TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CABLE SIZING

2. AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER SIZING

3. EMERGENCY DIESEL GENERATOR SIZING

4. CT AND PT SIZING

5. EARTHING CALCULATION

6. LIGHTNING MAST CALCULATION

 CABLE SIZING

The cable that is used for the transmission and distribution of electrical power is known as the
electrical power cable. It is used for the transmission of high voltages in places where overhead
lines are impractical to use.

The power cable is made of three main components, namely, conductor, dielectric, and sheath.
The conducting path for the current in the cable is provided by the conductor. The insulation
or dielectric withstands the service voltage and isolates the live conductor with other objects.
The sheath does not allow the moistures to enter and protects the cables from all external
influences like chemical or electrochemical attacks and fire.

Types of Cable Sizing

1. Based on Breaker Rating
2. Based on Load Rating
Based on Breaker Rating
This is calculation used for breaker to breaker connection circuits and if there is any future load
is going to be connected in the switchgear means this calculation method has been used.
Based on Load Rating
This calculation mainly used to calculate the cable sizes which provides the power to the
equipment.
Calculation:
Load Current = P / (1.732 x V x Pf x Eff)
Whereas,
P – Power
V – Volts
Pf – Power Factor
Eff – Efficiency
Derating Factor = K1xK2xK3xK4xK5xK6xK6xK7
Whereas,
K1 - Temperature Correction Factor
K2 - Ground Temperature Correction Factor
K3 - Thermal Resistance Correction Factor
K4 - Soil Correction Factor
K5 - Cable depth Correction Factor
K6 - Cable distance Factor
K7 - Cable Grouping Factor

Cable Amps = Derating Factor x Current Carrying Capability of the cable

Voltage Drop % of the cable = √3x I x(R cos Ꝋ + j sin Ꝋ) x Cable length x 100)/(Volts x No
of run x 1000)
Voltage drop %< Allowable Voltage drop percentage
Short circuit withstand capability
A= √(i2xt)/k
Whereas
I – Prospective short circuit current
T – Duration of short circuit current
K – Short Circuit Temperature Rise constant.

Exercise:
1. Cable Sizing and selection based on load.
2. Cable schedule preparation for ACDB.
 AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER SIZING
Auxiliary transformers are used for lighting purposes, heating the train wagons or for
producing single-phase auxiliary for the safety systems supply or the substation's own supply.

Total load connected to the Auxiliary Transformer = Maximum Load (kW) x Diversity Factor
KVA = kW/Power factor
Oil Filtration socket load = kW/Power Factor
Total load connected = Maximum load KVA+ Oil filtration Socket load
Criteria For size selection:
The simultaneous peak load excluding oil treatment filtration is < 80% of total capacity.

Exercise:
1. Auxiliary Power Transformer Sizing
2. MCC Transformer Sizing
 EMERGENCY DIESEL GENERATOR SIZING
An emergency diesel generator supplies electrical power to a facility during a blackout (loss of
power). The emergency generator bus bar is typically isolated from the main bus. Power is
distributed to electrical loads that are classified as 'critical' for plant operations.

DG Selection Details :

Total Calculated LV System Load = Emergency Load in kW

Assumed p.f. = 0.8
The Continuous Emergency load on DG Set (Pl) = Emergency Load /PF kVA

Blower Motor load = Motor Load kW

Motor Voltage Rating (VL ) = LV voltage V
Power factor = 0.80
Efficiency = 0.90
Continuous Load of the largest motor (Ml) = kW/ (PF x Efficiency) kVA

Base Load (excluding the above motor) = Pl-Ml

Starting kVA of motor
Rated Power∗ 1000
Full load current of motor (IFL) = √3 ∗PF∗ɳ∗VL

Starting current of motor Ist = Starting Current *IFL

Starting kVA of largest motor = √3* VL*Ist / 1000

Total starting kVA required = Starting KVA kVA

DG set has 150% short time capacity as per clause no 9.3.2 of IEC 60034-1 Based on the above
short time capacity of 500kVA DG set (Starting KVA*1.5)

Breaker Selection Details:

DG set Rating = Selected DG Rating in kVA

Total load current = KVA/ (1.732*VL) A

Proposed Continuous Current Rating of ACB > Total Load current

 CT AND VT SIZING CALCULATION
Voltage Transformer:
The transformer used to measure high-voltage is called a voltage transformer, also commonly
called a potential transformer.

Material of the cable = Cu/Al

Total Lead Resistance = Lead Length X Lead resistance per Meter
Determination of VT parameters
Total connected burden in the substation = Equipment Burden x No of devices
Lead Burden = (Burden on Winding)^2 x Lead resistance /(VT
secondary phase voltage)^2
Total Burden = Lead Burden x Burden on winding
Total VA calculation : VT burden calculated < VT burden of the device.

