Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

CRIMINOLOGY
By Malik Huzaifa Saleem
Attorney at Law

Lecture Handouts for CSS

Module 4
Recommended Books 1:
1. Criminology by Larry J. Siegel. (Primary Book)
2. Oxford Handbook for Criminology.
3. Criminology by Tim New Burn.
4. 21st Century Criminology: A reference handbook by J. Mitchell Miller.
5. Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context by Stephen E. Brown.
6. Further Readings at the end of module.

Legal Notice:
All rights for these handouts are reserved by the author. Any
unauthorized use, distribution, copying, pasting, and sharing for
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author. These handouts are sole property of the author and any
proprietary infringement by a third party – whosoever it may be – will
lead to a legal action, in the court of law against the violator and their
institution. Moreover, these handouts are being provided only for
assistance of the students preparing for CSS competitive exams.

1
These books are recommended for aspirant’s preparation, please read the relevant topic you have studied in the
lecture in these books. Reading these books completely is not a compulsion just read the topics included in
syllabus and handouts.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals:

Reformative Focus should be on making criminal a
better person of society.

Preventive Seeks to prevent crime by deterring,

disabling or confining the offender.

Theories of
Punishment
Retributive Punishment as satisfying thirst of
revenge, anger, hate.

Aims to abstain a criminal from doing

Deterrent crime, makes example and warning for
society.

Punitive Treatment of Criminals

• Punishment
• Retribution – “Eye for an eye principle”
• Related concepts
• Corporal punishment – physical punishment
• Capital punishment – death penalty
• Imprisonment
Rationale behind Punitive Treatment of Offenders
• Punishment is a means of ensuring Social Control, refer to Social Control Theory.
• H.L.A Hart and Professor Flew have defined “punishment” in terms of five
elements:
1. Must involve pain or other consequence normally considered unpleasant.
2. Must be for an offence against legal rules.
3. Must be intentionally administered by human beings other than the offender.
4. Must be an actual or supposed offender for his offence.
5. Must be imposed and administered by an authority constituted by a legal system
against which the offence is committed.

Characteristics of Punitive Justice:

• Following are the major characteristics of Punitive Justice approach:
• Belief that punishment alters persons actions.
• Belief that criminal will only take responsibility through punishment.
• That infliction of pain will deter future criminal behaviour.
• A belief that action should be met with similar action.
• It seeks to remove people from society and and incarcerate them in jails/prisons.
• It is rather an outdated concept regarding treatment of offenders.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

Reformative Treatment of Criminals

• Restoration – allowing an offender to remain in society under a mechanism.
• Rehabilitation – conforming the behaviour of an offender with laws, norms and
regulations through training.
• Focuses on correctional aspect.
• Related Concepts in reformative treatment:
• Probation
• Parole
• Training
• Therapy

Corporal Punishment:
• Corporal Punishment is intended to cause physical pain to a person.
• Punishment for crime by inflicting pain or injury including flogging, branding and even
mutilation was practiced in most civilizations since ancient times.
• With the growth of enlightenment and humanitarian ideals such punishments are
increasingly viewed as inhuamne
• By the late 20th century, corporal punishment has been eliminated from the legal
system of most developed countries.
• The legality of corporal punishment in various settings differs by jurisdiction.
• Around 33 countries in the world still retain judicial corporal punishment including a
number of former British territories such as Botswana, Malayisia, Singapore and
Tanzania.
• Few other countries with Islamic legal system such as Saudia Arabia, UAE, Qatar,
Iran, Brunei, Sudan and some other northern states in Nigeria employ judicial
whipping for range of offences.
• In addition to corporal punishment, some Islamic states such as Saudi Arabia and Iran
use other kind of physical penalities such as amputation.

