KIX1002: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2

TUTORIAL 13: Partial Differential Equation II

The general solutions of the following PDEs have been found in Tutorial 12, Question 2 –5.
Continue to find the particular solution for each case based on the given boundary and initial
conditions.

Laplace equation, 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0

General solution: 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)

= (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 )
+ (𝑐5 cos(α𝑦) + 𝑐6 sin(α𝑦) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥))
+ (𝑐9 cosh(α𝑦) + 𝑐10 sinh(α𝑦) ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥) )

Subject to the given boundary conditions:

1) 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑢(𝑎, 𝑦) = 0, 0<𝑦<𝑏

𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑥), 0<𝑥<𝑎

Answer:
*To solve the Laplace equation easily, we use the boundary condition 1 & 2 with zeros first.
For Case 1: λ=0
BC 1: 𝑢1 (0, 𝑦) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦)(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 (0) ) = 0
 Assume 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦 ≠ 0; 𝑐3 = 0
 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦)(𝑐4 𝑥 )
BC 2:𝑢1 (𝑎, 𝑦) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦)(𝑐4 𝑎) = 0
 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦) ≠ 0 & 𝑎 ≠0; hence 𝑐4 =0
𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦)(0) = 0
∴ 𝑢1 =0; No solution for case 1

For Case 2: λ= − 𝛼 2 ,𝛼 > 0

BC 1:𝑢2 (0, 𝑦) = (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦) ) (𝑐7 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(0) + 𝑐8 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(0)) = 0
(𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦)) (𝑐7 ) = 0
 (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦)) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐7 = 0
 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦) ) (𝑐8 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑥))
BC 2:𝑢2 (𝑎, 𝑦) = (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦) ) (𝑐8 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑎)) = 0
 (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦)) ≠ 0, sinh(α𝑎) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐8 = 0
𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦) )(0) = 0
∴ 𝑢2 =0; No solution for case 2

For Case 3: λ= + 𝛼 2, 𝛼 > 0

BC 1: 𝑢3 (0, 𝑦) = (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑦) ) (𝑐11 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝑐12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) ) = 0
(𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑦) ) (𝑐11 ) = 0
 (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑦) ) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐11 =0
 𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑦) ) (𝑐12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥))
BC 2: 𝑢3 (𝑎, 𝑦) = (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑦) ) (𝑐12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑎)) = 0
𝑛𝜋
(𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑦) ), 𝑐12 ≠ 0; hence sin(α𝑎) = 0 when αb=𝑛𝜋, α = 𝑏
where n=1, 2, 3, …
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑢3,𝑛 = (𝑐9,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ( 𝑦) + 𝑐10,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑦) ) (𝑐12,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥))
𝑎 𝑎
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= (𝐴3,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ( 𝑎 𝑦) + 𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑎 𝑦) ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 𝑥)) where n=1, 2, 3, …

𝑛𝜋 2
Eigenvalue, λ𝑛 = + α𝑛 2 = ( 𝑎 )
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
Eigenfunction, u3,n = (𝐴3,n cosh( 𝑦) + 𝐵3,n sinh( 𝑦) ) (sin( 𝑥))
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝐴3,n cosh( 𝑎 𝑦) + 𝐵3,n sinh( 𝑎 𝑦) ) (sin( 𝑎 𝑥))

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
BC 3: 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 0) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝐴3,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ( 𝑎 (0)) + 𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑎 (0)) ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 𝑥)) = 0
𝑛𝜋
= ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝐴3,𝑛 ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥)) =0
𝑎
Recall Half-Range Fourier Sine Series Expansion:
2 τ 𝑛𝜋
𝐴3,n = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐿 0 𝑎
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑎 𝑦)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 𝑥))

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
BC 4: 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑏) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑎 𝑏)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 𝑥)) =f(𝑥)

Half-Range Fourier Sine Series Expansion:

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑎 𝑏)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 𝑥))
𝑛𝜋 2 τ 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑝
where 𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑎 𝑏) = 𝐿 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝜔 = 𝑎 , 𝑝 = 𝜔
= 2𝑎, L= 2 = 𝑎, τ=a
𝑛𝜋 2 a 𝜋
𝐵3,𝑛 sinh ( 𝑏) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 0 𝑎
2 a 𝜋
𝐵3,𝑛 = 𝑛𝜋 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
asinh ( 𝑎 𝑏) 0
2 a 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 ( 𝑛𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sinh( 𝑎 𝑦)) (sin( 𝑎 𝑥))
asinh( 𝑏)
𝑎

2) 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 0, BC 3 𝑢(1, 𝑦) = 1 − 𝑦, BC 4 0<𝑦<1

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
|
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
= 0, BC 1 |
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=1
= 0, BC 2 0<𝑥<1

Answer:
For Case 1: λ=0
𝑢1 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 )
𝜕𝑢1
= (𝑐2 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 )
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢1 (𝑥, 0)
BC 1: 𝜕𝑦
= (𝑐2 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 ) = 0
𝑐
 let 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥=0  𝑥 = − 𝑐3 (Not true since 0 < 𝑥 < 1 hence, 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑐2 =0
4
 𝑢1 = (𝑐1 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) = (𝐴1 + 𝐵1 𝑥)
𝜕𝑢1 (𝑥, 1)
BC 2: 𝜕𝑦
= (𝑐2 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 ) = 0
 (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) ≠ 0 ; hence 𝑐2 =0  𝑢1 = (𝑐1 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) = (𝐴1 + 𝐵1 𝑥)
∴ 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴1 + 𝐵1 𝑥)

For Case 2:
𝑢2 = (𝑐5 cos(α𝑦) + 𝑐6 sin(α𝑦)) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥))
𝜕𝑢2
= (−𝑐5 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐6 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑦) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥))
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢2 (𝑥, 0)
BC 1: 𝜕𝑦
= (−𝑐5 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) + 𝑐6 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) = 0
(𝑐6 α)(𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) = 0
 (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) ≠ 0 & α ≠ 0; hence, 𝑐6 =0
𝜕𝑢2
 = (−𝑐5 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑦)) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥))
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢2 (𝑥, 1)
BC 2: 𝜕𝑦
= (−𝑐5 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥))=0
(𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) ≠ 0 & 𝛼 ≠ 0
𝑐11 ≠ 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 sin(α) =0 for α = 𝑛𝜋 where n=1, 2, 3, …
∴ 𝑢2,n (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐5 cos(α𝑦) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥))
= (cos(𝑛𝜋𝑦))(𝐴2,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑛𝜋𝑥) + 𝐵2,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) where n=1, 2, 3, …

For Case 3:
𝑢3 = (𝑐9 cosh(α𝑦) + 𝑐10 sinh(α𝑦)) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥))
𝜕𝑢3
= (𝑐9 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑦) + 𝑐10 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛼𝑦)) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥))
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢3 (𝑥, 0)
BC 1: 𝜕𝑦
= (𝑐9 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(0) + 𝑐10 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(0)) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) = 0
(𝑐10 𝛼 ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) = 0
 (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) ≠ 0 & α ≠ 0; hence, 𝑐10 =0
𝜕𝑢3
 𝜕𝑦
= (𝑐9 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑦)) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥))
𝜕𝑢3 (𝑥, 1)
BC 2: 𝜕𝑦
= (𝑐9 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼)) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) = 0
 (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) ≠ 0 ; α ≠ 0 & sinh(α) ≠ 0; hence, 𝑐9 =0
 𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ((0) cosh(α𝑦) + (0) sinh(α𝑦)) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) = 0
∴ 𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0; No solution for case 3

