak and not sign. But the reality with cochlear implants is that it is a
devise similar to a hearing aid, and its clarity is questionable. Both hearing and
speech remain unsolved. For further awareness of this case, see Davis, Beginning
of Disability.
18 Berthier was educated at the Royal Institute for the Deaf Paris School under the
instruction of Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. He was a prolific artist, teacher,
orator, writer, and became the first true Deaf activist. See an excerpt from a two-
part DVD produced by Karen Christie and Patti Durr, eds., The HeART of Deaf
Culture: Literary and Artistic Expressions of Deafhood (Rochester, NY: Roch-
ester Institute of Technology, 2012). Christia and Durr, The HeART. Part of the
transcript is available from https://usdeafhistory.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/
deaf-history-part-2cited.pdf.
19 Paddy Ladd, “What Is Deafhood and Why Is It Important?,” in Deaf Way Two
Audience: Perspectives from the Second International Conference on Deaf Culture,
ed. Harvey Goodstein (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2006), 246.
20 Forestier, a Deaf Frenchman once said, “to prohibit sign language would be like
[tearing] out our soul, for it is in our nature, the life of our thoughts . . . the only
and true way to lead our brothers to an understanding of the national language”
available from https://usdeafhistory.com/quotes/.
190 Kristine C. Meneses
21 Lenoir is one among the six Deaf leaders and activists in the early 1800s.
22 The tenets are a direct quote from Paddy Ladd, Understanding Deaf Culture: In
Search of Deafhood (Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 2003), 111.
23 Jackie Leach Scully, “Deaf Identities in Disability Studies: With Us or Without?,”
in Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies, ed. Nick Watson, Alan Roulstone,
and Carol Thomas (Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2012), 109–21.
24 Scully, “Deaf Identities,” 109.
25 H. Dirksen Bauman and Joseph Murray, “Reframing: From Hearing Loss to Deaf
Gain,” Deaf Studies Digital Journal no. 1 (2009): 1–10. The article is available
from http://dsdj.gallaudet.edu/assets/section/section2/entry19/DSDJ_entry19.
pdf.
26 Bauman, H-Dirksen and Joseph J. Murray, “Deaf Studies in the 21st Century:
‘Deaf-gain’ and the Future of Human Diversity,” in The Oxford Handbook of
Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, eds. Marc Marshark and Patricia Eliza-
beth Spencer (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 212.
27 Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology, ed. T. F. Hoad (Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press, 1996), 429.
28 Louise Lawrence, Sense and Stigma in the Gospels: Depictions of Sensory-
Disabled Characters, Biblical Refigurations Series (Oxford, UK: Oxford Univer-
sity, 2013), 27, 29.
29 Cheresh is an adjective masculine word that pertains to deafness.
30 The Hebrew word ~j;a’ (alam) is usually associated with binding.
31 The root term is u’perora,w.
32 The root term is evneo,j.
33 The Greek word kwfo.n is an adjective accusative masculine singular no degree
from kophos: kwfo,j.
34 See George V. Wigram and Jay P. Green, The New Englishman’s Greek Con-
cordance and Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1982), 506–7;
Wigram and Green, Englishman’s Greek; and William Fiddian Moulton and
Alfred Shenington Geden, A Concordance to the Greek Testament According to
the Texts of Westcott and Hort, Tischendorf, and the English Revisers, 3rd ed.
(Edinburgh, UK: T & T, 1953).
35 In the gospels of Matthew and Luke, the Greek term kwfo,j (kophos) is used in
the adjective normal nominative case.
36 Recall the excuse given by Moses to Ya (YHWH) because he resisted to be a
spokesperson for the divine.
37 See John Donahue and Daniel Harrington, “The Gospel of Mark,” in Sacra
Pagina Series (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2002), 2: 241; and Mary
Ann Beavis, Mark (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2011), 126.
38 Isaiah 35.5.
39 Ben Witherington III, The Gospel of Mark: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary
(Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001.
40 The author prefers to use the terms “see,” “seeing,” “look,” and “looking” in
reference to the act of listening, as an attempt to remain faithful to making this
study culturally Deaf in orientation, meaning that the perspective of this study,
as well as the use of biblical exegesis and hermeneutics correspond to a Deaf
expression of self.
41 Limited by space, this section acts as a summary of a lengthy exegesis on this
passage. Selected narrative elements are used here, such as narrator, characters
(words and actions), play of words (the interconnectedness of words in the plot),
and point-of-view.
42 “Disorientation” in this case pertains to an indirect critique of our assumed
understanding of Mark 7.31–37 as a healing narrative, while “re-orientation”
pertains to the alternative hermeneutics of the Deaf that offer new perspectives.
Deafinitely different 191
43 The Greek word Sidw/noj is a noun genitive feminine singular proper from
Sidw,n.
44 The cities identified by Pliny are Damascus, Opoton, Philadelphia, Raphana,
Scythopolis, Gadara, Hippondion, Pella, Galasa, and Canatha (Gill) a region E.
of the Jordan. Most of the inhabitants of Decapolis were Greeks, and were not
on good terms with the Jews. Another is Josephus, who excludes Damascus from
the list.
45 The author will use the uppercase “D” to remain faithful to the Deaf orientation.
46 Kophon (kwfon) is an adjective normal accusative masculine singular derived
from kwfo,j.
47 The Hebrew term vrexe (cheresh) can also mean to plough, and even as a refer-
ence to a craftsman.
48 An example is Isaiah 41.1.
49 Its Greek root word is fe,rw (phero).
50 Frederick W. Danker, The Concise Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 260.
51 Wigram and Green, Englishman’s Greek, 141.
52 Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early
Christian Literature, ed. Frederick W. Danker, 3rd ed. (Chicago, IL: University
of Chicago Press, 2000), 452.
53 Ibid.
54 Jin Young Choi, Postcolonial Discipleship of Embodiment: An Asian and Asian-
American Feminist Reading of the Gospel of Mark (New York: Palgrave Macmil-
lan, 2015), 119. Jin acknowledges her appropriation of Amos Young’s use of the
term, “somatic engagement” in “Many Tongues, Many Senses: Pentecost, the
Body Politic, and the Redemption of the Dis/Ability,” Pneuma 31, no. 2 (2009):
167–88.
55 The claim of the crowd serves as a flashback. In a way, this claim also resonates
with the words of the prophet Isaiah in 35.5, “Then the eyes of the blind shall be
opened, and the ears of the deaf unstopped.” If we observe the description about
the Deaf whose tongue was loosened and spoke plainly, we can see that it was
the crowd, not the Deaf man, that performed these actions. Such a re-reading can
lead us to an alternative understanding of this narrative.
56 The re-reading made here by the author is a result of a meticulous dissecting of
words and seeing the play of words in relation to the entire narrative.
57 Matthew 11.21–2, 15.21, Mark 3.8, 7.24, Luke 6.17 and 10.13–14.
58 Min-Seo Park, “Deaf Culture and Deaf Church: Considerations for Pastoral Min-
istry,” New Theology Review 22, no. 4 (2009): 26–35.
Part IV
Expanding eschatologies
10 Gay eschatology
A postsecular rethinking of
Christian and “Asian Values”
metanarratives in Singapore’s
contexts
Agnes Hanying Ong
The God-Thing
The male is indeed God. A particular “maleness” is deified even beyond
God the Father;1 such is the homosocial, hyper-heteronormative, and ultra-
heterosexual male. Marcella Althaus-Reid sums it up as the “highest phal-
lus.”2 The hysterical male sports uncontrollable erections of schismatic steel
towers of Babel, a silver tongue made for spreading a holy patrimonial
name’s “glad tidings,” and a pair of hands joined in prayer for a kingdom
come sans the sore-thumb middle-class. The highest phallus and his ilk are
the default template of legitimate humanity, the only Ones worthy of occu-
pying public spaces, breathing, reaping harvest of the proletariat’s blood,
sweat, tears and proving Weberian “blessings.”
