524 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

Combined Loadings

The problems for Section 8.5 are to be solved assuming that the structures y0
b2
behave linearly elastically and that the stresses caused by two or more b1 D
loads may be superimposed to obtain the resultant stresses acting at a
point. Consider both in-plane and out-of-plane shear stresses unless B
otherwise specified. C P

Problem 8.5-1 A bracket ABCD having a hollow circular cross section

consists of a vertical arm AB, a horizontal arm BC parallel to the x0 axis,
and a horizontal arm CD parallel to the z0 axis (see figure). The arms BC
and CD have lengths b1 ⫽ 3.2 ft and b2 ⫽ 2.4 ft, respectively. The outer
and inner diameters of the bracket are d2 ⫽ 8.0 in. and d1 ⫽
7.0 in. A vertical load P ⫽ 1500 lb acts at point D.
A x0
Determine the maximum tensile, compressive, and shear stresses in
the vertical arm. z0

Solution 8.5-1 Bracket ABCD

b2 D VERTICAL ARM AB
b1 P
B
C P M
B

P ⫽ 1500 lb
M ⫽ P(distance BD)
A ⫽ P兹b 21 ⫹ b 22 ⫽ (1500 lb)(4.0 ft)
⫽ 6,000 lb-ft ⫽ 72,000 lb-in.
A
MAXIMUM STRESSES occur on opposite sides of the
b1 ⫽ 3.2 ft b2 ⫽ 2.4 ft P ⫽ 1500 lb vertical arm.

CROSS SECTION
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
P M(d2Ⲑ2)
st ⫽ ⫺ ⫹
d2 A I
d1 1500 lb (72,000 lb-in.)(4.0 in.)
⫽⫺ 2⫹
11.781 in. 83.203 in.4
⫽ ⫺127.3 psi ⫹ 3461.4 psi ⫽ 3330 psi
d2 ⫽ 8.0 in.
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
d1 ⫽ 7.0 in.
␲ P M(d2Ⲑ2)
A ⫽ (d 22 ⫺ d 21 ) ⫽ 11.781 in.2 sc ⫽ ⫺ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺127.3 psi ⫺ 3461.4 psi
4 A I
␲ 4 ⫽ ⫺3590 psi
I ⫽ (d 2 ⫺ d 41 ) ⫽ 83.203 in.4
64
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

tmax ⫽ 2 2 ⫽ 1790 psi

sc
Uniaxial stress.
2
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 525

Problem 8.5-2 A gondola on a ski lift is supported by two bent arms,

as shown in the figure. Each arm is offset by the distance b ⫽ 180 mm
W
from the line of action of the weight force W. The allowable stresses in
the arms are 100 MPa in tension and 50 MPa in shear.
If the loaded gondola weighs 12 kN, what is the mininum diameter
d of the arms? d

W
(a) (b)

Solution 8.5-2 Gondola on a ski lift

W W

M ⫽ Wb

W W

12 kN SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:

b ⫽ 180 mm W⫽ ⫽ 6 kN
2 ␲st ␲sallow ␲(100 MPa) 1
⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 13,089.97 2
␴allow ⫽ 100 MPa (tension) ␶allow ⫽ 50 MPa 4W 4W 4(6 kN) m
8b ⫽ 1.44 m
Find dmin
13,090 d 3 ⫺ d ⫺ 1.44 ⫽ 0 (d ⫽ meters)
␲d2 ␲d3
A⫽ S⫽ Solve numerically: d ⫽ 0.04845 m
4 32
⬖ dmin ⫽ 48.4 mm

MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS

MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
W M 4W 32 Wb
st ⫽ ⫹ ⫽ 2 ⫹ st
A S ␲d ␲d3 tmax ⫽ (uniaxial stress)
2
␲st 3
or ¢ ≤ d ⫺ d ⫺ 8b ⫽ 0
Since ␶allow is one-half of ␴allow, the minimum
4W
diameter for shear is the same as for tension.
526 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

Problem 8.5-3 The hollow drill pipe for an oil well (see figure) is
6.0 in. in outer diameter and 0.75 in. in thickness. Just above the bit,
the compressive force in the pipe (due to the weight of the pipe) is
60 k and the torque (due to drilling) is 170 k-in.
Determine the maximum tensile, compressive, and shear stresses
in the drill pipe.

Solution 8.5-3 Drill pipe for an oil wall

P 60 k
P sy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺4850 psi
A 12.370 in.2
T T(d2Ⲑ2)
txy ⫽ ⫽ 5864 psi
IP
␴x ⫽ 0

PRINCIPAL STRESSES

B 2
T sy sy 2
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy
2
P ⫽ ⫺2425 psi ⫾ 兹(⫺2425) 2 ⫹ (5864) 2
P ⫽ compressive force ⫽ ⫺2425 psi ⫾ 6345 psi
T ⫽ torque P ⫽ 60 k T ⫽ 170 k-in. ␴1 ⫽ 3920 psi ␴2 ⫽ ⫺8770 psi
d 2 ⫽ outer diameter t ⫽ thickness
d 1 ⫽ inner diameter d 2 ⫽ 6.0 in. t ⫽ 0.75 in. MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS ␴t ⫽ 3920 psi
d 1 ⫽ d 2 ⫺ 2t ⫽ 4.5 in.
␲ 2 MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
A⫽ (d ⫺ d 21 ) ⫽ 12.370 in.2
4 2 ␴c ⫽ ⫺8770 psi
␲
IP ⫽ (d 42 ⫺ d 41 ) ⫽ 86.977 in.4
32
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS

B 2
STRESSES AT THE OUTER SURFACE sy 2
tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy ⫽ 6350 psi
y
␴y NOTE: Since the principal stresses have opposite
signs, the maximum in-plane shear stress is larger
than the maximum out-of-plane shear stress.
␶xy

O x

␴y
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 527

Problem 8.5-4 A segment of a generator shaft is subjected to a torque T P

and an axial force P, as shown in the figure. The shaft is hollow (outer
diameter d2 ⫽ 280 mm and inner diameter d1 ⫽ 230 mm) and delivers T
1800 kW at 4.0 Hz.
If the compressive force P ⫽ 525 kN, what are the maximum tensile,
compressive, and shear stresses in the shaft?