Capital Punishment
• Capital Punishment means a legally sanctioned punishment of death penalty.
• Death sentence and execution.
• A person who has been sentenced to death and is awaiting execution is referred to as
“condemned” and is said in some countries to be on a death row.
• 56 countries retain capital punishment and 106 countries have completely
abolished it for all crimes.
• 8 counties have abolished it for minor crimes while retaining it for special
circumstances like war crimes.
• 60% of global papulation lives in countires where death penalty is retained, including
Pakistan.
• Controversies related to capital punishment include human rights, wrongful execution,
racial, ethnic and social bias as well as religious views.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

Criminal Justice System in Pakistan:

• In 2019, pre-trial detainees in Pakistan’s prison made up to 62.1% of the total number
of prisons according to world prison brief, Institute of Crime and Justice Policy
Research.
• In 2018, Supreme Court ordered the release of 21 years old man named Muhammad
Adnan who was arrested 11 years ago charged of trafficking drugs at the age of 10.
• In April 2004, the apex court acquitted a woman, Asma Nawab, and two others in 20
years old case related to killing of her parents and brothers. The acquittal was based
on grounds of insufficient evidence.
• In 2019, the occupancy level of prisons was 133.8% - World Prison Brief, Institute of
Crime and Justice Policy Research.
• 43% of the cases filed in the courts in Sindh took 5-10 years to be resolved -UNDP
Report 2012.
• According to Legal Aid Office study, on any given day, there was 58.65% chance that
the case would be adjourned.
• 40,000 cases pending in Supreme Court, 30,000 with five High Courts and nearly 2
million with subordinate judiciary of the four provinces and federal capital.
~ Law and Justice Commission, Pakistan.
• World Justice Project Index 2021 has ranked Pakistan 130th among the total of 139
countries on its scale -recent World Justice Project Report.

Police and Investigation Problems

• Corruption at all levels.
• Lack of training, especially of lower staff.
• Political influence limits fairness.
• Outdated statutes.
• Understaffing and low resources.
• Section 54, 169 Cr.PC dilemma.
• Limited use of modern investigation means.
• More emphasis on FIR.
• Poorly recorded and stored evidence.
• Crime scenes are often contaminated.
• Investigating officers make up only 13% of the police force.
• Huge imbalance viz a viz ratio of crimes and IO’s.

Policing the Police – Reforms and beyond

• A state cannot achieve sovereign national authority without an ability to protect its
supporters throughout the nation. Basic military control is not sufficient to provide such
protection for individual citizens until it is complemented by effective policing and law
enforcement.”
~ Roger Myerson, Nobel Prize Laureate, University of Chicago
• Since 1947, there have been 21 reports on recommendations that were rarely
implemented.
• The colonial Police Act 1861 was substituted by the Police Order 2002, which was
validated under the 17th and 18th Amendments. Though PO 2002 temporarily liberated
the police, it was disfigured by many changes even before its efficacy was tested.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

• Legally, the authority to repeal PO 2002 does not rest with provincial assemblies. But
according to their interpretation, law enforcement is a provincial subject after
constitutional 18th amendment, therefore, so too are policing laws. Balochistan and
Sindh opted for PA 1861, Punjab kept PO 2002 with some changes, while KP
enacted its own police law in 2017.
• Police training at present focuses almost exclusively on physical training with little
emphasis on the latest investigation techniques. While some investigators have the
enthusiasm and curiosity to learn on the job, most view the investigation wing as a
temporary stint before moving on to greener pastures.
• Investigators should be recruited through a professional body that selects the best
talent to become permanent, non-transferable fixtures in their wings. They should then
undergo specialised training at a dedicated institute.
• In practice, officers in both operations and investigation are evaluated on the same
standards, whereas investigators need to be assessed on specific indicators.
• Trying promotions of senior officers with mandatory tenure in investigation wings will
also improve quality and ownership.
• The PRC (Police Reforms Committee) also needs to address the weak communication
link between investigators and victims, by devising procedures that make it binding for
investigators to appraise victims about the progress of their case.
• While governments do allocate funds for investigation, most investigators are not aware
of reimbursement procedures. Working with the meagre funds typically available,
investigators cannot employ the latest techniques. Hence, for different types of crimes,
standardised costs should be revised and notified.
• An effective criminal justice system is impossible without the help of an impartial,
independent police. For this, ensuring the security of tenure for two to three years for
police commanders and allowing them a free hand in internal administrative and
financial matters is a must.
• Concerns about police corruption, misuse of authority, illegal detentions, torture, faulty
investigations, etc must be addressed. The centre and provinces must prioritise setting
up independent police complaints authorities, headed by reputed retired judges or police
officers.
• Crime scene units must be established in each district and sub-division and a manual
for first responders and investigators prepared.
• A pool of investigators is an urgent need as a specialised sub-cadre requiring high levels
of competence and integrity.
• The private sector should be encouraged to contribute to enhancing coordination
between the public and police through institutions such as the Citizen-Police Liaison
Centre (CPLC) in Karachi.
Issues in Public Prosecution
• The decisions to take case for the trial ultimately rests with prosecution
• Extremely low on funds and resources
• Induction of recruits with criminal law expertise – a fiasco.
• Separation of prosecution from police needs special funding and competent lawyers.
• No training program for prosecution, post or pre induction.
• Inadequate role and influence in the investigation phase which leads to weak trial.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

