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A Review Study on Different Plants in Malvaceae Family and Their Medicinal Uses
Abstract
Major source of medicinal plants in West Bengal is within forest areas, which are having rich plant diversity in wide range of
forest types supporting innumerable medicinal plants both in hills and plains. Out of 11,879 sq. km. of forests in the State, the
reserve forest comprises of 7,054 sq. km. i.e. 54% of the total forest area and 3,772 sq. km. i.e. 30% of the total forest area
constitutes protected forest. Again 34% of the total forest area in the State are declared as Protected Areas where conservation
of the habitat get due emphasis. Thus medicinal plants resources in the Protected Areas and remaining Reserve Forests and
Protected Forests get satisfactory protection, though the resource in the remaining forest areas is under great stress in view of
human interference and other biotic factors. Efforts have, however, been put since 1996 by the Research Wing of the Forest
Directorate, West Bengal to have collection of different medicinal plants available from forest areas by way of creation of
medicinal plants garden at different nursery sites or other suitable sites.In 2002 and again in 2005, two projects on Medicinal
Plants Conservation were sponsored by National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) under Ministry of Health, Government of India.
A number of in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures were taken in different agro-climatic zones of the State. Demonstration
and Propagation centres were also established. Pilot plantations of medicinal trees, shrubs and herbs
were attempted successfully. Trainings in this regard were imparted to all stakeholders. Thereafter since 2006, a United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) sponsored project “National Programme on Promoting Medicinal Plants Conservation and
Traditional Knowledge for Enhancing Health and Livelihood Security”, UNDP-CCF-II Project No.13047, was launched in West
Bengal by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India and the Bengaluru based “Foundation for
Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT)” who was the coordinating agency. A grant of Rs. 88.98 lakhs was released in
stages so far.

Introduction

Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been Discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since Prehistoric
times. Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical Compounds for functions including defence against insects, fungi, Diseases, and
herbivorous mammals. Numerous phytochemicals With potential or established biological activity have been Identified.
However, since a single plant contains widely diverse Phytochemicals, the effects of using a whole plant as medicine are
Uncertain. Further, the phytochemical content and pharmacological Actions, if any, of many plants having medicinal potential
remain Unassessed by rigorous scientific research to define efficacy and Safety [1]. In the United States over the period 1999 to
2012, Despite several hundred applications for new drug status, only two Botanical drug candidates had sufficient evidence of
medicinal value To be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. A medicinal Plant is a plant that is used to attempt to
maintain health, to be Administered for a specific condition, or both, whether in modern Medicine or in traditional medicine.
The Food and Agriculture Organization estimated in 2002 that over 50,000 medicinal plants Are used across the world [2]. The
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew more conservatively estimated In 2016 that 17,810 plant species have a medicinal use, out of some
30,000 plants for which a use of any kind is documented [3]. In other Systems of medicine, medicinal plants may constitute the
majority Of what are often informal attempted treatments, not tested Scientifically [4]. The World Health Organization estimates,
without Reliable data, that some 80 percent of the world’s population Depends mainly on traditional medicine (including but not
limited To plants); perhaps some two billion people are largely reliant on Medicinal plants [4]. The use of plant-based materials
including Herbal or natural health products with supposed health benefits,
Is increasing in developed countries [5]. This brings attendant Risks of toxicity and other effects on human health, despite the
safe Image of herbal remedies [6]. Herbal medicines have been in use Since long before modern medicine existed; there was and
often Still is little or no knowledge of the pharmacological basis of their Actions, if any, or of their safety. The World Health
Organization Formulated a policy on traditional medicine in 1991, and since then Has published guidelines for them, with a series
of monographs on Widely used herbal medicines [7].Medicinal plants may provide three main kinds of benefit: Health benefits
to the people who consume them as medicines; Financial benefits to people who harvest, process, and distribute Them for sale;
and society wide benefits, such as job opportunities, Taxation income, and a healthier labour force [8]. However, Development of
plants or extracts having potential medicinal uses Is blunted by weak scientific evidence, poor practices in the process
Of drug development, and insufficient financing [9]. Malvaceae are Distributed widely in tropical and temperate regions. 22
genera And about 125 species of Malvaceae have so far been reported From India. Some of the larger genera, along with their
common Names/ or number of reported species in parenthesis, include Hibiscus (rose mallow, 300), Sida (200), Pavonia (200),
Abutilon (Indian mallow, 100), Alcea (60), Malva (Mallow, 40), Lavatera (25), Gossypium (Cotton, 20), and Althaea (12). A number
of species are pests in agriculture, including Abutilon Theophrasti and Madiola caroliniana, and others that are garden Escapes.
Cotton (four species of Gos-sypium), kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus), cacao, kola nut, and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Are
important agricultural crops. The fruit and leaves of baobabs Are edible, as is the fruit of the durian. The family is recognized by
Hibiscus ro-sa-sinensis (rose of China) because of its beautiful large Flowers and hundreds of its known cultivated varieties.
Cotton (Gossypium), the most important plant of this family from the Commercial viewpoint, has been cultivated in India since
last 5000
Years [10].
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Objectives of the Review

The study focused on documenting the traditional medicinal plants used by tribal communities in various parts of West Bengal,
India. It summarized the uses of 105 medicinal plant species belonging to 60 families. The research included information about
the taxonomical features, ethno botanical uses, and pharmacological properties of these plant species.

The study emphasized the significant role of plants in providing nutrition and therapeutic benefits to humans and animals. It
highlighted the importance of herbal products as the main source of medications for various diseases in rural areas. The
traditional medicinal knowledge and practices of tribal communities were considered in the study, and the review aimed to
provide valuable insights into the traditional uses of medicinal plants in West Bengal.

Medicinal plants is very much related to our health culture. Most of the people of West Bengal are directly or indirectly depends
medicinal plants for health problem. The review aims to understand the possibility of medicinal plant as a sustainable livelihood
option. The specific objectives are to explore the use of locally produced medicinal plants, to explore the market of medicinal
plants in West Bengal, to know about of the habitat, diversity of medicinal plant, to know about the conversation of medicinal
plant, to know about the uses of medicinal plant against several diseases.Materials and MethodsThe present study in based on
the intensive field of the area during the period of June 2018 to April 2019. A total of 5 species under 5 genera belonging to the
Malvaceae family were collected and identified. The methods and materials were performed through a systematic search related
to Euphorbiacea including the ethnomedicinal practices, phytochemistry and pharmacological studies around the world. The
data was collected from online journals, research papers and books, all of which were published in different countries. Search
engine websites such as Google, Google Scholar, Pub Med, Science Direct, Research gate and other online collections were
utilized in this review to obtain information.

Results and Discussions

The total description and the medicinal uses of the plants of the Malvaceae family are given below:
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Figure: percentage of distribution of plant parts uses in medicine.

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1.Sida acuta Burm.f

Local name: Bala
Habit: perennial herb or shrub, usually growing up to 1-2 meters in height.
Habitat. It is commonly found in waste areas, grasslands, It is commonly found in waste areas, grasslands,
open fields, and along roadsides. Fields, and along roadsides
Phenogeny : Sida acuta produces flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Climate: It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. West Bengal has a predominantly tropical climate,
characterized by hot and humid summers and mild winters.
Flowering period: June to September
Status of occurrence: Abundant
Distribution: Sida acuta is a native species in West Bengal and can be found in various parts of the state.
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 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS :

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Sida
Species: Sida acuta
 Morphological features of Sida acuta include:

 Stem: Sida acuta has a woody or herbaceous stem, usually covered with fine hairs (pubescent).
The stem is erect or ascending and can grow up to 1-2 meters in height.

 Leaves: The leaves are alternate and simple. They are usually palmately veined and have serrated
or toothed margins. The leaf shape is variable, ranging from ovate to lanceolate, and they are
often hairy.

 Flowers: The flowers are small and arranged in clusters at the leaf axils or terminal ends of the
branches. Each flower has five sepals and five petals, typically yellow in color. The petals are fused
at the base and form a cup-like structure.

 Inflorescence: Sida acuta has inflorescences that are racemes or panicles, which are elongated
clusters of flowers.
 Fruit: The fruit of Sida acuta is a capsule that contains several seeds. The capsule is rounded or
disc-shaped and is covered with hooked bristles.
 Hairs: Sida acuta is characterized by the presence of glandular and non-glandular hairs on various
parts of the plant, including the stem, leaves, and sepals.

 Medical uses:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Sida acuta are commonly used in traditional medicine. They are
known to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties. The leaves
are often used topically to treat skin conditions like wounds, cuts, rashes, and insect bites.
They are also used in the form of poultices or herbal baths to relieve pain and
inflammation.

2. Roots: The roots of Sida acuta have been used to treat various ailments, particularly in
Ayurvedic medicine. They are believed to have diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic
(fever-reducing) properties. The roots are used in decoctions or infusions to relieve urinary
problems, reduce fever, and alleviate joint pain and swelling.

3. Stem Bark: The stem bark of Sida acuta is used in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial
and antifungal properties. It is often prepared as a decoction or extract and used to treat
conditions such as dysentery, diarrhea, and fungal infections.
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4. Seeds: The seeds of Sida acuta have been traditionally employed for their expectorant and
antitussive (cough-suppressing) properties. They are used in the form of powders or
decoctions to alleviate coughs, promote expectoration, and relieve respiratory congestion.

5. Whole Plant: In some traditional medicinal practices, the entire Sida acuta plant is used for
its medicinal benefits. It is believed to possess a range of properties, including analgesic,
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antispasmodic effects. The whole plant
extracts or preparations are used to treat various conditions such as fevers, pain,
infections, and digestive disorders.

It’s important to note that while Sida acuta has a history of traditional use in certain cultures,
scientific research on its medicinal properties is limited. It’s always advisable to consult with a
healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies, including Sida acuta, for therapeutic
purposes.
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Fig: sida cordifolia L.

1. Sida cordifolia L.
Local name:
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Habit :Sida cordifolia is a perennial herbaceous plant. It has an upright or ascending growth habit, with
branched stems that can reach a height of about 1-1.5 meters.

Habitat : Sida cordifolia is a highly adaptable plant and can be found in various habitats. It is native to
tropical and subtropical regions, It can thrive in a range of environments, including open fields, waste areas,
roadsides, disturbed sites, and agricultural lands. It is often considered a weed in many regions due to its
ability to colonize disturbed areas.

Phenogeny : The phenology of Sida cordifolia refers to the life cycle and seasonal changes observed in the
plant. It typically follows a perennial life cycle, meaning it can live for multiple years. The plant produces
new growth from the base each year and flowers during the appropriate growing season

Climate: Sida cordifolia can tolerate a wide range of climates. It is found in both tropical and subtropical
regions. It can thrive in warm and humid conditions but can also tolerate drier climates. It is adaptable to
different soil types and can grow in both sandy and clayey soils

Flowering period: All year round.

Pollination mechanisms: Entamofilous

Status of occurrence: common

Distribution: Sida cordifolia is known to occur in various districts of West Bengal, such as Kolkata, North 24
Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Hooghly, Howrah, Nadia, Murshidabad, and Malda. It is often found in
disturbed areas, agricultural fields, roadsides, and wastelands.Due to its adaptability and ability to thrive in
diverse environments, Sida cordifolia has spread throughout the state and can be encountered in both rural
and urban landscapes. However, it is important to note that as an introduced species, it may have varying
degrees of abundance and distribution within specific regions of West Bengal.

TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:

Taxonomic Classification:

- Kingdom: Plantae (plants)

- Clade: Tracheophytes (vascular plants)

- Clade: Angiosperms (flowering plants)

- Clade: Eudicots (true dicotyledons)

- Clade: Rosids

- Order: Malvales

- Family: Malvaceae

- Genus: Sida

- Species: cordifolia

MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:

Sida cordifolia is a perennial herbaceous plant with the following morphological characteristics:
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1. Stem: The stem of Sida cordifolia is erect or ascending, typically growing up to 1-1.5 meters in height. It is
usually pubescent, meaning it is covered with fine hairs, although glabrous (nearly hairless) forms can also be
found. The stem is often branched, and its color can range from green to reddish-brown.