Probs. 8.5-4 and 8.5-5

P

Solution 8.5-4 Generator shaft

P 525 kN
P sy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺26.21 MPa
A 20.028 ⫻ 10⫺3 m2
T T(d2Ⲑ2) (71,620 N ⴢ m)(140 mm)ˇ ˇ

txy ⫽ ⫽
IP 328.70 ⫻ 10⫺6m4
⫽ 30.50 MPa
␴x ⫽ 0

T PRINCIPAL STRESSES

B
sx ⫹ sy sx ⫹ sy 2
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ¢⫹ t 2xy ≤
P 2 2
⫽ ⫺13.11 MPa ⫾ 33.20 MPa
(Determine the stresses)
␴1 ⫽ 20.1 MPa ␴2 ⫽ ⫺46.3 MPa
P ⫽ 525 kN
d 2 ⫽ 280 mm d 1 ⫽ 230 mm
P0 ⫽ power P0 ⫽ 1800 kw MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
f ⫽ frequency f ⫽ 4.0 Hz
␴t ⫽ ␴1 ⫽ 20.1 MPa
P0
T ⫽ torque T ⫽ (Eq. 3-40)
2␲f
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
1800 ⫻ 103W
T⫽ ⫽ 71,620 N ⴢ mˇ ˇ

␴c ⫽ ␴2 ⫽ 46.3 MPa
2␲(4.0 Hz)
␲
A ⫽ (d 22 ⫺ d 21 ) ⫽ 20.028 ⫻ 10⫺3 m2
4 MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
␲
B
IP ⫽ (d 42 ⫺ d 41 ) ⫽ 328.70 ⫻ 10⫺6 m4 s1 ⫺ s2 sx ⫺ sy 2
32 tmax ⫽ ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy
2 2
⫽ 33.2 MPa
STRESSES AT THE SURFACE OF THE SHAFT
␴y
NOTE: Since the principal stresses have opposite
signs, the maximum in-plane shear stress is larger
y than the maximum out-of-plane shear stress.
␶xy

O x
528 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

Problem 8.5-5 A segment of a generator shaft of hollow

circular cross section is subjected to a torque T ⫽ 220 k-in.
(see figure). The outer and inner diameters of the shaft are
8.0 in. and 6.0 in., respectively.
What is the maximum permissible compressive load P
that can be applied to the shaft if the allowable in-plane shear
stress is ␶allow ⫽ 6500 psi?

Solution 8.5-5 Generator shaft

P Units: P ⫽ pounds
␴y ⫽ psi
T
T(d2Ⲑ2) (220 k-in.)(4.0 in.)
txy ⫽ ⫽
IP 274.889 in.4
⫽ 3,201.29 psi

MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS

T

B
sx ⫺ sy 2 sy 2
tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy or t2allow ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t2xy
2 2
P
(6500) 2 ⫽ B R ⫹ (3,201.29) 2
2
P
(2)(21.9911)
(Determine the maximum allowable load P) P2
T ⫽ 220 k-in. ⫽ 32,001,700; P2 ⫽ 61.905 ⫻ 109
1934.43
d 2 ⫽ 8.0 in. d 1 ⫽ 6.0 in.
␶allow ⫽ 6500 psi (In-plane shear stress) P ⫽ 248,810 lb Pmax ⫽ 249 k
NOTE: The maximum in-plane shear stress is larger
␲ 2 than the maximum out-of-plane shear stress (in this
A⫽ (d ⫺ d 21 ) ⫽ 21.9911 in.2
4 2 example).
␲
IP ⫽ (d 42 ⫺ d 41 ) ⫽ 274.889 in.4
32

STRESSES AT THE SURFACE OF THE SHAFT

␴y

y
␶xy

O x

␴x ⫽ 0
P P
sy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺
A 21.9911 in.2
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 529

Problem 8.5-6 A cylindrical tank subjected to internal pressure p is

simultaneously compressed by an axial force F ⫽ 72 kN (see figure).
The cylinder has diameter d ⫽ 100 mm and wall thickness t ⫽ 4 mm. F F
Calculate the maximum allowable internal pressure pmax based
upon an allowable shear stress in the wall of the tank of 60 MPa.

Solution 8.5-6 Cylindrical tank with compressive force

␴1
F F
p

F ⫽ 72 kN ␴2
p ⫽ internal pressure
d ⫽ 100 mm t ⫽ 4 mm ␶allow ⫽ 60 MPa

CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS (TENSION)

pr p(50 mm)
s1 ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 12.5 p
t 4 mm
Units: ␴1 ⫽ MPa p ⫽ MPa OUT-OF-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES
s1
Case 2: tmax ⫽ ⫽ 6.25 p; 60 MPa ⫽ 6.25p
LONGITUDINAL STRESS (TENSION) 2
Solving, p2 ⫽ 9.60 MPa
pr F pr F
s2 ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺ s2
2t A 2t 2␲rt Case 3: tmax ⫽ ⫽ 3.125 p ⫺ 28.648 MPa
72,000 N 2
⫽ 6.25p ⫺ 60 MPa ⫽ 3.125 p ⫺ 28.648 MPa
2␲(50 mm)(4 mm)
Solving, p3 ⫽ 28.37 MPa
⫽ 6.25p ⫺ 57.296 MPa
Units: ␴2 ⫽ MPa p ⫽ MPa CASE 2, OUT-OF-PLANE SHEAR STRESS GOVERNS
pmax ⫽ 9.60 MPa

BIAXIAL STRESS
IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS (CASE 1)
s1 ⫺ s2
tmax ⫽ ⫽ 3.125 p ⫹ 28.648 MPa
2
60 MPa ⫽ 3.125 p ⫹ 28.648 MPa
Solving, p1 ⫽ 10.03 MPa

Problem 8.5-7 A cylindrical tank having diameter d ⫽ 2.5 in.

is subjected to internal gas pressure p ⫽ 600 psi and an external
T T
tensile load T ⫽ 1000 lb (see figure).
Determine the minimum thickness t of the wall of the tank
based upon an allowable shear stress of 3000 psi.
530 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

Solution 8.5-7 Cylindrical tank with tensile load

IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS (CASE 1)

T T s1 ⫺ s2 247.68 123.84
p
tmax ⫽ ⫽ ⫽
2 2t t
T ⫽ 1000 lb 123.84
3000 psi ⫽
p ⫽ 600 psi t
d ⫽ 2.5 in. ␶allow ⫽ 3000 psi Solving, t1 ⫽ 0.0413 in.

CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS (TENSION) OUT-OF-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

pr (600 psi)(1.25 in) 750 s1 375 375
s1 ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ Case 2: tmax ⫽ ⫽ ; 3000 ⫽
t t t 2 t t
Units: ␴1 ⫽ psi t ⫽ inches ␴2 ⫽ psi Solving, t2 ⫽ 0.125 in.
s2 251.16 251.16
LONGITUDINAL STRESS (TENSION) Case 3: tmax ⫽ ⫽ ; 3000 ⫽
2 t t
pr T pr T Solving, t3 ⫽ 0.0837 in.
s2 ⫽ ⫹ ⫽ ⫹
2t A 2t 2␲rt
375 1000 lb 375 127.32 502.32 CASE 2, OUT-OF-PLANE SHEAR STRESS GOVERNS
⫽ ⫹ ⫽ ⫹ ⫽
t 2␲(1.25 in.)t t t t tmin ⫽ 0.125 in.

