001 Power System Configurations

Power Transmission and Distribution
Learning Campus FY2007

Power System Configurations
Power System Structure

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Generation Transmission / Sub transmission Distribution
Medium 24 kV Extra High Voltage 765 kV

Medium Voltage 33 kV
Voltage 21 kV 400 kV
22 kV
15 kV 220 kV
11 kV
13.8 kV High Voltage 132 kV
110 kV
66 kV
 Transmission circuits handle/route largest power , interconnect various power stations &
feed to load centres
 Subtransmission circuits feed to distribution substations & bulk consumers within a
geographical area.
 Distribution circuits fed from distribution substations feed domestic , medium size industries
and commercial consumers.
Energy Automation Page 2
Transmission & Distribution Network

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Generation Transmission / Sub transmission Distribution
Medium 24 kV Extra High Voltage 765 kV

Medium Voltage 33 kV
Voltage 21 kV 400 kV
22 kV
15 kV 220 kV 11 kV
13.8 kV High Voltage 132 kV
110 kV
66 kV
Requirement for planning of the T&D Network configuration.

 Voltage levels , Amount of Power Transfer, Length of transmission lines, Fault level
 Importance of the consumers / customers
 Clearance times, Stability

Switchyards Design features

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Design Aspects
Single line diagram
Busbar Arrangement
Fault level
Type of construction
Creepage & Clearance
Grounding & Lightning Protection
Safety Interlocks
Other Miscellaneous items e.g lighting , civil
Considerations for Choice of Busbar Arrangement

Importance of Substation
Reliability
Redundancy
Economics and availability of finance
Availability of Space and Right Of Way for approaching lines
Future Expansion
Switching Devices
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Ratings Level Isolator Switch Circuit Breaker
Current Carrying Load Yes Yes Yes

Fault Yes Yes Yes
Current Making Load No Yes Yes

Fault No No Yes
Current Breaking Load No Yes Yes

Fault No No Yes
 Isolator is rated only for carrying current,

 Make/Break small line charging current.
 OPEN/CLOSE operation done under ZERO current condition.

Unit System
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Stn A Stn B
Line + Transformer
Absence of Busbar, CB reduces cost

Less Reliability as line fault causes transformer outage
Commonly used as U/G Cable + Transformer system

Single Bus System

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
B: Single Bus with Bus C: Single Bus with Bus

A: Single Bus System
section isolator system section breaker system
Simplest and Economical Arrangement

To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced

Single Bus System- Primary Components, Protection

Zone
No. 1 with
Energy Automation Bus
Bus- Bus-
Earthing Bus- Potential
Switch Isolator Transformer
Circuit-breaker Protection-zone,
busbar
Current
Transformer
Protection-zone,
line/trafo
Line Earthing- Line

Earthing- Isolator
Isolator switch
switch
Wave Wave
Trap Trap
Potential
Surge Transformer
arrester
Line 1 Transformer Line 2

Single Bus System- Primary Components, Protection

Zone
No. 1 with
Bus- Bus-
Protection-zone,
Current busbar
Transformer Protection-zone,
line/trafo
Circuit-breaker
Line Earthing- Line

Earthing- Isolator
Isolator switch
switch
Wave Wave
Trap Trap
Potential
Surge Transformer
arrester

Single Bus System- Primary Components,

Over-lapping Protection Zone
No. 1 with
Bus- Bus-
Circuit-breaker Protection-zone,
busbar
Core ! Core !
Current
Transformer Core 2 Core 2 Protection-zone,
line/trafo
Line Earthing- Line

Earthing- Isolator
Isolator switch
switch
Wave Wave
Trap Trap
Potential
Surge Transformer
arrester

Single Bus with sectionaliser System- Primary Components,

Over-lapping Protection Zone
No. 1 with
Energy Automation Bus Section-isolator
Bus A Bus B
Bus- Bus PT 1 Bus PT 2

disconnect
Circuit-breaker
CT
VT
Earthing switch
Line-
disconnect Surge arrester
Earthing switch
To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus Transfer Bus coupler
x x x x
CT CT CT CT
Earthing- Line Earthing- Line Earthing- Line

switch Isolator switch Isolator switch Isolator
Transfer Transfer Transfer

Isolator Isolator Isolator
Transfer Bus
Wave Wave Wave
Trap Trap Trap
Surge Surge Surge

arrester arrester arrester
Line 1 Line 2 Line 3
A Transfer Bus Coupler & All feeders need one additional isolator.