2. Leaves: The leaves are simple and alternate, meaning they are arranged singly along the stem rather than
opposite each other. The leaf shape is variable, but they are generally heart-shaped (cordate), which is where
the species name “cordifolia” originates. The leaf margins may be toothed or smooth. The leaves are typically
pubescent or covered with fine hairs, similar to the stem.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Sida cordifolia are small and typically yellow in color. They are arranged in clusters
known as axillary or terminal inflorescences. Each flower has five sepals and five petals. The petals are united
at the base and form a tubular structure. The number of stamens may vary but is usually around 10. The
flowers are hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive parts.

4. Fruits: The fruit of Sida cordifolia is a capsule that contains numerous small, rounded seeds. The capsule is
covered with stiff hairs. When mature, the capsule splits open to release the seeds.

Overall, Sida cordifolia is a perennial herbaceous plant with an erect or ascending stem, heart-shaped leaves, small
yellow flowers arranged in clusters, and capsules containing small seeds. The plant exhibits variations in pubescence
(presence or absence of fine hairs) on both the stem and leaves, and its overall morphology can be influenced by
environmental conditions and individual variations within the species.

MEDICINAL USES:

Sida cordifolia, commonly known as Bala or Country Mallow, has been used in traditional medicine for various
medicinal purposes. Different parts of the plant have been utilized for their therapeutic properties. Here are some of
the medicinal uses associated with specific parts of Sida cordifolia:

1. Roots: The roots of Sida cordifolia are known to possess medicinal properties. They have been used in
traditional Ayurvedic medicine as a rejuvenating tonic and for their potential benefits in promoting overall
health and vitality. The roots are often used in the form of decoctions or extracts.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Sida cordifolia have been traditionally used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic
properties. They are commonly used topically as poultices or in the form of herbal baths to alleviate pain,
swelling, and inflammation associated with various conditions.

3. Seeds: The seeds of Sida cordifolia are reported to have diuretic properties and have been used to promote
urine production and relieve urinary problems. They are also used traditionally for their potential benefits in
managing respiratory conditions such as cough and asthma.
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4. Whole Plant: In some traditional medicinal practices, the entire Sida cordifolia plant is used for its medicinal
benefits. It is believed to possess properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and
immunomodulatory effects. The plant extracts or preparations are used to treat conditions like arthritis, joint
pain, respiratory disorders, and urinary tract issues.

It’s important to note that while Sida cordifolia has a history of traditional use in certain cultures, scientific research
on its medicinal properties is limited. It’s always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before using any
herbal remedies, including Sida cordifolia, for therapeutic purposes.
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fig :sida rhombifolia L.

4.Sida rhombifolia L.

Local name: Atibala, and Bhuijuri.

Habit : Sida rhombifolia is a perennial herbaceous plant. It has an upright habit and grows erect or ascending. The
plant can reach a height of about 1-2 meters

Habitat : Sida rhombifolia is a versatile plant that can adapt to various habitats. It is commonly found in open
grasslands, agricultural fields, waste areas, roadsides, and disturbed sites. It thrives in areas with full sun exposure
and well-drained soil.

Phenogeny : The phenology of Sida rhombifolia refers to its growth and developmental stages throughout the year. It
typically follows a seasonal pattern, with variations depending on the specific climatic conditions. The phenology
includes the emergence of new shoots, leaf development, flowering, and fruiting

Climate: Sida rhombifolia is adapted to warm and tropical climates. It can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and
is often found in regions with temperatures ranging from 20°C to 35°C (68°F to 95°F)

Flowering period: from late spring to early autumn.

Pollination mechanisms: Entamofilous

Status of occurrence: common plant species in West Bengal. It is considered a native species in the region

Distribution: found in various districts of West Bengal, including Kolkata, North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas,
Howrah, Hooghly, Nadia, Murshidabad, and Malda. It is widely distributed across different parts of the state and is
commonly encountered in both rural and urban areas.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:

Taxonomic Classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
- Clade: Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
- Clade: Angiosperms (flowering plants)
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- Clade: Eudicots (true dicotyledons)
- Clade: Rosids
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae
- Genus: Sida
- Species: rhombifolia

MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:

Sida rhombifolia is a perennial herbaceous plant with the following morphological characteristics:

1. Stem: The stem of Sida rhombifolia is erect or ascending and can grow up to 1-2 meters in height. It is often
branched and may have a reddish tinge. The stem is covered with fine hairs (pubescent) or may appear
nearly hairless (globous).

2. Leaves: The leaves are simple and alternate, meaning they are arranged singly along the stem rather than
opposite each other. The leaf shape is rhomboid (diamond-shaped), giving the species its specific epithet
“rhombifolia.” The leaf margins are toothed or serrated. The leaves are usually pubescent, with fine hairs on
both surfaces.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Sida rhombifolia are small and typically yellow in color. They are arranged in clusters
known as axillary or terminal inflorescences. Each flower has five sepals and five petals. The petals are united
at the base and form a tubular structure. The number of stamens may vary but is usually around 10. The
flowers are hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive parts.

4. Fruits: The fruit of Sida rhombifolia is a capsule that contains numerous small, rounded seeds. The capsule is
covered with stiff hairs. When mature, the capsule splits open to release the seeds.

Overall, Sida rhombifolia is a perennial herbaceous plant with an erect or ascending stem, rhomboid-shaped leaves,
small yellow flowers arranged in clusters, and capsules containing small seeds. The plant exhibits variations in
pubescence (presence or absence of fine hairs) on both the stem and leaves, and its overall morphology can be
influenced by environmental conditions and individual variations within the species.

 MEDICINAL USES
Sida rhombifolia, commonly known as Bala or Atibala, has a history of traditional use in various medicinal systems.
Different parts of the plant have been utilized for their therapeutic properties. Here are some of the medicinal uses
associated with specific parts of Sida rhombifolia:

1. Roots: The roots of Sida rhombifolia are used in traditional medicine for their potential benefits in treating
respiratory conditions. They are often used in the form of decoctions or extracts to relieve cough, asthma,
and bronchitis symptoms.
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2. Leaves: The leaves of Sida rhombifolia are known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. They
are used topically as poultices or in the form of herbal baths to alleviate pain, swelling, and inflammation
associated with arthritis, joint pain, and other inflammatory conditions.

3. Seeds: The seeds of Sida rhombifolia have diuretic properties and are used to promote urine production and
relieve urinary problems. They are also employed in traditional medicine for their potential benefits in
managing conditions like urinary tract infections and kidney stones.

4. Whole Plant: In some traditional medicinal practices, the entire Sida rhombifolia plant is used for its
medicinal benefits. It is believed to possess properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, analgesic,
and antioxidant effects. The plant extracts or preparations are used to treat conditions such as diabetes,
rheumatism, digestive disorders, and skin ailments.

While Sida rhombifolia has a history of traditional use in certain cultures, scientific research on its medicinal
properties is limited. It’s important to note that herbal remedies should be used with caution, and it’s advisable to
consult with a healthcare professional before using Sida rhombifolia or any other herbal product for therapeutic
purposes.
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Fig: corchorus olitorum

5.Corchorus olitorius L.

 Local name: Corchorus olitorius (commonly known as Jute Mallow or Nalta jute)
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 Habit: Corchorus olitorius is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant with an upright growth habit. It can
grow up to 2-3 meters in height.

 Habitat: It is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions as a food and fiber crop. It prefers well-
drained soils and can tolerate a range of soil conditions.

 Phenogeny: Corchorus olitorius usually grows as an annual plant in cultivation. It starts from seeds and
develops into mature plants, producing leaves, flowers, and seeds in a single growing season.

 Climate: It thrives in warm and humid climates. Corchorus olitorius prefers temperatures between 25 to 35
degrees Celsius. It requires a sufficient amount of rainfall during the growing season.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Corchorus olitorius can vary depending on various factors such as
local climate and cultivation practices. Typically, it starts flowering around 8-10 weeks after sowing, and
flowering continues for several weeks.

 Pollination mechanisms: Corchorus olitorius flowers are usually pollinated by bees and other flying insects.
These insects transfer pollen from the male flowers to the female flowers, enabling fertilization and seed
production.

 Status of occurrence: Corchorus olitorius is widely cultivated and not considered endangered or threatened.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Corchorus olitorius is extensively cultivated in West Bengal, India. The state of
West Bengal is one of the major jute-producing regions in India, and Corchorus olitorius is an important cash
crop grown for its fiber, which is used in various industries. It is also consumed as a leafy vegetable in some
parts of West Bengal.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION :

Taxonomic classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Corchorus
- Species: Corchorus olitorius

Morphological features:

1. Stem: Corchorus olitorius has a slender, erect stem that can reach a height of 2-3 meters. The stem is often
ribbed and covered with fine hairs.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Corchorus olitorius are simple, alternate, and have a lanceolate or ovate shape. They
are arranged spirally along the stem and can be up to 10 centimetres’ long. The leaves have serrated margins
and are typically green in color.

3. Flowers: The flowers are small, yellow, and typically arranged in clusters or cymes at the leaf axils. Each
flower has five petals and numerous stamens. The flowers are bisexual and have both male and female
reproductive parts.
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4. Fruit: After pollination, Corchorus olitorius produces capsule-like fruits. The fruits are elongated and
cylindrical, containing many small seeds. The mature fruits are usually green and turn brown when they dry
out.

5. Seeds: The seeds of Corchorus olitorius are small and angular. They are brown or black in color and have a
hard outer coating.

6. Hairs: The plant is covered in fine, soft hairs, which give it a slightly fuzzy texture.

These are some of the key taxonomic and morphological features of Corchorus olitorius. Please note that there can
be some variations in these features depending on environmental conditions and specific cultivars.

 MEDICINAL USES
In traditional medicine, various parts of Corchorus olitorius (Jute Mallow) are used for their potential medicinal
properties. The specific parts of the plant used and their traditional medicinal uses include:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Corchorus olitorius are commonly used in traditional medicine. They are known for
their potential diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The leaves are often used to make
herbal teas or infusions that are believed to have medicinal benefits.

2. Seeds: The seeds of Corchorus olitorius have been traditionally used for their potential laxative and purgative
effects. They contain mucilage, which is believed to help in relieving constipation and promoting bowel
movements.

3. Roots: The roots of Corchorus olitorius are sometimes used in traditional medicine. They are believed to
possess antimicrobial properties and are used in the treatment of various infections.

4. Bark: The bark of Corchorus olitorius is occasionally used in traditional medicine for its potential antidiabetic
and anti-inflammatory properties. It is believed to help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce inflammation.

It’s important to note that the traditional medicinal uses of Corchorus olitorius have been passed down through
generations and may vary among different cultures and regions. While there is some anecdotal evidence supporting
these uses, scientific research on the medicinal properties of Corchorus olitorius is limited. As with any herbal
remedies, it’s advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare professional before using Corchorus olitorius or its
parts for medicinal purposes
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6.Abroma augusta (L) L.f.

 Local name: Abroma augusta (Devil’s Cotton or Indian Hemp)

 Habit: Abroma augusta is a perennial shrub or small tree that can reach a height of 2-5 meters. It has a
woody stem and branches.

 Habitat: This species is typically found in tropical and subtropical regions. It prefers well-drained soil and is
often found in forests, thickets, or along riverbanks.

 Phenogeny: Abroma augusta is a perennial plant, meaning it can live for multiple years. It produces leaves,
flowers, and fruits each year during the appropriate growing season.

 Climate: It thrives in warm and humid climates. Abroma augusta prefers temperatures between 20 to 35
degrees Celsius. It requires a sufficient amount of rainfall for healthy growth.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Abroma augusta can vary depending on local climatic conditions.
Generally, it produces flowers during the summer and rainy seasons. The exact duration of the flowering
period may depend on specific environmental factors.

 Pollination mechanisms: Abroma augusta flowers are typically pollinated by insects, particularly bees and
butterflies. These insects transfer pollen from the male flowers to the female flowers, allowing for
fertilization and seed production.

