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24 A CONCISE GUIDE TO IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING

to solve problems so that they can both teach themselves and construct a
new understanding of the material. By being challenged and actively grap-
pling with the subject, students learn more deeply (see Principle 1: Desirable
Difficulties Increase Long-Term Retention, p. 5). Recent research indicates
that the benefits of using interactive engagement strategies are considerable.
Hake (1998) found that test scores evaluating conceptual understanding
were almost twice as high for students in classes that used engaged learning
methods than for those in traditional classes. Prince (2004) concluded that
the “magnitude of improvements resulting from active-engagement meth-
ods” (p. 28) is significant. In addition, Brewer and Burgess (2005) found that
students are more motivated to attend classes when active-learning strategies
are used as opposed to classes that are solely lecture based.
In the last few decades, educators have become aware of many active-
learning strategies (e.g., role playing, group work). It is important to remem-
ber, however, that active learning can be defined as “any instructional method
that engages students in the learning process” (Prince, 2004, p. 28). That
means that tried and true methods such as asking questions, taking notes,
drawing, writing, and testing are actively engaging students. Indeed, using
several of these methods to teach the same material activates different areas
of the brain, giving students the opportunity to learn more deeply (Nilson,
2010).
One of the keys to engaged learning is to help students realize they
are not solely looking for an answer but instead are discovering a process.
Discovery occurs when learners act and take control of their own learning.
Initially, this process may feel uncomfortable to some students. To address
possible student resistance, instructors are encouraged to make their goals
for using active-learning strategies explicit. When students understand that
instructors value both process and product, they may be more comfortable
exploring and executing new ideas.

Annotated Research Studies


Hake, R. (1998). Interactive-engagement vs. traditional methods: A six-thousand-
student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. American
Journal of Physics, 66(1), 64–74. doi:10.1119/1.18809
Pre- and posttest data for more than 6,000 students in introductory physics
courses were analyzed. Students in classes where engaged learning techniques
were used scored twice as high on tests measuring concepts than those in
traditional classes.
Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: Vol. 2. A third
decade of research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

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