Current Transformer:
A Current Transformer (CT) is used to measure the current of another circuit. CTs are used
worldwide to monitor high-voltage lines across national power grids. A CT is designed to
produce an alternating current in its secondary winding that is proportional to the current that
it is measuring in its primary.
Current Transformer Lead Resistance Calculation:

The Resistance of the Conductor per unit Length =

RL = Lead wire resistance

R20 = CT lead resistance per unit length
L = total length of the CT lead wires
α = Temperature coefficient of Resistance of copper conductor at inferred absolute
zero of temperature (α = 1/234.5)
T = Final temperature of the wire (T=75deg)
RET670

Page 39 of 58
Page 40 of 58
 7UT85
Technical Data
12.1 General Device Data

12.1 General Device Data

12.1.1 Analog Inputs

Current Inputs

All current, voltage, and power data are specified as RMS values.
Rated frequency frated 50 Hz, 60 Hz
Protection-class current trans- Rated current Irated Measuring range of Measuring range of the
formers the modular devices non-modular devices
5A 0 A to 500 A 0 A to 250 A
1A 0 A to 100 A 0 A to 50 A
Instrument transformers 5A 0 A to 8 A 0 A to 8 A
1A 0 A to 1.6 A 0 A to 1.6 A
Burden for rated current Approx. 0.1 VA
Thermal rating 20 A continuously
(protection and instrument trans- 25 A for 3 min
formers) 30 A for 2 min
150 A for 10 s
500 A for 1 s
Dynamic load-carrying capacity 1250 A one half wave

GIS Low-Power Current Input (via Module IO240)

All current, voltage, and power data are specified as RMS values.
Rated frequency frated 50 Hz, 60 Hz
GIS-LPCT input Primary rated current Irated Measuring range
Kr ⋅ GIS-LPCT secondary rated value Kpcr = 50 (protection channel)
Kr = Transformation ratio of the Kpcr = 1.6 (measuring channel)
GIS-LPCT (DIGSI setting)
Refer to the GIS manual for the GIS-
LPCT secondary rated value.
Power consumption per current Max. 40 mVA
circuit at rated current Burden = 9.5 kΩ
Thermal rating Max. input voltage = 20 V
Accuracy Class 5TPE (protection channel)
Class 0.2S (measuring channel)

Voltage Input

All current, voltage, and power data are specified as RMS values.
Rated frequency frated 50 Hz, 60 Hz
Input and output modules IO102, IO202, IO208, IO211, IO215
IO214
Measuring range 0 V to 200 V 0 V to 7.07 V
Burden < 0.1 VA < 0.01 VA
Thermal rating 230 V continuously 20 V continuously

2122 SIPROTEC 5, Transformer Differential Protection, Manual

Page 41 of 58 C53000-G5040-C016-H, Edition 08.2022
 Appendix
A.8 Requirements for Current Transformers

A.8 Requirements for Current Transformers

The protection functions require current transformers that are dimensioned properly. This section describes
the characteristics required for the dimensioning of the current transformer. The specified rules pertaining to
dimensioning apply the definition of a protection current transformer from IEC 61869-2 (previ-
ously IEC 60044-1 and IEC 60044-6) as well as IEC TR 61869-100. Dimensioning according to ANSI C57.13 is
also described.

Current Transformers

Parameter Description
ALF Accuracy limit factor
ALF' Operational accuracy limit factor
The operational accuracy limit factor is derived from the connected burden Rbc:

Rct Secondary winding resistance; corrected to 75 °C or another temperature as per the

specification
Rb Rated resistive burden
Rbc Connected resistive operating burden
Sr Rated power
KSSC Rated symmetrical short-circuit current factor

Ipsc Rated primary short-circuit current

Ipr Rated primary current
Isr Rated secondary current
Ktd Transient dimensioning factor
Ek Rated knee-point EMF
Vtc Current terminal voltage with 20-fold rated current and connected burden Rbc
(ANSI C57.13)

Protected Object

Parameter Description
ISC Int Maximum symmetrical short-circuit current in the event of an internal fault
ISC Ext Maximum symmetrical short-circuit current in the event of an external fault (a fault
current flowing through)
IrTr Rated current of the transformer
vsc Short-circuit voltage of the transformer
IrG Rated current of the generator
x"d Sat Saturated direct-axis synchronous reactance of the generator
IrM Rated current of the motor
IAM Motor starting current
IAM trans Max. motor starting current (transient starting current after starting from a standstill)

SIPROTEC 5, Transformer Differential Protection, Manual 2359

C53000-G5040-C016-H, Edition 08.2022 Page 42 of 58
Appendix
A.8 Requirements for Current Transformers

You can find detailed descriptions in the following sections:

• Current transformer requirements for transformer differential protection,

(Requirements for Transformer Differential Protection to Dimension the Phase and Neutral-Point Current
Transformers, Page 2360)

• Current transformer requirements for generator differential protection,

(Requirements for the Generator Differential Protection to Dimension the Phase Current Transformers,
Page 2364)

• Current transformer requirements for motor differential protection,

(Requirements for Motor Differential Protection for Dimensioning the Phase Current Transformers ,
Page 2367)

• Requirements for the core balance current transformer,

(Requirements for the Core Balance Current Transformer for Sensitive Ground-Fault Detection,
Page 2370)