 Status of occurrence: Abundant

 Distribution in West Bengal: Abroma augusta is native to India, including the state of West Bengal. It is
known to occur in various regions of West Bengal, particularly in forests and other suitable habitats within
the state.
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TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic classification of Abroma augusta:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Abroma
- Species: Abroma augusta

Morphological features of Abroma augusta:

1. Habit: Abroma augusta is a perennial shrub or small tree that can grow up to 2-5 meters in height. It has a
woody stem and branches.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Abroma augusta are large, alternate, and palmately lobed. They are typically dark green
in color and have a rough texture. The leaves can reach lengths of up to 20 centimetres’ and have prominent
veins.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Abroma augusta are large and bell-shaped, typically measuring around 5-6
centimeters in diameter. They are usually dark red or purplish in color and have five petals. The flowers are
borne on long peduncles and are solitary or arranged in small clusters.

4. Fruit: Abroma augusta produces fruit in the form of woody capsules. The capsules are oval-shaped and
contain numerous seeds. When mature, the capsules split open to release the seeds.

5. Seeds: The seeds of Abroma augusta are small, dark brown, and have a smooth surface. They are typically
enclosed within the woody capsules.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Abroma augusta, which is the recognized scientific
name for Devil’s Cotton or Indian Hemp.
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MEDICINAL USES
Various parts of Abroma augusta, commonly known as Devil’s Cotton or Indian Hemp, are used in traditional
medicine for their potential medicinal properties. The specific parts of the plant used and their traditional medicinal
uses include:

1. Bark: The bark of Abroma augusta is known for its medicinal properties. It is used in traditional medicine for
its potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing effects. It is often used externally in the form of
poultices or ointments to treat skin conditions, such as wounds, cuts, and inflammation.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Abroma augusta are used in traditional medicine for various purposes. They are known
for their potential antidiabetic, diuretic, and analgesic properties. Leaf extracts or decoctions are used
internally to help regulate blood sugar levels and relieve pain. In some traditional practices, the leaves are
also used topically to treat skin conditions.

3. Roots: The roots of Abroma augusta are used in traditional medicine for their potential antispasmodic and
uterine-stimulating effects. They are often used to alleviate menstrual disorders, such as painful or irregular
menstruation. The root extracts or preparations are believed to help regulate menstrual cycles and provide
relief from associated symptoms.

4. Seeds: The seeds of Abroma augusta have been traditionally used for their potential emmenagogue
properties. They are believed to stimulate the menstrual flow and are used in the management of menstrual
irregularities. However, it’s important to note that the use of Abroma augusta seeds for medicinal purposes
should be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional due to potential side effects and
toxicity.

It's important to note that the traditional medicinal uses of Abroma augusta have been passed down through
generations and may vary among different cultures and regions. However, scientific research on the medicinal
properties and safety of Abroma augusta is limited. As with any herbal remedies, it’s advisable to consult with a
qualified healthcare professional before using Abroma augusta or its parts for medicinal purposes.
 Page :20
7.Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
 Local name: Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is commonly known as “Shoe Flower” or “Gurhal” in West Bengal.

 Habit: Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is a perennial evergreen shrub with a bushy and upright growth habit. It can
grow up to 2-3 meters in height.

 Habitat: It is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant and can be found in gardens, parks, and home
landscapes. It prefers well-drained soil and thrives in warm, tropical, and subtropical regions.

 Phenogeny: Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is a perennial plant, meaning it can live for multiple years. It produces
leaves, flowers, and fruits throughout the year in favorable growing conditions.

 Climate: It thrives in warm climates and is well-suited to tropical and subtropical regions. Hibiscus Rosa
sinensis prefers temperatures between 20 to 35 degrees Celsius. It requires a sufficient amount of sunlight
and can tolerate high humidity.

 Flowering period: Hibiscus Rosa sinensis produces flowers throughout the year in favorable conditions.
However, the peak flowering period generally occurs during the warmer months, from spring to summer. The
exact timing and duration of flowering can vary depending on local climate and cultivation practices.

 Pollination mechanisms: The flowers of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis are usually pollinated by insects, particularly
bees and butterflies. These pollinators transfer pollen from the anthers (male reproductive parts) to the
stigma (female reproductive part), enabling fertilization and seed production.

 Status of occurrence: Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is a widely cultivated and popular ornamental plant. It is not
considered endangered or threatened.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is commonly grown and cultivated in West Bengal, India.
It is a popular garden plant, often found in home gardens, parks, and public landscapes throughout the state.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS:

Taxonomic classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Hibiscus
 Page :21
- Species: Rosa sinensis

Morphological features:
1. Habit: Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is an evergreen shrub or small tree with a bushy and upright growth habit. It
can reach a height of 2-3 meters or more, depending on the cultivar and growing conditions.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis are alternate, simple, and glossy. They are typically oval or
lanceolate in shape and have serrated margins. The leaves are dark green and can measure around 6-15
centimeters in length.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis are large, showy, and solitary. They have a characteristic
funnel-shaped structure with five petals that are often overlapping. The petals can come in a wide range of
colors, including shades of red, pink, orange, yellow, and white. The flowers have a prominent, protruding
stigma and a long style.

4. Sepals: Surrounding the base of the flower, there are five sepals that are fused together to form a cup-like
structure called the calyx. The calyx provides support and protection to the developing flower bud.

5. Stamens: Inside the flower, there are numerous stamens that bear the pollen-producing anthers. The
stamens are arranged in a central column surrounding the pistil.

6. Fruit: After successful pollination, the flower develops into a fruit known as a capsule. The capsule is ovoid or
round in shape and contains numerous small seeds.

7. Roots: The roots of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis are fibrous and spread out in the soil to anchor the plant and
absorb water and nutrients.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis. It’s important to note that
there are many cultivated varieties and hybrids of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis, leading to variations in flower color, size,
and leaf shape.

MEDICINAL USES
Various parts of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis, commonly known as Hibiscus or Shoe Flower, are used in traditional medicine
for their potential medicinal properties. The specific parts of the plant used and their traditional medicinal uses
include:

1. Flowers: The flowers of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis are used in traditional medicine for their potential antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory properties. They are often used to make herbal teas or infusions, which are believed
to have diuretic and detoxifying effects. The flowers are also used topically in the form of poultices or
extracts for skin conditions, such as wounds, burns, and dermatitis.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis are used in traditional medicine for various purposes. They are
known for their potential antihypertensive (blood pressure-lowering), antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective
properties. Leaf extracts or preparations are used internally to help regulate blood pressure, manage
diabetes, and support liver health.
 Page :22

3. Calyx: The calyx, which is the outer part of the flower, is rich in antioxidants and bioactive compounds. It is
often used in traditional medicine for its potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Calyx extracts
or infusions are used for gastrointestinal issues, such as stomach-aches and diarrhea.

4. Seeds: The seeds of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis are used in traditional medicine for their potential emollient and
moisturizing properties. They are sometimes used in the preparation of cosmetic products, such as creams
and oils, to promote skin hydration and improve skin texture.

5. Bark: The bark of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is occasionally used in traditional medicine for its potential
astringent and antiseptic properties. It is used externally for wound healing, as well as for oral hygiene
purposes.

It’s important to note that while these traditional uses exist, scientific research on the medicinal properties of
Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is ongoing, and the effectiveness and safety of these uses may vary. If you are considering
using Hibiscus Rosa sinensis for medicinal purposes, it is advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare professional
or herbalist for proper guidance and dosage recommendations.

8.Hibiscus mutabilis L .
Local name: In West Bengal, Hibiscus mutabilis is commonly known as “Gurhal” or “Sthalapadma.”

Habit: Hibiscus mutabilis is a deciduous shrub with an upright growth habit. It can grow up to 3-5 meters in height
and has multiple stems branching out from the base. The branches are often covered with hairy or bristly trichomes.

Habitat: It is typically found in a variety of habitats, including open woodlands, shrublands, and disturbed areas.
Hibiscus mutabilis thrives in well-drained soils and can tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy and loamy soils.

Phenogeny: Hibiscus mutabilis is a deciduous species, shedding its leaves during the dry or cooler season. It produces
flowers from late spring to autumn, depending on the local climate and environmental conditions.

Climate: It prefers warm tropical and subtropical climates. Hibiscus mutabilis can tolerate a wide range of
temperatures but thrives in areas with average annual temperatures ranging from 20 to 30 degrees Celsius.

Flowering period: The flowering period of Hibiscus mutabilis typically occurs from late spring to autumn. The flowers
are known for their unique color-changing ability throughout the day. They start off white or pink in the morning,
change to pink or red during the day, and finally turn dark pink or deep red by the evening.

Pollination mechanisms: Hibiscus mutabilis is pollinated by various insects, including bees, butterflies, and
hummingbirds. These pollinators transfer pollen from the anthers to the stigma, facilitating fertilization and seed
production.

Status of occurrence: Hibiscus mutabilis is not considered endangered and is widely cultivated as an ornamental
plant.
 Page :23
Distribution in West Bengal: Hibiscus mutabilis is commonly found in West Bengal, both in cultivated gardens and in
the wild. It is a popular garden plant due to its beautiful and color-changing flowers.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic classification:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)

- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)

- Order: Malvales

- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)

- Genus: Hibiscus

- Species: mutabilis

Morphological features:

1. Habit: Hibiscus mutabilis is a deciduous shrub with an upright growth habit. It can grow up to 3-5 meters in
height. The stems are woody at the base and covered with hairy or bristly trichomes.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis are simple, alternate, and palmately lobed. They are medium to dark
green in color and have toothed margins. The leaves are often 3-5 lobed with a heart-shaped or palmate
shape.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Hibiscus mutabilis are the highlight of the plant. They are large and showy, measuring
around 10-15 centimeters in diameter. The flowers have a unique color-changing ability throughout the day.
They start off as white or pale pink in the morning, change to pink or red during the day, and finally turn dark
pink or deep red by the evening.

4. Petals: The flowers of Hibiscus mutabilis have five petals that are broad and overlapping. The petals can be
single or double, depending on the cultivar. The color-changing ability of the flowers adds to their beauty and
appeal.

5. Sepals: Surrounding the base of the flower, there are five sepals that are fused together to form a cup-
shaped structure known as the calyx. The calyx provides support and protection to the developing flower
bud.

6. Fruit: After successful pollination, the flowers of Hibiscus mutabilis develop into a capsule-shaped fruit. The
fruit is woody and contains multiple seeds.

7. Roots: The roots of Hibiscus mutabilis are fibrous and spread out in the soil to anchor the plant and absorb
water and nutrients.
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These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Hibiscus mutabilis. It’s important to note that there
may be variations in flower color, leaf shape, and other characteristics among different cultivars and varieties of
Hibiscus mutabilis.

 MEDICINAL USES

Hibiscus mutabilis, commonly known as Cotton Rose Mallow or Confederate Rose, has various traditional medicinal
uses. Different parts of the plant are utilized for their potential therapeutic properties. Here are some of
the medical uses associated with specific parts of Hibiscus mutabilis:

1. Flowers: The flowers of Hibiscus mutabilis are used in traditional medicine for their potential
diuretic and detoxifying effects. They are often brewed into herbal teas or infusions, which are
believed to have cooling and cleansing properties. These teas are sometimes consumed to promote
urinary health and alleviate mild water retention.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis are used for their potential anti-inflammatory and anti-
diabetic properties. They are sometimes boiled or prepared as an extract and consumed to help
manage diabetes, reduce inflammation, and support overall health.

3. Bark: The bark of Hibiscus mutabilis is occasionally used in traditional medicine for its potential
astringent properties. It may be applied topically or used in mouthwashes to promote oral health
and treat mild gum infections.

It’s important to note that while these traditional uses exist, scientific research on the medicinal properties
of Hibiscus mutabilis is limited. Further studies are needed to validate these claims and understand the
specific active compounds responsible for the potential health benefits. If you’re considering using Hibiscus
mutabilis for medicinal purposes, it’s advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare professional or
herbalist for appropriate guidance and dosage recommendations.

9.Hibiscus acetosella L
 Local name: In West Bengal, Hibiscus acetosella is commonly known as “Lal Sankrant
 Page :25
Vel” or “Red-leaf Hibiscus.”

