Mark Yr.

12

KEY TERMS

Topic 1: Project Management

Project management: planned, methodical, resources and tasks

Communication skills:
 Active listening
 Conflict resolution
 Interview Techniques
 Negotiation skills
 Team building

Team building skills and techniques:

 Forming
 Storming
 Norming
 Performing

Belbin Model: complimentary, work teams

Project Management Tools:

 Gantt Chart - schedule, tasks
 Journals and diaries - recording, completion, tasks
 Funding management plan - allocation, budget
 Communication management plan - Medium (platform), stakeholders

System Development Cycle:

Understanding the problem: Purpose, requirements, report, survey, interview, users,

participants

Systems Analyst: Analysing, existing, requirements, design new systems

Requirements prototype: Working model

Planning: Decide which solution, how developed and managed

Feasibility study: TOES

 Technical - Availability, Information and Technology

 Operational - work in practice
 Economic - Cost-benefit analysis, calculating, costs
 Schedule - completed on time

Development Approaches: COPTAP

 Customisation - specific needs/requirements, alterations
 Outsourcing - 3rd party, specialised skills
 Prototyping - verify and determine requirements
 Mark Yr. 12

 Traditional - structured, step by step

 Agile development - ad hoc, team development
 Participant development - end users/participants, develop

Designing: actual system, designed, built

Diagrams in designing:

 Context Diagram
 Data flow Diagram
 Data Dictionary
 Decision Tree and Decision Table
 Storyboards

Implementing: 4th stage, installed, commences

Implementation plan: participant training, method conversion, when system tested, data
conversion

4 methods of conversion

1. Direct conversion - straight to new

2. Pilot conversion - test
3. Parallel conversion - old and new period of time
4. Phased conversion - gradual

Implementation of training to users/participants

 Traditional group training sessions

 Online training such as tutorials and help systems
 Operation manual
 Peer training

Testing, Evaluating and Maintaining: 5th stage or final stage, continues through SDLC

Tasks

 Testing requirements
 Trialling operational manual
 Evaluation performance
 Review effect - users, participants and people
 Maintaining to meet requirements
 Modifying - problems identified

Acceptance Tests: formal test, determine - meets requirements

 Mark Yr. 12

Types of Tests

 Volume - large amounts of data

 Simulated - operational condition - many users, connections or different processes -
occurring different combination/same time
 Live - actual data, real conditions

Social and Ethical Issues include:

 Privacy
 Nature of employment
 Working conditions - ergonomics
 Deskilling
 Loss of social contact

Topic 2: Information Systems & Database Systems

Information Systems and Database: produce

information, end-users

Data: organised, stored and retrieved

Organising: prepare data, other info processes

Flat file Database: single table, single file,

attributes, records

Non-computer tools for flat file databases:

telephone books, card catalogues, reference
books, encyclopedias, recipe books

Relational Database: tables, records

Primary Key: uniquely identify record
Database Schema: modelling, relationships
Types of Relationships

 1 to 1
 1 to many
 Many to many: fixed through creating a joining table that has two 1 to many
relationships

Referential Integrity: match, primary key, another table

Normalisation: excludes redundant data

Redundant Data: unnecessary duplicate data

First Normal Form (FNF): splitting fields

 Mark Yr. 12

Second Normal Form (SNF): creating tables, removing redundant data

Hypertext: text, linked

Hypermedia: media, linked

Storyboard: organisation, screens and hypertext

Types of Navigation

 Linear
 Hierarchical
 Non-linear
 Composite

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML):

text file to display pages

Metadata: defines, describes, other

data

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs):

identify, files, internet

Magnetic Disks: spinning disks,

recording heads, magnetic film,
magnetic pattern, electromagnet

Magnet Tape: magnetised sequentially

Optical Storage: layer, pit and flat area, laser, photoelectric cell

RAID: striping, mirroring, RAID 1, RAID 0

Back Ups: copy files, separate location

Full Backup: all files

Incremental backup (partial): all files changed last partial

Differential backup (partial): all files changed last full

Search: look, locate required data

Sort: arrange, specified order

 Mark Yr. 12

SQL

SELECT (attributes to retrieve)

FROM (list of table names)
WHERE (search criteria)
ORDER BY (list of attributes)
QUERY BY EXAMPLE [QBE] (visual technique, specifying
database query)

Centralised Database: single database, single DBMS, all

users/client apps connect directly to DBMS

Distributed Database: connected databases, multiple

computers, appear as single database

Screen and Report Design Principles

 Consistency
 Grouping
 White Space
 Colours and Graphics
 Legibility of Text

Screen Design Principles: data, validation, effective prompts

Data validation: check, time of collection, reasonable, correct format

Issues: acknowledgement of data sources, access ownership and control, accuracy and
reliability of data