Requirements for Transformer Differential Protection to Dimension the Phase and Neutral-Point Current
Transformers
The requirements for current transformers are derived from observing the internal and external short circuit.
The protection system must remain stable for the external short circuit and must trip safely for the internal
short circuit due to potentially high short-circuit currents.
IEC Class At Least Internal Fault External Fault
Required ALF'
5P, 10P196 25
(up to 80 % remanence)

5PR, 10PR197 12.5

Required product Ktd · KSSC

TPX 25
(up to 80 % remanence)

TPY, TPZ 12.5

(Burden: Rb ≥ Rbc)

Required knee-point voltage Ek

PX 20 · Isr · (Rct + Rbc)
(up to 80 % remanence)

PXR 10 · Isr · (Rct + Rbc)

ANSI Class At Least Internal Fault External Fault

Required transformer terminal voltage Vtc
C (Isr = 5 A)
25 · Isr · Rbc
(up to 80 % remanence)

Remanence leads to a premature saturation which is crucial for differential protection. For new plants,
Siemens recommends anti-remanence cores in classes 5PR, PXR and TPY. In case high direct current compo-
nents are expected, Siemens recommends class TPZ, in order to avoid overfunction with external faults. Avoid
using different classes of current transformer at measuring points. This is the particularly the case when

196 Phase displacement is not specified in IEC 61869-2. Class 10P is not recommended for differential protection.
197 Phase displacement is not specified in IEC 61869-2. Class 10PR is not recommended for differential protection.

2360 SIPROTEC 5, Transformer Differential Protection, Manual

Page 43 of 58 C53000-G5040-C016-H, Edition 08.2022
 REB 650
1MRK 505 287-UEN B Section 16
Requirements

As the burden can be considerable different for three-phase faults and phase-to-earth faults it
is important to consider both cases. Even in a case where the phase-to-earth fault current is
smaller than the three-phase fault current the phase-to-earth fault can be dimensioning for the
CT depending on the higher burden.

In isolated or high impedance earthed systems the phase-to-earth fault is not the
dimensioning case and therefore the resistance of the single secondary wire always can be
used in the calculation, for this case.

16.1.5 General current transformer requirements M11615-3 v2

The current transformer ratio is mainly selected based on power system data for example,
maximum load. However, it should be verified that the current to the protection is higher than
the minimum operating value for all faults that are to be detected with the selected CT ratio.
The minimum operating current is different for different functions and normally settable so
each function should be checked.

The current error of the current transformer can limit the possibility to use a very sensitive
setting of a sensitive residual overcurrent protection. If a very sensitive setting of this function
will be used it is recommended that the current transformer should have an accuracy class
which have an current error at rated primary current that is less than ±1% (for example, 5P). If
current transformers with less accuracy are used it is advisable to check the actual unwanted
residual current during the commissioning.

16.1.6 Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements SEMOD53723-1 v1

M11616-3 v2
With regard to saturation of the current transformer all current transformers of high
remanence and low remanence type that fulfill the requirements on the rated equivalent
limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal below can be used. The characteristic of the non remanence type
CT (TPZ) is not well defined as far as the phase angle error is concerned. If no explicit
recommendation is given for a specific function we therefore recommend contacting ABB to
confirm that the non remanence type can be used.

The CT requirements for the different functions below are specified as a rated equivalent
limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 61869-2 standard. Requirements for CTs
specified according to other classes and standards are given at the end of this section.

16.1.6.1 1 Ph high impedance differential protection GUID-F42FB56D-F114-4E2B-861C-DC05596EF1BE v1

The CTs connected to the IED must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger
than or equal to the required equivalent secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

Busbar protection REB650 © Copyright 2013 ABB. All rights reserved 225
Application manual
Page 44 of 58
Section 16 1MRK 505 287-UEN B
Requirements

Isn
E al ³ E alreq = 2 × U s = 2 × I tmax × × (R CT + R L )
I pn

where:
Us Set operate value to the voltage relay (V)

Ikmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency fault current for through fault current for external faults (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (Ω)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable from the CT up to a common junction point (Ω). The loop
resistance containing the phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in solidly earthed systems
and the resistance of a single-phase wire should be used for faults in high impedance earthed
systems.

All CTs to the same protection should have identical turn ratios. Consequently auxiliary CTs
cannot normally be used. The IED must be provided with separate cores.

16.1.6.2 Breaker failure protection M11621-3 v4

The CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the
required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = 5 × I op × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1380 V1 EN-US (Equation 33)

where:
Iop The primary operate value (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (W). The loop resistance containing the
phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in solidly earthed systems. The resistance of a single
secondary wire should be used for faults in high impedance earthed systems.
SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.010 VA/channel for Ir=1 A and SR=0.250 VA/
channel for Ir=5 A

16.1.6.3 Non-directional instantaneous and definitive time, phase and residual

overcurrent protection M11622-3 v4

The CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the
required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

226 © Copyright 2013 ABB. All rights reserved Busbar protection REB650
Application manual
Page 45 of 58
1MRK 505 287-UEN B Section 16
Requirements

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = 1, 5 × I op × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1381 V1 EN-US (Equation 34)

where:
Iop The primary operate value (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (W). The loop resistance containing the
phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in solidly earthed systems. The resistance of a single
secondary wire should be used for faults in high impedance earthed systems.
SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.010 VA/channel for Ir=1 A and SR=0.250 VA/
channel for Ir=5 A

16.1.6.4 Non-directional inverse time delayed phase and residual overcurrent

protection M11339-3 v4

The requirement according to Equation 35 and Equation 36 does not need to be fulfilled if the
high set instantaneous or definitive time stage is used. In this case Equation is the only
necessary requirement.