 Habit: Hibiscus acetosella is a herbaceous annual or short-lived perennial plant. It has an upright
growth habit, reaching a height of about 1-2 meters. The stems are often red or purplish in color
and covered with fine hairs.

 Habitat: It is typically found in open areas, wastelands, and disturbed habitats. Hibiscus acetosella
prefers well-drained soils and can tolerate a wide range of soil types, including sandy and loamy
soils.

 Phenogeny: Hibiscus acetosella is an annual or short-lived perennial plant, depending on the

specific conditions and growing environment. It produces leaves, flowers, and seeds within a single
growing season.

 Climate: It thrives in warm tropical and subtropical climates. Hibiscus acetosella prefers
temperatures between 20 to 30 degrees Celsius. It can tolerate some degree of drought but
requires regular watering in hot and dry periods.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Hibiscus acetosella typically occurs from late spring to
early autumn. The plant produces vibrant, bell-shaped flowers in shades of red, pink, or purple. The
flowers are short-lived but are continuously produced throughout the flowering season.

 Pollination mechanisms: Hibiscus acetosella is primarily pollinated by insects, including bees,

butterflies, and other nectar-seeking insects. These pollinators transfer pollen from the anthers to
the stigma, enabling fertilization and seed production.

 Status of occurrence: Hibiscus acetosella is not considered endangered and is widely cultivated as
an ornamental plant.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Hibiscus acetosella is commonly found in West Bengal, both in
cultivated gardens and sometimes as a wild or naturalized species. It is valued for its attractive
foliage and vibrant flowers, which make it a popular choice for ornamental planting.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS:

Taxonomic features of Hibiscus acetosella:
- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Hibiscus
 Page :26
- Species: acetosella

Morphological features of Hibiscus acetosella:

1. Habit: Hibiscus acetosella is a herbaceous plant, typically growing as an annual or short-lived
perennial. It has an upright growth habit, reaching a height of about 1-2 meters.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus acetosella are the highlight of the plant. They are deeply lobed,
palmate, or palmately compound, giving them an attractive and unique appearance. The leaves are
typically large and have a distinctive red or burgundy color, which intensifies under full sun
exposure. The leaf shape and color make it a popular ornamental plant.

3. Stems: The stems of Hibiscus acetosella are typically reddish or purplish in color, which adds to the
overall aesthetic appeal of the plant. They are covered with fine hairs and can become woody at the
base in older specimens.

4. Flowers: Hibiscus acetosella produces showy, bell-shaped flowers that are typically solitary or
arranged in small clusters. The flowers are medium-sized and come in various shades of red, pink, or
purple. They have five overlapping petals and a prominent central stigma. The flowers are short-
lived but are continuously produced throughout the flowering season.

5. Fruits: After successful pollination, Hibiscus acetosella develops small, round capsules that contain
numerous tiny seeds.

6. Roots: The roots of Hibiscus acetosella are fibrous and spread out in the soil to anchor the plant and
absorb water and nutrients.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Hibiscus acetosella. It’s important to note
that there may be variations in leaf shape, flower color, and other characteristics among different cultivars
and varieties of Hibiscus acetosella.

 MEDICINAL USES

Hibiscus acetosella, commonly known as Red-leaf Hibiscus or African Rose Mallow, has been traditionally
used for various medicinal purposes. Different parts of the plant are utilized for their potential therapeutic
properties. Here are some of the medical uses associated with specific parts of Hibiscus acetosella:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus acetosella are known for their potential antioxidant properties. They
contain compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which have antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory effects. The leaves are sometimes brewed into herbal teas or infusions, which are
consumed for their potential health benefits. These teas are believed to have diuretic and
detoxifying effects, and they are sometimes used to support urinary health and relieve mild water
retention.
 Page :27
2. Flowers: The flowers of Hibiscus acetosella also contain antioxidant compounds and are sometimes
used in traditional medicine. They are occasionally brewed into teas or incorporated into herbal
preparations for their potential anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects.

3. Seeds: The seeds of Hibiscus acetosella are sometimes used in traditional medicine, particularly in
certain African cultures. The seeds are believed to have potential antimicrobial properties and are
sometimes powdered or made into pastes for topical use.

It’s important to note that while these traditional uses exist, scientific research on the medicinal properties
of Hibiscus acetosella is limited. Further studies are needed to validate these claims and understand the
specific active compounds responsible for the potential health benefits. If you’re considering using Hibiscus
acetosella for medicinal purposes, it’s advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare professional or
herbalist for appropriate guidance and dosage recommendations.

10.Hibiscus sabdariffa L

 Local name: In West Bengal, Hibiscus sabdariffa is commonly known as “Roselle” or “Tengamora.”

 Habit: Hibiscus sabdariffa is an annual herbaceous plant. It has an upright growth habit, reaching a
height of about 1-2 meters. The stems are often reddish and can be slightly woody at the base.

 Habitat: It is typically found in tropical and subtropical regions. Hibiscus sabdariffa prefers well-
drained soils and can grow in a variety of habitats, including gardens, cultivated fields, and disturbed
areas.

 Phenogeny: Hibiscus sabdariffa is an annual plant, completing its life cycle within a single growing
season. It produces leaves, flowers, and seeds during its relatively short lifespan.

 Climate: Hibiscus sabdariffa thrives in warm tropical and subtropical climates. It prefers
temperatures between 20 to 30 degrees Celsius. It requires a sufficient amount of sunlight and is
sensitive to frost.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Hibiscus sabdariffa typically occurs from summer to
autumn. The plant produces attractive, yellow flowers with red centers. The flowers are relatively
short-lived but are continuously produced throughout the flowering season.

 Pollination mechanisms: Hibiscus sabdariffa is primarily pollinated by insects, including bees and
butterflies. These pollinators transfer pollen from the anthers to the stigma, enabling fertilization
and seed development.
 Page :28

 Status of occurrence: Hibiscus sabdariffa is not considered endangered and is widely cultivated as a
crop plant for its edible calyces and other medicinal uses.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Hibiscus sabdariffa is commonly cultivated in West Bengal, both for its
culinary and medicinal purposes. It is grown in gardens, small-scale farms, and sometimes as a
commercial crop. The calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa are used in various culinary preparations and
herbal teas.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features of Hibiscus sabdariffa:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Hibiscus
- Species: sabdariffa

Morphological features of Hibiscus sabdariffa:

1. Habit: Hibiscus sabdariffa is an annual herbaceous plant. It has an upright growth habit and can reach a
height of about 1-2 meters. The stem is generally reddish or purplish and can be slightly woody at the base.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa are alternate, simple, and palmately lobed. They have a dark green
color and are often heart-shaped or with three to five lobes. The leaves are rough to the touch and have
serrated margins.

3. Flowers: Hibiscus sabdariffa produces attractive flowers that are typically yellow with a red or maroon center.
The flowers have five petals that are fused at the base, forming a tubular structure. Each flower measures
about 4-8 centimeters in diameter.

4. Calyces: The calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa are the most distinctive feature of the plant. They are fleshy and
cup-shaped, forming a structure that surrounds the seed capsule. The calyces are bright red and have five
large, pointed lobes. It is the calyces that are primarily harvested and used for culinary and medicinal
purposes.

5. Fruits: After successful pollination, the flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa develop into seed capsules. The
capsules are round and contain numerous small, kidney-shaped seeds.

6. Roots: The roots of Hibiscus sabdariffa are fibrous and spread out in the soil to anchor the plant and absorb
water and nutrients.
 Page :29

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Hibiscus sabdariffa. It’s important to note that there
may be variations in leaf shape, flower color, and other characteristics among different cultivars and varieties of
Hibiscus sabdariffa.

 MEDICINAL USES

Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as Roselle or Red Sorrel, has a long history of traditional medicinal uses.
Various parts of the plant are utilized for their potential therapeutic properties. Here are some of the medicinal uses
associated with specific parts of Hibiscus sabdariffa:

1. Calyces: The calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa are widely used for their medicinal properties. They are rich in
antioxidants, including anthocyanins and polyphenols. The calyces are known for their potential diuretic and
digestive properties. They are often brewed into herbal teas or infusions, which are consumed for their
potential health benefits. Hibiscus tea is believed to have anti-inflammatory effects, promote cardiovascular
health, help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and support the immune system.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa are also used in traditional medicine, although to a lesser extent
compared to the calyces. The leaves are believed to have potential hypoglycemic (blood sugar-lowering) and
hypolipidemic (cholesterol-lowering) effects. They are sometimes used in herbal preparations or extracts for
their potential benefits in managing diabetes and promoting cardiovascular health.

3. Seeds: The seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa are occasionally used in traditional medicine. They contain oil that is
rich in essential fatty acids, including linoleic acid and oleic acid. The oil extracted from the seeds is believed
to have potential antioxidant and emollient properties. It is sometimes used in topical applications for skin
moisturization and to promote healthy hair.

It’s important to note that while these traditional uses exist, scientific research on the medicinal properties of
Hibiscus sabdariffa is ongoing. Some studies have provided preliminary evidence supporting its potential health
benefits, particularly in cardiovascular health and diabetes management. However, further research is needed to fully
understand the mechanisms and effectiveness of these medicinal uses. If you’re considering using Hibiscus sabdariffa
for medicinal purposes, it’s advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare professional or herbalist for appropriate
guidance and dosage recommendations.
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11.Hibiscus cannabinus L.
 Local name: In West Bengal, Hibiscus cannabinus is commonly known as “Mesta” or “Kenaf.”

 Habit: Hibiscus cannabinus is an annual herbaceous plant. It has an upright growth habit, reaching a height
of about 2-4 meters. The stem is usually straight and can become slightly woody at the base.

 Habitat: Hibiscus cannabinus is adaptable to various habitats. It can grow in a wide range of soil types,
including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. It is often found in open fields, along roadsides, and in areas with
sufficient sunlight and moisture.

 Phenogeny: Hibiscus cannabinus is an annual plant, completing its life cycle within a single growing season. It
produces leaves, flowers, and seeds during its relatively short lifespan.

 Climate: Hibiscus cannabinus thrives in warm tropical and subtropical climates. It can tolerate a wide range
of temperatures, from hot summers to mild winters. It requires a sufficient amount of sunlight and is
sensitive to frost.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Hibiscus cannabinus typically occurs from late summer to autumn.
The plant produces yellow flowers with a dark maroon center. The flowers are relatively short-lived but are
continuously produced throughout the flowering season.

 Pollination mechanisms: Hibiscus cannabinus is primarily pollinated by insects, including bees and
butterflies. These pollinators transfer pollen from the anthers to the stigma, enabling fertilization and seed
development.

 Status of occurrence: Hibiscus cannabinus is cultivated as a fiber crop in various regions, including West
Bengal. It is not considered endangered and is widely cultivated for its versatile fibers.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Hibiscus cannabinus is commonly grown in West Bengal, primarily for its fiber
and commercial uses. It is cultivated in agricultural fields and plantations, especially in regions with suitable
growing conditions and adequate moisture.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features of Hibiscus cannabinus:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
 Page :31
- Genus: Hibiscus
- Species: cannabinus

Morphological features of Hibiscus cannabinus:

1. Habit: Hibiscus cannabinus is an annual herbaceous plant. It has an upright growth habit and can reach a
height of about 2-4 meters. The stem is usually straight and can become slightly woody at the base.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus cannabinus are alternate and palmately lobed. They have a dark green color
and are generally 3-5 lobed, resembling the shape of a hand or maple leaf. The leaves are large and can grow
up to 15-20 centimeters in diameter.

3. Flowers: Hibiscus cannabinus produces large, showy flowers. The flowers are typically yellow in color, with a
dark maroon or purple center. Each flower has five petals that are fused at the base, forming a tubular
structure. The flowers measure about 6-10 centimeters in diameter.

4. Fruits: After successful pollination, the flowers of Hibiscus cannabinus develop into seed capsules. The
capsules are round to oval in shape and contain numerous small, brownish seeds. The seeds are enclosed
within the persistent calyx, which becomes woody as it matures.

5. Fibers: Hibiscus cannabinus is cultivated for its versatile fibers. The stem of the plant contains long, bast
fibers that are extracted and used for various purposes, including rope making, textile production, and paper
manufacturing. The fibers are strong and possess good tensile strength.