Data Warehouse: large separate copy, different databases, historical data

Data Mining: discovering non obvious patterns, large data

Online Analytical Processing: technique, decision makers, statistical evidence, past trends,
critical information visually online

Topic 3: Communication Systems

OSI levels

1. Application
2. Communication Control and Addressing
3. Transmission

Application layer: actual data, transmitted, software

Presentation layer: data recognised, subsequent transmission

Session layer: communication established, commences, maintained

 Mark Yr. 12

Transport layer: manages transmission, packet loss, retransmitted

Network Layer: packets directed destination, address forward destination

Data link layer: how transmission media shared, transmission hardware, size pockets, speed
transfer

Physical layer: physical transfer, hardware, converts bits signal, twisted pair, coaxial, optic

MAC Address: hardware address, uniquely identifies node

Header and Trailer: contain data relevant to layer

Protocol: rules procedures, two devices transfer efficiently successfully

How messages travel: ascend protocol stack | decoded receiver → protocol highest lowest -
examines, error checks, removes headers/trailers → next protocol similar process → arrives
destination.

Handshaking: negotiating, establishing rules, 2 or more devices

Application level protocol: http, smtp, ssl

Hypertext Transfer Protocol [http]: web browsers, communicate/retrieve web pages from
web servers.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol [SMTP]: relay emails sources to recipients mail server

Secure Sockets Layer [SSL]: encrypted transmission

Communication Control and addressing protocols: TCP IP

Transmission Control Protocol: ensuring messages delivered correctly. Requires IP

Internet Protocol: data packets move sender → receiver

Transmission Level Protocol: ethernet

Ethernet: built into hardware (transmit/receive)

Preamble: sequencing alternating 1s/0s synchronise phase, sender and receiver

Measurements of Speed

Bits per second - bits transferred second

Baud - signal events second or symbols per second
Bandwidth - difference highest lowest frequencies
 Mark Yr. 12

Error Checking Methods

 Parity bit - even or odd

 Checksum - adds all bits together, sum
 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) - value by division

Examples of communication systems

 Teleconferencing
 Message Systems
 Electronic Banking
 EFTPOS
 Internet Banking

Teleconferencing: multi location, multi person - audio, video - real time

Teleconferencing Hardware: conferencing phone, teleconferencing server

Teleconferencing steps → setup call on server → host pin → creation of Guest PIN →
participants enter conference

Messaging Systems

Telephone: voice travels via copper wire, public switched telephone network, microphone,
speaker

Voice Over Internet Protocol: voice over the internet

Email: envelope (info, transfer, message, destination) - contents (actual message) - SMTP
analyses envelope/contents, sender/receiver

Destination Fields: To: CC (Carbon Copy) BCC (Blind Carbon Copy)

To field: primary recipient
CC field: receive a copy, not primary recipient
BCC field: recipients receive, others cannot see email address

Electronic Commerce

Automatic Teller Machine: magnetic stripe reader, keypad

 Magnetic Stripe Reader: collects data, card, stripe

 Magnetic Stripe: data stored → account details
 Keypad: Pin number
 Display devices: screen, cash dispenser, receipt printer, speaker

Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale (EFTPOS): keypad, magnetic stripe reader

Internet Banking: transfer money internet

NETWORK COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS

 Mark Yr. 12

Server: processing services → clients

Clients: request service/waits response ← Server processes request

Authentication: process verify person

Physical Topology: actual connections, nodes, network

Logical Topology: signal transmitted between nodes

 Mark Yr. 12

ENCODING AND DECODING ANALOG & DIGITAL SIGNALS

NETWORK HARDWARE

Transmission Media

Wired:
 Twisted pair: twisted copper wire, plastic insulation, outer sheath
 Coaxial Cable: solid copper core, nylon insulator, aluminium foil wrap, braided
copper, plastic sheath
 Optic Fibre Cable: one or more optical fibres → waveguide containing
light waves, glass core, surrounded glass cladding

Wireless:
 Point to point Terrestrial Microwave: relay signals, large distances, direct sight
transmitter/receiver
 Satellite: microwaves signals, out of orbit
 Wireless LANs: microwave signals frequency 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
 Bluetooth: short-range transmission, 2.4 GHz frequency
 Infrared: frequencies above microwaves, direct line transmission
 Mobile (5G): mobile base station - PSTN (Internet), transmitter (phone) talks base
station

NETWORK CONNECTION DEVICES

 Network interface Cards (NIC): convert data - computer - transmission outside

 Repeater: receives signal, amplifies signal, repeats it across network
 Hub: receives packet, amplifies, retransmits all nodes
 Switch: intelligent hub, finds address, transmits to that node only
 Getaway: connects 2 networks together, can be different protocols, e.g., LAN to
internet
 Wireless Access Point (WAP): central nodes, transmit to all wireless nodes
 Modem: connects computer to internet Service Provider
 Modulation: encoding digital to analog wave
 Demodulation: decoding analog wave to digital signal
 Router: direct messages, efficient path

SERVER

 File server: manages storage and retrieval, client requests

 Print server: access to printers for clients
 Database server: runs Database Management System, executes SQL
 Mail server: host emails for clients, allows for email to be sent
 Web server: provides servers to web browsers, retrieves web pages - transmits web
pages to client
 Proxy server: sits between client and server, processes common requests to speed
up transmission
 Mark Yr. 12

NETWORK ADMINISTRATION TASKS

 Adding/Removing Users
 Assigning printers
 Assigning File Access Rights
 Directory Permissions
 File Permissions
 Installation of software

Issues related to Communication Systems

 Internet fraud
 Power and control
 Removal of physical boundaries - globalisation
 Interpersonal issues - social media
 Work and employment issues

Current and Emerging Technologies

 Blogs
 Wikis
 RSS Feeds
 Podcasts
 Online Radio, Video on demand (VOD) Netflix, streaming

Topic 4: Transaction Processing Systems

Transaction: multiple events all succeed/fail

Manual Transactions: Strict sequence events

Data verification: Checking data, matches source

Transaction Processing Monitor (TPM): software, manage/control transactions, multiple

databases/systems

Referential Integrity: Foreign key matches primary key another table

Data Validation: data entry, data reasonable- type/range

Data Integrity: how accurate data matches its source -validation, verification, ACID
properties

ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, isolation, durability

Atomicity: Transaction never incomplete e.g., ticket paid for but not reserved

Consistency: Data is not inconsistent e.g., reserved seats = issued tickets

Isolation: Transaction do not affect each other

 Mark Yr. 12

Durability: Result transaction are made permanent e.g., purchased ticket but system fails
(no ticket recorded)

Transaction log: Transactions recorded on log, once completed the transaction is either
committed or rolled back.

Real time (On-line) Transaction processing: complete transactions immediately they have
been initiated

Examples of Real Time Transaction System:

 Reservation Systems
 Point of Sale System
 Library Loan System

Batch Transactions Processing Systems: separates data collection from processing,

processing delayed.

Examples of Batch Transactions Systems:

 Cheque Clearance
 Generation of bills and invoices
 Credit Card Transactions

Backup and Recovery

Backup: copy, files, separate, secondary storage

Recovery: data restored

Full Backup: complete copy of all data

Partial Backups: incremental and differential

Incremental Backup: Partial backup, copy of data change since last backup, fats and less
storage

Differential Backup: Partial Backup, copy of data since last full backup, copies of data,
where archive bit = true

Transaction Log: details transactions made since log and data last backed up, real time
record transactions

Mirroring: writes all data to two or more secondary storage devices

Backup Media:

 Magnetic Tape
 Hard Disks
 Optical Media - CD/DVD
 Online Systems -Cloud storage - Dropbox/icloud
 Mark Yr. 12

Backup Procedures:

 Grandmother (monthly), Father (weekly), son (daily)

 Round Robin: Tapes labelled 1-5 Mon - Fri, once cycle finished starts from 1
 Tower of Hanoi- rotation based on Hanoi logical puzzle. Move disks from 1st to 3rd
pole

Collecting in Transaction Processing Systems

Collection Hardware:

 Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)

 RFID
 Barcode Readers
 Magnetic Stripe Readers

MICR: ink toner contains ferromagnetic material (can be magnetised) to print characters on
cheques. MICR line position across bottom of cheque. Technologies for MICR:
waveform/matrix readers.

RFID: identify individual articles sending data from tag - reader using radio waves

Barcode Readers: sequence parallel alternating black/white lines (varying thickness)

different bar patterns used to represent each character

Magnetic Stripes: store binary data magnetically E.g., credit cards

Collection of data from forms

Good form principles:

 Know who users are

 Identify precise nature of all data items collected
 Consistency other forms and applications
 Form = readable
 Include white space

Analysing data output from Transaction Processing Systems

 Data warehouse
 Management Information Systems
 Decision Support Systems

Data Warehouse: large database, store historical data - all operational databases. Source
data analysing trends, future predictions, business decisions

Data Mining: unintended patterns, non-obvious relationships data

Decision Support Systems: provide info/evidence support decisions. Solutions to problems

with evidence or probabilities to back up decisions.
 Mark Yr. 12

Management Information Systems (MIS): extract info to support day-to-day operations.

Reports statistical summaries (operational data) forms of tables.

Enterprise Systems: perform processes/maintain data = central/critical operation large

organisation.

OLAP: real time decision support system that analyses existing data to produce

OLTP: real time processing of transactions. Produces new/modified data as the transaction
is completed. The transaction data resulting from OLTP exported and recognised to form the
data cubes used by OLAP software.

ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS

 Changing Nature of Work

 Alternative non computer procedures
 Bias data collection
 Data security, integrity and quality issues
 Control and implications for participants

Changing Nature of Work: type job available, way work undertaken

Alternative non computer procedures: what to do when power is lost, fire, theft, comm
lines broken

Bias data collection: collecting all and correct information

Data security, integrity and quality issues: using passwords, backups copies, physical
barriers, anti virus software, firewalls, data encryption, audit trails

Control and implications for participants: reasonable monitoring of activities

Topic 5: Multimedia Systems

CHARACTERS OF EACH OF THE MEDIA TYPES

 Text and numbers

 Hyperlinks
 Audio
 Images
 Animation
 Video

Texts: sequence individual characters, characters = binary code (ASCII/unicode)

Numbers: represented binary, decimal → binary. Integers → binary, real numbers →

floating/fixed point, Boolean → single bit (True/False)
 Mark Yr. 12

Hyperlinks: HTML links → anchor tags <a href=linked doc or URL > and </a> The first part
links to a document or website, text or media that becomes the links

Audio: Sequencing sound samples, Sound sample = binary number = amplitude original
sound wave

Images: bitmap = represents pixel as binary number. Binary number = colour of pixel.
Vector images = shapes, shapes described mathematically. Description includes: fill colour,
line colour, line weight, specs shape, size, location. Stored binary.

Animation: sequence bitmap images, single file. Sequence images create illusion
movement

Video: sequence bitmap images with synchronised sample sound track. Compressed lossy
techniques.

Raster Fonts: bitmap each character

Outline Fonts: vector mathematical description shape of character

Lossless Compression: retains data from original

Lossy Compression: sacrifices some of the original data - reduce file size

MP3 audio format: compression removes parts of sound that won’t be heard by most
listeners

JPEG Compression: bitmap converted to brightness (Y) chrominance blue (Cb)

Chrominance red (Cr). Brightness more noticeable to human eye

Preparation of images for web:

 File Format
 Resolution
 Compression - speed of communication connection

HARDWARE FOR DISPLAYING AND CREATING MULTIMEDIA

Screens
 Video Cards (Displaying adapters)
 CRT Monitors (Cathode Ray Tube)
 LCD based monitors (Liquid Crystal Display)
 Plasma Screens
 Head Up Display (HUD)

Audio
 Sound Card
 Speaker
 Head-set - Virtual Reality
 Mark Yr. 12

SOFTWARE FOR CREATING AND DISPLAYING MULTIMEDIA

 Presentation Software
 Word Processors with sound and video
 Authoring Software
 Animation Software
 Web Browsers & HTML Editors

EXAMPLES OF MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS

 Education and Training

 Leisure and Entertainment
 Provision of information
 Virtual Reality and Simulation

OTHER INFORMATION PROCESSES WHEN DESIGNING SYSTEMS

Organising with Storyboards:

 Linear navigation
 Hierarchical navigation
 Non-linear navigation
 Composite navigation

Collecting:

 Scanner
 Digital Camera
 Microphone and Sound Card
 Video Camera

Storing:
Mark Yr. 12
 Mark Yr. 12

People in Multimedia

Content Providers: specialise provision media behalf copyright owners, maintain large
portfolios, work different creators/authors, negotiates contracts/licence fees use of content.

Systems Designers: control work stages SDLC, decide best solution, develop system

Project managers: control development process. Create project plan, ensure project is
completed with budget, on time, completion of tasks.

Technical Personnel: ensure final product will work with targeted hardware and software

Authors and Journalists: create text

Photographers: collect original photographic images

Graphic designers: illustrators and artist who create types of images

Musicians: create original music

Sound Engineers: record music/voice/special effects

Video and Film directors: manage/control artistic aspect video production

Camera Operators, audio/lightning personnel

Issues related to Multimedia Systems

 Copyright Issues
 Integrity of source of data

Current and emerging trends in multimedia systems

RSS Feeds/Podcasts: provider updates feed regular basis, subscribers devices

automatically updated