BIAXIAL STRESS
␴1

␴2

Problem 8.5-8 The torsional pendulum shown in the figure consists

of a horizontal circular disk of mass M ⫽ 60 kg suspended by a vertical
steel wire (G ⫽ 80 GPa) of length L ⫽ 2 m and diameter d ⫽ 4 mm. d = 4 mm
Calculate the maximum permissible angle of rotation ␾max of the
disk (that is, the maximum amplitude of torsional vibrations) so that
the stresses in the wire do not exceed 100 MPa in tension or 50 MPa L=2m
in shear.

␾max

M = 60 kg
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 531

Solution 8.5-8 Torsional pendulum

␴y

d
y
␶xy
L
O x

␾max

PRINCIPAL STRESSES
L ⫽ 2.0 m d ⫽ 4.0 mm

B
M ⫽ 60 kg G ⫽ 80 GPa sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy
␴allow ⫽ 100 MPa ␶allow ⫽ 50 MPa 2 2
␲d2 s1, 2 ⫽ 23.420 ⫾ 兹(23.420) 2 ⫹ 6400 f2max
(MPa)
A⫽ ⫽ 12.5664 mm2
4
W ⫽ Mg ⫽ (60 kg)(9.81 mⲐs2) ⫽ 588.6 N Note that ␴1 is positive and ␴2 is negative. Therefore,
the maximum in-plane shear stress is greater than the
maximum out-of-plane shear stress.
W

T MAXIMUM ANGLE OF ROTATION BASED ON TENSILE

STRESS

␴1 ⫽ maximum tensile stress ␴allow ⫽ 100 MPa

⬖ 100 MPa ⫽ 23.420 ⫹ 兹(23.420) 2 ⫹ 6400 f 2max
(100 ⫺ 23.420) 2 ⫽ (23.420) 2 ⫹ 6400 f 2max
T
5316 ⫽ 6400 f 2max ␾max ⫽ 0.9114 rad ⫽ 52.2º
W
MAXIMUM ANGLE OF ROTATION BASED ON IN-PLANE
SHEAR STRESS
GIp fmax
TORQUE: T ⫽ (EQ. 3-15)

B
L sx ⫺ sy 2
tmax ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy ⫽ 兹(23.420) 2 ⫹ 6400 f 2max
2
Tr
SHEAR STRESS: t ⫽ (EQ. 3-11) ␶allow ⫽ 50 MPa 50 ⫽ 兹(23.420) 2 ⫹ 6400 f 2max
Ip
(50) 2 ⫽ (23.420) 2 ⫹ 6400 f 2max
GIp fmax r Gr fmax
t⫽¢ ≤¢ ≤⫽ ⫽ (80 ⫻ 106 Pa)fmax Solving, ␾max ⫽ 0.5522 rad ⫽ 31.6º
L IP L
␶ ⫽ 80 ␾max Units: ␶ ⫽ MPa ␾max ⫽ radius
SHEAR STRESS GOVERNS
W ␾max ⫽ 0.552 rad ⫽ 31.6º
TENSILE STRESS sx ⫽ ⫽ 46.839 MPa
A
␴x ⫽ 0
␴y ⫽ ␴t ⫽ 46.839 MPa
␶xy ⫽ ⫺80 ␾max (MPa)
532 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

Problem 8.5-9 Determine the maximum tensile, compressive,

P = 160 lb
and shear stresses at point A on the bicycle pedal crank shown
Crank
in the figure.
The pedal and crank are in a horizontal plane and point A is
located on the top of the crank. The load P ⫽ 160 lb acts in the d = 0.6 in.
vertical direction and the distances (in the horizontal plane)
between the line of action of the load and point A are b1 ⫽ 5.0 in. A
and b2 ⫽ 2.5 in. Assume that the crank has a solid circular cross
section with diameter d ⫽ 0.6 in.
b1 = 5.0 in.

b2 = 2.5 in.

Solution 8.5-9 Pedal crank

P
␴ ⫽ 37,730 psi

y
d

A
A O x

b1
␶ ⫽ 9431psi
b2

P ⫽ 160 lb d ⫽ 0.6 in. ␴1, 2 ⫽ 18,860 psi ⫾ 21,090 psi

b1 ⫽ 5.0 in. b2 ⫽ 2.5 in. ␴1 ⫽ 39,950 psi ␴2 ⫽ ⫺2230 psi

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
STRESS RESULTANTS on cross section at point A: tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy ⫽ 21,090 psi
2
Torque: T ⫽ Pb2 ⫽ 400 lb-in.
Moment: M ⫽ Pb1 ⫽ 800 lb-in.
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS: ␴t ⫽ 39,950 psi
Shear force: V ⫽ P ⫽ 160 lb
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS:
STRESSES AT POINT A
␴c ⫽ ⫺2,230 psi
16T M 32M
t⫽ ⫽ 9431 psi s⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 37,730 psi
␲d3 S ␲d3
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS:
(The shear force V produces no shear stresses at
point A.) ␶max ⫽ 21,090 psi

PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS NOTE: Since the principal stresses have opposite

B
sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2 signs, the maximum in-plane shear stress is larger
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy than the maximum out-of-plane shear stress.
2 2
␴x ⫽ 0 ␴y ⫽ 37,730 psi ␶xy ⫽ ⫺9431 psi
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 533

Problem 8.5-10 A cylindrical pressure vessel having radius r ⫽ 300 mm and

wall thickness t ⫽ 15 mm is subjected to internal pressure p ⫽ 2.5 MPa. In T
addition, a torque T ⫽ 120 kN·m acts at each end of the cylinder (see figure).
(a) Determine the maximum tensile stress ␴max and the maximum in-plane
shear stress ␶max in the wall of the cylinder.
(b) If the allowable in-plane shear stress is 30 MPa, what is the maximum
T
allowable torque T?