∞
∴𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴
⏟ 1 + 𝐵1 𝑥 ) + ∑
⏟𝑛=1(𝐴2,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑛𝜋𝑥) + 𝐵2,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) (cos(𝑛𝜋𝑦))
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
 BC 3: 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (0, 𝑦) = 𝐴1 + ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝐴2,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(0) + 𝐵2,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(0)) (cos(𝑛𝜋𝑦)) = 0
= 𝐴1 + ∑∞𝑛=1(𝐴2,n ) (cos(𝑛𝜋𝑦)) = 0
Using half-range Fourier cosine series expansion
𝐴1 = 0
𝐴2,n = 0
Since RHS function is zero
𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐵1 𝑥 + ∑∞𝑛=1(𝐵3,n sinh(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) (cos(𝑛𝜋𝑦))

BC 4: 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (1, 𝑦) = 𝐵1 + ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝐵3,n sinh(𝑛𝜋)) (cos(𝑛𝜋𝑦)) = 1 − 𝑦
Half-Range Fourier Cosine Series Expansion:
1 τ 2𝜋 𝑝
𝐵1 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 , 𝜔 = 𝜋 , 𝑝 = = 2, L= = 1, τ=1
𝐿 0 𝜔 2
1 1
𝐵1 = ∫ (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 =
0 2
τ
2
𝐵3,n sinh(𝑛𝜋) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝐿 0
1
𝐵3,n sinh(𝑛𝜋) = 2 ∫ (1 − 𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0
2(1 − (−1)𝑛 )
𝐵3,n = 2 2
𝑛 𝜋 sinh(𝑛𝜋)
1 2 (1−(−1)𝑛 )
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 𝑥 + 𝜋2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛2 sinh(𝑛𝜋) sinh(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) (cos(𝑛𝜋𝑦))

𝜕𝑢
3) |
𝜕𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
= 𝑢(0, 𝑦), BC 3 𝑢(𝜋, 𝑦) = 1, BC 4 0<𝑦<𝜋

𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, BC 1 𝑢(𝑥, 𝜋) = 0, BC 2 0<𝑥<𝜋

Answer:
For Case 1: λ=0
𝑢1 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑦 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 )
BC 1: 𝑢1 (𝑥, 0) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 (0))(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 ) = 0
 Assume 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 ≠ 0; 𝑐1 = 0
 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐2 𝑦)(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 )
BC 2:𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝜋) = (𝑐2 𝜋)(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) = 0
 (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) ≠ 0, hence 𝑐2 =0
𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0)(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 ) = 0
∴ 𝑢1 =0; No solution for case 1

For Case 2: λ= − 𝛼 2 ,𝛼 < 0

BC 1:𝑢2 (𝑥, 0) = (𝑐5 cos(0) + 𝑐6 sin(0) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) = 0
(𝑐5 )(𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) = 0
 (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐5 = 0
 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐6 sin(α𝑦) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥))
 BC 2:𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝜋) = (𝑐6 sin(α𝜋) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) = 0
 (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) ≠ 0, 𝑐6 ≠ 0; hence sin(α𝜋) = 0 when α𝜋 =𝑛𝜋, α = 𝑛
where n=1, 2, 3, …
𝑢2,𝑛 = (𝑐6,𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑦))(𝑐7,n cosh(𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐8,n sinh(𝑛𝑥) )
= (sin(𝑛𝑦))(𝐴2,n cosh(𝑛𝑥) + 𝐵2,n sinh(𝑛𝑥) ) where n=1, 2, 3, …

For Case 3: λ= + 𝛼 2, 𝛼 > 0

BC 1: 𝑢3 (𝑥, 0) = (𝑐9 cosh(0) + 𝑐10 sinh(0) ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥) ) = 0
(𝑐9 ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥) ) = 0
(𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐9 =0
 𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐10 sinh(α𝑦) ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥))
BC 2: 𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝜋) = (𝑐10 sinh(α𝜋) ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) = 0
(𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) ≠ 0, sinh(α𝜋) ≠ 0, 𝑐10 = 0
𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0)(𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) = 0
∴ 𝑢3 =0; No solution for case 3

𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1(sin(𝑛𝑦))(𝐴2,n cosh(𝑛𝑥) + 𝐵2,n sinh(𝑛𝑥))

𝜕𝑢
= ∑∞
𝑛=1(sin(𝑛𝑦)) (−𝐴2,n 𝑛 sinh(𝑛𝑥) + 𝐵2,n 𝑛 cosh(𝑛𝑥) )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢(0, 𝑦)
BC 3: 𝜕𝑥
= ∑∞
𝑛=1(sin(𝑛𝑦)) (−𝐴2,n 𝑛 sinh(0) + 𝐵2,n 𝑛 cosh(0))

= 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1(sin(𝑛𝑦)) (𝐴2,n cosh(0) + 𝐵2,n sinh(0))
𝐵2,n 𝑛=𝐴2,n
BC 4: 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝜋, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1(sin(𝑛𝑦)) (𝐵2,n 𝑛 cosh(𝑛𝜋) + 𝐵2,n sinh(𝑛𝜋) )
∞
= ∑𝑛=1 𝐵2,n (𝑛 cosh(𝑛𝜋) + sinh(𝑛𝜋))(sin(𝑛𝑦)) = 1
Half-Range Fourier Sine Series Expansion:
2 𝜋 2(1 − (−1)𝑛 )
𝐵2,n (𝑛 cosh(𝑛𝜋) + sinh(𝑛𝜋)) = ∫ (sin(𝑛𝑦))𝑑𝑦 =
𝜋 0 (𝑛𝜋)

2 (1−(−1)𝑛 ) 𝑛 cosh(𝑛𝑥)+sinh(𝑛𝑥)
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 ( ) (sin(𝑛𝑦))
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 cosh(𝑛𝜋)+sinh(𝑛𝜋)

4) 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 0, BC 3 𝑢(𝑎, 𝑦) = 50, BC 4 0 < 𝑦 < 𝑏

𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0,BC 1 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑏) = 0, BC 2 0<𝑥<𝑎

Answer:
For Case 1: λ=0
BC 1: 𝑢1 (𝑥, 0) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 (0))(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 ) = 0
 Assume 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 ≠ 0; 𝑐1 = 0
 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐2 𝑦)(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 )
BC 2:𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑏) = (𝑐2 𝑏)(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) = 0
 (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) ≠ 0 & 𝑏 ≠0; hence 𝑐2 =0
𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0)(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) = 0
∴ 𝑢1 =0; No solution for case 1

For Case 2: λ= − 𝛼 2 ,𝛼 < 0

BC 1:𝑢2 (𝑥, 0) = (𝑐5 cos(0) + 𝑐6 sin(0) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) = 0
(𝑐5 )(𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) = 0
 7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐5 = 0
(𝑐
 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐6 sin(α𝑦) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥))
BC 2:𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑏) = (𝑐6 sin(α𝑏) ) (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) = 0
𝑛𝜋
 (𝑐7 cosh(α𝑥) + 𝑐8 sinh(α𝑥)) ≠ 0, 𝑐6 ≠ 0; hence sin(α𝑏) = 0 when αb=𝑛𝜋, α =
𝑏
where n=1, 2, 3, …
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑢2,𝑛 = (𝑐6,𝑛 sin( 𝑦)) (𝑐7,n cosh( 𝑥) + 𝑐8,n sinh( 𝑥) )
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= (sin( 𝑏 𝑦)) (𝐴2,n cosh( 𝑏 𝑥) + 𝐵2,n sinh( 𝑏 𝑥) ) where n=1, 2, 3, …