This is meant to be a reflective process, throughout which I ask for the
grace of “seeing.” “Seeing” does not presuppose a privileging of the “good
spirit” by deflating the “bad spirit.” Rather, it binds together the Ignatian
elements of seeking and seeing God in everything, everywhere, all spirits, all
forms. In ghosts and demons internalized and external, in twinkles of ashes
(Cf. Isaiah 61.1–3). In like spirit, this chapter does not pretend to be a man-
hating piece that indulges in bashing all things that denote the patriarchal,
the masculinist, and the phallic. That said, the use of the word “gay” in
my title does not suggest attempting at home to patriarchy-swap, swinging
from one heteropatriarchy to another homopatriarchy. “Gay” in this con-
text encapsulates (yes!) “happiness,” in a way that gestures toward various
existential and political processes that “want people to be happy and free to
be their full and truest selves” instead of eternal bliss. “Gay” in this chapter
also includes all gender and sexual minorities, all persons who express gen-
dered and sexual selves in ways that are structured around neither scripts
of heterosexual performativity nor heteropatriarchal masculinities. This is
despite the fact that there has been, among the ancients so sainted, a romanc-
ing of the ideals of masculinities, ranging, arguably, from Gregory of Nyssa’s
waxing incestuous on Macrina’s anachronistic traits of masculinities and the
less ancient muscular Christianity that has taken on a momentum of its own
196 Agnes Hanying Ong
by the fin de siècle to justify testosterone-fueled imperialism, to today’s John
Piper. At the risk of sounding man-hating, lovely spirits come in all forms,
all fleshy eccentricities and fleshly embodiments that may or may not come
with some phalli.
Rather, I want to “problematize” (for lack of a less hackneyed word in
our liberal lingo) what makes the “bad spirit” (or some may call the evil
spirit), the bad spirit, as well as – if you too were in a mood for a bit of a
stretch – what, as dualistically opposed to “badness,” makes “blessings,”
blessings, “Christ,” Christ. Richard Rohr is keen to point out, “Your Image
of God Creates You!”3 Keeping this in mind, I am curious about why one
would reify a certain male-like figure of God as the apex of transcendental
blessings and benevolence in the first place, and how this figure is constituted
and reconstituted in mass imaginings.4 While literature has often depicted
God as the “Other” of the great beyond, God is, in the context of my argu-
ment vis-à-vis the Christian archetype of a heteropatriarchal-male-like God,
the phallic Thing upon which all “other” things are drawn out to spin any
meaning-making narrative, though the Thing may not necessarily come with
the label “God.” As I neither attempt to “kill” the “God-Thing” with brute-
force, which I emphasize does not denote heteropatriarchal complicity, nor
do I have penis envy, I seek instead to explore portals that connect both
ends of binaries within conventional eschatological constructions to unplug
sources powering heteropatriarchal dualistic systems. Later, in using the pro-
noun “she” to describe both the female body and the nation’s body politic, I
am not suggesting they amount to one another; rather, such uses stem from
my desire to ponder and navigate through, and “satirize to destabilize,”
vestigial norms rather than nuking them.
Elizabeth Stuart notes that eschatology is important because visions of it
reveal “a great deal about our current values and aspiration,”5 which then
makes eschatology a useful tool to probe into pathological constructions of
non-heterosexuality and establish common grounds across Christian narra-
tives. Building on Stuart and Rohr, my contention is that the image of heaven
creates nationhood. Ideals of heavenly “arrival” are reflected in heteronor-
mative life markers that lay the foundation of national progress, in the way
that – for lack of another analogy – prenatal development may shed light on
human evolutionary history. Nationhood, in this context, is not limited to
the notions of national identity and/or belonging to a certain bordered terres-
trial space; instead, it includes forms of tribalism and communalism that are
sustained by hierarchical spatial orders. This, then, includes the “Kingdom
of Heaven” (hereafter Kingdom) whereby Christ, the Son that eternally “sol-
diers on” despite having been put to sacrificial death by the celestial Patriarch,
is seated at the Latter’s right hand, denoting the Son’s indispensability and
unwavering loyalty to the Kingdom. The Kingdom, though not always, con-
jures up images of the apocalyptic (for the Kingdom is, in a sense, a spiritual
and/or terrestrialized space reserved for saints and thus “bordered” to keep
them from the freeze or fry of sinners). The apocalyptic, according to John
Gay eschatology 197
J. Collins, could simply mean judgment of persons after death, without any
particular concern with a historical finale, as the historical kind like Daniel
despite its eschatological prototypicality is not “all apocalypses.”6 All in all,
what is noteworthy is that the apocalyptic in most cases, if not all, amounts
to an end to physical and/or spiritual restraints and rationality.
At the same time, what is noteworthy from Daniel is that it shows that,
already, transcendent eschatology and national messianism are intrinsically
intertwined.7 Never the twain shall part. This is interesting considering the
increasingly post-postmodern climate we live in, which is progressively
postsecular and re-headed toward quasi-modernist sincerity like a post-
deconstructionist prodigal child returned. Across bleak plateaus of post-
modern worldliness where mistrust in metanarratives has left earthlings
rudderless, and to own human and technological devices, divinity has been
making a comeback. Using Singapore as a geocultural point unto which I
ground my reflections, I wish to transpose the theologizing of eschatological
spacetime to Singapore’s Christian, social, political, and legal contexts, and
vice versa. In so doing, I wish to add to the conversation by shedding light
upon what makes certain configurations of both flesh and spirit, particularly
those made visible in forms of queer embodiments, less or not deserving of
national and/or heavenly “blessings,” as well as, on what grounds queer
bodies may be allowed to reap those “blessings.”
Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or abets the com-
mission of, or procures or attempts to procure the commission by any
male person of, any act of gross indecency with another male person,
shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to
2 years.15
For Jenkins, this makes biblical texts more directly applicable to the
social and economic realities of Anglicans in the southern hemisphere . . .