Solution 8.5-10 Cylindrical pressure vessel

(b) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE TORQUE T

T T
␶allow ⫽ 30 MPa (in-plane shear stress)

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ txy2 (1)
2
pr pr
sx ⫽ ⫽ 25 MPa sy ⫽ ⫽ 50 MPa
2t t
T ⫽ 120 kN ⴢ m r ⫽ 300 mm
T
t ⫽ 15 mm P ⫽ 2.5 MPa txy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺117.893 ⫻ 10⫺6 T
2␲r 2t
Units: ␶xy ⫽ MPa T⫽Nⴢm
STRESSES IN THE WALL OF THE VESSEL
pr pr Substitute into Eq. (1):
sx ⫽ ⫽ 25 MPa sy ⫽ ⫽ 50 MPa
2t t ␶max ⫽ ␶allow ⫽ 30 MPa
Tr ⫽ 兹(⫺12.5 MPa) 2 ⫹ (⫺117.893 ⫻ 10⫺6 T ) 2
txy ⫽ ⫺ (Eq. 3-11) Ip ⫽ 2␲r 3t (Eq. 3-18)
Ip
T Square both sides, rearrange, and solve for T:
txy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺14.147 MPa
2␲r 2t (30)2 ⫽ (12.5)2 ⫹ (117.893 ⫻ 10⫺6)2 T 2
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES 743.750
T2 ⫽ ⫽ 53,512 ⫻ 106 (N ⴢ m) 2
␴y 13,899 ⫻ 10⫺12
ˇ ˇ

T ⫽ 231.3 ⫻ 103 N ⴢ m
␶xy
y Tmax ⫽ 231 kN ⴢ m

O x ␴x

B
sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ⫹ t xy2 ¢ ≤
2 2
⫽ 37.5 ⫾ 18.878 MPa
␴1 ⫽ 56.4 MPa ␴2 ⫽ 18.6 MPa
⬖ ␴max ⫽ 56.4 MPa

Maximum IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ txy2 ⫽ 18.9 MPa
2
534 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

Problem 8.5-11 An L-shaped bracket lying in a horizontal

plane supports a load P ⫽ 150 lb (see figure). The bracket has A t = 0.125 in.
a hollow rectangular cross section with thickness t ⫽ 0.125 in.
and outer dimensions b ⫽ 2.0 in. and h ⫽ 3.5 in. The
centerline lengths of the arms are b1 ⫽ 20 in. and b2 ⫽ 30 in. b1 = 20 in.
h = 3.5 in.
Considering only the load P, calculate the maximum
tensile stress ␴t, maximum compressive stress ␴c, and
maximum shear stress ␶max at point A, which is located on b2 = 30 in.
the top of the bracket at the support.
b = 2.0 in.
P = 150 lb

Solution 8.5-11 L-shaped bracket

P ⫽ 150 lb b1 ⫽ 20 in. b2 ⫽ 30 in. STRESS ELEMENT AT POINT A
t ⫽ 0.125 in. h ⫽ 3.5 in. b ⫽ 2.0 in.
(This view is looking downward at the top of the
bracket.)
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BRACKET
T stress element
at point A
V

b1 Top of Bracket

b2
␴
P
␶
STRESS RESULTANTS AT THE SUPPORT y

Torque: T ⫽ Pb2 ⫽ (150 lb)(30 in.) ⫽ 4500 lb-in.

Moment: M ⫽ Pb1 ⫽ (150 lb)(20 in.) ⫽ 3000 lb-in. A O x
Shear force: V ⫽ P ⫽ 150 lb

PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION

For torsion:
Am ⫽ (b ⫺ t)(h ⫺ t) ⫽ (1.875 in.)(3.375 in.)
⫽ 6.3281 in.2
␴x ⫽ 0 ␴y ⫽ ␴ ⫽ 2454 psi
h
For bending: c ⫽ ⫽ 1.75 in. ␶xy ⫽ ⫺␶ ⫽ ⫺2844 psi
2
1 1 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
I ⫽ (bh3 ) ⫺ (b ⫺ 2t)(h ⫺ 2t) 3

B
12 12 sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ⫹ t 2xy ¢ ≤
1 1 2 2
⫽ (2.0 in.)(3.5 in.) 3 ⫺ (1.75 in.)(3.25 in.) 3
12 12 ⫽ 1227 psi ⫾ 3097 psi
⫽ 2.1396 in.4 ␴1 ⫽ 4324 psi ␴2 ⫽ ⫺1870 psi

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
¢ ≤
STRESSES AT POINT A ON THE TOP OF THE BRACKET tmax ⫽ ⫹ t 2xy ⫽ 3097 psi
2
T 4500 lb-in.
t⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 2844 psi
2tAm 2(0.125 in.)(6.3281 in.2 ) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS:
Mc (3000 lb-in.)(1.75 in.) ␴t ⫽ 4320 psi
s⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 2454 psi
I 2.1396 in.4
(The shear force V produces no stresses at point A.)
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 535

MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS: NOTE: Since the principal stresses have opposite signs,
␴c ⫽ ⫺1870 psi the maximum in-plane shear stress is larger than the
maximum out-of-plane shear stress.
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS:
␶max ⫽ 3100 psi

Problem 8.5-12 A semicircular bar AB lying in a horizontal plane is supported at B O

(see figure). The bar has centerline radius R and weight q per unit of length (total weight A B
of the bar equals ␲ qR). The cross section of the bar is circular with diameter d.
Obtain formulas for the maximum tensile stress ␴t, maximum compressive stress ␴c, R
and maximum in-plane shear stress ␶max at the top of the bar at the support due to the
weight of the bar. d

Solution 8.5-12 Semicircular bar

O PRINCIPAL STRESSES:
A B

B
R sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
¢ ≤
c
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ⫹ t 2xy
2 2
W

B
sB sB 2
⫾ ¢ ⫺ ≤ ⫹ t 2B
d
⫽
2 2
d ⫽ diameter of bar R ⫽ radius of bar
B ␲d
32qR2 32qR2 2 16qR2 2
q ⫽ weight of bar per unit length ⫽ 3 ⫾ ¢ 3 ≤ ⫹¢ ≤
W ⫽ weight of bar ⫽ ␲qR ␲d d3
Weight of bar acts at the center of gravity 16qR2
22 ⫽ (2 ⫾ 兹4 ⫹ ␲2 )
From Case 23, Appendix D, with ␤ ⫽ ␲Ⲑ2, we get y ⫽ ␲d 3
␲
2R
∴ c⫽ MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
␲
Bending moment at B: MB ⫽ WC ⫽ 2qR2 16qR2
st ⫽ s1 ⫽ (2 ⫹ 兹4 ⫹ ␲ 2 )
Torque at B: TB ⫽ WR ⫽ ␲qR2 ␲d 3
(Shear force at B produces no shear stress at the top of qR2
⫽ 29.15 3
the bar.) d
STRESSES AT THE TOP OF THE BAR AT B MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
MB (dⲐ2) (2qR2 )(dⲐ2) 64qR2
sB ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 16qR2
I ␲d 4Ⲑ64 ␲d 3 sc ⫽ s2 ⫽ (2 ⫹ 兹4 ⫹ ␲2 )
␲d 3
TB (dⲐ2) (␲qR 2 )(dⲐ2) 16qR 2
tB ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ qR2
IP ␲d 4Ⲑ32 d3 ⫽ ⫺8.78
d3
STRESS ELEMENT AT THE TOP OF THE BAR AT B
␴B ␴x ⫽ 0 MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS (EQ. 7-26)
␴y ⫽ ␴B 1 16qR2
tmax ⫽ (s1 ⫺ s2 ) ⫽ 兹4 ⫹ ␲2
y ␶xy ⫽ ␶B 2 ␲d 3
␶B qR2
⫽ 18.97
B O x d3

