LANGUAGE SUMMARY - UNIT 7 SOCIETY AND YOU

ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION

7.1 RULES & BEHAVIOIR 7.2 BUREAUCRACY

BUREAUCRATIC PROCEDURES
SUFFIXES application for a driver’s license
PREFIXES
enrollment form
flexible formal complaint form
unacceptable
reliable job application
inappropriate
childish tax return
dishonest
foolish visa or passport application
immoral
helpful DOC. NEEDED FOR
irresponsible
careful PROCEDURES
unreasonable
careless A birth certificate.
inaccurate
useless An ID card
disrespectful
trustworthy A medical certificate
1 VOCABULARY illegal
noteworthy A passport
impolite
Proof of address
A resident’s certificate
7.3 COLLECTIVE NOUNS
(-) (too many) A swarm of ants, bees
(-) (group of criminals) A gang of teenage girls, criminals
(-) (rude and criminal behavior) A mob of shoppers, soccer fans, criminals,
protestors
(-) (rude and criminal behavior) A horde of shoppers, soccer fans, protestors
A crew of rescue workers, sailors
A herd of reindeers, cows
A pack of wolves, dogs
A flock of starlings, seagulls

7.1 PAST MODALS: SHOULD HAVE / COULD HAVE

SHOULD HAVE: to express REGRET or CRITICIZE
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
- I should have gone to their concert. I heard it was terrific.
- He should have worn a red tie, but he wore the blue one instead.

COULD HAVE: to express PAST POSSIBILITY

COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
- I couldn’t have traveled with them I had a lot work to do.
- John could have won the chest contest, but he refused to participate.

7.2 PAST MODALS OF SPECULATION AND DEDUCTION

MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE: you’re SURE SOMETHING HAPPENED.
- He must have found something.
- They must’ve liked my job application because I have an interview next week.
2 GRAMMAR COULD / MAY / MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE: something POSSIBLY
HAPPENED.
- He might have forgotten an important document.
- John could have left his phone at school.
- She may have tested positive for covid-19.

MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE: something POSSIBLY DIDN’T
HAPPEN.
- Juan wasn’t here for the exam. He may not have known about it.
- They failed the exam, so they might not have studied hard enough to pass it.

COULDN’T / CAN’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE: you’re SURE SOMETHING DIDN’T

HAPPEN.
- He couldn't have read the form carefully.
- I wasn’t home yesterday. I couldn’t have turned on that light!
- Luca couldn’t have gone to Chile. He told me he would stay for holidays.
 CRITICIZING
• I want to know what’s going on.
• The problem is that no one’s telling us anything.
• What are we supposed to do now?
• Do you have any idea how difficult that is?
• I’m afraid just isn’t enough!
• All I’m asking for is a flight back home.
• You should have better plans in place.
• This isn’t the first time it’s happened.
FUNCTIONAL RANKING ISSUES
3 LANGUAGE To say something is most important
• What concerns me most is…
• Surely the top priority has to be …
• So ______ is top of the list

• Something else that really bothers me is______

• We should focus on _______ more the _________
• Another thing people feel strongly about _____
To say something is less important
• I think it should go at the bottom of the list
• _______ and last ______

A MESSAGE BOARD
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS…TO REPLY TO A MESSAGE BOARD

1. I totally agree that…

4 WRITING BANK: 2. You shouldn’t generalize by saying that …
3. You’re assuming that…
4. Based on (young) people I know, …
5. We don’t know if …, but that’s missing a point.
6. …. but I have to say that for me, …