For Case 3: λ= + 𝛼 2, 𝛼 > 0

BC 1: 𝑢3 (𝑥, 0) = (𝑐9 cosh(0) + 𝑐10 sinh(0) ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥) ) = 0
(𝑐9 ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥) ) = 0
(𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐9 =0
 𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐10 sinh(α𝑦) ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥))
BC 2: 𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑏) = (𝑐10 sinh(α𝑏) ) (𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) = 0
(𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) ≠ 0, sinh(α𝑏) ≠ 0, 𝑐10 = 0
𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0)(𝑐11 cos(α𝑥) + 𝑐12 sin(α𝑥)) = 0
∴ 𝑢3 =0; No solution for case 3

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (sin( 𝑏 𝑦)) (𝐴2,n cosh( 𝑏 𝑥) + 𝐵2,n sinh( 𝑏 𝑥) )

𝑛𝜋
BC 3: 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (0, 𝑦)= ∑∞
𝑛=1 (sin ( 𝑏 𝑦)) (𝐴2,n cosh(0) + 𝐵2,n sinh(0) )
𝑛𝜋
= ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝐴2,n ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏 𝑦)) = 0
Recall Half-Range Fourier Sine Series Expansion:
2 τ 𝑛𝜋
𝐴2,n = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝐿 0 𝑏
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (sin( 𝑏 𝑦)) (𝐵2,n sinh( 𝑏 𝑥) )

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
BC 4: 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑎, 𝑦)=∑∞
𝑛=1 (sin( 𝑦)) (𝐵2,n sinh( 𝑎) ) = 50
𝑏 𝑏
Half-Range Fourier Sine Series Expansion:
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝐵2,n sinh( 𝑏 𝑎)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏 𝑦))
𝑛𝜋 2 τ 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑝
where 𝐵2,n sinh( 𝑏 𝑎) = 𝐿 ∫0 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 , 𝜔 = 𝑏 , 𝑝 = 𝜔
= 2𝑎, L= 2 = 𝑏, τ=b
𝑛𝜋 2 b 𝜋
𝐵2,n sinh( 𝑎) = ∫ 50 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑏 𝑏 0 𝑏
 100 b 𝜋
𝐵2,n = 𝑛𝜋 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑏sinh( 𝑎) 0 𝑏
𝑏
100 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 − (−1)
= 𝑛𝜋 [ ]
sinh( 𝑎) 𝑛𝜋
𝑏
100
= 𝑛𝜋 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛𝜋sinh( 𝑎)
𝑏

100 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 ( 𝑛𝜋 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]sinh(
𝑏
𝑥)) (sin( 𝑏 𝑦))
𝑛𝜋sinh( 𝑎)
𝑏

5) 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑢(𝑎, 𝑦) = 50, 0<𝑦<𝑏

𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑥), 0<𝑥<𝑎

Answer:
By applying superposition principle:
y y y
*Same as Q4(a) *Same as Q4(d)

u = f(x) u = f(x) (a, b) u=0 (a, b)

(a, b)
= +
u=0 u = 50 u=0 u=0 u=0 u = 50

x x x
u=0 u=0 u=0

Solution u = Solution 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,1 (𝑥, 𝑦) of Question 4 (d) + Solution 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,2 (𝑥, 𝑦) of Question 4 (a).

100 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 ( 𝑛𝜋 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]sinh(
𝑏
𝑥)) (sin( 𝑏 𝑦)) where 𝑛 = 1, 2 …
𝑛𝜋sinh( 𝑎)
𝑏

2 a 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 ( 𝑛𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sinh( 𝑎 𝑦)) (sin( 𝑎 𝑥)) where 𝑛 =
asinh( 𝑏)
𝑎
1, 2 …
100 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 ( 𝑛𝜋 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] sinh ( 𝑥)) (sin ( 𝑦)) +
𝑛𝜋 sinh( 𝑎) 𝑏 𝑏
𝑏

2 a 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∑∞
𝑛=1 ( 𝑛𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sinh( 𝑎 𝑦)) (sin( 𝑎 𝑥)) where 𝑛 = 1, 2 …
asinh( 𝑏)
𝑎