␴B
536 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

z
Problem 8.5-13 An arm ABC lying in a horizontal plane and supported
at A (see figure) is made of two identical solid steel bars AB and BC
welded together at a right angle. Each bar is 20 in. long. y
A
Knowing that the maximum tensile stress (principal stress) at the top
of the bar at support A due solely to the weights of the bars is 932 psi,
determine the diameter d of the bars. x

Solution 8.5-13 Horizontal arm ABC

STRESSES AT THE TOP OF THE BAR AT A
z y ␴A ⫽ normal stress due to MA
q M(d Ⲑ2) M(d Ⲑ2) 32 M 12 gL2
sA ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ (5)
A I ␲d 4 Ⲑ64 ␲d 3 d
O x ␶A ⫽ shear stress due to torque T
B
T(d Ⲑ2) T(d Ⲑ2) 16 T 2gL2
q tA ⫽ ⫽ 4 ⫽ ⫽ (6)
Ip ␲d Ⲑ32 ␲d 3 d

STRESS ELEMENT ON TOP OF THE BAR AT A

C ␴A
L ⫽ length of AB and BC
d ⫽ diameter of AB and BC
y
A ⫽ cross-sectional area
⫽ ␲d 2Ⲑ4
␥ ⫽ weight density of steel A O x
q ⫽ weight per unit length of bars ␶A
⫽ ␥A ⫽ ␲␥d 2Ⲑ4 (1)

RESULTANT FORCES ACTING ON AB

␴A

P ␴1 ⫽ principal tensile stress (maximum tensile stress)

B
sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
A s1 ⫽ ⫹ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy (7)
2 2
␴x ⫽ 0 ␴y ⫽ ␴A ␶xy ⫽ ⫺␶A (8)
B T Substitute (8) into (7):

B 2
P sA sA 2
s1 ⫽ ⫹ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2A (9)
P ⫽ weight of AB and BC 2
P ⫽ qL ⫽ ␲␥L d 2Ⲑ4 (2) Substitute from (5) and (6) and simplify:
T ⫽ torque due to weight of BC gL2 2gL2
s1 ⫽ (6 ⫹ 兹40) ⫽ (3 ⫹ 兹10) (10)
L qL2 ␲gL2d 2 d d
T ⫽ (qL) ¢ ≤ ⫽ ⫽ (3)
2 2 8
MA ⫽ bending moment at A
MA ⫽ PL ⫹ PL Ⲑ2 ⫽ 3PL Ⲑ2 ⫽ 3␲␥L 2d 2Ⲑ8 (4)
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 537

SOLVE FOR d SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQ. (11):

2
2gL ␥ ⫽ 490 lbⲐft3 ⫽ 0.28356 lbⲐin.3
d⫽ (3 ⫹ 兹10) (11)
s1 L ⫽ 20 in. ␴1 ⫽ 932 psi
d ⫽ 1.50 in.

Problem 8.5-14 A pressurized cylindrical tank with flat ends is

loaded by torques T and tensile forces P (see figure). The tank has T
radius r ⫽ 50 mm and wall thickness t ⫽ 3 mm. The internal pressure P T P
p ⫽ 3.5 MPa and the torque T ⫽ 450 N·m.
What is the maximum permissible value of the forces P if the
allowable tensile stress in the wall of the cylinder is 72 MPa?

Solution 8.5-14 Cylindrical tank

r ⫽ 50 mm t ⫽ 3.0 mm p ⫽ 3.5 MPa MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
T ⫽ 450 N ⴢ m ␴allow ⫽ 72 MPa sx ⫹ sy
smax ⫽ sallow ⫽ 72 MPa ⫽
2
CROSS SECTION

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
A ⫽ 2␲rt ⫽ 2␲(50 mm)(3.0 mm) ⫽ 942.48 mm2 ⫹ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t xy2
IP ⫽ 2␲r 3t ⫽ 2␲(50 mm)3(3.0 mm) 2
⫽ 2.3562 ⫻ 106 mm4 72 ⫽ 43.750 ⫹ (530.52 ⫻ 10⫺6)P
ˇ ⫹ 兹 [ ⫺14.583 ⫹ (530.52 ⫻ 10⫺6 )P ] 2 ⫹ (⫺9.5493) 2
ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ

STRESSES IN THE WALL OF THE TANK

28.250 ⫺ 0.00053052P
␴y
⫽ 兹(⫺14.583 ⫹ 0.00053052 P) 2 ⫹ 91.189
Square both sides and simplify:
␶xy
494.21 ⫽ 0.014501 P

␴x
SOLVE FOR P P ⫽ 34,080 N OR
Pmax ⫽ 34.1 kN

pr P
sx ⫽ ⫹
2t A
(3.5 MPa)(50 mm) P
⫽ ⫹
2(3.0 mm) 942.48 mm2
⫽ 29.167 MPa ⫹ 1.0610 ⫻ 10⫺3P
Units: ␴x ⫽ MPa, P ⫽ newtons
pr
sy ⫽ ⫽ 58.333 MPa
t
Tr (450 N ⴢ m)(50 mm)
ˇ ˇ

txy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺
IP 2.3562 ⫻ 106 mm4
⫽ ⫺9.5493 MPa
538 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

Problem 8.5-15 A post having a hollow circular cross section supports

4 ft P = 250 lb
a horizontal load P ⫽ 250 lb acting at the end of an arm that is 4 ft long
(see figure on the next page). The height of the post is 25 ft, and its section
modulus is S ⫽ 10 in.3
(a) Calculate the maximum tensile stress ␴max and maximum in-plane
shear stress ␶max at point A due to the load P. Point A is located on the
“front” of the post, that is, at the point where the tensile stress due to 25 ft
bending alone is a maximum.
(b) If the maximum tensile stress and maximum in-plane shear stress
at point A are limited to 16,000 psi and 6,000 psi, respectively, what is the
largest permissible value of the load P?