yet these efforts to contextualize and inculturate biblical theologies do
not usually extend very far into the realms of gender and human sexual-
ity . . . we might expect a reading of Genesis 19 that stresses hospitality
and economic justice to thrive in locations emerging from the legacy of
colonial imposition; but this has not been the case. The definition of
“sodomy,” whether in sub-Saharan Africa or churches in South-East
Asia, still relies on Western European logic and rhetoric, exemplified by
Peter Damian’s medieval text.19
Post-apocalypse
Amidst glossolalia interludes, crossing into the third millennium Anno
Domini proves to be quite an anticlimax. On an earth more intact than
expected, Raptured dust thus settles. While the well-being of the nation and
the universe depends on the lack of gay, LGBTQIA+ visibility, in Singapore’s
context, the extent to which public opinion abstains from demonizing the
existence of overt homosexual bodies is directly correlated with their eco-
nomic worth, linked to the Pink Dollar generated through the rogation of
liminal, non-heteronormatively expressed and “freakish” bodies. Post scrip-
tum, behold, the power of capitalism – in May 2017, the annual “Pink Dot”
rally, Singapore’s first official LGBTQIA+ movement, gets 100-plus local
sponsors and nails its fundraising goal,49 even after Home Affairs Minister
issues a warning against international sponsorships the previous year.50
Considering the benefits gender and sexual minorities bring to the national
economy, the government is consistently capricious, actually ambivalent about
queer visibilities, which would have been “unimaginable”51 as late as early
millennium. While this is partly good news, I assert that a radical undoing
of dualisms that make up orthodox Christianity’s heteronormatively imaged
and genocidal eschatology is key in highlighting the inherent human dignity
of LGBTQIA+ persons and diminishing Christian homophobia. It seems quite
telling that Dante’s “Inferno” depicts satan, frozen mid-breast, sending its
“sinners”-ridden surrounds into deep freeze, which may be interpreted as fear
and reduced conscience. The universalizing fantasy to which “Christ” has been
debased – an eternal heaven distant and whenceforth stabilized that translates
into an earthly existence made insular may not be too different from a “hell”
cryogenically locking erotic life out of itself. It is precisely from the abyss
where queers, the deviantly sexed and gendered, sex workers, the witches, and
the “fallen angels” have been cast into, which emanates the undoing of hetero-
normative meanings that permeates gay eschatological imaginings in multiple
non-dualistic ways, unlike the sharp arrows of linear, historical time conse-
crated to “timeless” forms of predetermined essence and positivist closure.
That said, many politicians speak of the future like it is divine revelation,
the way some scientists talk about the multiverse, of infinite forms and fluid
spacetime. Antje Jackelén puts it succinctly, “For the physicist, the discovery
of relative time may have meant an intellectual revolution; for the mother
and father who have no food for their children, time has always been rela-
tive to the space they have at their disposal.”52 In exploring the subject of
eschatology, there is always this particular risk of not resisting enough the
seduction of “infinity,” of “eternity,” and go down the slippery slope toward
the debauched ways of ethereal values and moral metanarratives.
Gay eschatology 213
Therefore, to end my reflections, I turn to the scriptures’ very beginning,
which is a reminder that: Humans are continually becoming created and
co-created, site-specifically, through divine eros that subsists not on a heav-
enward vacuum, but rather prevails over the overcoming of isolation among
creatures that are made inherently, diversely, and differently sexual by divine
source itself (Genesis 1.27).
Notes
1 Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation
(Boston, MA: Beacon Press), 1985.
2 Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology, 48.
3 Center for Action and Contemplation, “Richard Rohr: Your Image of God Cre-
ates You,” 3:32, January 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEJkg3ndti0.
4 Staff reporter, “US Christians See God as a Young, White Male,” Church Times,
June 22, 2018, www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2018/22-june/news/world/
us-christians-see-god-as-a-young-white-male.
5 Elizabeth Stuart, as cited in Elizabeth M. Edman, Queer Virtue: What LGBTQ
People Know About Life and Love and How It Can Revitalize Christianity (Bos-
ton, MA: Beacon Press, 2016), 156.
6 John J. Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apoca-
lyptic Literature (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans,1998), 11.
7 Jacob Taubes, Occidental Eschatology, trans. David Ratmoko (Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 2009), 45.
8 Terence Chong, “Christian Evangelicals and Public Morality in Singapore,”
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 17 (2014): 1, www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/
ISEAS_Perspective_2014_17.pdf.
9 Candida R. Moss, “Heavenly Healing: Eschatological Cleansing and the Resur-
rection of the Dead in the Early Church,” Journal of the American Academy of
Religion 79, no. 4 (2011): 996.
10 Jacques Derrida, Rogues: Two Essays on Reason (Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni-
versity Press, 2005), 35.
11 “Sticker Lady Writes ‘My Grandfather Road’ across Circular Road,” Stomp,
November 11, 2016, https://stomp.straitstimes.com/singapore-seen/singapore/
sticker-lady-writes-my-grandfather-road-across-circular-road.
12 Mahathir and Ishihara, as cited in Michael G. Peletz, “Transgenderism and Gen-
der Pluralism in Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times,” Current Anthropol-
ogy 47, no. 2 (2006): 322.
13 Tom Benner, “Gay Culture Gaining Momentum in Singapore,” Al Jazeera, June
4, 2013.
14 Ibid.
15 AGC, n.d. .
16 Human Rights Watch, 2008.
17 Douglas E. Sanders, “377 and the Unnatural Afterlife of British Colonialism in
Asia,” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 4, no. 1 (2009): 11.
18 Jay Emerson Johnson, “Sodomy and Gendered Love: Reading Genesis 19 in the
Anglican Communion,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of
the Bible, ed. Michael Lieb, Emma Mason, Jonathan Roberts, and Christopher
Rowland (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011), 423–4.
19 Ibid., 424.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
214 Agnes Hanying Ong
22 Johnson et al., as cited in Michael G. Peletz, “Transgenderism and Gender Plural-
ism in Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times,” 322.
23 John Shore, “Censorship, Threats and Book-Burning: Christians vs. Gays in Singa-
pore,” John Shore: Trying God’s Patience Since 1958, July 21, 2014, www.patheos.
com/blogs/johnshore/2014/07/christians-vs-gays-and-gay-penguins-in-singapore/.
24 Ibid.
25 Margaret R. Miles, “Sex and the City (of God): Is Sex Forfeited or Fulfilled in
Augustine’s Resurrection of Body,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion
73, no. 2 (2005): 308.
26 Patricia Beattie Jung, Sex on Earth as It Is in Heaven: A Christian Eschatology
of Desire (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2017), 73.
27 Malcolm Edwards, as cited in Elizabeth Stuart, “Sacramental Flesh,” in Queer
Theology, ed. Gerard Loughlin (Malden, MA: Blackwell 2007), 68.
28 Taubes, Occidental Eschatology, 129.
29 Ibid., 12.
30 Francis, The Joy of Love, §93.
31 Lee Edelman, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (Durham, NC:
Duke University Press, 2004), 73.
32 Ibid., 93.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid., 96.
35 Ibid., 93.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid., 96.
38 Erin Runions, “Queering the Beast: The Antichrists’ Gay Wedding,” in Queer-
ing the Non/Human, ed. Myra J. Hird and Noreen Giffney (London: Routledge,
2008), 79.
39 Moss, “Heavenly Healing,” 1000.
40 Michele Stephen, “Witchcraft, Grief, and the Ambivalence of Emotions,” Ameri-
can Ethnologist 26, no. 3 (1999): 712.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Runions, “Queering the Beast,” 79.
44 Albert Henrichs, “Loss of Self, Suffering, Violence: The Modern View of Diony-
sus from Nietzsche to Girard,” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 88 (1984):
213.
45 Runions, “Queering the Beast,” 79.
46 Ibid., 80.
47 Ibid., 95.
48 Ibid.
49 Kok Xing Hui, “Pink Dot Gets 103 Singapore Sponsors and $201,000: Surpass-
ing Targets,” The Straits Times, May 22, 2017, www.straitstimes.com/singapore/
pink-dot-gets-103-singapore-sponsors-and-201000-surpassing-targets.
50 Kyle Knight, “Anti-LGBT tilt taints Singapore commerce.” Nikkei Asian Review,
November 5, 2016.
51 Benner, “Gay Culture Gaining Momentum in Singapore.”
52 Antje Jackelén, Time & Eternity: The Question of Time in Church, Science and
Theology, trans. Barbara Harshaw (West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foun-
dation Press, 2005), 7.