6) Heat equation, 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0

General solution: 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)
2𝑡
= 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 + 𝑒 𝛼 (𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛼𝑥) + 𝐵2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑥))
−𝛼 2 𝑡
+𝑒 (𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑥) + 𝐵3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥) )
Subject to the given boundary conditions:
𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑢(2, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑡>0
 𝜋
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = sin 2 𝑥, 0<𝑥<2

Answer:
For Case 1: λ=0
BC 1: 𝑢1 (0, 𝑡) = 𝐴1 (0) + 𝐵1 = 0; 𝐵1 = 0
 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑡)=𝐴1 𝑥
BC 2: 𝑢1 (2, 𝑡) = 𝐴1 (2) = 0; 𝐴1 = 0
 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑡)=0; No solution for case 1

For Case 2:
2
BC 1: 𝑢2 (0, 𝑡) = 𝑒 α 𝑡 (A2 cosh(0) + B2 sinh(0)) = 0
2
Comparing coefficient 𝑒 α 𝑡 : 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(0) + 𝐵2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(0) =0, 𝐴2 = 0
2
Then, we get 𝑢2 = 𝑒 α 𝑡 (B2 sinh(α𝑥))
2
BC 2: 𝑢2 (2, 𝑡) = 𝑒 α 𝑡 (B2 sinh(2α) ) = 0
2
Comparing coefficient 𝑒 α 𝑡 : (B2 sinh(2α) ) = 0
Since sinh(2α) will not be zero for α > 0, thus B2 = 0
 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡)=0; No solution for case 2

For Case 3:
2
BC 1: 𝑢3 (0, 𝑡) = 𝑒 −α 𝑡 (A3 cos(0) + B3 sin(0) ) = 0
2
Comparing coefficient 𝑒 −α 𝑡 : 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝐵3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) =0  𝐴3 = 0
2
Hence we get 𝑢3 = 𝑒 −α 𝑡 (B3 sin(α𝑥) )
2
BC 2: 𝑢3 (2, 𝑡) = 𝑒 −α 𝑡 (B3 sin(2α) ) = 0
2
Comparing coefficient 𝑒 −α 𝑡 : (B3 sin(2α) ) = 0
B3 ≠ 0 when sin(2α) = 0 for 2α = 𝑛𝜋 where 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝑛𝜋 2
−( ) 𝑡 𝑛𝜋
𝑢3,n = 𝑒 2 (B3,𝑛 sin( 𝑥) ) where 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
2

∞
𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
−( ) 𝑡
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝑒 2 (B3,𝑛 sin( 𝑥) )
2
𝑛=1
𝑛𝜋 𝜋
BC 3: 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = ∑∞𝑛=1 (B3,𝑛 sin( 2 𝑥) ) = sin 2 𝑥
2 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛=1
B3,𝑛 = ∫0 (sin 2 𝑥) (sin ( 2 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = { *refer to Q4
0 𝑛≠1
𝜋2 𝜋
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑒 − 4 𝑡 (sin( 𝑥) )
2

1
7) Heat equation, 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0
16
General solution: 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)
2𝑡
= 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 + 𝑒 𝛼 (𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(4𝛼𝑥) + 𝐵2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(4𝛼𝑥))
−𝛼 2 𝑡
+𝑒 (𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝛼𝑥) + 𝐵3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝛼𝑥) )
 Subject to the given boundary conditions:
𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑢(1, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑡>0
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 2 sin 2𝜋𝑥, 0<𝑥<1

Answer:
For Case 1: λ=0
BC 1: 𝑢1 (0, 𝑡) = 𝐴1 (0) + 𝐵1 = 0; 𝐵1 = 0
 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑡)=𝐴1 𝑥
BC 2: 𝑢1 (1, 𝑡) = 𝐴1 (1) = 0; 𝐴1 = 0
 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑡)=0; No solution for case 1