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement –Normal operation

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
x x x x
Transfer Bus
Line Line Transformer Transfer Bus coupler
Power Flow
Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement –Normal operation

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
x x x x
Transfer Bus
Power Flow Charged

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement –Bay Outage

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
x x x x
Transfer Bus
Power Flow Bay Out of Service


CT location
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
x x x x
Transfer Bus
Protection / CT Transfer Switch required


CT Location
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
x x x x
Transfer Bus
Trip Transfer Switch Required

Double Main Bus System

or Main & Reserve Bus system
No. 1 with
Energy Automation Bus- Bus-
Bus I Bus-coupler PT -I PT -II
Bus II
Bus-
Isolators
Circuit-breaker Bus-
Earthing-I, II
CT
Earthing-
Earthing- Line switch Line
switch Isolator Earthing- Isolator
switch
Wave
Trap Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester Surge
arrester
Line 1 Line 2 Transformer

Double Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

(DMT)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation Transfer Bus- Bus- Bus-
Bus I coupler Bus-coupler PT -I PT -II
Bus II
Bus-
Isolators
Circuit-breaker Bus-
Earthing-I, II
CT
Earthing- Line Earthing-
switch switch
Isolator
Transfer
Isolator
Wave Wave
Trap Trap
Surge Surge
arrester arrester
Line 1 Line 2
Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

245kV Switchyard Layout

No. 1 with
Energy Automation 245 kV Outdoor switchyard (AIS) Double busbars, classical layout
1 Bus I 3 Bus-disconnector 5 CT 7 Line-disconnector with built-on earthing switch

2 Bus II 4 Circuit-breaker 6 VT 8 Surge arrester
Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

One and a Half Breaker Arrangement

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Bushing Bus A
Q0 11 Q0 41
For future use
Q0 13
Q0 12 Q0 42
Bushing
Bus B
Almost all PGCIL 765kv,400kV substations use this arrangement

Three Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
2000/1/1/1A
Core Like line

417
Practiced in Europe, Germany

Ring or Mesh System

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Line 1
Transformer 1 Transformer 2
Line 2

Power Line Carrier Coupling

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
A Line Trap B A B
Coupling Cap.
HF HF
4 / 988
Single Phase to Ground Coupling
HF HF
A B
Inter – System - Coupling
4 / 988
HF HF
Phase to Phase Coupling

Switchyards Design Considerations

No. 1 with
Fault level
Energy Automation
 Expressed as MVA or kA and duration of 1-3 sec.

 Depends upon source impedance ie distances from the power
sources
 All CBs to be rated for Fault level
 Earthing switches for making the fault level
 All busbars, bus supports to be designed to withstand
mechanical forces due to short circuits.
Safety Clearance & Creepage Distance
 As per voltage level among live parts & earth
 Shortest path taken on surface by leakage current.
Grounding & Lightning Protection
 Grid/Mesh is formed and burried in ground
 Earthing Electrodes (pipe/rod/plates) are connected to mesh
 Shield wires to protect against direct lightning strokes
Safety Interlocks in Control schemes
 Isolator Open/Close possible only if CB is open.
 E/S closing possible only when isolator is closed.etc.
Further Readings
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1 CBIP Manual on substations equipment , Illuminations

and layouts
–Tech report 3 December 1996

No. 1 with
Energy Automation

001 Power System Configurations

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001 Power System Configurations

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Learning Campus FY2007

Power System Structure

Generation Transmission / Sub transmission Distribution

Medium 24 kV Extra High Voltage 765 kV

Transmission & Distribution Network

Generation Transmission / Sub transmission Distribution

Medium 24 kV Extra High Voltage 765 kV

Requirement for planning of the T&D Network configuration.

Energy Automation Page 3

Switchyards Design features

Considerations for Choice of Busbar Arrangement

Ratings Level Isolator Switch Circuit Breaker

Current Carrying Load Yes Yes Yes

Current Making Load No Yes Yes

Current Breaking Load No Yes Yes

 Isolator is rated only for carrying current,

Energy Automation Page 5

Absence of Busbar, CB reduces cost

Energy Automation Page 6

Single Bus System

B: Single Bus with Bus C: Single Bus with Bus

Simplest and Economical Arrangement

Energy Automation Page 7

Single Bus System- Primary Components, Protection

Line Earthing- Line

Line 1 Transformer Line 2

Energy Automation Page 8

Single Bus System- Primary Components, Protection

Line Earthing- Line

Line 1 Transformer Line 2

Energy Automation Page 9

Single Bus System- Primary Components,

Line Earthing- Line

Line 1 Transformer Line 2

Energy Automation Page 10

Single Bus with sectionaliser System- Primary Components,

Bus- Bus PT 1 Bus PT 2

To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Earthing- Line Earthing- Line Earthing- Line

Transfer Transfer Transfer

Surge Surge Surge

Energy Automation Page 12

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement –Normal operation

Line Line Transformer Transfer Bus coupler

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement –Normal operation

Line Line Transformer Transfer Bus coupler

Power Flow Charged

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement –Bay Outage

Line Line Transformer Transfer Bus coupler

Power Flow Bay Out of Service

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Line Line Transformer Transfer Bus coupler

Protection / CT Transfer Switch required

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Line Line Transformer Transfer Bus coupler

Trip Transfer Switch Required

Energy Automation Page 17

Double Main Bus System

Energy Automation Page 18

Double Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

245kV Switchyard Layout