6. Roots: The roots of Hibiscus cannabinus are fibrous and spread out in the soil to anchor the plant and absorb
water and nutrients.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Hibiscus cannabinus. It’s important to note that there
may be variations in leaf shape, flower color, and other characteristics among different cultivars and varieties of
Hibiscus cannabinus.

 MEDICINAL USES
Hibiscus cannabinus, commonly known as Kenaf, has several medicinal uses associated with its different parts. Here
are some of the medicinal uses of Hibiscus cannabinus parts:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Hibiscus cannabinus are used in traditional medicine for various purposes. They are
known for their potential diuretic properties and are used to promote urine production. The leaves are also
used in poultices and topical applications to help alleviate skin inflammations, burns, and wounds.

2. Seeds: The seeds of Hibiscus cannabinus are rich in oil, which is extracted and used for its potential health
benefits. The oil is believed to have emollient and moisturizing properties, making it beneficial for skin and
hair care. It is sometimes used in cosmetic formulations and personal care products.
 Page :32

3. Bark: The bark of Hibiscus cannabinus is occasionally used in traditional medicine. It is believed to have
astringent properties and is used to treat diarrhea and gastrointestinal issues. The bark is also used in
poultices to relieve skin irritations and inflammation.

4. Fibers: While not directly used for medicinal purposes, the fibers obtained from the stem of Hibiscus
cannabinus have industrial applications. They are used in the production of fiber mats, bio-composites, and
other materials with potential applications in wound dressings, tissue engineering, and drug delivery
systems.

It’s important to note that while these traditional uses exist, scientific research on the medicinal properties of
Hibiscus cannabinus is limited. Further studies are needed to explore the specific active compounds and mechanisms
of action. If you are considering using Hibiscus cannabinus for medicinal purposes, it is recommended to consult with
a qualified healthcare professional or herbalist for guidance and appropriate dosage recommendations.

12.Malvaviscus aroboreus cav.

 Local name: In West Bengal, Malvaviscus arboreus is commonly known as “Sleeping Hibiscus” or “Turk’s
Cap.”

 Habit: Malvaviscus arboreus is a perennial shrub with a spreading or upright growth habit. It can reach a
height of about 1-3 meters. The branches are often arching or drooping.

 Habitat: Malvaviscus arboreus is native to tropical regions and is adaptable to a variety of habitats. It can be
found in forests, thickets, along stream banks, and in disturbed areas. It prefers well-drained soil and can
tolerate both full sun and partial shade.

 Phenogeny: Malvaviscus arboreus is a perennial plant, meaning it can live for several years. It produces
leaves, flowers, and fruits throughout its lifespan.

 Climate: Malvaviscus arboreus thrives in warm tropical and subtropical climates. It can tolerate a wide range
of temperatures and is generally resilient to heat and drought conditions.
 Page :33
 Flowering period: The flowering period of Malvaviscus arboreus can vary depending on the specific climate
and growing conditions. In West Bengal, it typically flowers from late spring to early fall (March to
September). The flowers are long-lasting and continuously produced throughout the flowering season.

 Pollination mechanisms: Malvaviscus arboreus is primarily pollinated by hummingbirds. The flowers are
adapted to attract these birds with their bright red or pinkish-red color and tubular shape. The hummingbirds
feed on the nectar while inadvertently transferring pollen from flower to flower.

 Status of occurrence: Malvaviscus arboreus is not considered endangered or threatened. It is widely

cultivated as an ornamental plant and can be found in botanical gardens, parks, and private gardens.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Malvaviscus arboreus is cultivated in West Bengal as an ornamental plant for its
attractive flowers. It may also be found growing in certain natural habitats within the region where suitable
growing conditions are met.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features of Malvaviscus arboreus:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Malvaviscus
- Species: arboreus

Morphological features of Malvaviscus arboreus:

1. Habit: Malvaviscus arboreus is a perennial shrub with an upright or spreading growth habit. It can reach a
height of about 1-3 meters. The branches are often arching or drooping, giving the plant a graceful
appearance.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Malvaviscus arboreus are simple and alternate. They are heart-shaped or ovate with
serrated edges. The leaves are medium to dark green in color and have a slightly rough texture. They are
about 5-10 centimeters long and have prominent veins.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Malvaviscus arboreus are the main ornamental feature of the plant. They are bell-
shaped and have a distinct tubular structure. The flowers are typically bright red or pinkish-red in color,
although some cultivars may have variations in color. They have five petals that are fused together, forming a
flared cup-like shape. The flowers are often drooping or hanging, resembling a turban or cap, which gives rise
to the common name “Turk’s Cap.”

4. Fruits: After successful pollination, Malvaviscus arboreus produces small fruits. The fruits are berry-like and
usually contain several seeds. They are initially green but turn reddish or purplish when mature.
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5. Roots: The roots of Malvaviscus arboreus are fibrous and spread out in the soil to anchor the plant and
absorb water and nutrients.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Malvaviscus arboreus. It’s important to note that
there may be variations in flower color and other characteristics among different cultivars and varieties of
Malvaviscus arboreus.

 MEDICINAL USES

The medicinal uses of Malvaviscus arboreus, also known as Sleeping Hibiscus or Turk’s Cap, are not well-documented
in scientific literature. However, various parts of the plant have been used traditionally for their potential medicinal
properties. It’s important to note that these uses are based on traditional knowledge and may not have been
extensively studied or scientifically validated. Here are some traditional medicinal uses associated with different parts
of Malvaviscus arboreus:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Malvaviscus arboreus have been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments.
They are believed to have anti-inflammatory properties and are used topically to soothe skin irritations,
burns, and insect bites. They may also be used as a poultice to alleviate swelling and promote wound healing.

2. Flowers: The flowers of Malvaviscus arboreus are sometimes used in traditional remedies. They are believed
to have antioxidant properties and may be consumed as an infusion or tea. The tea made from the flowers is
claimed to have soothing effects and is used to relieve respiratory ailments, such as coughs and sore throats.

3. Bark: The bark of Malvaviscus arboreus is occasionally used in traditional medicine. It is believed to have
astringent properties and may be used as a topical treatment for skin conditions such as rashes, eczema, and
acne. The bark may also be used in decoctions or infusions for its potential digestive and diuretic effects.

4. Roots: The roots of Malvaviscus arboreus have been used in traditional remedies for various purposes. They
are believed to have diuretic properties and may be used to promote urine production and alleviate urinary
tract infections. The roots may also be used in decoctions for their potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic
effects.

It’s important to exercise caution and consult with a healthcare professional or traditional healer before using
Malvaviscus arboreus for medicinal purposes. They can provide guidance on proper dosage, preparation methods,
and potential interactions with medications or existing health conditions.
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13.Sida spinosa L .
 Local name: Sida spinosa is commonly known as Prickly sida or Spiny-heads.

 Habit: Sida spinosa is a small spiny shrub with a spreading or erect habit. It typically grows up to 1-2 meters
in height. The plant has multiple branches and is covered with spines.

 Habitat: Sida spinosa is commonly found in a variety of habitats, including sandy or rocky areas, wastelands,
open fields, and along roadsides. It is a hardy plant that can tolerate different soil types and is often
considered a weed in agricultural fields.

 Phenogeny: Sida spinosa is a perennial plant, meaning it can live for several years. It produces leaves,
flowers, and fruits throughout its lifespan.

 Climate: Sida spinosa is adaptable to a wide range of climates. It can tolerate both tropical and subtropical
climates. It thrives in warm temperatures and can withstand periods of drought.

 Flowering period: Sida spinosa typically flowers from late spring to early fall, depending on the specific
climate and growing conditions. The flowering period can vary but generally occurs from March to
September in West Bengal.

 Pollination mechanisms: Sida spinosa flowers are pollinated by insects, particularly bees and butterflies. The
flowers produce nectar to attract these pollinators, and pollen transfer occurs as they visit the flowers in
search of nectar.

 Status of occurrence: Sida spinosa is a common plant species and is not considered endangered or
threatened. It has a wide distribution and is found in various regions around the world.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Sida spinosa is distributed in West Bengal, particularly in sandy or rocky areas,
wastelands, and along roadsides. It is often considered a weed in agricultural fields and disturbed habitats.

TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Sida
Species: spinosa

Morphological features of Sida spinosa:

1. Habit: Sida spinosa is a small spiny shrub with a spreading or erect habit. It typically grows up to 1-2 meters
in height. The plant has multiple branches that are covered with stiff spines.
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2. Leaves: The leaves of Sida spinosa are simple, alternate, and ovate in shape. They are dark green and have
serrated or toothed margins. The leaves are arranged along the stems and have short petioles.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Sida spinosa are small and borne in clusters or solitary at the leaf axils. They have five
yellow petals and a tubular structure, typical of plants in the Malvaceae family. The flowers have a prominent
central column, which contains the stamens and pistil.

4. Fruits: After successful pollination, Sida spinosa produces small, rounded fruits known as capsules. These
capsules contain numerous tiny seeds. The fruits are covered in bristles and have a prickly texture.

5. Stem and Spines: The stems of Sida spinosa are slender and woody, covered with fine hairs. The plant is
characterized by its spines, which are present along the stems and branches. These spines are sharp and can
cause irritation if handled without caution.

6. Roots: The root system of Sida spinosa consists of a primary taproot with branching lateral roots. The roots
help anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Sida spinosa. It’s important to note that variations in
leaf shape, flower size, and other characteristics can occur within the species, and these features may be influenced
by environmental factors and specific geographical regions.

MEDICINAL USES
The medicinal uses of Sida spinosa, also known as Prickly sida or Spiny-heads, are not well-documented in scientific
literature. However, various parts of the plant have been used traditionally for their potential medicinal properties.
It’s important to note that these uses are based on traditional knowledge and may not have been extensively studied
or scientifically validated. Here are some traditional medicinal uses associated with different parts of Sida spinosa:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Sida spinosa are believed to have anti-inflammatory properties. They may be used
topically as a poultice or in the form of an extract to soothe skin irritations, rashes, and insect bites. The
leaves may also be used in traditional remedies for respiratory ailments, such as coughs and bronchitis.

2. Roots: The roots of Sida spinosa are sometimes used in traditional medicine. They are believed to have
diuretic properties and may be used to promote urine production and alleviate urinary tract infections. The
roots may also be used in decoctions for their potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

3. Seeds: The seeds of Sida spinosa have been used in traditional remedies for various purposes. They are
believed to have emollient properties and may be used in the form of an oil or ointment to moisturize and
soothe the skin. The seeds may also be used in traditional remedies for gastrointestinal issues, such as
stomachaches and diarrhea.
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4. Whole plant: In some traditional systems of medicine, the whole plant of Sida spinosa is used for its potential
medicinal properties. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and expectorant effects. The plant
may be used in decoctions, infusions, or topical preparations for various ailments.

It’s important to exercise caution and consult with a healthcare professional or traditional healer before using Sida
spinosa for medicinal purposes. They can provide guidance on proper dosage, preparation methods, and potential
interactions with medications or existing health conditions.

14.Urena lobata. L.
 Local name: Urena lobata is commonly known as Caesar weed or Burr mallow.

 Habit: Urena lobata is a perennial herb or small shrub that can grow up to 2 meters in height. It has a
sprawling or erect habit, with multiple branches arising from the base.

 Habitat: Urena lobata is typically found in open areas, wastelands, and disturbed habitats such as roadsides,
fields, and agricultural lands. It is a common weed in tropical and subtropical regions.

 Phenogeny: Urena lobata is a perennial plant, meaning it can live for several years. It produces leaves,
flowers, and fruits throughout its lifespan.

 Climate: Urena lobata is adapted to warm tropical and subtropical climates. It thrives in areas with high
temperatures and can tolerate periods of drought.

 Flowering period: Urena lobata typically flowers throughout the year in favorable conditions, especially
during the warmer months. The flowering period can vary depending on the specific climate and growing
conditions.

 Pollination mechanisms: The flowers of Urena lobata are typically pollinated by insects, including bees and
butterflies. The flowers produce nectar to attract pollinators, and pollen transfer occurs as they visit the
flowers in search of nectar.