If the inverse time delayed function is the only used overcurrent protection function the CTs
must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the required
secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = 20 × I op × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1076 V1 EN-US (Equation 35)

where

Iop The primary current set value of the inverse time function (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (W). The loop
resistance containing the phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults
in solidly earthed systems. The resistance of a single secondary wire should
be used for faults in high impedance earthed systems.
SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.010 VA/channel for
Ir=1 A and SR=0.250 VA/channel for Ir=5 A

Busbar protection REB650 © Copyright 2013 ABB. All rights reserved 227
Application manual
Page 46 of 58
Section 16 1MRK 505 287-UEN B
Requirements

Independent of the value of Iop the maximum required Eal is specified according to the
following:

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq max = I k max × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1077 V1 EN-US (Equation 36)

where

Ikmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for close-in faults (A)

16.1.6.5 Directional phase and residual overcurrent protection M11624-3 v5

If the directional overcurrent function is used the CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary
e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the required equivalent secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = I k max × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1078 V1 EN-US (Equation 37)

where:
Ikmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for close-in forward and reverse faults (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (W). The loop resistance containing the
phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in solidly earthed systems. The resistance of a single
secondary wire should be used for faults in high impedance earthed systems.
SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). Sr=0.010 VA/channel for Ir=1 A and Sr=0.250 VA/
channel for Ir=5 A

16.1.7 Current transformer requirements for CTs according to other

standards SEMOD53771-1 v1

M11623-4 v3
All kinds of conventional magnetic core CTs are possible to use with the IEDs if they fulfill the
requirements corresponding to the above specified expressed as the rated equivalent limiting
secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 61869-2 standard. From different standards and
available data for relaying applications it is possible to approximately calculate a secondary
e.m.f. of the CT comparable with Eal. By comparing this with the required rated equivalent
limiting secondary e.m.f. Ealreq it is possible to judge if the CT fulfills the requirements. The
requirements according to some other standards are specified below.

228 Busbar protection REB650

© Copyright 2013 ABB. All rights reserved
Application manual

Page 47 of 58
 Busbar protection REB650 1MRK 505 290-BEN B
REB 650
Product version: 1.3

Analog inputs

Table 2. TRM — Energizing quantities, rated values and limits for transformer inputs

Description Value

Frequency

Rated frequency fr 50 or 60 Hz

Operating range fr ± 10%

Current inputs

Rated current Ir 0.1 or 0.5 A1) 1 or 5 A2)

Operating range 0 – 50 A 0 – 500 A

Thermal withstand 100 A for 1 s 500 A for 1 s *)

20 A for 10 s 100 A for 10 s

8 A for 1 min 40 A for 1 min

4 A continuously 20 A continuously

Dynamic withstand 250 A one half wave 1250 A one half wave

Burden < 1 mVA at Ir = 0.1 A < 10 mVA at Ir = 1 A

< 20 mVA at Ir = 0.5 A < 200 mVA at Ir = 5 A

*) max. 350 A for 1 s when COMBITEST test switch is included.

Voltage inputs**)

Rated voltage Ur 100 or 220 V

Operating range 0 – 420 V

Thermal withstand 450 V for 10 s

420 V continuously

Burden < 50 mVA at 100 V

< 200 mVA at 220 V

**) all values for individual voltage inputs

Note! All current and voltage data are specified as RMS values at rated frequency

1) Residual current
2) Phase currents or residual current

ABB 25
Page 48 of 58
RED 670

Page 49 of 58
Section 23 lMRK 505 343-UEN B
Requirements

where:
Maximum primary fundamental frequency fault current for internal close-in
faults (A)

ltmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency fault current for through fault
current for external faults (A)
The rated primary CT current (A)

The rated secondary CT current (A)

The rated current of the protection IED (A)

The secondary resistance of the CT (n)

The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (n). The loop
resistance containing the phase and neutral wires must be used for faults
in solidly earthed systems. The resistance of a single secondary wire should
be used for faults in high impedance earthed systems.
The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). S R= 0.020 VA/channel for
l, = 1 A and S R= 0.150 VA/channel for l, = 5 A

In substations with breaker-and-a-half or double-busbar double-breaker arrangement, the

through fault current may pass two main CTs for the line differential protection without
passing the protected line. In such cases and if both main CTs have equal ratios and
magnetization characteristics the CTs must satisfy equation 562 and equation 564.

J
E al > - I tfdb · � · (R ct + R L + SR2
- E alreq -
Ipr Ir
(Equation 564)

where:

lttdb Maximum primary fundamental frequency through fault current that passes two main CTs (one-and­
a-half or double-breaker) without passing the protected line (A)

If a power transformer is included in the protected zone of the line differential protection the
CTs must also fulfill equation 565.

