NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

SIMULATION REPORT ON
DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
USING OP-AMP

BY
REVANTH.S(107120100)
SAIBALAJI.E.L(107120104)
S.No CONTENT
1. Aim
2. Software used
3. Design and Circuit Diagram
4. Procedure
5. Simulation
6. Inference
AIM:
To control the speed of the motor using Op-amps.

SOFTWARE USED:
Proteus Professional

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:
Op-amps are used to control the speed of the DC motor using two methods:
variable switching frequency and variable pulse width modulation (PWM). This circuit
has an advantage over a normal motor speed controller using 555 timer IC. It protects
MOSFETs from short-circuits.
STEPS:

• We will first produce square wave pulses of a particular frequency i.e. switching
frequency.
• We will create PWM pulses of the required width in the second stage. The pulse
width will be modified to regulate the length of time for which the motor will be
ON, resulting in variable speed control.
• Finally, we initiate motor actuation.
The speed controller circuit of DC motor consists of square wave oscillator,
variable pulse generator, pulse width modulator and power supply using
fixed voltage regulator.
COMPARATOR:
In this DC motor speed controller, the LM339 comparator IC will be used, which
contains four independent voltage comparators, out of this we are using two
comparators.

Since we need to generate multiple oscillating signals or execute many simultaneous

comparator operations with a short response time, the LM339 is a good choice. A
voltage comparator determines the difference between two input voltages and simply
outputs a positive or negative saturation limit.
COMPARATOR AS A SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATOR:

The frequency of the oscillator is determined by the RC(VR14 and C1) time
constant(will be discussed later in the design part), where the total hysteresis of the loop
is set by voltage divider resistors R2, R3, and positive feedback resistor R5. Initially, the
output of the oscillator is high then the capacitor starts to charge through the negative
feedback resistor R12. Resistor R11 is a pull-up resistor and is used to ensure the output
voltage will go all the way up to +Vcc in the high state. This resistor also avoids
crossover distortion in the output waveform. While choosing this resistor, its value must
be very low.

CALCULATIONS:

When the voltage of capacitor C1 reached V+, the output of the

comparator switched to ground (0V). After that, the capacitor starts to discharge till the
voltage of the capacitor reached half of V+ through the same resistor (R12). After that
output of the comparator switch to +Vcc and as a result capacitor start to charge. This
process is continuous.

This is the expression of the charging time period of capacitor C1. The charging time and
discharging time of capacitor C1 are the same.
The total time period is the sum of the charging time and discharging time of capacitor C1.
VARIABLE PULSE GENERATOR:

A variable resistor of 100K is connected in series with a 10K resistor. These

two series resistor network is connected in parallel to negative feedback resistor R12.
Condition 1: When wiper of variable resistor at minimum side
Condition 2: When wiper of variable resistor at maximum side

Thus, by adjusting variable resistor one can achieve any output frequency
between 870Hz and 7.4 kHz.
The rate at which the PWM pulse is triggered is determined by the Operating
Frequency (F) that was calculated (rising edge of pulse). As a result, the greater the
square wave operating frequency, the faster the pulse production process, which
ultimately affects the motor speed.

COMPARATOR AS A PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR:

Here we employ a second voltage comparator from the LM339 IC as a pulse
width modulator. An adjustable reference voltage (Vref) is given to the non-inverting
input(+) of the comparator using resistors R10, VR15, and R6. In contrast, the output
from the preceding comparator is sent to the inverting input(-). The Vref voltage ranges
from around 1.834V to 10.16V, depending on the 12V power supply and voltage
divider acting on non-inverting input(+) of the IC. This means that if Vref is close to
10V, the pulse width is near 50%, and if Vref is close to 2V, the pulse width is near 15%
of the Time Period. Hence, adjusting the Vref causes Pulse Width Modulation, which in
turn determines the motor speed.
MOTOR SWITCHING PROCESS:
The inverting input(-) of the IC comparator is fed with a square wave signal
of the required frequency, generated by IC1:B. The non-inverting input(+) of IC is
allocated with a fixed reference voltage. The output of the IC1 comparator is fed into a
combination of two transistors BC557 (PNP) and BC547 (NPN).
As a result, anytime the potential difference (Vd) between the inputs of IC1
becomes negative, the comparator output changed to a logic LOW, activating the PNP
transistor while turning off the NPN transistor. This gives the MOSFETs (i.e.Q1, Q2)
enough gate potential, completing the circuit path for motor control. When the potential
difference (Vd) between the inputs of IC1 becomes positive, the comparator output
generates logic HIGH, activating the NPN transistor while switching off the PNP transistor.
As a result, the MOSFETs (i.e.Q1, Q2) remain turned off, preventing the motor from
turning on. In this way, speed control of the DC motor can be achieved with variable
frequency and variable PWM method. The Resistor R16 and Capacitor C5 act as snubber
circuits and protect the circuit from the back EMF of the motor.
POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT:
DC Power supply between 14V and 30V according to the motor power supply
is connected to the input pin. This supply is further converted into +12V using a fixed
voltage regulator IC for the control circuit.

SIMULATION:
OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCE:
When the slider is towards the least resistance side, it increases the speed of the motor.

When the slider is towards the highest resistance side, it decreases the speed of the
motor.

Thus, simulation of Speed control of DC motor using op-amp has been performed.