• Public Prosecutors’ incompetence causes victim to turn towards private attorneys with
whom the police doesn’t cooperate completely.
• Prosecutors also engage with private practice.

Problems in the Courts

• Insufficient number, needs to be doubled.
• Frequent adjournment.
• Many judges are fresh graduates.
• Lack of specialization.
• Not enough protection for judges or special witnesses.
• Outdated criminal legislation, both substantive and procedural.
• Instead of institutional reforms, the judiciary has been more concerned with
expanding its 184(3) jurisdiction.
• It is said that district level courts are unable to ensure justice due to backlash from
radical group. They believe that higher courts would change the verdict during an
appeal.

Criminal Investigation:
• Investigation means to inquire systematically and to make a suspect the subject of
criminal inquiry.
~ Blacks Law Dictionary
• “Investigation includes all the proceedings under this Code for the collection of
evidence conducted by a police officer or by any person (other than a Magistrate) who
is authorised by a Magistrate in this behalf.”
~ Section 4 (I) of Code of Criminal Procedure
Why Criminal Investigation?
• The purpose of criminal investigation is to establish the guilt.
• As it is the main responsibility of police to ensure law and order and implement law in
the society so it is essential for police to bring criminals/ law breakers to the court of
law for justice through investigation facts.
• Without proper criminal investigation it is impossible to prove the crime in Court. Thus
criminal investigation has a great importance in any society of the world and so in our
country.
Investigation after FIR registration
• When an FIR is lodged, the police are required to conduct the investigation that is
consists of the steps as given under:
1. Proceedings to spot
2. Ascertainment of facts and circumstances of case
3. Discovery and arrest of suspected offender
4. Collection of evidence; and only an officer In charge of police station has
jurisdiction to investigate a cognizable offence
Objectives of Criminal Investigations
• To prove or disprove that a crime was committed.
• Reconstruction of the incident.
• Disclosure of motive.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

• Locating and identifying the suspect.

• Determining the method of committing the crime.
• Documenting and preserving evidence.
• Recovering the stolen property.
• Prepare a strong criminal case.

Guidelines for Criminal Investigations

• Exercise of power shall be guided by the law.
• No use of oppressive and offensive tactics or disproportionate use of authority.
• Transparency to be ensured.
• Investigators shall take all reasonable steps to understand particular needs of the victims
and accused.
• Particular regard for vulnerable people, especially children.
• Investigators should respect personal life of others especially women and trans people.