(Equation 565)

where:

l,t The rated primary current of the power transformer (A)

23.1.6.2 Distance protection

The current transformers must have a rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Ea1 that is
larger than the maximum of the required rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eaireq
below:

736
Application manual
Page 50 of 58
Page 51 of 58
Page 52 of 58
P543

Page 53 of 58
Page 54 of 58
3ZLWK'LVWDQFH &KDSWHU7HFKQLFDO6SHFLILFDWLRQV

 5$7,1*6

 $&0($685,1*,13876

$&0HDVXULQJ,QSXWV
1RPLQDOIUHTXHQF\ +]RU+]VHWWDEOH
2SHUDWLQJUDQJH WR+]
3KDVHURWDWLRQ $%&RU&%$

 &855(1775$16)250(5,13876
$&&XUUHQW,QSXWV
1RPLQDOFXUUHQW,Q $RU$
1RPLQDOEXUGHQSHUSKDVH 9$DW,Q
$FRQWLQXRXVRSHUDWLRQ
$&FXUUHQWWKHUPDOZLWKVWDQG$LQSXW $IRUV
$IRUV
$FRQWLQXRXVRSHUDWLRQ
$&FXUUHQWWKHUPDOZLWKVWDQG$LQSXW $IRUV
$IRUV
6WDQGDUG/LQHDUXSWRî,QQRQRIIVHW$&FXUUHQW
/LQHDULW\
6HQVLWLYH/LQHDUXSWRî,QQRQRIIVHW$&FXUUHQW

 92/7$*(75$16)250(5,13876

$&9ROWDJH,QSXWV
1RPLQDOYROWDJH9Q 9WR9RU9WR9SKDVHSKDVH
1RPLQDOEXUGHQSHUSKDVH 9$DW9Q
99VXSSO\99VXSSO\FRQWLQXRXVRSHUDWLRQSKDVHSKDVH
7KHUPDOZLWKVWDQG
[9QIRUVHFRQGV
/LQHDUXSWR99VXSSO\
/LQHDULW\
/LQHDUXSWR99VXSSO\

 $8;,/,$5<6833/<92/7$*(

&RUWHFRSWLRQ'&RQO\
WR9'&
&RUWHFRSWLRQUDWHGIRU$&RU'&RSHUDWLRQ
WR9'&
1RPLQDORSHUDWLQJUDQJH
WR9$&UPV
&RUWHFRSWLRQUDWHGIRU$&RU'&RSHUDWLRQ
WR9'&
WR9$&UPV

3[=70(1 
Page 55 of 58
Bay control REC670 1MRK511231-BEN E
Customized REC 670
Product version: 1.2

20. Technical data

General

Definitions

Reference value The specified value of an influencing factor to which are referred the characteristics of the equipment

Nominal range The range of values of an influencing quantity (factor) within which, under specified conditions, the equipment meets the
specified requirements

Operative range The range of values of a given energizing quantity for which the equipment, under specified conditions, is able to perform its
intended functions according to the specified requirements

Energizing quantities, rated values and limits

Analog inputs

Table 6. TRM - Energizing quantities, rated values and limits for protection transformer modules

Quantity Rated value Nominal range

Current Ir = 1 or 5 A (0.2-40) × Ir

Operative range (0-100) x Ir

Permissive overload 4 × Ir cont.

100 × Ir for 1 s *)

Burden < 150 mVA at Ir = 5 A

< 20 mVA at Ir = 1 A

Ac voltage Ur = 110 V 0.5–288 V

Operative range (0–340) V

Permissive overload 420 V cont.

450 V 10 s

Burden < 20 mVA at 110 V

Frequency fr = 50/60 Hz ± 5%

*) max. 350 A for 1 s when COMBITEST test switch is included.

30 ABB
Page 57 of 58
EARTHING CALCULATION
Sl.No. Input Details Description Legend Unit Input Value

1 Overall Dimensions m² 5095.45 As per Earthing layout

2 Fault Current

2.1 For conductor selection I kA 31.5

2.2 For step and touch potential calculations Ig kA 17.0 Refer Page No. 10 of 12
3 Fault duration

3.1 For conductor selection (As per Kenya spec. clause no:
tc sec. 1.00 4.1.2.9.2, Page-91 of 223)
3.2 For step and touch potential calculations t sec. 1.00
4 Depth of burial (As per Kenya spec. clause
h m 0.80 no:4.1.2.9.4, Page-93 of 223)
5.1 Soil Resistivity (Design value for safety) As per Soil resisitivity Table
r Ohm-m 23.94
Annexure -A
5.2 Surface Resistivity From IEEE-80,Table7,Page
rs Ohm-m 5000.00
no.52.
5.3 Thickness of Surface layer hs m 0.15
6 Material used for Earthing (GI/Cu) Cu
7.1 Design Ambient Temperature for conductor (As per Kenya spec. clause
Ta deg.C 40.00 no:3.1.5, Page-29 of 223)
sizing

