EXPERIMENT NO.

DETERMINATION OF
SUPPORT REACTION
 PART-I SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:-

1. Arrange the s e t u p .
2. Take the reading for reaction at pt B (i.e. RB) on electronic balance without applying
any external load. Treat it as initial reading or adjust it to zero.
3. Apply external loading.
4. Ta ke 5 readings for RB.

5. Take 5 readings for RB by changing the loading conditions. This may be done by
changing load or position of load every time.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Span of beam:

Length (L) =1m

LC = (for span of beam)

LC = (for load)

Sr. Load Distance Load Distance Analytical Experienta1 %

No. P1(N) Of P1 P2(N) Of P2 va lue value
error
From A From D RB(N) RB(N)
X1 (in) X2 (in)
1

4
CALCULATIONS:

Reactive Forces in Simple and Compound Beams

Aim: - To determine reaction in simple and compound beams, analytically a nd

experimentally.
Apparatus: - Reaction of beam apparatus, weights, hangers.
Theory:-

• Equilibrium:
A rigid body is said to be in equilibriu in when all the externaI forces and reactive
forces acting on the body reduce to zero.
∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Mz = 0

Resolving each force and moment into its rectangula r component, the scalar
conditions of equilibrium are obtained.

∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Fz= 0

∑Mx = 0, ∑My = 0, ∑Mz = 0,
Thus, system of forces will not impart motion of translation or rotation to the
rigid body.

∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Mz = 0

• Free Body Diagram

Complete sketch of member showing all external forces acting on it,
irrespective of point of application is called as Free Body Diagram of a member.
For FBD, following steps need to be followed.
 • Select the free body to be used.
• Dettach it from supports, constraints or any other bodies.
• Skecth the isolated body indicating all external forces.
Self weight, applied forces will be known while reaction will be the unknown
external force.

• Reactions at support for two dimensional structure:

All the external active, reactive forces are assumed to be acting on structure
in one plane whenever translation along direction or rotation about an axis is
prevented. Corresponding reaction component is generated.

Equilibrium equations are

Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Mz= 0

Using these maximum 3 reaction components can be determined.

RESULT:

CONCLUSIONS:

Questions:

1. state types of beams.

2. state types of loading.

3.what are the conditions of equilibrium.

4. State types of support.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

TO DETERMINE
FORCE IN SPACE
FRAME SYSTEM
Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces in Space

Aim: -To verify the equilibrium of ConCurrent forces in spaCe.

Apparatus: - Frame for spaCe, weight, hangers, spring balanCe etC.

Theory: - Let the CO-Ordinates of points ‘O’ be (Ox. Oy, Oz), ‘A’ be (Ax,

Ay, Az), ‘B’ be (Bx, By, Bz), and ‘C’ be (Cx,Cy, Cz).

Let TOA, T o B. Toc and W be the Set Of ConCurrent force system inspace aCting at point O.
Point O being in equilibrium the above force Can be written as follows,

TOA= TOA x eOA ………………. (1)

TOB= TOB x eOB ………………. (2)
TOC= TOC x eOC ………………. (3)

Where,

TOA, TOB. and TOC are the magnitudes of the forces along string OA,
OB and OC respectively.

eOA. eOB. and eOC are the unit vectors along string OA, OB, and OC
respectively.

eOA = OA/OA

= (AX-OX) i + (AY-OY) j + (AZ-OZ) k / [(AX-OX)2 + (AY-OY)2 + (AZ-

OZ)2]1/2

eOA = OB/OB

= (BX-OX) i + (BY-OY) j + (BZ-OZ) k / [(BX-OX)2 + (BY-OY)2 + (BZ-

OZ)2]1/2

eOA = OC/OC

= CX-OX) i + (CY-OY) j + (CZ-OZ) k / [(CX-OX)2 + (CY-OY)2 + (CZ-OZ)2]1/2

As point ’O’ is in equilibrium, applying equations of equilibrium,

∑FX = 0

∑FY = 0

∑FZ = 0

TOA= TOA x eOA ………………. (1)

TOB= TOB x eOB ………………. (2)
TOC= TOC x eOC ………………. (3)

Therefore,

∑FX = 0 gives,

[TOA (AX - OX) / OA] + [TOB (BX - OX) / OB] + [TOC (CX - OX) / OC] + WX = 0

∑FY = 0 gives,

[TOA (AY – OY) / OA] + [TOB (BY – OY) / OB] + [TOC (CY – OY) / OC] + WY = 0

∑FY = 0 gives,

[TOA (AZ – OZ) / OA] + [TOB (BZ – OZ) / OB] + [TOC (CZ – OZ) / OC] + WZ = 0

By solving above three equations, we can find the tension in string.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:

• Tie one end of the string to the space frame and other at A as shown in figure.
• Attach some weight to the point where the three strings are attached
concurrently.

• Note the space co-ordinates i.e. (x,y,z) of a point where string is attached to the
space frame.
• Also note down co-ordinates of a point where mass is attached, then using above
equations, calculate tension in string OA,OB,OC.
Observation Table:

Sr. No. Points Co-ordinates String Tension

1 O
2 A
3 B
 4 C

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

CONCLUSIONS:

Questions:

1.Define coplanar concurrent force system

2.State superposition principle.

3.State and explain Lami’s theorem.