Prerequisites for a Strong Investigation

For criminal investigation it is also necessary to provide the following support and facilities:
• Cooperation of the public is of a great importance. Until the people who have witnessed
an offence extend cooperation to the investigator it would be difficult to trace the
culprit.
• Appointment of the trained detectives and other investigating personnel.
• Proper transport facility.
• Availability of investigation kit to immediate save the evidence available at the crime
scene.
• The use of modem devices i.e. computer, audio/video for the preservation of the
evidence in criminal investigation.
• Availability of forensic science laboratory.
• The facility of finger prints.
• Coordination between the investigating agencies and sharing information.
• Use of bugging device in investigation is important to save the verbatim of the accused.
• DNA has its recognized role in tracing the crime, so it may be introduced at lower level
in criminal investigation.

Methods of Criminal Investigation

• Interviews
• Evidence collection
• Analysis of physical evidence
• Crime scene photography
• Surveillance
• Background checks
• Document searches
• Interrogation

Manual of Preliminary Investigation

• The primary objective of the preliminary investigation is to determine who committed
the crime and to apprehend the offender.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

• The preliminary investigation collects evidence which supports that a crime has
occurred, the identification of the offender, the arrest and the subsequent conviction of
the offender.
• The framework of the preliminary investigation is based on the following major tasks:
• Verification that an offense has occurred.
• Identification of the victim, the place of the crime, and the time of the crime.
• Identification of solvability factors.
• Communication of the circumstances of the crime.
• The identification of those investigative tasks completed and those yet to be done.

Twelve Solvability Factors

• Witnesses to the crime
• A suspect's name
• Knowledge of where a suspect can be located
• Description of a suspect
• Identification of a suspect
• Property with identifiable characteristics
• Existence of a significant method of operation
• A description of the car used by the suspect
• Positive results from a crime scene evidence search
• Belief that the crime may be solved with publicity
• Reasonable additional investigative effort
• An opportunity for but one person to have committed the crime.

Types of Evidence
• Evidences are of two types:
• Inculpatory evidence
o An evidence that establishes guilt of the accused. It shows, or tends to show, a
person's involvement in an act. For instance, an eye witness.
• Exculpatory evidence
o It clears the defendant from alleged guilt. Exculpatory evidence includes any
evidence that may prove a defendant's innocence. For instance, Alibi.

Modern Investigation Techniques

• Following are the modern techniques of investigation.
• Intelligence operations
• Database investigation
• Electronic Investigation
• Forensic Investigation

Intelligence Operations
• An intelligence operation is the process by which governments, military groups,
businesses, and other organizations systematically collect and evaluate information for
the purpose of discovering the capabilities and intentions of their rivals.
• With such information or intelligence, an organization can protect itself and can expolit
its adversaries’ weaknesses.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

• Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) routinely receive information from wide range of
sources.
• The raw information is subjected to evaluation process for establishing its validity.

The Intelligence Cycle

Tasking

Dissemination Collection

Inference
Development
Evaluation

Analysis Collation

Intelligence Cycle
• Tasking: Assigning tasks.
• Collection: Data Gathering
• Evaluation: Establishing validity
• Collation: Organized collection
• Analysis: Mapping threat
• Inference development: Reaching conclusion
• Dessimination: Sending intelligence info for further necessary action

Data Base Investigation:

• Database investigation is a digital investigation process which deals
with database contents and their related metadata to reveal malicious or suspicious
activities carried onto or through database systems.
• Database Forensic Investigation (DBFI) involves the identification, collection,
preservation, reconstruction, analysis, and reporting of database incidents. However, it is
a complex, and ambiguous field due to the variety and multidimensional nature of
database systems.
• A modern branch of digital forensics.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

• It is a process which performs identification, artifact collection, analysis,

documentation, and presentation of the suspected activities.
• Database is a structured collection of data that is often stored electronically on a computer
system.
• A database is managed by a database management system (DBMS).
• Databases and the Internet have been widely used everywhere in nowadays digital world,
which has also brought out potential risks.
• To mitigate these risks keeping record of databases is pertinent for criminal profiling.
• Procedure employs investigative techniques on database contents and metadata.
Additionally, cached data may exist in a server’s RAM, necessitating live analytic tools
for proper database investigation.
• A database forensic investigation may be focused on discovering transactions within a
database system or application that suggest proof of illegal activity, such as fraud.
• To facilitate processing and data querying, the most prevalent types of databases in use
today are often modelled in rows and columns in a sequence of tables. Hence, data may
be accessed, managed, amended, updated, controlled, and organized with ease. The
majority of databases write and query data using a Structured Query Language (SQL).
• Large-scale data security breaches are a significant issue, and criminal investigators look
for pertinent information. Forensic analysis of a database may include an investigation
of the timestamps indicating when a record in a relational table was updated.