 Status of occurrence: Urena lobata is a common and widespread plant species. It is not considered
endangered or threatened.
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 Distribution in West Bengal: Urena lobata is distributed in West Bengal, particularly in open areas,
wastelands, and disturbed habitats. It can be found throughout the state, including regions with suitable
tropical and subtropical climates.

TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features of Urena lobata:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Urena
- Species: lobata

Morphological features of Urena lobata:

1. Habit: Urena lobata is a perennial herb or small shrub that can grow up to 2 meters in height. It has a
sprawling or erect habit, with multiple branches arising from the base.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Urena lobata are alternate, palmately lobed, and palmately veined. They are large and
can measure up to 20 centimeters in diameter. The leaf lobes are usually three to five in number, with
toothed or serrated margins.

3. Stem: The stems of Urena lobata are slender and can be slightly woody at the base. They are covered with
short, stiff hairs.

4. Flowers: The flowers of Urena lobata are borne in clusters or solitary in the leaf axils. They are typically small,
measuring about 1 to 2 centimeters in diameter. The flowers have five sepals and five petals that are usually
pink, purple, or white in color. The petals are fused at the base, forming a tubular structure.

5. Fruits: After successful pollination, Urena lobata produces small, round or oval-shaped fruits known as
capsules. The capsules are covered with spiny bristles and contain several seeds.

6. Roots: The root system of Urena lobata consists of a primary taproot with branching lateral roots. The roots
help anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Urena lobata. It’s important to note that variations in
leaf shape, flower color, and other characteristics can occur within the species, and these features may be influenced
by environmental factors and specific geographical regions.
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MEDICINAL USES
Urena lobata, commonly known as Caesarweed or Burr mallow, has been used in traditional medicine for various
purposes. While scientific research on its medicinal properties is limited, the plant is believed to possess certain
therapeutic benefits. Here are some traditional medicinal uses associated with different parts of Urena lobata:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Urena lobata are commonly used in traditional medicine for their potential medicinal
properties. They are believed to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The leaves may be prepared as
a poultice or decoction and applied topically to alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and soothe skin
irritations, such as rashes, burns, and insect bites.

2. Roots: The roots of Urena lobata are sometimes used in traditional remedies. They are believed to have
diuretic properties and may be used to promote urine production and alleviate urinary tract infections. The
roots may also be used in the form of a decoction to treat gastrointestinal issues, such as stomachaches and
diarrhea.

3. Bark: The bark of Urena lobata is occasionally used in traditional medicine. It is believed to have astringent
properties and may be used in the form of a decoction to treat diarrhea and dysentery.

4. Seeds: The seeds of Urena lobata are used in some traditional remedies. They are believed to have emollient
properties and may be used externally in the form of an oil or ointment to moisturize and soothe the skin.
The seeds may also be used in traditional remedies for respiratory ailments, such as coughs and bronchitis.

It’s important to note that the traditional uses of Urena lobata have not been extensively studied or scientifically
validated. Before using any herbal remedy, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or traditional
healer for appropriate guidance, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications.

15.Malachara capitata L.

 Local name: Malachara capitata is commonly known as Indian Mallow or Dwarf Mallow.

 Habit: Malachara capitata is a small annual or perennial herb. It has an upright or spreading habit, growing
up to about 50 centimeters in height. The stems are often branched.
 Page :40

 Habitat: Malachara capitata is typically found in open areas, wastelands, and disturbed habitats such as
roadsides, fields, and agricultural lands. It can also grow in sandy or rocky soils.

 Phenogeny: Malachara capitata is an annual or perennial plant. The plant completes its life cycle within a
year in the case of annuals, while perennials live for several years. It produces leaves, flowers, and fruits
during its lifespan.

 Climate: Malachara capitata is adapted to warm tropical and subtropical climates. It thrives in areas with high
temperatures and can tolerate periods of drought. It prefers full sunlight for optimal growth.

 Flowering period: Malachara capitata typically flowers throughout the year in favorable conditions,
especially during the warmer months. The flowering period can vary depending on the specific climate and
growing conditions.

 Pollination mechanisms: The flowers of Malachara capitata are typically pollinated by insects, including bees
and butterflies. The flowers produce nectar to attract pollinators, and pollen transfer occurs as they visit the
flowers in search of nectar.

 Status of occurrence: Malachara capitata is a common and widespread plant species. It is not considered
endangered or threatened.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Malachara capitata is distributed in West Bengal, particularly in open areas,
wastelands, and disturbed habitats. It can be found throughout the state, including regions with suitable
tropical and subtropical climates.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features of Malachara capitata:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Malachra
- Species: capitata

Morphological features of Malachara capitata:

 Page :41

1. Habit: Malachara capitata is a small herbaceous plant. It has an upright or spreading habit and can grow up
to about 50 centimeters in height. The stems are often branched.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Malachara capitata are simple and alternate. They are palmately lobed or palmately
veined, with three to five lobes. The leaf margins are toothed or serrated. The leaves are generally soft,
green, and covered with fine hairs.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Malachara capitata are small and inconspicuous, arranged in clusters or spikes at the
tips of the branches. They have five sepals that are fused at the base, forming a cup-like structure. The petals
are usually absent or reduced in size. The flowers can be white, pink, or lavender in color.

4. Fruits: After successful pollination, Malachara capitata produces small, rounded fruits known as capsules. The
capsules contain numerous seeds and are enclosed by the persistent sepals.

5. Roots: The root system of Malachara capitata consists of a primary taproot with branching lateral roots. The
roots help anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Malachara capitata. It’s important to note that
variations in leaf shape, flower color, and other characteristics can occur within the species, and these features may
be influenced by environmental factors and specific geographical regions.

 MEDICINAL USES
Malachara capitata, also known as Indian Mallow or Dwarf Mallow, has been traditionally used for various medicinal
purposes. While scientific research on its medicinal properties is limited, the plant is believed to possess certain
therapeutic benefits. Here are some traditional medicinal uses associated with different parts of Malachara capitata:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Malachara capitata are believed to have anti-inflammatory properties. They are often
used externally as poultices or as ingredients in herbal preparations to alleviate skin conditions, including
burns, wounds, rashes, and insect bites. The leaves may also be used in the form of a decoction for treating
respiratory issues, such as coughs and bronchitis.

2. Roots: The roots of Malachara capitata are sometimes used in traditional remedies. They are believed to
have diuretic properties and may be used to promote urine production and alleviate urinary tract infections.
The roots may also be used in the form of a decoction to treat gastrointestinal issues, including
stomachaches and diarrhea.
 Page :42
3. Seeds: The seeds of Malachara capitata are used in some traditional remedies. They are believed to have
emollient properties and may be used externally as a poultice or in the form of an oil to soothe and
moisturize the skin. The seeds may also be used in traditional remedies for respiratory ailments, such as
asthma and coughs.

It’s important to note that the traditional uses of Malachara capitata have not been extensively studied or
scientifically validated. Before using any herbal remedy, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or
traditional healer for appropriate guidance, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking
medications.

16.Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke

 Local name: Malvastrum coromandelianum is commonly known as Indian Mallow or Coromandel Mallow.

 Habit: Malvastrum coromandelianum is a perennial herb with an upright or spreading habit. It can grow up
to 1-2 meters in height. The stems are typically branched and covered with fine hairs.

 Habitat: Malvastrum coromandelianum is commonly found in open areas, waste places, roadsides, and
disturbed habitats. It can grow in a wide range of soil types, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils.

 Phenogeny: Malvastrum coromandelianum is a perennial plant, meaning it can live for several years. It
produces leaves, flowers, and fruits during its lifespan. In favorable conditions, it can regrow from its base
even if the aboveground parts die back.

 Climate: Malvastrum coromandelianum is adapted to warm tropical and subtropical climates. It thrives in
areas with high temperatures and can tolerate periods of drought. It prefers full sunlight for optimal growth.

 Flowering period: Malvastrum coromandelianum typically flowers throughout the year in favorable
conditions, especially during the warmer months. The flowering period can vary depending on the specific
climate and growing conditions.
 Page :43
 Pollination mechanisms: The flowers of Malvastrum coromandelianum are attractive to various pollinators,
including bees, butterflies, and other insects. They produce nectar and have bright, showy petals to attract
pollinators for pollen transfer.

 Status of occurrence: Malvastrum coromandelianum is a common and widespread plant species. It is not
considered endangered or threatened.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Malvastrum coromandelianum is distributed in West Bengal, particularly in

open areas, waste places, and disturbed habitats. It can be found throughout the state, including regions
with suitable tropical and subtropical climates.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features of Malvastrum coromandelianum:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

- Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
- Genus: Malvastrum
- Species: coromandelianum

Morphological features of Malvastrum coromandelianum:

1. Habit: Malvastrum coromandelianum is a perennial herb with an upright or spreading habit. It can reach a
height of 1-2 meters. The stems are slender, often branched, and covered with fine hairs.

2. Leaves: The leaves are simple, alternate, and palmately lobed. They are usually deeply divided into 3-5 lobes
with toothed margins. The leaves are hairy on both sides and have prominent veins.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Malvastrum coromandelianum are borne in clusters at the tips of the branches. Each
flower has five distinct petals that are usually yellow in color, occasionally with orange or reddish hues. The
petals are rounded and notched at the apex. The flowers have a prominent central column composed of
numerous stamens fused together.

4. Fruits: After successful pollination, Malvastrum coromandelianum produces small, round, and flattened fruits
called capsules. The capsules contain several small seeds. When mature, the capsules split open to release
the seeds.

5. Roots: The root system of Malvastrum coromandelianum consists of a primary taproot with branching lateral
roots. The roots anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Malvastrum coromandelianum. It’s important to note
that variations in leaf shape, flower color, and other characteristics can occur within the species, and these features
may be influenced by environmental factors and specific geographical regions.
 Page :44

 MEDICINAL USES
Malvastrum coromandelianum, also known as Indian Mallow or Coromandel Mallow, has been traditionally used for
various medicinal purposes. While scientific research on its medicinal properties is limited, the plant is believed to
possess certain therapeutic benefits. Here are some traditional medicinal uses associated with different parts of
Malvastrum coromandelianum:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Malvastrum coromandelianum are believed to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic
properties. They are often used externally as poultices or in the form of pastes to alleviate pain, swelling, and
inflammation associated with insect bites, skin irritations, and minor wounds.

2. Roots: The roots of Malvastrum coromandelianum are sometimes used in traditional remedies. They are
believed to have diuretic properties and may be used to promote urine production and relieve symptoms of
urinary tract infections or kidney stones. The roots may also be used in the form of a decoction or infusion
for digestive issues, such as stomachaches and dysentery.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Malvastrum coromandelianum are traditionally used in herbal preparations for their
potential diuretic and expectorant properties. They may be used in the form of infusions or teas to support
urinary and respiratory health.

It’s important to note that the traditional uses of Malvastrum coromandelianum have not been extensively studied or
scientifically validated. Before using any herbal remedy, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or
traditional healer for appropriate guidance, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking
medications.
 Page :45
17.Kleinhovia hospita L.
 Local name: Kleinhovia hospita is commonly known as the Guest Tree or Small-Leafed Bauhinia.

 Habit: Kleinhovia hospita is a medium-sized, deciduous tree with a spreading crown. It has a rounded shape
and can reach a height of up to 15 meters. The trunk is usually short and thick, with a rough and fissured
bark.

 Habitat: Kleinhovia hospita is typically found in coastal areas, including sandy beaches and mangrove forests.
It prefers well-drained sandy or loamy soils. It can tolerate saline conditions and is often found near the
seashore.

 Phenogeny: Kleinhovia hospita is a perennial tree, meaning it can live for several years. It sheds its leaves
during the dry season and regrows them when conditions become favorable.

 Climate: Kleinhovia hospita is adapted to tropical and subtropical climates. It thrives in areas with high
humidity, warm temperatures, and abundant rainfall. It can tolerate salty coastal environments.

 Flowering period: Kleinhovia hospita typically flowers during the dry season or early rainy season. The
flowering period can vary depending on the specific climate and growing conditions.