Solution 8.5-15 Post with horizontal load

P ⫽ 250 lb (a) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS AND MAXIMUM SHEAR
b ⫽ length of arm STRESS

B
⫽ 4.0 ft ⫽ 48 in. sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2

h ⫽ height of post smax ⫽ ⫹ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy

2 2
⫽ 25 ft ⫽ 300 in.
S ⫽ section modulus ⫽ 3750 psi ⫹ 兹(3750 psi) 2 ⫹ (600 psi) 2
⫽ 10 in.3 ⫽ 3750 psi ⫹ 3798 psi ⫽ 7550 psi

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
REACTIONS AT THE SUPPORT tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy ⫽ 3800 psi
2
M ⫽ Ph ⫽ 75,000 lb-in.
T ⫽ Pb ⫽ 12,000 lb-in.
V ⫽ P ⫽ 250 lb (b) ALLOWABLE LOAD P
␴allow ⫽ 16,000 psi ␶allow ⫽ 6,000 psi
STRESSES AT POINT A The stresses at point A are proportional to the load P.
Based on tensile stress:
␴y
Pallow sallow 16,000 psi
⫽ Pallow ⫽ (250 lb) ¢ ≤
P smax 7,550 psi
␶xy
⫽ 530 lb
Based on shear stress:
A ␴x
Pallow tallow 6,000 psi
⫽ Pallow ⫽ (250 lb) ¢ ≤
P tmax 3,800 psi
⫽ 395 lb
Shear stress governs:
Pallow ⫽ 395 lb
␴x ⫽ 0
M 75,000 lb-in.
sy ⫽ ⫽
S 10 in.3
⫽ 7500 psi
Tr
txy ⫽
IP
r ⫽ outer radius of post
I IP T 12,000 lb-in.
S⫽ ⫽ ∴ txy ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 600 psi
r 2r 2S 2(10 in.3 )
(The shear force V produces no stresses at point A.)
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 539

Problem 8.5-16 A sign is supported by a pipe (see figure) having

2.0 m
outer diameter 100 mm and inner diameter 80 mm. The dimensions
of the sign are 2.0 m ⫻ 0.75 m, and its lower edge is 3.0 m above Rose’s
0.75 m
the base. Note that the center of gravity of the sign is 1.05 m from the Editing Co.
axis of the pipe. The wind pressure against the sign is 1.5 kPa.
Pipe
Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses due to the
wind pressure on the sign at points A, B, and C, located on the outer 100 mm
surface at the base of the pipe.
3.0 m
B C
X X
A A
B C Section X-X

Solution 8.5-16 Sign supported by a pipe

PIPE: d2 ⫽ 100 mm d1 ⫽ 80 mm t ⫽ 10 mm ␴y
SIGN: 2.0 m ⫻ 0.75 m A ⫽ 1.50 m2
h ⫽ height from the base to the center of ␶xy
gravity of the sign
1
h ⫽ 3.0 m ⫹ (0.75 m) ⫽ 3.375 m A ␴x
2
b ⫽ horizontal distance from the center of
gravity of the sign to the axis of the pipe
1 1
b⫽ (2.0 m) ⫹ (100 mm) ⫽ 1.05 m
2 2

WIND PRESSURE: p ⫽ 1.5 kPa Tr Td2 (2362.5 N ⴢ m)(0.1 m) ˇ ˇ

P ⫽ horizontal wind force on the txy ⫽ ⫽ ⫽

sign
IP 2IP 2(5.7962 ⫻ 106 mm4 )
⫽ pA ⫽ (1.5 kPa)(1.50 m2) ⫽ 20.380 MPa
⫽ 2250 N
B
sx ⫺ sy 2
tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy
2
STRESS RESULTANTS AT THE BASE
M ⫽ Ph ⫽ (2250 N)(3.375 m) ⫽ 7593.8 N ⴢ m ⫽ 兹(65.507 MPa) 2 ⫹ (20.380 MPa) 2
T ⫽ Pb ⫽ (2250 N)(1.05 m) ⫽ 2362.5 N ⴢ m ⫽ 68.60 MPa
V ⫽ P ⫽ 2250 N ␶A ⫽ 68.6 MPa
PROPERTIES OF THE TUBULAR CROSS SECTION STRESSES AT POINT B
␲
I ⫽ (d 42 ⫺ d 41 ) ⫽ 2.8981 ⫻ 106 mm4 ␴y
64
IP ⫽ 2I ⫽ 5.7962 ⫻ 106 mm4
␶xy
2 1
Q ⫽ (r 32 ⫺ r 31 ) ⫽ (d 32 ⫺ d 31 ) ⫽ 40.667 ⫻ 103 mm3
3 12
(From Eq. 5-43b, Chapter 5) ␴x
B
STRESSES AT POINT A
␴x ⫽ 0
Mc Md2
sy ⫽ ⫽
I 2I
(7593.8 N ⴢ m)(0.1 m)
ˇ ˇ

⫽
2(2.8981 ⫻ 106 mm4 )
⫽ 131.01 MPa
540 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

␴y ⫽ 0 (Moment M produces no stresses at points STRESSES AT POINT C

B and C) ␴y
␴x ⫽ 0
Tr VQ ␶xy
txy ⫽ ⫺
IP Ib
Tr ␴x
⫽ 20.380 MPa C
IP
VQ (2250 N)(40.667 ⫻ 103 mm3 )
⫽
Ib (2.8981 ⫻ 106 mm4 )(20 mm)
⫽ 1.5786 MPa ␴y ⫽ 0 ␴x ⫽ 0
␶xy ⫽ 20.380 MPa ⫺ 1.5786 MPa ⫽ 18.80 MPa Tr VQ
txy ⫽ ⫹
IP Ib
Pure shear. ␶B ⫽ 18.8 MPa
␶xy ⫽ 20.380 MPa ⫹ 1.5786 MPa ⫽ 21.96 MPa
Pure shear. ␶C ⫽ 22.0 MPa

Problem 8.5-17 A sign is supported by a pole of hollow circular 6 ft

cross section, as shown in the figure. The outer and inner diameters
of the pole are 10.0 in. and 8.0 in., respectively. The pole is 40 ft Julie’s Office 3 ft
high and weighs 3.8 k. The sign has dimensions 6 ft ⫻ 3 ft and
weighs 400 lb. Note that its center of gravity is 41 in. from the axis
of the pole. The wind pressure against the sign is 30 lb/ft2. 10 in.
(a) Determine the stresses acting on a stress element at point A, 40 ft 8 in.
which is on the outer surface of the pole at the “front” of the pole,
that is, the part of the pole nearest to the viewer.
(b) Determine the maximum tensile, compressive, and shear
stresses at point A.
X X
A
A Section X-X