Who are database forensic experts?

• Database forensic experts are like detectives that investigate digital crimes. They hunt
down cyber-stalkers, cyberbullies, and sexual predators by identifying malevolent
hackers, identity thieves, and online fraudsters.
• The evidence they unearth may also be used to solve crimes such as murder, theft,
white-collar robbery, etc.
• With the emerging nature of criminality in intricate cyber world, it can become
impossible for an investigator to unearth the real perpetrator behind a crime, unless
database forensic experts are involved in investigation.

Duties of Database Investigator

• Generally, duties of data base investigators are following:
• Investigating computer systems and other digital storage devices for evidence.
• Using forensic tools for investigating from disks and databases as well as file
readers and network forensic software.
• Using software to examine email, computer registries, and files as well as mobile
devices.
• Recovering vital documents and images that have been destroyed or encrypted.
• Writing and speaking about discoveries.
• Providing digital evidence to corporate authorities, law enforcement, and the
courts.
• Detecting and remediating security breaches.

Electronic Investiagation
• Electronic investigation deals with collection, gathering, assessment, and accumulation
of electronic evidence.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

• Electronic evidence is information and data of investigative value that is stored on or

transmitted by an electronic device.
• Such evidence is acquired when data or physical items are collected and stored for
examination purposes.
• Electronic evidence is, by its very nature, fragile. It can be altered, damaged, or
destroyed by improper handling or improper examination.
• Special precautions should be taken to document, collect, preserve, and examine this
type of evidence. Failure to do so may render it unusable or lead to an inaccurate
conclusion.
• Electronic investigation is a type of forensic investigation.
• It deals with process of analysing electronic devices especially computers and mobile
phones.
• Internally attached computer hard drives, external drives, and other electronic devices
at a crime scene may contain information that can be useful as evidence in a criminal
investigation or prosecution. The devices themselves and the information they contain
may be used as digital evidence.
• The nature of electronic evidence is such that it poses special challenges for its
admissibility in court. To meet these challenges, following proper forensic procedures
is necessary. These procedures include, but are not limited to, four phases:
• Collection
• Examination
• Analysis
• Reporting.

Nature of Electronic Evidence:

• Electronic evidence in its very nature;
• Is often latent in the same sense as fingerprints or DNA evidence.
• Can transcend borders with ease and speed.
• Is fragile and can be easily altered, damaged, or destroyed.
• Is sometimes time-sensitive.

Procedure for Securing Electronic Evidence:

When dealing with electronic evidence, following forensic and procedural principles should
be applied:
• Actions taken to secure and collect electronic evidence should not change that
evidence.
• Persons conducting examination of electronic evidence should be trained for the
purpose.
• Activity relating to the seizure, examination, storage, or transfer of electronic
evidence should be fully documented, preserved, and available for review

Forensic Investigation:
• Forensic investigation is the act of utilizing science to establish facts or evidence
which is to be used for crime-based trials or proceeding.
• A forensic investigation is the practice of lawfully establishing evidence and facts that
are to be presented in a court of law. The term is used for nearly all investigations, ranging
from cases of financial fraud to murder.
 Criminology by Malik Huzaifa

• Many different fields of science can be applied for forensic investigations or forensic
studies including biology, medicine, anthropology and even engineering.
• Forensic science is any scientific field that is applied to the field of law. Forensic
scientists are tasked with the collection, preservation, and analysis of scientific
evidence during the course of an investigation.
• In addition to their laboratory role, forensic scientists testify as expert witnesses in both
criminal and civil cases and can work for either the prosecution or the defence.