11 Embodied sexual eschatology
Escaping the cage and dreaming a
world of desire and longing
Rebecca Voelkel
Introduction
My contribution to this volume necessarily comes from the specific and par-
ticular context that has both shaped me and which I inhabit. I will share
more of this later in this chapter. For this introduction, it is important to
say that my work lives in the hybrid space between Academy, Church, and
Movement illustrated in this way.
In fact, they were the animators, the prodders, the relentless whispers
which propelled the explosion of creativity:
stars and planets and the whole company of creation. These all came
into being out
of that Desire and Longing and not one thing would have been
without
the promise of ecstasy, connection and communion.4
Embodied sexual eschatology 217
At the very Beginning of time and existence are the gifts of desire, longing,
connection, and communion. And out of these come the embodiment of each
and all of them found in all of creation. Sex is good, bodies are beautiful,
particularly in their varied and different expressions of practice and ability
and race and age and gender and culture. Creation is alive and abuzz with
biodiversity, adaptability, sheer beauty. Hymns, poetry, books, dances, festi-
vals have been created in honor of the sacred gift of sexuality, embodiment,
desire, and longing. And whole theologies have been written to give voice to
the power of God’s self-revelation in creation.
Recently, I was with a group of friends from seminary as we hiked along
the Oregon Coast. As we stood gazing at ancient sea stacks and watched
waves crash against them, two mating pairs of eagles flew overhead. Amidst
the wind, water, and sun that stimulated our senses and the palpable energy
that was both ancient and future-seeking, we started talking about sex. We
talked about the ways in which being in this landscape was deeply erotic for
each of us. We recounted the times we’d made love outside – at the base of
waterfalls, on logs next to tide-pools, in tents, on islands, at the foot of calv-
ing glaciers. With smiles on our faces that spoke of delicious body memories,
we considered how desire, longing, connection, and communion are writ
throughout creation.
But even as we affirm this sacred gift and blessing, and its omnipres-
ence in all of creation, any queer project must also affirm the reality of
interlocking systems of power and oppression which colonize, devastate,
and degrade through targeted violence and create conditions of despair.
Amber Hollibaugh, a self-described high-femme, lesbian, activist, and art-
ist articulates this reality in the opening essay of her book, My Dangerous
Desires:
The smells here . . . all bring me back to my younger self, a very defiant,
angry, terrified, teenage lesbian stripper . . .
I was dancing in a cage, the go-go stripper kind, dancing to Otis Red-
ding, dancing hard. One man would not stay back, kept reaching into
the cage trying to catch my feet and ankles, kept putting twenty-dollar
bills into the cage. And I kept kicking them out. A set was fifteen min-
utes, no stops onstage; then they would open up the back of the cage
and you’d come hurtling out and down the steep back stairs into the
dressing room. This guy had been out front all night, getting drunker,
waiting for each of my sets, then pushing the money through the bars
as he grabbed for my feet.
I was tired. It was my next to last set, and I’d had it up to here with
him, with his money and his fingers. Finally, I took his money and started
to build it into my routine – rubbing it on my body, moving it between
my legs. He kept putting more twenties on the stage, money he thought
guaranteed him my time, my body, after the music ended. He kept put-
ting twenties there until I had a stack of them in my hands.
218 Rebecca Voelkel
Slowly I ripped every fucking twenty-dollar bill up into tiny pieces
and sprinkled them outside the cage over his head while he screamed
about whores, about cock teasers, about me. Then he left. At least that’s
what I thought.
When I came out for my last set he was nowhere around. I danced
that fifteen minutes so tired I came off the stage not even looking down
to see the stairs. Too bad. He’d broken glass and spread it on each of the
steps leading to the back room. I hit that glass going a hundred. It split
my feet apart before I could stop, pounded it deep inside the creases. I
almost bled to death.
All day I’ve been thinking of that time, remembering being that
young, that tired, that angry, that scared, that lonely. Thinking about
power and about lacking it.5
Among the women I saw some men dressed like women, with whom
they go about regularly, never joining the men. . . . From this I inferred
they must be hermaphrodites, but from what I learned later I understood
that they were sodomites, dedicated to nefarious practices. From all the
foregoing I conclude that in this matter of incontinence there will be
much to do when the Holy Faith and the Christian religion are estab-
lished among them.6
We weighing all and singular the premises with due meditation, and not-
ing that since we had formerly by other letters of ours granted among
other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid King Alfonso –
to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and
pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ wheresoever placed, and
the kingdoms, dukedoms, principalities, dominions, possessions, and all
movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them
and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appro-
priate to himself and his successors the kingdoms, dukedoms, counties,
principalities, dominions, possessions, and goods, and to convert them
to his and their use and profit – by having secured the said faculty, the
said King Alfonso, or, by his authority, the aforesaid infante, justly and
lawfully has acquired and possessed, and doth possess, these islands,
lands, harbors, and seas, and they do of right belong and pertain to the
said King Alfonso and his successors.8
There were subsequent papal bulls that were sent to other European mon-
archs. In 1493 Alexander VI issued the bull Inter Caetera stating one Chris-
tian nation did not have the right to establish dominion over lands previously
dominated by another Christian nation, thus establishing the Law of Nations.
Together, the Dum Diversas, the Romanus Pontifex, and the Inter Caetera
came to serve as the basis and justification for the Doctrine of Discovery,
the global slave-trade of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the Age of
Imperialism all of which were rooted in economic, religious, and legal rea-
soning. And the economic, religious, and legal implications of the Doctrine
of Discovery are still very much being felt and deeply impact any exploration
of sacred embodiment and queering of theology.
A powerful example of the enduring power of the Doctrine of Discovery is
that in 1823, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. M’Intosh
that the discovery rights of European sovereigns had been transferred to the
new United States:
The United States, then, have unequivocally acceded to that great and
broad rule by which its civilized inhabitants now hold this country. They
hold and assert in themselves, the title by which it was acquired. They
maintain, as all others have maintained, that discovery gave an exclusive
right to extinguish the Indian title of occupancy, either by purchase or
conquest; and gave also a right to such a degree of sovereignty, as the
circumstances of the people would allow them to exercise.
Embodied sexual eschatology 221
Associate Justice at the time, Joseph Story, an active churchman, later wrote:
“As infidels, heathens, and savages, they [the Indians] were not allowed to
possess the prerogatives belonging to absolute, sovereign and independent
nations.”9
For our conversation about queering theology and an embodied sexual
eschatology, it is important to consider how, because the Christian suprem-
acy and white supremacy of the Doctrine of Discovery are predicated on a
colonized form of embodiment, sexuality and gender, any exercise in liber-
ated embodiment must take seriously an intersectional eschatological vision
that is simultaneously complex enough (and rooted in the communal body)
and specific enough (and rooted in the individual, particular body) in order
to be practiced.
This reality has consistently and persistently urged, nudged, and beckoned
me toward healing and resistance which are the markers of liberation.
This is my story. It may not be everyone’s story. But many of the women,
men, trans*, and genderqueer folks that have engaged the queering project – in
church, in movement, in the “Sex and the Spirit” workshops – have echoed a
similar connection between hearkening to the sacred longing and desire, and
experiencing individual and communal healing and resistance which begin
to constitute liberation.
***
Embodied sexual eschatology 225
In the Fall of 2016, I travelled on three different occasions to the Stand-
ing Rock Sioux reservation as Standing Rock youth, elders, tribal council
members were joined by thousands from around the country as they sought
to stop the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) from cutting across tribal lands
and endangering Lake Oahe, the source of their drinking water and the
drinking water for millions more downstream. As part of their efforts, Stand-
ing Rock youth had literally run from the reservation in North Dakota to
Washington, DC to try to convince the Army Corps of Engineers and other
governmental authorities to block DAPL. When they returned to Standing
Rock, they and others created a camp, rooted in indigenous practice, that
slowly drew hundreds of First Nations and indigenous representatives from
around the world. I was there at the invitation of Rev. Marlene Helgemo, a
HoChunk elder, pastor, and Executive Director of the Council for American
Indian Ministries of the United Church of Christ who has asked me and
other non-Native pastors to be “witnesses and interpreters” upon our return.