For Case 2:
2
BC 1: 𝑢2 (0, 𝑡) = 𝑒 α 𝑡 (A2 cosh(0) + B2 sinh(0)) = 0
2
Comparing coefficient 𝑒 α 𝑡 : 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(0) + 𝐵2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(0) =0, 𝐴2 = 0
2
Then, we get 𝑢2 = 𝑒 α 𝑡 (B2 sinh(4α𝑥))
2
BC 2: 𝑢2 (1, 𝑡) = 𝑒 α 𝑡 (B2 sinh(4α) ) = 0
2
Comparing coefficient 𝑒 α 𝑡 : (B2 sinh(4α) ) = 0
Since sinh(4α) will not be zero for α > 0, thus B2 = 0
 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡)=0; No solution for case 2

For Case 3:
2
BC 1: 𝑢3 (0, 𝑡) = 𝑒 −α 𝑡 (A3 cos(0) + B3 sin(0)) = 0
2
Comparing coefficient 𝑒 −α 𝑡 : 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝐵3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) =0  𝐴3 = 0
2
Hence we get 𝑢3 = 𝑒 −α 𝑡 (B3 sin(4α𝑥))
2
BC 2: 𝑢3 (1, 𝑡) = 𝑒 −α 𝑡 (B3 sin(4α)) = 0
2
Comparing coefficient 𝑒 −α 𝑡 : (B3 sin(4α)) = 0
B3 ≠ 0 when sin(4α) = 0 for 4α = 𝑛𝜋 where 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝑛𝜋 2
−( ) 𝑡
𝑢3,n = 𝑒 4 (B3,𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) where 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …

∞
𝑛𝜋 2
−( ) 𝑡
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝑒 4 (B3,𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥))
𝑛=1
BC 3: 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 (B3,𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) = 2 sin 2𝜋𝑥
2
2 𝑛=2
B3,𝑛 = 2 ∫ (2sin 2𝜋 𝑥) (sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = {
0 0 𝑛≠2
𝜋2
∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 2𝑒 − 4 𝑡 (sin(2𝜋𝑥))

8) Wave equation, 𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0

 General solution: 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)
= (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡 )(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 )
+ (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑡))(𝑐7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑥) + 𝑐8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑥))
+ (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑡)) (𝑐11 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑥) + 𝑐12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥))
Subject to the given boundary conditions:
𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑢(1, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑡>0
𝜕𝑢
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = sin 𝜋𝑥, (𝑥, 0) =0 0<𝑥<1
𝜕𝑡

Answer:
For Case 1: λ=0
BC 1: 𝑢1 (0, 𝑡) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)(𝑐3 + 𝑐4 (0) ) = 0
 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡 ≠ 0 because the vibration is changed with time, hence T(t) ≠0; 𝑐3 = 0
 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)(𝑐4 𝑥 )
BC 2:𝑢1 (1, 𝑡) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)(𝑐4 ) = 0
 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐4 =0
𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)(0) = 0
∴ 𝑢1 =0; No solution for case 1

For Case 2: λ= − 𝛼 2 ,𝛼 > 0

BC 1:𝑢2 (0, 𝑡) = (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑡))(𝑐7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(0) + 𝑐8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(0)) = 0
(𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑡)) (𝑐7 ) = 0
 (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑡)) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐7 = 0
 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑡)) (𝑐8 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛼𝑥))
BC 2:𝑢2 (1, 𝑡) = (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑡))(𝑐8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼)) = 0
 (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑡)) ≠ 0, sinh(α) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐8 = 0
𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑐5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(𝛼𝑡))(0) = 0
∴ 𝑢2 =0; No solution for case 2