• Different types of forensic investigations are needed in different cases. For example,
investigators use different techniques to solve arson, murder and kidnapping.
• In various cases, investigators must be able to find and analyse evidence, locate suspects
and identify victims. Training in proper forensic investigative procedures and access to
tools and resources can help an investigator to close a case successfully.

Forensic Investigation in Pakistan

• In 1906, the British government established the first forensic photographic department
on Birdwood Road, Lahore. By 1947, this forensic lab served as a British training
centre and also dealt with the examination of physical evidence like dust sample
examination, firearm, cloth fibres, ink detection, counterfeit coin examination, forged
currency, typed and handwritten material.
• After Partition, the government of Pakistan set up three other forensic science
laboratories in Karachi, Quetta and Peshawar.
• In 2002, the ECNEC approved the National Forensic Science Agency (NFSA) as an
autonomous body having different departments. The agency became functional in 2006
with fundamental objective of providing training and teaching facilities and
establishing more forensic labs throughout Pakistan.
• Some high profile cases that have been solved with the help of forensic investigation
facility at PFSA are Marriot Hotel blast, 2008; Lal Masjid operation in Islamabad;
suicide blast on a political rally in Karachi; Kasur incident; Motorway rape incident;
Chinese Consulate attack incident; Serena Quetta attack; Usman Mirza case; Noor
Mukkadam murder case and different others.
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• Punjab province passed the PFSA Act in October 2007 to establish well-equipped
laboratory in Punjab to improve and ensure the standard investigation. PFSA was
established in 2012 having 14 different well equipped forensic laboratories include
DNA and serology, latent fingerprints, narcotics, polygraph, toxicology, trace
chemistry, computer forensic, questioned documents and different other investigation
departments. The PFSA is the second largest laboratory in the world. Undoubtedly, the
creditable step of Punjab government.
• A huge amount of cases are pending in our police department and the police personnel
are unfamiliar to Personal Protective Equipment and are not trained to secure the crime
scene and to collect the physical evidence without contamination.
• Perpetrators evade the grip of law due to absence of forensic evidence.
• With exception to Punjab all other provinces – Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Balochistan – don’t have any well developed and satisfactory forensic investigation
facilities and responsible chain of evidence custody.

Why PFSA model be replicated in other provinces?

• A huge amount of cases are pending in our police department and the police personnel
are unfamiliar to Personal Protective Equipment and are not trained to secure the crime
scene and to collect the physical evidence without contamination.
• Perpetrators evade the grip of law due to absence of forensic evidence.
• With exception to Punjab all other provinces – Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Balochistan – don’t have any well developed and satisfactory forensic investigation
facilities and responsible chain of evidence custody.

Techniques of Investigation
General Techniques of Investigation
• Investigative assistance viz a viz other agencies.
• Surveillance
• Wiretaps
• Search Warrants
• Interviews
• Publicly available information – websites, social media, newspapers
• CDR – Call Data Record
• Ethical Hacking – Phishing etc
• Legal process to access various records
• Encryption may be used to protect or hide important data or communications
• Digital evidence
• Web site records
• Video surveillance
• Tracking Systems IMEI, Caller Id, CDR etc
• Financial surveillance.
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Gathering Information from Persons

• Elicitation is a technique used to collect information that is not readily available and do
so without raising suspicion that specific facts are being sought.
• It is usually non-threatening, easy to disguise, deniable, and effective. The conversation
can be in person, over the phone, or in writing.
• Conducted by a skilled collector, elicitation will appear to be normal social or
professional conversation. A person may never realize he was the target of elicitation or
that he provided meaningful information.
• Elicitation can occur anywhere—at social gatherings, at conferences, over the phone,
on the street, on the Internet, or in someone’s home.