The camp, known as Oceti Sakowin, was nestled on the north bank of
the Cannon Ball River, just west of Lake Oahe (part of the Missouri River).
Its name means Seven Council Fires which is the proper name for the people
commonly known as the Sioux because the original Sioux tribe was made
up of Seven Council Fires. It sat on lands which were outside the bounds of
the current Standing Rock reservation but which are ancestrally Standing
Rock land and which hold the bones of ancestors. As we approached from
the south along Highway 1806, we crested a hill and looked down upon
hundreds of fires, teepees (and many “tarpees” – teepees made from tarps)
and a road lined with flags representing dozens of indigenous nations.
When we entered the camp, we had to pledge that we didn’t have any
drugs or alcohol, and that we weren’t going to consume any while on the
sacred grounds. We were also told where to park and then were directed
where the sacred fire was and where to find the kitchen, school, clothes
swap area, and medicine tent. On a subsequent visit, later in the Fall led by
tribal council members, we met with Dallas Goldtooth, one of the visiting
activists who was filming and sharing the story of Standing Rock. He shared
with us that this camp was a vision of the promised dream – a place where
healthcare is free, food is available for all who need it as are clothes. School
is free. Everything is rooted in ceremony and prayer. And all of it was done as
a community, collectively protecting the first medicine, mni wiconi (water).
My first stop in this space that was a dream-come-true for indigenous lead-
ers was the Sacred Fire. (As a non-Native person, I had needed to ask and
follow protocols so that my presence at the sacred fire would be respectful
and appropriate.) The first thing we encountered was a song being sung, in
Lakota, by all who knew it at the invitation of a Lakota elder.
“We are alive. . . . We are alive. . . . We are alive,” the singers proclaimed.
The song brought me to tears. In the face of over 500 years of attempted
genocide, broken treaties, concentration camps, forced marches, board-
ing schools, cultural genocide – most of it perpetrated by my fellow
226 Rebecca Voelkel
Christians – this was a gathering of resistance, of creating here and now the
dream of what could be.
At one point, we were all invited down to the riverside (a movement that
wasn’t lost on me as I contemplated John the Baptist and the writers of
“Ain’t Gonna Study War No More”) to welcome representatives of several
Pacific Coast nations who had paddled across Lake Oahe and were coming
up the Cannon Ball River to bless the water and stand in solidarity with
Standing Rock. As they paddled past us, people shouted out blessings and
one child in particular greeted each new canoe with “water is sacred.”
On a third visit to Standing Rock, I brought my then-nine-year-old daugh-
ter as part of the Clergy Call at Standing Rock. During our time there, I
asked, her “What lesson did you learn from today?”
“I learned that Christians did and still do some terrible things to indig-
enous people and we have to help change that.”
She pretty well summed up the reason that I and 523 other clergy showed
up at Standing Rock this time. We were part of the larger struggle against the
Dakota Access Pipeline. But our first action was, denomination by denomi-
nation, to repudiate the Doctrine of Discovery. If we, as Christians, were to
stand with Standing Rock with any degree of integrity, we had to first be
clear where we stood in relation to our collective history. It was Christian
theology that encouraged, directed, and literally baptized and blessed the
genocide of indigenous people. It was Christian theology that undergirded
broken treaty after broken treaty. It was Christian theology that created the
Boarding Schools, many of whose missions were explicitly to “kill the savage
in order to save the man.”
And as my daughter so wisely said, this is not past history. The Doctrine
of Discovery is alive and well in the Dakota Access Pipeline.
So, as part of our participation in this sacred Oceti Sakowin, we needed
to say no to genocide, cultural degradation, and raping of the land. It was a
public confession and collective repentance. As Father John Floberg said to
a group of deputies guarding the Dakota Access Pipeline, “you are protect-
ing a pipeline that was put in place because of a Church doctrine and we are
here to say that we were wrong.”
But this confession and repentance didn’t mean anything unless they were
accompanied by genuine repair. Helping stop the DAPL was a place to start.
Indeed, it was an important place. But it was only the beginning of our
faithful action.12
As the evening closed, we were invited to a pipe ceremony. The invitation
alone was an act of deep honoring. I knew that as a white, non-Native per-
son, this was sacred space that is not mine. And I couldn’t help praying as
the pipe came to rest in my left hand, that I would do justice to the honor
bestowed upon me as a witness and interpreter of this sacred, revolution-
ary space.
***
Embodied sexual eschatology 227
In 1993, my then-partner and I travelled to Washington, DC for the “March
on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation.”13 First
called for by Urvashi Vaid, Executive Director for the National Gay and
Lesbian Task Force, March organizers agreed upon seven primary demands,
each with further secondary demands. The primary demands were as follows:
When the March happened on April 25, 1993, over a million LGBTQ people
and supporters participated. My partner at the time and I flew in from Seattle
in order to march with the United Church of Christ delegation.
As we moved about the city, it seemed as if the whole world were queer.
On the Metro, in the streets, on the mall, rainbow flags and public displays of
queer affection were everywhere. There was a protest in front of the National
Museum of Natural History in which 1500 couples were wed by dozens and
dozens of clergy – many of them my friends. There was a protest in front of
the IRS protesting the ways in which same-gender-loving couples were kept
from the legal protections of marriage – this, too, held a symbolic “interfaith
ceremony of commitment.”
During the dyke march the night before the larger march, a gay man was
accosted by a protestor who called him a “faggot.” Without missing a beat,
he struck a pose and with as much affectation as he could embody, intoned
back, “that’s DR. faggot to you!” The gales of laughter and applause flipped
any power dynamic that would have given the protestor an advantage. We
were here, we were queer, and we were powerful.
228 Rebecca Voelkel
The Sunday of the March dawned a perfectly sunny day and we had to
stand and wait for five hours before we stepped off. The waiting was filled
with music, entertainment, laughter, hugging, and all-around celebration.
The atmosphere was abuzz and giddy. As I looked around at all my kin-
dred religious folks, some in clergy collars or yarmulkes, some in drag and
adorned with rainbow boas, of all races, genders, orientations, and expres-
sions – and I considered that I had come from volunteering at the Bailey
Boushee AIDS hospice the night before I left – I couldn’t help but alternate
between weeping and laughing.
That night, my partner and I had some of the best sex of our relation-
ship in which I continued my weeping and laughing. The longing, desire,
pleasure, and connection of the day seemed to have imbued my very cells
and the orgasms I experienced in love-making had everything to do with the
fact that I had communed with a vision of a queer-positive world in ways I
couldn’t have dreamed of even the day before, at the height of the virulently
homophobic climate that marked the times.
***
I’m working on the essay for my next step in the ordination process. As I
write I realize again and again how DEEPLY indebted I am theologically
to the Movement for Black Lives. I really don’t think I understood much
about salvation or eschatology before I stood in the street and shouted
that I believe we will win – and meant it, despite all evidence to the con-
trary. I don’t think I understood incarnation with as much depth, either.