8.5-17 Sign supported by a pole

POLE: d2 ⫽ 10 in. d1 ⫽ 8 in. WIND PRESSURE: p ⫽ 30 lb/ft2 ⫽ 0.208333 psi
W1 ⫽ weight of pole P ⫽ horizontal wind force on the sign
⫽ 3800 lb ⫽ pA ⫽ (0.208333 psi) (2592 in.2)
⫽ 540 lb
SIGN: 6 ft ⫻ 3 ft, or 72 in. ⫻ 36 in.
A ⫽ 18 ft2 ⫽ 2592 in.2 STRESS RESULTANTS AT THE BASE
W2 ⫽ weight of sign ⫽ 400 lb Axial force: N ⫽ w1 ⫹ w2 ⫽ 4200 lb
h ⫽ height from the base to the center of (compression)
gravity of the sign Bending moment from wind pressure:
h ⫽ 40 ft ⫺ 1.5 ft ⫽ 38.5 ft ⫽ 462 in. M ⫽ Ph ⫽ (540 lb)(462 in.) ⫽ 249,480 lb-in.
b ⫽ horizontal distance from the center (This moment causes tension at point A.)
of gravity of the sign to the axis of Bending moment from weight of sign:
the pole (This moment causes zero stress at point A.)
1 1 Torque from wind pressure:
b⫽ (6 ft) ⫹ (d2 ) ⫽ 41 in. T ⫽ Pb ⫽ (540 lb)(41 in.) ⫽ 22,140 lb-in.
2 2
Shear force from wind pressure:
(This force causes zero shear stress at point A.)
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 541

PROPERTIES OF THE TUBULAR CROSS SECTION (b) MAXIMUM STRESSES AT POINT A

B
␲ sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
A ⫽ (d 22 ⫺ d 21 ) ⫽ 28.274 in.2 s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy
4 2 2
␲ 4 ⫽ 2078 psi ⫾ 2087 psi
I ⫽ (d 2 ⫺ d 41 ) ⫽ 289.81 in.4
64 ␴1 ⫽ 4165 psi ␴2 ⫽ ⫺9 psi
Ip ⫽ 2I ⫽ 579.62 in.4

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
d2 tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤
⫹ t 2xy ⫽ 2087 psi
c ⫽ ⫽ 5.0 in. 2
2
Max. tensile stress: ␴t ⫽ 4165 psi
(a) STRESSES AT POINT A Max. compressive stress: ␴c ⫽ ⫺9 psi
␴y Max. shear stress: ␶max ⫽ 2087 psi

␶xy
NOTE: Since the principal stresses have opposite
signs, the maximum in-plane shear stress is larger
than the maximum out-of-plane shear stress.
A ␴x

sx ⫽ 0
N Mc
sy ⫽ ⫺ ⫹
A I
Td2
txy ⫽
2 Ip
4200 lb (249,480 lb-in.)(5.0 in.)
sy ⫽ ⫺ 2⫹
28.274 in. 289.81 in.4
⫽ ⫺148.5 psi ⫹ 4,304.2 psi ⫽ 4156 psi
(22,140 lb-in.)(10 in.)
txy ⫽ ⫽ 191 psi
2(579.62 in.4 )

Problem 8.5-18 A horizontal bracket ABC (see figure on the next y0

page) consists of two perpendicular arms AB and BC, the latter
having a length of 0.4 m. Arm AB has a solid circular cross section
A
with diameter equal to 60 mm. At point C a load P1 ⫽ 2.02 kN acts
vertically and a load P2 ⫽ 3.07 kN acts horizontally and parallel p
to arm AB.
x0
Considering only the forces P1 and P2, calculate the maximum
tensile stress ␴t, the maximum compressive stress ␴c, and the y0
maximum in-plane shear stress ␶max at point p, which is located B
at support A on the side of the bracket at midheight.
z0 C P2
0.4 m p
O x0

P1
60 mm
Cross section at A
542 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

Solution 8.5-18 Horizontal bracket

P1 ⫽ vertical force STRESSES AT POINT p ON THE SIDE OF THE BRACKET

⫽ 2.02 kN
␴y
P2 ⫽ horizontal force
⫽ 3.07 kN
b ⫽ length of arm BC ␶xy
y0
⫽ 0.4 m
d ⫽ diameter of solid bar
⫽ 60 mm p ␴x
z0 O

PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION

␲d 2
A⫽ ⫽ 2827.4 mm2
4
␲d 4
I⫽ ⫽ 636,170 mm4 N My c
64 sx ⫽ ⫺ ⫺
Ip ⫽ 2I ⫽ 1272.3 ⫻ 103 mm4 A I
d d ␴y ⫽ 0
c ⫽ ⫽ 30 mm r ⫽ ⫽ 30 mm Tr 4V
2 2 txy ⫽ ⫹
Ip 3A

STRESS RESULTANTS AT SUPPORT A 3070 N (1228 N ⴢ m)(30 mm) ˇ ˇ

sx ⫽ ⫺ ⫺
N ⫽ P2 ⫽ 3070 N (compression) 2827.4 mm2 636,170 mm4
My ⫽ P2 b ⫽ 1228 N ⴢ m ⫽ ⫺1.0858 MPa ⫺57.909 MPa
Mx may be omitted because it produces no ⫽ ⫺58.995 MPa
stresses at point p.
(808 N ⴢ m)(30 mm) 4(2020 N)
T ⫽ P1b ⫽ 808 N ⴢ m
ˇ ˇ

txy ⫽ ⫹
1272.3 ⫻ 103 mm4 3(2827.4 mm2 )
V ⫽ P1 ⫽ 2020 N
⫽ 19.051 MPa ⫹ 0.953 MPa ⫽ 20.004 MPa

MAXIMUM STRESSES AT POINT P

B
sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫹ t 2xy
⫾ ¢ ≤
2 2
⫽ ⫺29.498 MPa ⫾ 35.641 MPa
␴1 ⫽ 6.1 MPa ␴2 ⫽ ⫺65.1 MPa

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy ⫽ 35.6 MPa
2
Max. tensile stress: ␴t ⫽ 6.1 MPa
Max. compressive stress: ␴c ⫽ ⫺65.1 MPa
Max. in-plane shear stress: ␶max ⫽ 35.6 MPa
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 543

Problem 8.5-19 A cylindrical pressure vessel with flat y0

ends is subjected to a torque T and a bending moment M
(see figure). The outer radius is 12.0 in. and the wall
T
thickness is 1.0 in. The loads are as follows: T ⫽ 800 k-in., M M
M ⫽ 1000 k-in., and the internal pressure p ⫽ 900 psi.
T
Determine the maximum tensile stress ␴t, maximum x0
compressive stress ␴c, and maximum shear stress ␶max in
the wall of the cylinder.
z0

Solution 8.5-19 Cylindrical pressure vessal

Internal pressure: p ⫽ 900 psi PRINCIPAL STRESSES
Bending moment: M ⫽ 1000 k-in.