4.Define Non-concurrent force system.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

DETERMINATION
OF CURVILINEAR
MOTION OF A
PARTICLE
 Curvilinear Motion

Aim : To study the Curvilinear motion of a particle experimentally and verify result
analytically.
Apparatus : smooth circular body cycle rim, marble, glass balls, thread, saw dust and scale.
Theory : If small object is allowed to slide down from the top of another smooth surface,
the it can be proved analytically that,
i)-Sliding object leaves circular path when it makes an angle of
ii) Point ‘D’ on horizontal plane CB where it sticks horizontal plane let ball of
mass ‘m’ leaves circular path ‘B’ when allowed to move from ‘A’. Let VB it’s
linear at B energy principle.
Work done in moving =final kinetic-initial
From ‘A’ to ‘B’ Energy kinetic energy
K.E at B –K.E.at A
Mgh =m VB2-0.
•
Mgh =mVB2
Where h=(r-r cos ) = r (1-cos)
• mVB2 =2 Mgh
• VB2 =2g (1-cos) r…………….. [i]
We also have
An =V2/r
At pt.we have trajectory path due to gravity only and component of g along
normal is g cos
• Vb2/r =g cos
• Vb2 = rg cos ……………………[ii]
Equating equation [i] and [ii]
• Rg cos =2g (1cos )r
• Cos =2/3
 • =48.190
Vb2=rg cos
• Vb2= 6.540r
• Vb=2.55
To come to plane X-X in‘t’ to cover distance (r + r cos ) from pt.b
S = h = r (1+cos)
= r (1+cos48.19)
= 1.67 r
S= ut + ½ at2
• Uy =Vby = 2.55 sin .
= 1.90
• 1.67r=1.90 .t + ½ (9.81)t2
• 4.905t2 +1.90 .t-1.67 r=0
• T=0.422
Horizontal distance covered = Vb X*1.
• B’D =Vb X*t
=Vb cos .*t
=1.70.0.422
=0.717 r.
Total horizontal distance =r sin +B’D
Procedure:-
• Measure the diameter ‘d’ of the rim so that r=d/2
• Attach the rim to the highest vertical point of the support table. note highest and
lowest point of rim. Spread saw dust on the table where the glass is likely to fall.
• Place the glass ball at the highest pt. of the rim and allow it to roll along the
groove of the rim.
• Locate the pt. on the rim where the ball leaves it.
• Measure AB to CD.
 • Verify and determine angle .
• Verify and horizontal distance.
Observation:-
• Circumference =
• Radius of rim =

Distance AB Dist.CD Dist.CD

Sr.No
along rim Analytical Experimental Analytical Experimental
1
2
3
4
Result:-
• Horizontal distance covered
• Angle made by curved path.

Questions :-
1.Define curvilinear motion.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

TO DETERMINE
COEFFICIENT OF
RESTITUTION
 Coefficient of Restitution
Aim:- To determine the coefficient of restitution for a given pair of materials.

Apparatus: - Balls, Flooring materials, meter scale.

Theory:-

Direct Central Impact:

Consider two particles A and B of masses mA and mB, which are moving in the same straight
line with velocities vA and vB. If vA > vB, , particle A will strike particle B.Under the impact ,the two
particles will deform at the end of deformation, the two particles will have same velocity u.The period of
restitution will then take place,at the end of which, the velocities of the two particles will be v A’ and vB’
respectively. Applying the principle of conservation of momentum.

mA vA + mB vB = mA vA’+ mB vB’

For obtaining the values vA’ and vB’,one more equation is needed. For this, consider the
motion of particle A during the period of deformation and apply impulse-momentum principle.

mA vA -∫ Pdt = mA X u ……….(1)

Where, P is the force exerted by B on A during deformation.

Then considering the motion of A during the period of restitution and denoting by R , the force exerted by
B on A during this period , we get

mA X u - ∫ R.dt = mA vA’

The coefficient of restitution is defined by , e = ∫

Therefore, e= =
An example is an impact between a ball dropped on a concrete floor. Here floor remains at rest before and
after impact.

In case, ball is dropped from height H from the floor , the ball would rebound to a new height h.

From rectilinear motion,

U1 = √2gH and v1 = √2gH,

Where u1 = velocity of ball just before impact and v1 = velocity of ball just after impact.

e = v1 /u1 = 2gh/√2gH = √h/√H

The value of e depends upon surface properties of material to a large extent.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. The ball and base material is selected.

2. The height of ball from base material is fixed and is recorded as ‘H’.

3. The ball is released on base material.

4. The height of first rebound is carefully seen and is recorded as ‘h’.

5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated for different combinations of ball and base materials. Take 3 readings for each
combination.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.No Ball Material Base Material H h Coefficient of

(m) (m) restitution , ‘e’
1 Sponge Tiles

2 Sponge Wooden

3 Rubber Tiles

4 Rubber Wooden

5 Plastic Tiles

6 Plastic Wooden

7 Tennis Tiles

8 Tennis Wooden

CALCULATION:
RESULT:

Sr. No. Ball Material Base Material Coefficient of restitution, ’e’

1 Sponge Tiles
2 Sponge Wooden
3 Rubber Tiles
4 Rubber Wooden
5 Plastic Tiles
6 Plastic Wooden
7 Tennis Tiles
8 Tennis Wooden
9

CONCLUSION: