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Physical Addressing : Prapsical addy [tocol Addo / Ac adclu ant Ihe ume mec Address 9 Network Cond PY ca along with moran “Armand leo “cot” Re prasig a Who cand come into pidtira sokin Peis golly connected to» N/W A If oe wart bb charge address, 7 itl is ranged sah exes NSBOTS x Htocl * Mac address IS elt, ug pit size ee road rot platnla 4 wi remove 286, . argroved in ta, cand it and put it in aren Tren it will Aelory do it # ethernet port ard socal addows OH contains in he natok ead, grow cortrok Prd ara) | ies a” Fe ar e wh, nade at Whih we traremit’ /rasive js ota nok = Flow corbiol <> dota Flow control estes rat LLC & HAC “fotlons fr 2 ye ols ot of erults ard 769" 4 ard Lund Ave. dam auprat bit, . G mac is voy pope | y, won rrobe $2 control . a wits polp ag HAC protests #4800 = Transmitted | co 9 received (remaining are junk, ip an olbinnats mY (ait! Gert) + 4490 3 TAanemitled . jo i lata ig boot In an obtrak manne) 3 Wy? fet hagdy 64 Flow antiol | Spt Thy made af wAleh we trarami's i —_— Ce TT tN 8 ger etyy Oe quake eqypol Art sah Fs Fmp. Heke ne you x considir, en = selive at a Mate LSE han PR Ary Th tarrcli By ps Kigh, Xt car cary 4p spud tex Hina, m channels Bu rut he hehe | 2) Error Lortrol: ager all alove rs. . #keulved dala (Ll) au ppramed. Evver Hechin must Le don, . ; tears ou deck fr evere. Ty ever Far will Lrsutiicd dorom Physical Layer v 0 { dnp Fem 2 Ervon contd -mectanisms ea Parity Nexen Gillies Chickssun PAB Sat ay ¢ | a . “4 C8 Redundang Ls G longitudinal redundangy & Verfical psclundarcg back belie sucburntary chick bold by using any “ore of M7 trreirods, eens ome torsidvs sve an 8 Bit of data. Ald Ure above snher wontrol umabaniems trakal ud of enbia bre. Panity : 3E (frome) beri oom swe oF oD 11 11D] consider Mas dala. te Sransrttiid BV ootrtten Reclad datas " ee) ® at a -manimim of ony om oor obi fol evr can Le detictidhs . >) 4 oe ae # even in even m0. of placer, | be fh 100 byte > thoes entirely Gelling Aransmited) 3E, 5¢,24, 4%, 13,53... => pprames ° gE + | Bem x all frames ase addid ard 24t | tit checks —is-ebtainad ard Her | 134 we take 5 are 2/6 usmplerrent rT = checkssum Ak. thecksurm is ee rT x whn Pe Bot re 7eceivect Whe Ptaceivert alo, | je “ » ahOrg , with fhe | cpactourr 8 a ors rr ieted Roctiven adds | i, Votoct + take % : bssumn transi ond picived 7s compl” proslarn. 1h ret 9 entire lok geto “clubbed e onttre ptok itself retrol LRC) , pal _,2nclundarcy . : Longitude! rd patty 3E oon 111 oe oe 4) BF prot }100 48 . amy 24 oole hou o it 0001 ooo! it | LRC = 1010 | * yates pnfrrrPvstion, 1 LRC can be ard or QE GF ft poring voit panty (re ie pomiral 40 fave) - taduad 7 plod, itt each data . ard Valsdr warn Peek sour ber 7 ; | yoy, geasioee fron fre fech rigper. VRE, | ee coll ed . | |4 nyt Be or ol th OF cay panty) 24 ooo pol Ltbabea’t OO At oor veces 1010 207 gee nai i dara yortivadlly 907 My by i Boch ae a we dave anit (1 puta) ove fn cre rrast fl’ method ) ; ph funda entols 4 One i (practically wud (£7 parity ae ord on nod ald ro) _ | > CRC te he 4 | ta po. is bd 2 % fe yi ce chected for OO" yaw Cre CREIs = CRE 128 | => CAC 64 acirss—contyol- Bhock codes worn bth cdi ast alin uid fer Vian Vack of vitally te, annon cortiot blocks a rreeblly — prufponbls at Choutd be rroaring pod ond phoukd pe ja pomsral AZ, ord vary fo wre? : Heterogeneous Ni: untenonnredidsexden ert HA f Uhm Hormoganeous N/t): Pddal tp freee Access cortnol: ‘ * No. wf AYStarns art fart ard ae wonrsted swikh and in PO eo etl dae oo a aaa awttchs oenvet A 6 Ps etherrst cabte # Maough a porticutet cabel callid emenrel cable way AyStarr, IS connacld #2 gutter. 5 Ay communis aprralily Cut for wohat it puss FP cormmmunticatl | jks” inter med tote one qk with awith ? (wecant jks: an inter wd for forwvrdirg) cwity ja ret fie destination - 0 omen Ining 74 fre des fination . to 3AN SO Linke Earns SP * Penven fw Ley B A Bah ses ‘“ 8 c 2 wiox 4 Zz g row wrsidin oyster B warts fy communicals ae To prwand Tie packet gomed by syste Bx ws he Linls. c to Sw Links system ae 2 packet fom @ is forwarded it 8 forenrded te sowor Uprka » for owt is forled zo Swe Links 9 from gonvon ik » for Ohe ik from A #4 = | a rmabirg Im LEnK ; 4, | ay Ks availabe ie alld access: control, wh prkits oe aud to lestfrotlor a. iy is called access coxbrol from Binks te wt i callid a pth. prwad tre ~— data pak » fue berks has #0 Le This we called aceet 40 : | exenged repens 2 Me | control : | ee 21106-2023 Job Tutontal 4 - “C teen] » [pon $y 2 usd in wirebws | | + igontig 9 mis command | ps used in Linum | x 5 Met Jane configured inary jin bors of ubvorKs antol cont of 7pm | tpantig de given > fpva, » pve, cepealt gory 9 Ie wadAT ta dosit (old) ” (uatut la A PASE. porate details 3) A 2yeten, vif w old: Ipvy 952 bit Ai (dotted dairaed natetior) cecirral ) rae 9 lott: ipys 4 28 bit, (bene * fs, ore stile foblen ipry sadebnats peer \ a mal ae OS nrruniests wilh gual, workd Enteral) Boh Pl corn? A difaust gateway: seit , Gen: router . ASME AS ios auuhentuas k fpeonfig/oll to see mort Inforrnetion a 5 oh Pe ‘nae os i (oeongty MT acbratt asso. 5 ; * Physical addy 2 MAC SO (adja Ace __ = Gath Hw sb port will pave F jackie" ve eet unig given i ‘dae: tae [eS he Elbe Caen “gach oppard 8 Se gop $h 2020 gen ee Hp &. puel gh t Yor wa Sram MS vay eee are hve Pom ipedumnk, ard ' dviiveds’ tpa(Local ) #7" Vom, To do mis we nud the process called Subnet Aitiart fp ods rit a erp» until frat ire OF pe wont A ip adh giver fret = cach wyste will tave (nei 00? *HpC addus Lb untye 67 fe peteoor Pre 2 ips ey bash vehi fer HEE aa Shoukd Tack ot fiittly + ‘p< “done. A bad pee oT, gare : @% worn rot ‘witg pg ceelton : parreved and = assign Ke adi night dees 74) fe om (nebor Pirin ache Trdeiret . : 9 fon detecting on a tort Fry it of raighvours z Ping et i and Leclleavabt a Te” Roe =e. ! rman rirArnl it should path a ae pil ee me Oe te geheead a ine delayed fr Hime, (rer fous ae ee go we p tRern (ihey got abotished) ] ” 9 Based on. TTL tous thy wo for emergirny OM wa yo check Conneduvity bho sour and 7 pny ot varias ringtone itplaged sail ping wt google com = pag -t plig ™ apedfied host urttl skppel ix gout art It ib wihol c 92 come sping wh f0'3, echo ripest om aet) urd 14 gatas stopped» : oe aT Yioe for normal onus it 4s net Ping fara sop contol +6 °. G aftr ti will appeo” fo onlig 6 we can fave b¢ for wslg Zp ply -4 => for sing Ivy Traceroute 2 ¢ * To tau! m™ pes who [he dfinakion 4 op ib command xecchis fe ‘pracent snawsd ‘spagewm . . Hu taken for 20d it on Pt fohirg S ~* Rogpest Tired ont mone prime [pecausl B por goo oo gp [uedrelen Us oberg? iow compra io wireel) don wite kbp % 3 praut 9 fase tee caleulatic ps a7 pocksts garth - fre data — rake ord 12 G> >4 pe cart calculate or rranipubote tr puts ote Lecaue —rativork paid, veodld ae 7 pw b steady put Or cabewlete 30 Keps ovr rartmum % 32 : & G we can alto chargt 2 pumping alte com xe -y FP taws only path fren spurt gos ibn a sy hime telin & rtach each tinradicts ard m0 % pockets Antived Afr eh lp pretcl delay, po.c pocbibs recaived auill be ciphep stencil 3 will pot work ty Lien @In tnun 9 tre fy 30.05.2023 ad - wh Gat Nin mee SLL S . spAccets control se prevents dab collision ater af 2 ie bptig fn Fonrel 7 nud of data Dransrnission 4p tia channel bo the sever 9 canned acs sractanism . cai 3 To aved dea @Ulision (er) carn aces Fethnigus ) ALOHA ARPBNET 6 pe P wets 3 2) COMA g cmMAscs # eer uwirad Nokwork 4 ay 2) temajeaa $F wirle Mibrk put ALOHA + Ho Giga 187. fn too lt a, wll ye yeeired , orn = 7 2 h Te | Ts 43-7 anon Oe ; m a ‘ wha ie . & cloted ALOHA: 3 officiony aby. $ ; o ee © coma 3 Channd dence Mulblipl, Ace ye A Ny CSHAO » esMAL site Link ty Satan wired alioags = a spliing > tee ah’ Atnards fyiam bai a Ord Ab pom avin wer aytlen and pointy | aplicirg ae re don Avil the Delp of BNC cormecton. Thar | ae Aoand called Tranatver boand (rr+kn) will bea packbone cable ahnned fg all ty azstero The un under — He corlrod of tytn but | proromisslon open Ap al fe neceiving — fe sod. War nectivirg it de Lagstem Th the Pectiving, addrws prakchus (4 nyster. Lit takes ft. Flu, LU heave it. 6 Wain system — brrancrnit only at a him. This can Lt orgonized pith He Teanonetver dround, whith act as Aenso7t on an pransrit Alp 26 sv ov bipoten igo * “sv whip fie Aeneon — aunsos ht Aigral un Backlont as: € pranamiAston ov — tlk =7 open for oun ae tie 4 alnaly trarammittig somelAl - bogico spchesk me ahh PTL TG RYT SY ae yee idle. . => man 7-8V when He canntl jd, All fre Fay m me Mision . system stant aus 2 is Mads @ When trou ss collision , Jit wilt he anouwrd 75. Thue packets — wail be chopped A CSHA Jeo (ssma [collision batichs n) .enporential Lack off. abperi'tom Gnardemly “dom welu. js loaded fo tine ) Sensing The \ chan nah »- S-°\ 3) found & Be Yelk gardomly Loaded # 3) stant me hiner ee ewe must adisign Mm Rardom valu guwral propor y two brody should it abl to pradict ix prltenn. Th Aucess Lies pty — wilh seneleg . Colliblor ous 4 1, wan fe system ge amt Pune? . NOTE Wh it is wireless soe must Bae packs properly. Encuy pt ut prop [Rxbisn yitp network anyon car pefore carditg enaur ortiogoral Agoritare checked (orinogerality 4 maintained 7 7 check Mu direction ay — drongmiasion aiff fpor liackin ef tranemiaion gy mun 4 ofp « 9 Netoo layer ) Logical ad dso 2) Ro DIP segmentation (ig be networé +? Nove? one notuorh —- InbranebiorrKing bert withsn Indornetworstry x frtanrat Analogy: ca» oll no =» valid Pr van =Mmac™ adalruss wr 18 when w04 goto = moo adbest Offer xcoblege Se apale ae raticort obit Croll v0 + hy rare) \ xp adel Pay Loptal address / Grlotal Bs a as addr | trtrut protocol addvuss 7 fintiting is Plobally sundsnstood . Ubirg (ats onty to wie Fe procers called Routing Aw yous» ale wwe pert blag onty aut tching until, mis tn Laws router ppreurt i edt rf and 2 9.07. 2023 A patwork Loe 7 70% roar) tig bergsee lias pl De ae ge pach, * packet 2 junk of od ae 4 Pebtination f gemrals. data pewive fhe, alate paca “packets gah Packets , enamples: data packets — (igh volurns ) control packets (citar ton 2» 2"3 dyts) Seed sore acknowledge rant we ard we didXt send " a Taansmittr aera oO RR? RTS eequusk to sera) and = Cte (Akos ed gerert 2 Reeve pads a . for confirmation fen Te to ex 2 PER BIE tg # port > Handucat peceives / transmits poids fo: bits 9 signal wn + toffs >» Mormon EF a marrony daeabion (6) ufgen amp 2 rane Seip ta state ae ee Ms pehy changed « 3 BTR +s ready nent wns Anarsfit b dala packets oH dauud on type => Alze of deta tn Limited | Acordlig’ tue dusp ma Alzt or) part fo proctor edge putes aru present. |e NWL 3 wmes frto picltvu whin source — sat 40m 7 eee cas and dest'nattin A at = soma Offun rete | > besfipalion a core njw 3 conrad roa retiorri ushat wre nfw consists of, Y Routers ~ gor noubry iy qecteays > Pe eptn/ clase he gate (rectly opsn) wy Abs arunit “Po tase. Daly soltcher = Rout forwarding of packets 40 fhe dat aten Nw “on powards ke deshration petwork Beilin dizectly on Ly Pepbig no. of Fras poauliy 9 ret pp m peal phostiration Pisalf, (reali * re edye routes =» permission for the packets to pa 4 or go oud. (edge of some rw iv ds preset) Y 4 10 at me edge 9 Fron Ft ts a full wore Ni nea i SMe ae Hehe raat 5 _——— A lie cg at te ee aberilam, well | polit me seul Lf (Duin, ae) domed 20 dransfen m one iw td ee Te path ig “soled fy noutes en 48 made by Niw fayer @ HL 4 gersnates Mie Links . [40 give tin ard tp abel! NTE: where pack is tnaromittedd ‘pet fre aout T cordaird easton acl pasytend * Palylead vactial Inf, wm te Btansmities aoa aceee aae : Aaador gives aU He factliatiry details ™ penden contains: Yaoure addsess 2) destination, adolvwss 3) Protocol tyPe [Vensiors a) Phags Flag 9 Control faq. ° i Ctateys #9. , oats flay eet Ly ™ indication oy 4 ell Urduvotand yy with tat indication PU conbiol actions « cortrol flag gre? corditioral Atat (corti0f opatalien, ») dar 44 carn plso be used! for control ¢ statis ao. . Duthil wore ustitrg, -0e cart ntad. ‘es Soy means of vaistif° Sflerg see avotd it oot portioaton ocala n +8 abuady cmoaplon flag ® pratsed Pr LLboge . (4629 vrpart » giving HE aghast Plenty () at sent) x Routln 3 opens Ate Aoaden , check adolness» bg (priority) , phlotoeal,ypS (visions. tert iy een : 4 posed on me Atador tho which pou bet 0 checked ard Ansar beak; daly should be zw) (a tocughpt thee PS |e ; * chogan xoute if ausipred fo packets a ia rt fo Wak poutin arcl 40 OM Pn (his Way hops 250 fesig made . , » wie * while ~Aops pryboads avert optred: only hooker ‘. fo opened . 4) Taartport fayor - Je is rraark fon and te ard communi elie soon Ly (ie iy) be , ) patio ee) YY (ae Bowt = * prom cau to ER => BLL Ee fo blten ER =) Nie ER dutvation = pie (oyptem) eramplt: gtour opp. art, dewleadig irritates yon Gf UY dutrabbrs. ans at [pectic >) edge atta 9 oky Mrrsiugh we fay route daeidis for wie fia prouss Be @ tow edge Je smodey — S2Mice port addrts each opplicabiin wilh pave et or - addrit, afer poackig fis anltg ee poy port duration se van fd por Lstich epplicabion BA dors. gin trarapert lage: oles type rgrarcs [Anaghrart Ca 0 % pachals wu sod form fo rade segratt 3 fou rary no. of packets b uP ab Unit (Iu) siz® age) pani Trans few pockets ass rsseing diff Atonogeses Nba MTU sla» “% & rebicorrk braraglg proed yy 0 wasted 7, soil) sphit [rs pegmat/sigrat z Ala , ra & In bole we've wpy add porch 2 pathils Wis ex Imp b Mas Js called Lo Beypar Numb ati pp gan Ay fe source da — ae se the MTU Aire whan Ft ls walle Ahit fie frogrearHd. Ty it cueyes tetra he aple't pete, ae = ae ee Lob tutoniol oe as pitnshank + refuprh analyz 3 pada anole” a pack soptusirg food. Gniffirg) . / in.sttun « Application a @-7 O8E bayw- jeal Aa er. THe worakevern = werd emvccutting wirestark fool capris bits [packs in Phar? ped con aveidolrts Weve fo home hem. : hinds aB ait glitches ant mary — intenfour Jo en ee Cad | jn chia ee Als fo Aref doula elichig ™ wtf 7°" can capture Hs puchele byindow corsists r a a pockit hist wall packets are Listed dated ee a ditail Virceptr detorl * Lyte 3 apts a pis and converts it to Lyte . Fre poem Lyfe pn Packt List suircows. 5 Sours, destirakion ip YA pee = Tp mast proncol oy displayed dig hk wd ye 2 spots chicky» porfiuslan packet awe ar aralye (arn dataits an sun in, packt etoile protec! 4saders ard not data. a atrilpalh (Rese one , TP ve Yps ou pres . so many details in it. port addres ‘destination Port , flags. tonathiyy, 2D engard — ethenrel F oad pak EGY enow & batirelian carn eh nop ay py aadlin bos 904 envauy cet % fo TP, we addyuss , counce pord , tock fog sures port YS No , acknowlad grant re, headen Lerylh, BOTS FUT OM COSTT RRM aN dalthtid 4 swe ap ewn — fedden Some neg pribets To top eft we car save — fot fallou pugademos , Uesaved as pe Pop» we can alto gnport ped Aed pockets (desple ed captured ) 9 before savirg awe've to Avop ne pitt B chek me nor faces aiatlalle oof fo choose shun Caphert =» options Into fretd AN een ue can ever charge ta Inlinfowt out @ 9 Sakistics ov proteod Alenancty , 2 porert packets ant seen. 7 Slayers com Le seen OVO) (sormetins wort) Ostat apko srakivn => (Run files eo S eycemmond prompl 9 pig 8 cpuactalede — clestt fits Swim tarp: . oS pw wit AP Ap Bpwoad, tans onepie by forego Phe ping © FRPHAEM \ross a Luli n Pro tocol by ARP pdolus Rete ; of Ie dedynakton | ato nesolve MAC adobeett di — ¢ with es hlp system coms knw ap -« 9 displey! ree orp table wacko HA NS a ee Types Static ot ely namic 9 dyramic 1 ie om Bhat lees proto, | gukinaron 0 pir a7 eakinewon aalelruss, fan arp My hs ut ard Steply as poet ved | 2) suppose if Hows po Mak adblness a hg Se x press fen temp as krough. Vv 2 nasa na for request Amd out Hed out (0) vut ros sneply tee arp, seqeect my 5 BW, 7 yiltn ot in wisespard 9 Ip AE >= 192689, 530 i au packets relitid dO fey i : | pe displayeg. i #4n the samt — Way , ammard prompt = pig -4 goryle vor taht Ihe oltsti ration addrws Ip. dst ex 172.217. 163.174 + filtn od feo protools yar || ianp Lorn of oil eds plaged | Attp a. git very fret one pa bey 1 pochtt ) hast preld , connediion => fird he aignifian hetero coir requesting vill Lt how version of AP ig at sii by dd parity oe eter checkesurr ( " pent Wook es i ae aig [ ] VRC | cre J pit gin? any om cmeltod Po chosen. of hits 1h ertuud > ofp is Ber

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