7.2 Maximum allowable temperature Tm deg.C 1083.00 From IEEE-80,Table 1,Page

7.3 Thermal Capacity factor in J/cm^3 deg. C 3
TCAPJ/cm deg.C 3.42 no.42.

8 Proposed Size of the conductor A Sq.mm 120.00

9.1 Total grid conductor Length Lc m 1425.00 From earthing drawing
9.2 Diameter of the earthing conductor d m 0.012
9.3 Length of each ground rod Lr m 1.50
9.4 Total ground rod Length (24* 1.5 ) LR m 3.00
9.5 Diameter of each ground rod mm 14.00
10 Proposed Spacing between parellel grid Ds m 9.00
conductors

Reference Standards :
1 IEEE-Std. 80-2000 - IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
 Earthing Conductor Sizing Calculation
I* 1

A=
TCAP * 10^(-4) * Ln K0 + Tm
tc*ar * rr K0 +Ta

(Reference : Equation No. 40 , Page no: 43 & Table 1-IEEE 80 - 2000)

where,
A= Conductor Cross section in Sq.mm.

I= Fault current considered for = 31.50 kA

conductor selection

(As per Kenya

tc = Time of current flow = 1.00 sec. spec. clause no:
4.1.2.9.2, Page-
91 of 223)
a r = Thermal Coefficient of resistivity of = 0.00393
material at ref. temperature
rr = Resistivity of conductor = 1.72 mOhm-cm
TCAP= Thermal Capacity factor in = 3.42 J/cm^3/deg. C
J/cm^3 deg. C
Tm = Maximum Allowable temperature = 1083.00 deg.C
Ta = Ambient Temperature = 40.00 deg.C

Ko = 1/ao = = 234 deg.C

As per IEEE 80 - 2000, Equation - 37, Page on 41

31.5 x 1

A=
(3.42 x 10^-4) Ln 234 + 1083
1 x 0.00393 x 1.72 234 + 40

From the above formula,

The area of cross section required for the = 111.77 Sq.mm.
Main Earthmat grid conductor is

The proposed size for main mat conductor = 120.00 Sq.mm. Stranded Cu.
Conductor
HENCE SAFE
IIa Determination of Overall Grid Resistance

Rg = r 1 + 1 * 1+ 1
LT (20*A)^0.5 1+ (h*(20/A)^0.5)

(Reference : Equation No.52 & Page no: 65 IEEE 80 - 2000)

Where ,

Rg = Grid resistance

h= Depth of Burial = 0.80 m

r= Soil Resistivity = 23.94 Ohm-m

A= Area occupied by grid = 5095.45 Sq.m.

LT = Total length of buried conductor = 1428.00 m

1 1
Rg = 23.94 + 1 * 1+
1428.00 20 X5095.45^0.5 1+(0.8x ( 20/5095.45)^0.5)

From above formula the calculated grid 0.163 Ohm

resistance Rg =
The earth grid resistance is less than 0.5Ω (as per KPLC spcification, cl no: 4.1.2.9.2).
Hence Safe.

IIb Determination of Grid Potential Rise :

1.) Grid Potential Rise (GPR) = Ig * Rg Volts

GPR = 16967.988 x 0.163
Grid Potential Rise = 2765.78204 Volts

Tolerable touch voltage = 785.9 Volts

Since the Grid potential rise GPR is more than the tolerable touch voltage,

the attainable touch voltage & attainable step voltage will be verified as per IEEE 80 - 2000.
2.) Therefore tolerable step and touch voltages are,
Where,
rs = Surface layer resistivity in ohm-metre = 5000.00 Ohm-m

t s= Time in seconds during which fault current flows= 1.00 sec.

hs=Thickness of Surface layer = 0.15 m

Cs = Surface layer derating factor = 1 -0.09(1-p/ps)

2hs+0.09

Cs = Surface layer derating factor = 1- 0.91(1- 23.94/5000) 0.77

2X 0.15+0.09
(Reference : Equation No. 27 & Page no: 23 IEEE 80 - 2000)

Etouch50 = {(1000 + 1.5*Cs*rs)*0.116/(ts^0.5)}

(Reference : Equation No. 32 & Page no: 27 IEEE 80 -2000)

Etouch50 (1000+ 1.5 X 0.77 X 5000) X 0.116/(1^0.5) =

Etouch50 = 785.9 Volts

Estep50 = {(1000 + 6*Cs*rs)*0.116/(ts^0.5)}

(Reference : Equation No. 29 & Page no: 27 IEEE 80 - 2000)

Estep50 (1000+ 6 X 0.77 X 5000) X 0.116/(1^0.5) =

Estep50 = 2795.6 Volts

IIIb Determination of Attainable Touch Voltage(Em) and Step voltage(Es)

1.Attainable Touch Voltage

Em = ( r*Km*Ki*Ig)/LM (Reference : Equation No. 80 & Page no: 91,IEEE 80-2000)

LM =Lc+{1.55+1.22(Lr/SQRT(Lx^2+Ly^2)]}LR (Reference : Equat. No. 91 & Page no: 94 IEEE 80 - 2000)

Lm= 1425+(1.55+1.22(3/SQRT (100.5^2+56.3^2)

LM = Total length of buried conductors = 1429.71 m

 1 D^2 (D+2h)^2 h kii 8
Km = Ln + - + ln
2P 16*h*d 8*D*d 4*d kh P(2n-1)

(Reference : Equation No.81& Page no: 93 IEEE 80 -2000)

Where,
D = The spacing between parallel buried conductor = 9.00 m

d = The equivalent diameter of the earthing conductor= 0.012 m

h= Depth of burial of grid conductor = 0.80 m

n= Geometric factor = na x nb x nc x nd (Eqn.84 & Page no: 93 of IEEE 80 - 2000)

where na, = 2.Lc/Lp (Reference : Equation No.85 & Page no: 93 of IEEE 80 -2000)

Lp is the peripheral length of conductor = 256m

na= 2 X 1425

296.5

na= 9.62

nb= [Lp/4.(A)^0.5]^0.5 ( Eqn. 86 & Page no: 93 of IEEE 80 - 2000)

296.5/4 X 5095.45^0.5)^0.5

nb= 1.02

nc= [Lx *Ly/A)^(0.7*A/Lx*Ly) ( Eqn. 87 & Page no: 93 of IEEE 80 - 2000)

0.7 X 5095.45

100.5 X 56.3 ^
100.5 X 56.3

5095.45

1.070

nd= Dm/sqrt(Lx^2+Ly^2) ( Eqn. 88 & Page no: 93 of IEEE 80 - 2000)

100.5

SQRT (100.5^2+56.3^2)

nd= 0.88

n na*nb*nc*nd

9.62 X 1.02 X 1.07 X 0.88

Hence, n= 9.24
kii= 1 (Corrective Weighting Factor
 As per IEEE-80, & Page no: 93 - 2000)

kh= (1+ h/ho)^0.5 (Eqn.83 & Page no: 93 of IEEE-80 - 2000)

where, ho= reference depth of grid in metres = 1 m

Hence, Factor kh= (1+ h/ho)^0.5 =

kh SQRT( (1+ (0.8 /1) 1.342

ki=corrected factor for grid geometry =0.644+(0.148*n)=

ki= 0.644 + ( 0.148 X 9.24) 2.01

(Reference : Equation No. 89 IEEE 80 - 2000)

1 9^2 (9 + 2 x 0.8)^2 0.8 1 9

Km=
Ln + - + ln
2xπ 16 x 0.8 x 0.0123 8 x 9 x 0.0123 4 x 0.0123 1.342 π (2 x 9.24-1)

Hence, from above formula factor Km = 0.8

Em = ( r*Km*Ki*Ig)/LM (Reference : Equation No. 80 & Page no: 91,IEEE 80-2000)

23.94 X 0.8 X 2.01 X 16967.988
Em
1429.71

Attainable Touch Voltage Em = 456.87 V ≤ 785.9 V

HENCE SAFE

2.Attainable Step Voltage

LS = Total length of buried conductors =0.75Lc+0.85LR=
Ls = 0.75 X 1425 + 2.01 X 0.85 X 3 1071.3 m

(Reference : Equation No. 93 & Page no: 94 of IEEE 80 - 2000)

Ks = Spacing Factor for Step Voltage

1 1 1 1
Ks = + + 1-[0.5^(n-2)]
P 2*h D+h D

(Reference : Equation No. 94 & Page no: 94 of IEEE 80 -2000)

where,

D=The spacing between parallel buried conductor in m= 9.00 m

h= Depth of burial of grid conductor in m = 0.80 m

n= Geometric factor = 9.24

ki= corrected factor for grid geometry = 0.644 +(0.148*n) = 2.01

(Reference : Equation No. 89 & Page no: 94 of IEEE 80 - 2000)
1 1 + 1 + 1 1 -0.5^ 9.24-2
Ks
3.14 2 X 0.8 9 X 0.8 9

Hence, from above formula factor Ks = 0.27

Es = (rKs*Ki*Ig)/Ls

(Reference : Equation No. 92 & Page no: 94 of IEEE 80 - 2000)

23.94 X 0.27 X 2.01 X 16967.988
Es
1071.3

Attainable step Voltage Es = 205.78 V ≤ 2795.6 V

HENCE SAFE
I Maximum Grid Current (IG)

IG = Df x Ig (IEEE 80 2000 & Page no: 73 ; Clause 15.1.4; Equation 64)

where
IG is the maximum grid current in A
Df is the decrement factor for the entire duration of fault
Ig is the symmetrical grid current in A

I g = Sf x I (IEEE 80 2000 & Page no: 73; Clause 15.1.4; Equation 65)

Sf = Zeq / (Zeq + Rg) (IEEE 80 2000 & Page no: 82; Clause 15.9)

where
Sf is fault current division factor
Zeq is Equivalent impedance of Transmission line OH shield wires & Distribution feeder neutrals

As per IEEE 80-2000 & Page no: 150: Table : C1

Zeq = + Ω (for Two 66kV transmission line and Eight

0.150 0.100
11kV distribution lines-
Sf = 0.525 -----------(A)

Symetrical Grid current

Ig = 0.525x31500
Ig = 16538
Maximum Grid current
IG = 16538x1.026 (from IEEE 80-2000 & Page no: 85 Table : 10
Df = 1.026 assumed X/R = 20)
IG = 16967.99 A
I Conductor Sizing Calculation :

1 Proposed Size of the Conductor 120.00 Sq.mm Cu

2 Required Size of the Conductor 111.77 Sq.mm

Result : SAFE

IIa Grid Resistance Calculation:

1 Calculated Grid Resistance(Rg) 0.163 <1Ώ

Result : SAFE

IIb Grid Potential Rise Calculation :

1 Calculated grid potential rise(GPR) 2765.78 Volts
2 Tolerable touch voltage 785.9 Volts

Since GPR is higher than the allowable value, we proceed with the calculation of Step
& Touch Voltages and check whether they are within tolerable limits.