B
sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
Torque: T ⫽ 800 k-in. s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ¢
⫹ t 2xy ≤
Outer radius: r2 ⫽ 12 in. 2 2
Wall thickness: t ⫽ 1.0 in. ⫽ 6509.1 psi ⫾ 3969.6 psi
Mean radius: r ⫽ r2⫺ tⲐ2 ⫽ 11.5 in. ␴1 ⫽ 10,479 psi ␴2 ⫽ 2540 psi
Outer diameter: d2 ⫽ 24 in.
Inner diameter: d1 ⫽ 22 in.
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
In-plane: ␶ ⫽ 3970 psi
MOMENT OF INERTIA Out-of-plane:
␲ s1 s2 s1
I ⫽ (d 42 ⫺ d 41 ) ⫽ 4787.0 in.4 t ⫽
or

t ⫽ ⫽ 5240 psi
64 2 2 2
Ip ⫽ 2I ⫽ 9574.0 in.4
⬖ ␶max ⫽ 5240 psi
NOTE: Since the stresses due to T and p are the same
everywhere in the cylinder, the maximum stresses MAXIMUM STRESSES FOR THE TOP OF THE CYLINDER
occur at the top and bottom of the cylinder where ␴t ⫽ 10,480 psi ␴c ⫽ 0 (No compressive stresses)
the bending stresses are the largest. ␶max ⫽ 5240 psi

PART (a). TOP OF THE CYLINDER

PART (b). BOTTOM OF THE CYLINDER
␴y
Stress element on the bottom of the cylinder as seen
␶xy
from below.
O x0 pr Mr2
y sx ⫽ ⫹ ⫽ 5175.0 psi ⫹ 2506.8 psi
2t I
␴x ⫽ 7681.8 psi
O x z0 pr
sy ⫽ ⫽ 10,350 psi
t
Tr2
txy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺1002.7 psi
Ip

␴y
Stress element on the top of the cylinder as seen from
above. ␶xy
z0
pr Mr3 y
sx ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ 5175.0 psi ⫺ 2506.8 psi
2t I ␴x
⫽ 2668.2 psi x0
O x O
pr
sy ⫽ ⫽ 10,350 psi
t
Tr2
txy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺1002.7 psi
Ip
544 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress

PRINCIPAL STRESSES MAXIMUM STRESSES FOR THE BOTTOM OF THE

CYLINDER

B
sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy ␴t ⫽ 10,680 psi ␴c ⫽ 0 (No compressive stresses)
2 2
␶max ⫽ 5340 psi
⫽ 9015.9 psi ⫾ 1668.9 psi
␴1 ⫽ 10,685 psi ␴2 ⫽ 7347 psi PART (c). ENTIRE CYLINDER
The largest stresses are at the bottom of the cylinder.
␴t ⫽ 10,680 psi
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
␴c ⫽ 0 (No compressive stresses)
In-plane: ␶ ⫽ 1669 psi
␶max ⫽ 5340 psi
Out-of-plane:
s1 s2 s1
t ⫽
or

t ⫽ ⫽ 5340 psi
2 2 2
⬖ ␶max ⫽ 5340 psi

Problem 8.5-20 For purposes of analysis, a segment of the crankshaft in y0

a vehicle is represented as shown in the figure. The load P equals 1.0 kN,
and the dimensions are b1 ⫽ 80 mm, b2 ⫽ 120 mm, and b3 ⫽ 40 mm. The b1 = 80 mm
diameter of the upper shaft is d ⫽ 20 mm.
(a) Determine the maximum tensile, compressive, and shear stresses B
at point A, which is located on the surface of the upper shaft at the z0 axis.
(b) Determine the maximum tensile, compressive, and shear stresses A
at point B, which is located on the surface of the shaft at the y0 axis. x0
z0

b2 = 120 mm

b3 = 40 mm
P = 1.0 kN

Solution 8.5-20 Part of a crankshaft

y0 DATA P ⫽ 1.0 kN d ⫽ 20 mm
b1 ⫽ 80 mm b2 ⫽ 120 mm
b3 ⫽ 40 mm
M

B REACTIONS AT THE SUPPORT

T
M ⫽ moment about the y0 axis
(M produces compression at point A and no stress at
A
V x0 point B)
M ⫽ P(b1 ⫹ b3) ⫽ 120 N ⴢ m
T ⫽ torque about the x0 axis
z0 (T produces shear stresses at points A and B)
T ⫽ Pb2 ⫽ 120 N ⴢ m
V ⫽ force directed along the z0 axis
(V produces shear stress at point B and no stress at
point A)
P V ⫽ P ⫽ 1000 N
 SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 545

MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA (b) STRESSES AT POINT B

␲d 4 ␴y
I⫽ ⫽ 7,854.0 mm4
64
Ip ⫽ 2I ⫽ 15,708.0 mm4 ␶xy

␲d 2 y O x0
A ⫽ ⫽ 314.16 mm2
4 ␴x
O x
z0
(a) STRESSES AT POINT A
␴y

␶xy
y y0
␴x ⫽ 0 ␴y ⫽ 0
O x ␴x x0
O Td 4V
txy ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ 76.394 MPa ⫺ 4.244 MPa
2Ip 3A
⫽ 72.15 MPa

MAXIMUM STRESSES AT POINT B

Element is in PURE SHEAR.
Md
sx ⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺152.79 MPa ␴1 ⫽ 72.2 MPa ␴2 ⫽ ⫺72.2 MPa
2I
␴y ⫽ 0 ␶max ⫽ 72.2 MPa
Td Max. tensile stress: ␴t ⫽ 72.2 MPa
txy ⫽ ⫽ 76.394 MPa
2Ip Max. compressive stress: ␴c ⫽ ⫺72.2 MPa
Max. shear stress: ␶max ⫽ 72.2 MPa
MAXIMUM STRESSES AT POINT A

B
sx ⫹ sy sx ⫺ sy 2 NOTE: Since the principal stresses have opposite
s1, 2 ⫽ ⫾ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy signs, the maximum in-plane shear stress is
2 2
larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear
⫽ ⫺76.40 MPa ⫾ 108.04 MPa stress.
␴1 ⫽ 31.64 MPa ␴2 ⫽ ⫺184.44 MPa

B
sx ⫺ sy 2
tmax ⫽ ¢ ≤ ⫹ t 2xy ⫽ 108.04 MPa
2
Max. tensile stress: ␴t ⫽ 32 MPa
Max. compressive stress: ␴c ⫽ ⫺184 MPa
Max. shear stress: ␶max ⫽ 108 MPa

NOTE: Since the principal stresses have opposite

signs, the maximum in-plane shear stress is
larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear
stress.