For Case 3: λ= + 𝛼 2, 𝛼 > 0

BC 1: 𝑢3 (0, 𝑡) = (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑡)) (𝑐11 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝑐12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0)) = 0
(𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑡)) (𝑐11 ) = 0
(𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑡)) ≠ 0; hence 𝑐11 =0
 𝑢3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑡))(𝑐12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥))
BC 2: 𝑢3 (1, 𝑡) = (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑡)) (𝑐12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)) = 0
(𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑡) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑡)) ≠ 0, 𝑐12 ≠ 0; hence sin(α) = 0 when α=𝑛𝜋, where n=1, 2,
3, …
∴ 𝑢3,𝑛 = (𝑐9 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑡) + 𝑐10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑡)) (𝑐12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋))
= (𝐴3,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑡) + 𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑡)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) where n=1, 2, 3, …

∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝐴3,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑡) + 𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑡)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥))

BC 3: 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 0) = ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝐴3,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝐵3,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) = sin 𝜋𝑥
 = ∑∞ 𝑛=1(𝐴3,𝑛 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) = sin 𝜋𝑥
Half-Range Fourier Sine Series Expansion:
1
𝐴3,n = 2 ∫ (sin 𝜋𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥))𝑑𝑥
0
11
= 2∫ (cos(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑛𝜋𝑥)) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋𝑥))𝑑𝑥
0 2
1
= ∫ (cos(𝜋𝑥)(1 − 𝑛)) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋𝑥)(1 + 𝑛))𝑑𝑥
0
sin(1−𝑛)(𝜋) sin(1+𝑛)(𝜋)
= (1−𝑛)𝜋
− (1+𝑛)𝜋
where 𝑛 ≠ 1
11
𝐴3,1 = 2 ∫ (cos((1 − 1)𝜋𝑥)) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 + 1)𝜋𝑥))𝑑𝑥
0 2
1
= ∫ (cos(0)) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑥))𝑑𝑥
0
1 1
= ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
=1
1 𝑛=1
A3,𝑛 = {
0 𝑛≠1

∞
𝜕𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)
= ∑(−𝐴3,𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑡) + 𝐵3,𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑡)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋𝑥))
𝜕𝑡
𝑛=1
𝜕𝑢(𝑥,0)
BC 4: 𝜕𝑡 = ∑∞ 𝑛=1(−𝐴3,𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) + 𝐵3,𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋𝑥)) = 0
∞

∑(𝐵3,𝑛 𝑛𝜋) (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋𝑥)) = 0, 𝐵3,𝑛 = 0

𝑛=1

∴ 𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋𝑡)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋𝑥)) only when n = 1

Q9: (0.9,0.1) = (𝑥, 𝑦)

2
1 2 (1 − (−1)𝑛 )
𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (0.9,0.1) ≈ (0.9) + 2 ∑ ( 2 sinh(0.9𝑛𝜋)) (cos(0.1𝑛𝜋))
2 𝜋 𝑛 sinh(𝑛𝜋)
𝑛=1

1 2 (1 − (−1)1 )
≈ (0.9) + 2 [( 2 sinh(0.9(1)𝜋) (cos(0.1(1)𝜋))
2 𝜋 1 sinh(1𝜋)
(1 − (−1)2 )
+ sinh(0.9(2)𝜋) (cos(0.1(2)𝜋)))]
22 sinh(2𝜋)

≈0.45+0.28107+0

≈0.73107
Actual answer is 0.74045
0.74045−0.73107
Percentage of error = 0.74045
𝑥100% = 1.27%

The estimation is not acceptable, therefore higher number of summation terms is needed
for improving the estimation.

Q10:

For case 1, eigenvalue, λ=0 ; eigenfunction of PDE: 𝑢1 = (𝐴1 + 𝐵1 𝑥)

For case 2, eigenvalue, λ=-(𝑛𝜋)2 ; eigenfunction of PDE:

𝑢2,n (𝑥, 𝑦) = (cos(𝑛𝜋𝑦))(𝐴2,𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑛𝜋𝑥) + 𝐵2,𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) where n=1, 2, 3, …

No eigenvalue & eigenfunction for case 3.