Interviewing as an Investigation Technique

• Investigative interviewing is an essential aspect of the investigative process for patrol
officers, loss prevention agents detectives or other investigators.
• An interview is a conversation intended to extract information. Interviews are generally
non-accusatory. During the course of an investigation the investigator will conduct
interviews with all available witnesses and potential suspects.
• If during the interview it is found that the subject has lied, the investigator should
generally not confront the subject. In most cases it is best to challenge a lie during a
follow-up interview or once the interviewer has transitioned into an interrogation.
• Open ended questions as a tool.
• Process begins when you arrive at the scene.
• Identify victims and witnesses and separate them.
• Interview the victims and witnesses.
• Goal is to get information about crime.
• Corroborate information with evidence.
• How an investigator interviews is important.

Interrogation as Technique of Investigation:

• An interrogation is the process by which suspects are questioned in regards to their
involvement in the activity that gave rise to the investigation.
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• The interrogation will involve the interviewer accusing the suspect. Interrogations may
be scheduled at the conclusion of the investigation, after all of the evidence has been
considered.
• Once the tone of the conversation has moved to accusatory it is virtually impossible to
stop and go back to interviewing. In the interrogation the investigator will do most of
the talking. The questions asked of the suspect will be more direct and less open ended.

1. Direct Confrontation:
• All the evidence is provided to suspect and chance is given for confession.
• For instance, Officer William tells James that neighbour saw him hit his wife, she has
visible bruises on her arms. Shows pictures of James’ hand mark on her arm.

2. Dominance:
• LEA officer doesn’t let the suspect talk.
• Shows dominant behaviour.
• James didn’t talk even after dominant behaviour of the officer.

3. Deflection or Minimization
• Officer gives the perpetrator a moral justification for his act of hitting wife.
• Officer justifies James’ actions and victim blaming.
• James’ finally talks but objects all the themes.

4. Turning Objections into Justifications:

• Officer William turns James’ objections to justifications.
• “Yes, you arent violent but when your wife got in your way you had to hit her.”
• Officer still remains unable to get any justification or answer.

5. Expressing Empathy:
• Officer William shows empathy; asks he understands James’ situation and what he is
suffering through.
• James still remains silent.

6. Posing an Alternate Question:

• Officer William says you arent admiting fearing that you will lose your job and would
be unable to meet children.
• James becomes responsive to the scenario of losing his job and childern.
• Nods his head, which is first admission of the guilt.

7. Other Techniques of Interrogation

• Maximization:
o Using scare tactics.
o Exaggerating the seriousness of offence.
• Knowledge Bluff
o Claiming to have witness or confession
• Rapport Building
o Developing personal rapport with suspect, often acting like friend
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The Reid Technique of Interrogation

• The Reid technique is useful as a general interview format or when there are several
people suspected of the same crime. The core of the Reid technique is the Reid
Interview Tabulation Sheet. This consists of a warning of rights, a medical data sheet
and 15 numbered questions.
• Each question has a space next to it where the interviewer uses an abbreviation to note
his opinion on whether the subject answered truthfully, deceitfully or that the
interviewer is uncertain about the truthfulness of the response.
• The interviewer also writes down the subject’s answer to each question

Kinesic Technique of Interrogation

• Kinesic interviewing uses techniques to interpret subject’s truthfulness by evaluating
verbal and non-verbal cues. Like most of the methods, Kinesic interviewing can be
divided into two phases; detection and interrogation.
• The interviewer observes behaviours associated with the subject’s responses to
questions. The interviewer looks for disconnects between the subject’s words and
actions.

PEACE Model of Interrogation:

• The method is called Preparation and Planning, Engage and Explain, Account,
Closure and Evaluate (PEACE) model.
• Under the PEACE method, investigators allow a suspect to tell his or her story without
interruption, before presenting the suspect with any inconsistencies or contradictions
between the story and other evidence.

Interview Versus Interrogation:

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Further Readings
o https://linktr.ee/malikhuzaifa