And the Holy Spirit has rarely moved in my life the way She has in the
street and in quiet conversations about the movement and the future in
my living room. I don’t love living with debt and I don’t have a brilliant
idea yet for paying this back/forward. But acknowledging it feels like an
important part in the meantime.15
I imagine that the same was true for my straight, cisgender colleagues who
marched beside me at the March on Washington. Although there was an
eschatological project that we shared, the world we created, if only for a
moment, was more properly for me and my kindred queers.
In both cases, the embodied sexual eschatologies contributed to a collec-
tive liberation that I believe ultimately belongs to all of us – in the not yet
time. But, given colonization’s cage, the already time means that the experi-
ence has primary and secondary foci. This is not bad. But, perhaps it forms
a fifth piece of wisdom as we seek to embody more fully the Justice-Love to
which we are all called.
In her address to that 1993 March on Washington, Urvashi Vaid said the
following:
We, you and I, each of us, we are the descendants of a proud tradition
of people asserting our dignity. It is fitting that the Holocaust Museum
was dedicated the same weekend as this March, for not only were gay
people persecuted by the Nazi state, but gay people are indebted to the
struggle of the Jewish people against bigotry and intolerance. It is fitting
230 Rebecca Voelkel
that the NAACP marches with us, that feminist leaders march with us,
because we are indebted to those movements.
When all of us who believe in freedom and diversity see this gathering, we see
beauty and power. When our enemies see this gathering, they see the millen-
nium. Perhaps the Right is right about something. We call for the end of the
world as we know it. We call for the end of racism and sexism and bigotry
as we know it. For the end of violence and discrimination and homophobia
as we know it. For the end of sexism as we know it. We stand for freedom
as we have yet to know it, and we will not be denied.16
Vaid was speaking into a particular moment. Standing Rock leaders were,
too. Neither is the same moment that I encounter at this writing and that
you, the reader, encounter in the reading. But the power of embodied sexual
eschatological dreaming is that it allows us to build on one another’s dream-
ing. And, perhaps, that is a sixth quality. Embodied sexual eschatology has
an expansive quality to it. When people who have been wounded, in-caged in
colonization’s trauma, claim their particular, beautiful, bodacious, desire-for-
connection, longing-for-communion self and selves, they release a vision and
dream that transcends time and can inspire those who might live decades or
even centuries later. Embodied sexual eschatology is one way that the bless-
ing and gift of creation breaks the cell-bars of colonization’s cage – even if
only momentarily.
Conclusion
For those of us who are about the task of queering theology, the work is both
daunting and delicious. The cage of colonization makes the very notion of
queering difficult, given its roots in rigid hierarchies, oppressive binaries, dis-
embodying violence and its mission of crushing resistance and silencing the
hope on which resistance is built. But creativity and dreaming are particular
charisms of queerness (not in a determinist way but rather creativity and
dreaming are woven into the DNA of the queer endeavor). This makes the
task of queering theology delicious. Queering theology demands of us a big
enough vision to heal bodies, reclaim sacredness/fabulousness, bust binaries,
embody resilience and resistance, and kindle-into-a-dancing-fire the hope
which is strong enough to inspire. All of this is delicious.
Within the task of queering theology, the work of eschatological dream-
ing is central for all of the previously mentioned reasons. It is my hope that
these reflections on an embodied sexual eschatology give you a glimpse of
the deliciousness of the task. I also hope that the suggestion of the six mark-
ers of embodied sexual eschatology gives us all a place to start. I hope that
beginning with the ways in which sexuality, spirituality, and justice-seeking
are inextricably woven and then engaging the spiritual practice of dreaming
connect with a nuanced, complex sense of time. I hope that the ability of
the individual to dream a world for particular bodies is deeply woven with
Embodied sexual eschatology 231
the collective body’s ability to dream collective liberation – even as there are
both a primary and secondary foci of this dreaming. And finally, I hope the
power of embodied sexual eschatological dreaming is that it allows us to
build on one another’s dreaming; that embodied sexual eschatology has an
expansive quality to it.
And then, as now, Desire and Longing were threatening to the forces of
destruction, dis-connection, dis-memberment and death.
But then, as now, these did not prevail and what came into being
because of and through
Desire and Longing
were
Life, and Life abundant.17
Notes
1 This chapter is a deeper dive and re-examining of some of the thinking I did
around eschatology in my book, Carnal Knowledge of God: Embodied Love and
the Movement for Justice (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2017).
2 Monika K. Hellwig, “Eschatology,” in Systematic Theology: Roman Catholic
Perspectives, ed. Francis Schüssler Fiorenza and John P. Galvin (Minneapolis,
MN: Fortress Press, 1991), 2:349.
3 John Dominic Crossan, The Essential Jesus: Original Sayings and Earliest Images
(San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco, 1998), 8.
4 Rebecca Voelkel, “For God So Loved,” in Unsettling the Word: Biblical Experi-
ments in Decolonization, ed. Steve Heinrichs (Altona, Canada: Mennonite
Church Canada, 2018), 216.
5 Amber Hollibaugh, My Dangerous Desires: A Queer Girl Dreaming Her Way
Home (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), 1.
6 Pedro Font, Font’s Complete Diary of the Second Anza Expedition, trans. and ed.
Hubert Eugene Bolton, vol. 4 of Anza’s California Expeditions (Berkeley, CA: Uni-
versity of California, 1930), 105, as quoted in Katz, Gay American History, 291.
7 Jennifer Harvey, Dear White Christians: For Those Still Longing for Racial Rec-
onciliation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2014), 52.
According to historian Winthrop D. Jordan, The White Man’s Burden: Histori-
cal Origins of Racism in the United States (London: Oxford University Press,
1974), 52, from the initial contact until the mid-1600s, the terminology the
English most often used to describe themselves was “Christian.” “Christian”
became the identity category distinguishing the English from the “heathen” and
“savage” (African and Native peoples). Heathens and savages were considered
inferior “others” who might therefore be legitimately treated as such from the
perspective of the colonial-imperialists making such determinations. From the
mid-1600s to 1680, however, Jordan claims that the English began to refer to
themselves primarily as “English” and “free.” This is notable because during the
same period a shift was taking place in the social milieu. At first, though oppres-
sion ran rampant, it was so unwieldy and complex that who was master/servant
and in what kind of labor and economic situation was not entirely predictable
based on physical differences. But the lifelong chattel enslavement of people of
African descent soon became justified and institutionalized through a variety of
legal codes, prolific rhetoric, and powerful ideology. . . . Finally, and most signifi-
cantly, the unequivocally racial apex of this story came at the end of the century.
232 Rebecca Voelkel
Jordan writes: “after about 1680, taking the colonies as a whole, a new term of
self-identification appeared – white [emphasis in the original].”
8 Doctrine of Discovery Study Group, “Papal Bull Dum Diversas 18 June, 1452,”
Papal Bulls, https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/dum-diversas/.
9 Unitarian Universalist Association, What is the Doctrine of Discovery: The True
Story of the Colonization of the United States of America, Unitarian Universalist
Association, www.uua.org/multiculturalism/dod/what-doctrine-discovery.
10 Voelkel, “For God So Loved,” 216.
11 James B. Nelson and Sandra P. Longfellow, eds., Sexuality and the Sacred: Sources
for Theological Reflection (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1994), xiv,
and Carter Heyward, Saving Jesus from Those Who Are Right: Rethinking What
It Means to Be Christian (Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress, 1999), 156.
12 Rebecca Voelkel, “Collective Confession and Repentance was Our First Action,”
Auburn Seminary Blog, entry posted November 3, 2016, http://auburnseminary.
org/standing-rock-collective-confession-and-repentance-was-our-first-action/.