III Step and Touch Voltage Calculation :

1 Grid Conductor Spacing (D) 9.00 m

2 Total Length of buried conductor (LM) 1429.71 m
3 Tolerable Step potential 2795.6 Volts
4 Attainable Step voltage 205.78 Volts
Result: SAFE

5 Tolerable Touch potential 785.9 Volts

6 Attainable Touch voltage 456.87 Volts
Result: SAFE

Conclusion :
Since the Attainable Values of the Step and Touch Voltages are lesser than
the Tolerable Values, the Proposed Earthing Design is safe.
.

LIGHTING PROTECTION CALCULATION

 CL LA

CL TOWER/
CABLE
SEALING END

CL BUILDING
WALL

X X X

X
X
X
X

X
CL BUILDING

X
WALL

X
X
CL NCT

X
X

X
X
X X X

CL TRAFO
ROAD CROSS

ROAD CROSS

CL 4M ROAD

CL CABLE
SEALING END/
LLM
LLM
CL LA

CL CT

CL CB
CL TOWER
0.00 REFERENCE:

The direct stroke lightning protection calculation is based on "DIN VDE 0101" method

1 INPUT
Height of Control room Lightning pole H = 18 m
Height of Object to be Protected, Y Y = 4 m
The lightning rod forms the protected zone, by an Arc whose Middpoint is three
times the height (H) of the rod both from ground leven and the tipe of the lightning
R = 54
rod, Hence radius of ARC,

2 CALCULATION FOR PROTECTION ZONE OF SINGLE LIGHTNING SPIKE:

The Arc Touches the ground at distance (5xH) from the footing point of lightning
L = 40.249
rod m

i) Radius of individual Tower of protection zone-1, RX:

Rx = 19.853

3 CONCLUSION

Effective radius of single Lightning Spike (Rx) for the object to be protected at the ht 4m is 19.853 m

1 of 4
0.00 REFERENCE:

The direct stroke lightning protection calculation is based on "DIN VDE 0101" method

1 INPUT
Height of Lightning mask with Spike H = 24.3 Meters
Height of Object to be Protected, Y Y = 5.85 Meters
The lightning rod forms the protected zone, by an Arc whose Middpoint is three
times the height (H) of the rod both from ground leven and the tipe of the lightning
R = 72.9
rod, Hence radius of ARC,

2 CALCULATION FOR PROTECTION ZONE OF SINGLE LIGHTNING SPIKE:

The Arc Touches the ground at distance (5xH) from the footing point of lightning
L = 54.336 Meters
rod

i) Radius of individual Tower of protection zone-1, RX:

Rx = 25.723

3 CONCLUSION

Effective radius of single Lightning Spike (Rx) for the object to be protected at the ht 5.85m is 25.723 Meters

2 of 4
0.00 REFERENCE:

The direct stroke lightning protection calculation is based on "DIN VDE 0101" method

1 INPUT
Height of Lightning Line tower with Spike H = 16.15 Meters
Height of Object to be Protected, Y Y = 4.3 Meters
The lightning rod forms the protected zone, by an Arc whose Middpoint is three
times the height (H) of the rod both from ground leven and the tipe of the lightning
R = 48.45
rod, Hence radius of ARC,

2 CALCULATION FOR PROTECTION ZONE OF SINGLE LIGHTNING SPIKE:

The Arc Touches the ground at distance (5xH) from the footing point of lightning
L = 36.112 Meters
rod

i) Radius of individual Tower of protection zone-1, RX:

Rx = 16.158

3 CONCLUSION

Effective radius of single Lightning Spike (Rx) for the object to be protected at the ht 4.3 16.158 Meters

3 of 4
0.00 REFERENCE:

The direct stroke lightning protection calculation is based on "DIN VDE 0101" method

1 INPUT
Height of Lightning Line tower with Spike H = 6.6 Meters
Height of Object to be Protected, Y Y = 3.6 Meters
The lightning rod forms the protected zone, by an Arc whose Middpoint is three
times the height (H) of the rod both from ground leven and the tipe of the lightning
R = 19.8
rod, Hence radius of ARC,

2 CALCULATION FOR PROTECTION ZONE OF SINGLE LIGHTNING SPIKE:

The Arc Touches the ground at distance (5xH) from the footing point of lightning
L = 14.758 Meters
rod

i) Radius of individual Tower of protection zone-1, RX:

Rx = 3.374

3 CONCLUSION

Effective radius of single Lightning Spike (Rx) for the object to be protected at the ht 3.6 3.374 Meters

4 of 4