 Pollination mechanisms: The flowers of Kleinhovia hospita are pollinated by insects, particularly bees and
butterflies. They produce nectar and have showy petals to attract pollinators for successful pollination.

 Status of occurrence: Kleinhovia hospita is not considered endangered or threatened. It is a common tree
species found in suitable coastal habitats.

 Distribution in West Bengal: Kleinhovia hospita is distributed in West Bengal, particularly in coastal areas and
mangrove forests. It can be found in regions along the Bay of Bengal coastline in the state.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features of Kleinhovia hospita:

- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)

Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)

- Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)

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- Order: Fabales

- Family: Malvaceae

- Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae

- Genus: Kleinhovia

- Species: hospita

Morphological features of Kleinhovia hospita:

1. Habit: Kleinhovia hospita is a medium-sized deciduous tree with a spreading crown. It has a rounded shape
and can reach a height of up to 15 meters. The trunk is typically short and thick.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Kleinhovia hospita are alternate and palmately compound. Each leaf is composed of
two large, rounded lobes that resemble butterfly wings. The lobes are deeply notched, giving the appearance
of two separate leaflets. The leaves are dark green in color and have a smooth surface.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Kleinhovia hospita are borne in loose, drooping clusters called panicles. Each flower is
about 2-3 centimeters in diameter and has five sepals and five petals. The petals are white to pale pink, and
the sepals are green. The flowers have numerous stamens and a single pistil in the center.

4. Fruits: After successful pollination, Kleinhovia hospita produces elongated, cylindrical fruits called pods. The
pods are about 10-15 centimeters long and contain several seeds. When mature, the pods split open along
one side to release the seeds.

5. Bark: The bark of Kleinhovia hospita is rough and fissured, with a grayish-brown color. It provides protection
to the underlying tissues of the tree.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Kleinhovia hospita. It’s important to note that
variations in leaf shape, flower color, and other characteristics can occur within the species, and these features may
be influenced by environmental factors and specific geographical regions.

 MEDICINAL USES
Kleinhovia hospita, also known as the Guest Tree, has several traditional medicinal uses. While scientific research on
its medicinal properties is limited, the plant is believed to possess certain therapeutic benefits. Here are some
traditional medicinal uses associated with different parts of Kleinhovia hospita:

1. Bark: The bark of Kleinhovia hospita is believed to have medicinal properties. It is commonly used in
traditional medicine to treat diarrhea and dysentery. The bark is usually prepared as a decoction or infusion
and consumed orally to alleviate gastrointestinal issues.
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2. Leaves: The leaves of Kleinhovia hospita are used in traditional remedies for various purposes. They are
known for their astringent properties and are often used externally as poultices or in the form of pastes to
treat skin conditions such as wounds, burns, and insect bites. The leaves are also believed to have anti-
inflammatory effects.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Kleinhovia hospita are sometimes used in traditional medicine. They are believed to
have cooling and soothing properties. Infusions or extracts made from the flowers may be used to relieve
fever, inflammation, and skin irritations.

It’s important to note that the traditional uses of Kleinhovia hospita have not been extensively studied or
scientifically validated. Before using any herbal remedy, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or
traditional healer for appropriate guidance, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking
medications.

18.Bombax ceiba L.

 Local name: Simul or Shimul

 Habit: Deciduous tree

 Habitat: Bombax ceiba, commonly known as the Silk Cotton tree, is found in a variety of habitats, including
tropical and subtropical regions. It thrives in moist, well-drained soils and is often found in lowland areas
near rivers, streams, and marshes.

 Phenogeny: Bombax ceiba follows a seasonal cycle, shedding its leaves during the dry season and producing
new foliage during the rainy season.

 Climate: Bombax ceiba prefers a tropical climate with high humidity and an average annual temperature
range of 25-35°C (77-95°F). It can tolerate both hot summers and cool winters.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Bombax ceiba in West Bengal typically occurs during the spring
months, from March to May.

 Pollination mechanisms: Bombax ceiba flowers are pollinated by insects, particularly bees, butterflies, and
moths. The flowers produce nectar to attract pollinators.

 Status of occurrence: Bombax ceiba is a native species in West Bengal and occurs naturally in the region.

 Status of occurrence: Bombax ceiba is a native species in West Bengal and occurs naturally in the region.

 Distribution: Bombax ceiba is distributed throughout West Bengal and can be found in various districts such
as Kolkata, Murshidabad, Howrah, Hooghly, and others. It is also commonly planted as an ornamental tree in
parks, gardens, and along streets in urban areas.Distribution: Bombax ceiba is distributed throughout West
Bengal and can be found in various districts such as Kolkata, Murshidabad, Howrah, Hooghly, and others. It is
also commonly planted as an ornamental tree in parks, gardens, and along streets in urban areas.
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 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Bombax ceiba, commonly known as the Silk Cotton tree, belongs to the family Malvaceae. Here are the taxonomic
and morphological features of Bombax ceiba:

Taxonomic classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Division: Magnoliophyta
- Class: Magnoliopsida
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae
- Genus: Bombax
- Species: Bombax ceiba

Morphological features:
1. Tree size: Bombax ceiba is a large deciduous tree that can reach heights of 20-40 meters (65-130 feet) or
more.

2. Trunk and bark: The trunk of Bombax ceiba is tall and straight, with a diameter of 1-2 meters (3-6 feet). The
bark is grayish-brown and covered with thorns or conical prickles when young, which eventually disappear
with age.

3. Leaves: The leaves are palmately compound and alternate in arrangement. Each leaf is composed of 5-9
leaflets, which are lanceolate or ovate in shape, with serrated margins. The leaflets are green and have a
smooth upper surface and a slightly hairy lower surface.

4. Flowers: Bombax ceiba produces large and showy flowers that are usually red or pink in color. The flowers
are borne on short stalks and form clusters at the ends of branches. Each flower has five petals, which are
broad and overlapping, forming a cup-like shape. The flowers have numerous stamens and a central style.

5. Fruits: The fruits of Bombax ceiba are large woody capsules or pods, which are brown or gray in color. The
pods are ovoid or ellipsoid in shape and contain numerous seeds embedded in cotton-like fibers.

6. Seeds: The seeds are small, black, and surrounded by white cotton-like fibers. These fibers aid in seed
dispersal by wind.

7. Roots: Bombax ceiba has a deep and extensive root system that helps anchor the tree and provide stability.

These features contribute to the distinctive appearance of Bombax ceiba and make it easily recognizable in its
habitat.
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 MEDICINAL USES
Various parts of Bombax ceiba have been traditionally used for their medicinal properties. Here are some of the
medicinal uses associated with different parts of Bombax ceiba:

1. Bark: The bark of Bombax ceiba has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic
properties. It is often used to treat various conditions, including joint pain, rheumatism, and arthritis. The
bark is also known for its antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Bombax ceiba are used in traditional medicine to treat skin ailments. They are believed
to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making them useful for treating wounds, boils, and
skin infections. The leaves are often crushed or made into poultices for topical application.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Bombax ceiba are known for their medicinal properties. They are used in traditional
remedies for various respiratory conditions such as cough, asthma, and bronchitis. The flowers are often
made into infusions or decoctions for consumption.

4. Seeds: The seeds of Bombax ceiba are used in traditional medicine for their diuretic properties. They are
believed to have a beneficial effect on the urinary system and can help alleviate urinary tract infections and
promote urine flow. The seeds are often consumed in the form of a decoction or powder.

5. Gum/resin: The gum or resin obtained from Bombax ceiba is used for its expectorant properties. It is
commonly used to relieve cough and congestion by promoting the expulsion of phlegm from the respiratory
tract. The gum can be chewed or made into a decoction for consumption.

It is important to note that while Bombax ceiba has a history of traditional use for medicinal purposes, scientific
studies are still needed to validate these claims and determine the efficacy and safety of its medicinal applications. As
with any herbal remedy, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using Bombax ceiba for
medicinal purposes.

19. Malva sylvestris L.

 Local name: Lalshaak or Sathi

 Habit: Herbaceous perennial plant

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 Habitat: Malva sylvestris, commonly known as Common Mallow, is typically found in disturbed areas,
roadsides, fields, and waste places. It thrives in well-drained soils and can tolerate a wide range of soil types.

 Phenogeny: Malva sylvestris follows a seasonal cycle, with new growth occurring in the spring and summer
months. It can flower throughout the growing season.

 Climate: Malva sylvestris prefers a temperate climate with moderate temperatures. It can tolerate both
warm summers and cool winters. The plant is adaptable to a range of climatic conditions.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Malva sylvestris in West Bengal typically occurs from late spring to
early autumn, around May to September.

 Pollination mechanisms: Malva sylvestris flowers are known to be pollinated by a variety of insects, including
bees, butterflies, and flies. The flowers produce nectar to attract pollinators.

 Status of occurrence: Malva sylvestris is a naturalized species in West Bengal. It has been introduced and is
now commonly found in the region.

 Distribution: Malva sylvestris is distributed throughout West Bengal and can be found in various districts
such as Kolkata, Howrah, Hooghly, Nadia, and others. It is also found in other parts of India and is widely
distributed in temperate regions across the world.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Malva sylvestris, commonly known as Common Mallow, has the following taxonomic and morphological features:
Taxonomic classification:
Kingdom: Plantae
- Division: Magnoliophyta
- Class: Magnoliopsida
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae
- Genus: Malva
- Species: Malva sylvestris

Morphological features:
1. Growth habit: Malva sylvestris is an herbaceous perennial plant that grows erect or semi-erect. It can reach a
height of 30-120 cm (12-47 inches).

2. Stem: The stems of Malva sylvestris are usually hairy and have a slightly woody base. They are often
branched and have a green to reddish-brown color.
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3. Leaves: The leaves are alternate in arrangement and palmately lobed. They have a round to kidney-shaped
outline with 5-7 lobes that are deeply toothed or serrated. The leaves are soft, hairy, and can reach a size of
3-10 cm (1-4 inches) in diameter.

4. Flowers: The flowers of Malva sylvestris are showy and have a typical hollyhock-like appearance. They are
usually solitary or arranged in small clusters at the ends of stems. Each flower has five petals that are fused at
the base and form a cup-shaped structure. The petals are typically pink-purple, but variations in color can
occur. The flowers have numerous stamens and a pistil in the center.

5. Fruit: The fruit of Malva sylvestris is a disc-shaped schizocarp that is made up of several segments or
mericarps. Each mericarp contains a single seed and has a distinct kidney or cheese-shaped appearance. The
fruits are usually light brown or gray in color.

6. Roots: Malva sylvestris has a taproot system with a deep primary root and branching secondary roots.

These morphological features help in the identification of Malva sylvestris. The plant’s soft leaves, hollyhock-like
flowers, and distinctive fruit structure are characteristic of the species.

 MEDICINAL USES:
Different parts of Malva sylvestris, commonly known as Common Mallow, have been traditionally used for their
medicinal properties. Here are some of the medicinal uses associated with different parts of Malva sylvestris:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Malva sylvestris are known for their soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. They
are often used topically to relieve skin irritations, including minor burns, rashes, and insect bites. The leaves
can be crushed and applied as poultices or made into infusions for external use.

2. Flowers: The flowers of Malva sylvestris have been used for their expectorant and demulcent properties.
They are often employed in herbal remedies to help alleviate coughs, bronchitis, and sore throat. The flowers
can be prepared as infusions, syrups, or teas for respiratory support.

3. Roots: The roots of Malva sylvestris have a long history of use in traditional medicine. They are believed to
possess diuretic properties and have been used to promote urine flow and help relieve urinary tract
infections. The roots are often prepared as decoctions or extracts for internal use.
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4. Seeds: The seeds of Malva sylvestris are sometimes used for their emollient and laxative effects. They are
known to contain mucilage, which has a soothing and lubricating effect on the digestive system. The seeds
can be ground and consumed or prepared as a gel-like substance for medicinal purposes.

5. Whole plant: The entire aerial parts of Malva sylvestris, including leaves, flowers, and stems, are often used
in herbal preparations for their mild laxative and soothing properties. They are believed to have a gentle and
supportive effect on the digestive system, helping to ease constipation and promote bowel regularity.