13 Organizers worked as a committee and although “transgender” was voted by
the steering committee to be added to the title, it lacked the two-thirds vote from
the whole committee. Additionally, it took a successful campaign led by Lani
Ka’ahumanu, a bisexual activist, to have bisexual added to the title.
14 1993 March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights Organizing
Committee, “Platform of the 1993 March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay, and
Bi Equal Rights and Liberation Action Statement Preamble to the Platform,”
Queer Resource Directory www.qrd.org/qrd/events/mow/mow-full.platform.
15 Korla Masters, post on Facebook, comment posted September 15, 2017, www.
facebook.com/korla.masters.
16 Urvashi Vaid, Speech at the March on Washington, April 25, 1993, http://gos.
sbc.edu/w/vaid.html.
17 Voelkel, “For God So Loved,” 216.
Afterword
Erotic dreams, theology, and the
word-(re)made-flesh
Joseph N. Goh
Dreams
Much has been written about dreams in so many areas of study. Biblical
studies, for instance, are teeming with the exegeses of dreams. I would, how-
ever, like to briefly reflect on some simple translations of “dreams” in Bahasa
Malaysia10 and the multiple meanings that are harbored therein, and explore
how they might speak to me of life, theology, and God.11
As mimpi, or the odd conjurings that sometimes blossom with sleep,
dreams can be baffling, encouraging, and/or upsetting. When my husband
died in 2016, all I wanted during those God-awful tearful nights was for
him to come back to me. Or at least to dream of him being happy in his new
life. And for a few months, I dreamed. Did my beloved appear to me in an
“immaterial form” to reassure me of blissful life after death? Or was it just a
conjuring of my tired yet overactive and severely anguished mind that helped
me meet my deepest psychological needs of the time?
I am not sure if I will ever have as much faith in dreams as my biblical
namesake from the Hebrew scriptures had (Genesis 37). Dreams can some-
times lead to the murder of sanity and logic due to grief, unless they are seen
as REM byproducts or as latent desires. To contradict Freud, sometimes a
dream is just a dream.
Yet dreams can also be impian. As aspirations, and as fantasies, they can
excite, propel, empower, even if partially so. They can help replace the void
of depression, desperation, helplessness, and hopelessness with some kind of
meaning and purpose in life. When I transitioned from almost two decades of
what I now think might have been a promising career (or was it a calling?) in
Roman Catholic religious life and ordained ministry to the Great Unknown
of Life-After-Rome in 2010, I was terrified of dreaming a different but more
fulfilling life with a steady income, a house, a car, and a nice man to hold my
hand for better or for worse. Today, and I say this with gratitude rather than
hubris, I am gainfully employed with/ministering in a supportive university,
I have my own home and vehicle, and I have vivid memories of love that
occasionally comfort me on painfully lonely days. I am part of an inclusive
and affirming church but I find God mostly in the chapel of my heart and
the kindness of people. These are partially fulfilled dreams that have buoyed
my life. I do not think dreams will ever cease to be partial because in some
236 Joseph N. Goh
ways, dreams cease to be dreams when they reach perfect and complete
attainment. Some dreams come true in varying degrees, others do not. But
dreams need to at least begin to become, for to cease dreaming is to cease
becoming human.
Dreams are also nubuatan and wawasan. Were these versions of dreams –
“prophecy” and “vision” respectively – what inspired the minor prophet
Joel to eschatologically pronounce in the name of God, “I will pour out my
spirit on all flesh; your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old
men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions” (2.28)?
Initially, I found it tempting to solely embrace these “respectably prophetic”
interpretations for this Afterword. But a few events in Malaysia’s recent past
made me halt in my tracks.
In 1991, then (and current) Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Moha-
mad announced his vision for a politically, economically, socially, intellectu-
ally, and psychologically superior Malaysia which he named as Wawasan
2020 (Vision 2020). In 2016, former Prime Minister Najib Razak disclosed
his plans for Transformasi 2050 (Transformation 2050), a 30-year plan with
similar goals as Wawasan 2020, perhaps even to usurp the role of the former.
But the fate of this vision remains to be seen, given Najib’s epic defeat in the
2018 General Elections (GE14) and current investigations into his dubious
financial dealings.12
I do not think that the change in government that occurred in GE14
and which saw Mahathir’s triumphant return to power has been living up
to its manifesto for – its prophecies of – Malaysia Baru (New Malaysia),
chiefly in relation to the welfare of gender-variant and sexually diverse
Malaysians. I know now that the nubuatan and wawasan of Mahathir
and Najib were mere political platitudes that also lined the pockets of a
select few.
Highly romanticized prophecies and visions, especially politically moti-
vated ones, can ring hollow and turn into mimpi ngeri or mimpi dasyhat or
nightmares. For instance, the post-GE14 administration stood by and did
nothing when a political aide named Numan Afifi “voluntarily” resigned
due to protests over his brazen LGBT activism.13 Or when the Minister in
the Prime Minister’s Department Mujahid Yusof Rawa ordered the removal
of queer activist Pang Khee Teik’s and trans activist Nisha Ayub’s portraits
from the George Town (art and culture) Festival in the Malaysian state of
Penang.14 So many nightmarish prophecies. So many disrespected visions.
So many shattered dreams.
In an attempt to stretch my dreaming, I asked myself something I had
never asked before: What does theology itself dream of when it tries to gather
in its arms the lives of kathoey, waria, hijra, tóngzhi, two-spirit people, peng-
kid, masculine-of-center individuals, pillow princesses, drag kings, demi-
romantics, queer straights, intersex people, polyamorous partners, BDSM
practitioners, skoliosexuals, ahrar el jins, and baklâ, to name but a few
rainbow hues from around the globe?
Afterword 237
I think theology experiences a whole gamut of dreams, aspirations, fanta-
sies, prophecies, visions, and nightmares. It dreams of possibilities, it hopes
for more inclusive and affirming futures, it predicts happier endings, it proj-
ects a greater flourishing of human lives, it shudders when it thinks of its own
extinction due to death-dealing misapplications and spiraling impotence. I
have suggested elsewhere that “theology truly meets its demise when it no
longer proves to be a source of empowerment and capacity building for
people who rely on it in their greatest hour of need.”15
Theology cannot but be embroiled in these complexities, because theol-
ogy is (and should be if it is not already) ontologically connected to human
realities in their utter diversity. M. Mani Chacko posits that “theology arises
from human experience and is a human articulation of God and God’s work
in the created order . . . there is the need to go beyond a particular experience
and understanding of God to experiences of other people and their articula-
tion of God.”16 Mary Cecilia Claparols takes this thought further in discern-
ing that “to know God is to know and experience God through our bodies . . .
thus body language is inescapably the material of Christian theology.”17
I am grateful that numerous theological forms abound that choose and
continue to take the path of the eroticized and the gendered, that affirm
possibilities of living out concomitant lives of sexuality, gender, and faith,
notably in queerphobic and transphobic societies. Such theological forms
may evoke abhorrence for some, as in the case for instance, of those who
see sexuality solely in terms of dirty little secrets, embarrassing stains, scan-
dalous exposés, and shameful carnal un-inhibitions. I have proposed in an
earlier work that sexuality acts as “that which constitutes the core force
and deepest expression of relational human persons in their lived corporeal
experiences.”18 Sexuality, akin to gender, is the ability for human beings to
connect and relate in life-giving ways, and includes a broad range of friend-
ships, romances, and/or genital activities. Every form of theology is thus
sexual and gendered because every form of theology emerges from human
experience,19 and the need of human beings to connect with the “Profoundly
More”20 and fellow human beings in order to self-actualize in worthy ways.
In this regard, Kwok Pui-lan says it well when she says that
sexual theology is not just the specific concern of queer, gay, lesbian,
bisexual and transgendered [sic] theologians – as it is often assumed
to be – but a project that all theologians, [and I venture to add, faith-
inspired students, educators, activists, ordinands, clergypersons and pas-
tors], whether consciously or unconsciously, participate in.21
Could it also be that theology is searching for love from those who have
never thought of it as an avenue for love? Might it be that theology is eager
to demonstrate its ability to give love, to embrace, to caress, to accompany,
and to end tears? I believe that theology groans in pleasure when it becomes
cognizant of its proclivities for (a)sexual and (a)gendered thrivings, especially
for the seemingly alien. Theology experiences erotic dreams when it closes its
eyes and contemplates possibilities of its G-spot being unlocked and accessed
by those who do not shy away from its most tender and vulnerable regions in
order to revel in life, and to revel explosively. Theology performs best when
it finds itself disrobed and stimulated for optimal satisfactions.
Notes
1 Marcella Althaus-Reid, “Sexual Strategies in Practical Theology: Indecent The-
ology and the Plotting of Desire with Some Degree of Success,” Theology &
Sexuality 4, no. 7 (1997): 50.
Afterword 241
2 Thomas Bohache, “Can We Sex This?: Eroticizing Divinity and Humanity,” in
Queering Christianity: Finding a Place at the Table for LGBTQI Christians, ed.
Robert E. Shore-Goss et al. (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2013), 140.
3 Althaus-Reid, “Sexual Strategies in Practical Theology,” 50.
4 Wati Longchar, “Church, Homophobia and Heterosexuality,” in A Theological
Reader on Human Sexuality and Gender Diversities: Envisioning Inclusivity, ed.
Roger Gaikwad and Thomas Ninan (Delhi, India: ISPCK/NCCI, 2017), 349.
5 These are some of the questions that Bob and I crafted at the nascent stages of
this book’s gestation.
6 Rohr, “Prophets: Self Critical Thinking.”
7 A nod to the work of Orlando O. Espín, Idol and Grace: On Traditioning and
Subversive Hope (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2014).
8 Rohr, “Prophets,” para. 4.
9 Loughlin, “Introduction, 9.
10 I would like to thank Stephen Suleeman, Muhammad Hafiq AR and Adrian Y.
T. Yao for helping me with the Bahasa Malaysia translations.
11 I use the singular term “theology” in this chapter to designate the multiplicity and
plurality of theologies.
12 See Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak Faces New
Charges Over Missing $681m,” The Guardian, September 20, 2018, www.
theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/20/former-malaysia-pm-najib-razak-charges-
missing-628m-1mdb-corruption-court; Umi Khattab, “Wawasan 2020: Engi-
neering a Modern Malay(Sia): State Campaigns and Minority Stakes,” Media
Asia 31, no. 3 (2004): 170–77; Marc Lourdes, “Prime Minister Najib Razak
Ousted as Opposition Scores Victory in Malaysia,” CNN, May 10, 2018,
www.cnn.com/2018/05/09/asia/malaysia-elections-results/index.html; NST
Online, “PM Najib Announces TN50, a New 30-Year Vision for Malaysia,”
NST Online, October 21, 2016, www.nst.com.my/news/2016/10/182377/
pm-najib-announces-tn50-new-30-year-vision-malaysia.
13 My use of the limited term “LGBT” here reflects its popular usage in the Malay-
sian news media, but is meant to encompass various forms of diversity in sex,
sexuality and gender.
14 See Mei Mei Chu, “LGBT Activist Numan Afifi Quits as Syed Saddiq’s
Press Officer,” The Star Online, July 9, 2018, www.thestar.com.my/news/
nation/2018/07/09/lgbt-activist-numan-afifi-quits-as-syed-saddiq-press-officer/;
Thasha Jayamanogaran and Cadence Cheah, “Man Nabbed for Assaulting
Transgender Woman,” Malay Mail, August 17, 2018, www.malaymail.com/
news/malaysia/2018/08/17/man-arrested-in-seremban-for-alleged-hate-crime-
after-assaulting-transgende/1663424; Loshana K. Shagar, “Mujahid: Portraits of
LGBT Activists Removed from George Town Festival on My Orders,” The Star
Online, August 8, 2018, www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/08/mujahid-
portraits-of-lgbt-activists-removed-from-george-town-festival-on-my-orders/.
15 Goh, “Practical Guidelines for SOGIESC Theologising in Southeast Asia,” 200.
16 M. Mani Chacko, “A Word of Appreciation,” in Theologizing Tribal Heritage:
A Critical Re-Look, ed. Hrangthan Chhungi (New Delhi, India: ISPCK & ISET-
ECC, 2008), xi–xii.
17 Mary Cecilia Claparols, “The Body: A Testimony to Discipleship (John 19.25–
27),” in Body and Sexuality: Theological-Pastoral Perspectives of Women in
Asia, ed. Agnes M. Brazal and Andrea Lizares Si (Quezon City, Philippines:
Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2007), 155.
18 Joseph N. Goh, “Sacred Sexual Touch: Illness, Sexual Bodies and Sacramental
Anointing in Rural Bidayŭh Villages,” Rural Theology: International, Ecumeni-
cal and Interdisciplinary Perspectives 12, no. 1 (2014): 44.
19 See Althaus-Reid, Indecent Theology.
20 Goh, Living Out Sexuality and Faith, 128.
242 Joseph N. Goh
21 Kwok Pui-lan, “Theology as a Sexual Act?,” Feminist Theology 11, no. 2 (2003):
151.
22 Amli Hussin, “Sheila Majid: Datanglah Ke Dalam Mimpiku,” YouTube Video,
04:49, February 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fc2OaoW1oM.
23 Andrea Bieler and Luise Schottroff, The Eucharist: Bodies, Bread, & Resurrec-
tion (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2007), 24. Original emphasis.
24 Michael Sepidoza Campos, “The Baklâ: Gendered Religious Performance in
Filipino Cultural Spaces,” in Queer Religion, ed. Donald L. Boisvert and Jay
Emerson Johnson (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2012), 2:185.
25 Susannah Cornwall, Controversies in Queer Theology (London: SCM Press,
2011), 149.
26 Sebastian Kappen, “Orientations for An Asian Theology,” in Theological Reflec-
tion on Asia’s Struggle for Full Humanity, ed. Virginia Fabella, Jack Clancey, and
John Ma (Hong Kong: Plough Publications, 1982), 117. Original emphasis.
27 Althaus-Reid, “Sexual Strategies in Practical Theology,” 50.
28 Joseph N. Goh, “The Word Was Not Made Flesh: Theological Reflections on the
Banning of Seksualiti Merdeka 2011,” Dialog 51, no. 2 (2012): 150.
29 Robert E. Shore-Goss, “Grace Is Green: Green Incarnational Inclusivities,” in
Queering Christianity: Finding a Place at the Table for LGBTQI Christians, ed.
Robert E. Shore-Goss et al. (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2013), 71.
30 Patrick S. Cheng, “Cur Deus Homo(Sexual): The Queer Incarnation,” in Queer-
ing Christianity: Finding a Place at the Table for LGBTQI Christians, ed. Robert
E. Shore-Goss et al. (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2013), 60.
31 Bohache, “Embodiment as Incarnation,” 28.
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Index