It’s important to note that while Malva sylvestris has a history of traditional use for medicinal purposes, scientific
studies are still needed to validate these claims and determine the efficacy and safety of its medicinal applications. As
with any herbal remedy, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using Malva sylvestris for
medicinal purposes.

20. Gossypium herbaceum L.

 Local name: Karpas

 Habit: Gossypium herbaceum, commonly known as Cotton, is a shrubby perennial plant.

 Habitat: Gossypium herbaceum is typically cultivated as a crop in agricultural fields. It prefers well-drained
soils and requires a warm climate to grow successfully.

 Phenogeny: Gossypium herbaceum follows an annual phenogeny. It is typically planted and harvested within
a single growing season.

 Climate: Gossypium herbaceum prefers a warm and tropical climate. It requires a frost-free period to
complete its life cycle and produce a viable cotton crop.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Gossypium herbaceum in West Bengal typically occurs from July to
September, during the monsoon season.

 Pollination mechanisms: Gossypium herbaceum flowers are typically pollinated by insects, particularly bees
and butterflies. The flowers produce nectar to attract these pollinators.

 Status of occurrence: Gossypium herbaceum is cultivated as a crop in West Bengal. It is not considered a wild
or native plant in the region.

 Distribution: Gossypium herbaceum is cultivated throughout West Bengal and other parts of India for its
cotton fiber production. It is also grown in various other countries with suitable climates for cotton
cultivation.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic and morphological descriptions of Gossypium herbaceum are as follows:

Taxonomic classification:

- Kingdom: Plantae
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- Division: Magnoliophyta

- Class: Magnoliopsida

- Order: Malvales

- Family: Malvaceae

- Genus: Gossypium

- Species: Gossypium herbaceum

Morphological features:

1. Plant type: Gossypium herbaceum is a shrubby perennial plant that grows up to 1-2 meters (3-6 feet) in
height.

2. Stem: The stems of Gossypium herbaceum are typically herbaceous (non-woody) and have a greenish color.
They are often covered in fine hairs.

3. Leaves: The leaves are palmately lobed and have a heart-shaped or triangular outline. They are alternate in
arrangement along the stem. The leaf blades are typically 3-5 lobed, with serrated or toothed margins. The
leaves are covered in fine hairs on both sides.

4. Flowers: Gossypium herbaceum produces large and showy flowers. The flowers are typically yellow or cream-
colored, but they can also be pink or red. Each flower has five petals that are fused at the base, forming a
funnel-like structure. The flowers have a prominent tubular column in the center, which contains the
reproductive organs.

5. Fruit: The fruit of Gossypium herbaceum is a capsule known as a cotton boll. The boll is round or oval in
shape and contains numerous seeds surrounded by cotton fibers. The fibers are long, white or cream-
colored, and provide the valuable cotton crop.

6. Roots: Gossypium herbaceum has a taproot system with a primary root that extends vertically into the
ground. It also produces lateral roots for nutrient uptake and anchoring.
These morphological features are characteristic of Gossypium herbaceum and are important for its identification. The
cotton bolls and fiber production are particularly distinctive features of this species.

 MEDICINAL USES
Gossypium herbaceum, commonly known as Cotton, has limited traditional medicinal uses. However, some parts of
the plant have been used in traditional medicine for certain purposes. It’s important to note that scientific studies on
the medicinal properties of Gossypium herbaceum are limited, and these uses should be approached with caution.
Here are a few reported medicinal uses associated with Gossypium herbaceum:

1. Cottonseed oil: The oil extracted from cottonseeds is sometimes used in traditional medicine for its potential
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is believed to have moisturizing and soothing effects on the
skin and may be used topically for minor skin irritations.
2.
3. Poultices: The cotton fibers obtained from the bolls of Gossypium herbaceum have been used to make
poultices for external application. These poultices are believed to help relieve inflammation, skin infections,
and burns.
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It’s important to note that the primary use of Gossypium herbaceum is for the production of cotton fiber, which is
widely used in textiles and other industries. The medicinal uses mentioned above are not widely recognized or
supported by scientific evidence. If you are considering using Gossypium herbaceum for any medicinal purposes, it is
advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare professional or herbalist for guidance and proper dosage.

21. Gossypium arboreum L.

 Local name: Sada Kapas or Karpas

 Habit: Gossypium arboreum is a shrub or small tree, usually growing up to 2-4 meters in height.
 Habitat: It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, growing in a variety of habitats including
fields, waste areas, and open forests.
 Phenogeny: Gossypium arboreum is a perennial plant that goes through a life cycle of vegetative growth,
flowering, and fruiting.
 Climate: Gossypium arboreum prefers a warm and humid climate. It can tolerate a wide range of
temperatures but requires a frost-free period for optimal growth.
 Flowering period: The flowering period of Gossypium arboreum usually occurs from May to August in West
Bengal.
 Pollination mechanisms: Gossypium arboreum is primarily a self-pollinated plant, but it can also undergo
cross-pollination by insects and wind.
 Status of occurrence: Gossypium arboreum is native to South Asia and is cultivated in various parts of the
world for its fiber and ornamental value. In West Bengal, it is cultivated as a crop for its cotton fiber.
 Distribution: Gossypium arboreum is widely distributed in West Bengal, particularly in the Gangetic plains
and other suitable agro-climatic regions of the state. It is one of the major cotton species grown in the
region.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Taxonomic features of Gossypium arboreum:

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Genus: Gossypium

Species: Gossypium arboreum

 Morphological features of Gossypium arboreum:

Growth habit: Gossypium arboreum is a shrub or small tree, typically growing up to 2-4 meters in height.

1. Leaves: The leaves are broad, lobed, and palmate (hand-shaped) with 3-5 lobes. They are dark green in color
and have a rough texture. The leaf margins are usually serrated.
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2. Flowers: The flowers of Gossypium arboreum are solitary or borne in clusters. They are large, showy, and
have a bell-shaped structure. The flowers are typically white or yellow in color, and occasionally pink or red.
They have both male and female reproductive parts.

3. Fruits: After pollination, Gossypium arboreum produces a fruit known as a cotton boll. The boll is spherical in
shape and contains numerous seeds surrounded by soft white fibers (cotton).

4. Seeds: The seeds of Gossypium arboreum are small, oval-shaped, and typically dark brown or black. They are
surrounded by a thick, fibrous layer known as the seed coat.

5. Fibers: Gossypium arboreum is cultivated for its cotton fiber, which is used in textile industries. The fiber is
long, white, and has good spinning qualities.

6. Root system: Gossypium arboreum has a well-developed taproot system that helps anchor the plant in the
soil and absorb water and nutrients.

These taxonomic and morphological features are characteristic of Gossypium arboreum, which is commonly known
as tree cotton or Sada Kapas.

 MEDICINAL USES
Gossypium arboreum, commonly known as tree cotton or Sada Kapas, has several medicinal uses. Different parts of
the plant, including the leaves, seeds, and roots, are used in traditional medicine for various purposes. Here are some
of the medical uses of Gossypium arboreum:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Gossypium arboreum have been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including:

- Skin disorders: The leaves are crushed and applied topically to treat skin conditions such as boils,
rashes, and eczema.

- Wounds and cuts: The crushed leaves are used as a poultice to promote wound healing and prevent
infections.

- Inflammation and pain: The leaves are sometimes used to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
associated with arthritis and joint pains.

2. Seeds: The seeds of Gossypium arboreum possess certain medicinal properties and are used in traditional
medicine for the following:

- Respiratory conditions: The seeds are believed to have expectorant properties and are used to
relieve coughs, bronchitis, and respiratory congestion.

- Digestive disorders: The seeds are sometimes used as a laxative to relieve constipation and promote
bowel movements.

- Menstrual problems: In some traditional practices, Gossypium arboreum seeds are used to regulate
menstrual cycles and alleviate menstrual disorders.

3. Roots: The roots of Gossypium arboreum also have medicinal uses, and they are employed in traditional
medicine for:
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- Fever and infections: Decoctions or infusions made from the roots are used to reduce fever and fight
against various infections.

- Urinary disorders: The roots are sometimes used to treat urinary tract infections and promote
diuresis.

It’s important to note that while Gossypium arboreum has traditional uses in herbal medicine, scientific studies on
its medicinal properties and safety are limited. It is always advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare
professional before using any plant-based remedies for medical purposes.

22. Gossypium hirsutum L.

 Local name: Rui Kapas or Desi Kapas

 Habit: Gossypium hirsutum is an annual shrub, typically growing up to 1-2 meters in height.

 Habitat: It is commonly cultivated as a crop in agricultural fields and is well-adapted to a wide range of soil
types.
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 Phenogeny: Gossypium hirsutum has an annual life cycle. It germinates from seeds, undergoes vegetative
growth, produces flowers and fruits, and completes its life cycle within a year.

 Climate: Gossypium hirsutum prefers a warm and humid climate. It requires a frost-free period and a
temperature range of 20-30 degrees Celsius for optimal growth.

 Flowering period: The flowering period of Gossypium hirsutum in West Bengal typically occurs from June to
August.

 Pollination mechanisms: Gossypium hirsutum is primarily a self-pollinated plant, although it can also
undergo cross-pollination by insects, primarily bees.

 Status of occurrence: Gossypium hirsutum is cultivated as a major crop in West Bengal for its cotton fiber. It
is widely grown and has economic importance in the region.

 Distribution: Gossypium hirsutum is distributed throughout West Bengal, particularly in the Gangetic plains
and other suitable agro-climatic regions of the state. It is one of the main cotton species cultivated in the
region.

TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

 Taxonomic features of Gossypium hirsutum:

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Genus: Gossypium

Species: Gossypium hirsutum

 Morphological features of Gossypium hirsutum:

1. Growth habit: Gossypium hirsutum is an annual shrub that typically grows to a height of 1-2 meters.
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2. Leaves: The leaves are palmately lobed, meaning they have 3-5 lobes that radiate from a central point. The
leaves are large, green, and hairy (hence the species name “hirsutum”). The leaf margins are usually
serrated.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Gossypium hirsutum are large and showy. They are typically yellow or white in color.
The flowers are bell-shaped and have both male and female reproductive parts. They are borne singly or in
clusters.

4. Fruits: After pollination, Gossypium hirsutum produces a fruit known as a cotton boll. The boll is spherical or
ovoid in shape and contains numerous seeds. The boll is covered with long, white fibers (cotton) that are
harvested for commercial purposes.

5. Seeds: The seeds of Gossypium hirsutum are small, ovoid or kidney-shaped, and typically dark brown or
black in color. They are surrounded by a fibrous layer known as the lint, which is the commercial cotton fiber.

6. Fibers: Gossypium hirsutum is cultivated for its cotton fiber, which is widely used in the textile industry. The
fibers are long, fine, and have good spinning qualities.

7. Root system: Gossypium hirsutum has a well-developed taproot system that helps anchor the plant in the
soil and absorb water and nutrients.

These taxonomic and morphological features are characteristic of Gossypium hirsutum, commonly known as upland
cotton. It is one of the most widely cultivated and commercially important cotton species worldwide.

MEDICINAL USES
Gossypium hirsutum, commonly known as upland cotton, is primarily cultivated for its fibers, which are used in the
textile industry. However, various parts of the Gossypium hirsutum plant also have medicinal uses. Here are some
examples:

1. Seeds: Cotton seeds are rich in oil and protein. The oil extracted from the seeds is used in cooking and as a
dietary supplement. It is a good source of essential fatty acids, including linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
Cottonseed oil has been studied for its potential cardiovascular benefits and its role in reducing cholesterol
levels.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Gossypium hirsutum possess medicinal properties. In traditional medicine, they are
used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The leaves can be prepared as an infusion or poultice
and applied externally to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and treat skin conditions such as rashes and burns.

3. Bark: The bark of Gossypium hirsutum has been traditionally used for its astringent properties. It is used in
the form of a decoction or extract for treating diarrhea, dysentery, and other gastrointestinal disorders. The
bark is believed to have antidiarrheal and antimicrobial effects.

4. Flowers: The flowers of Gossypium hirsutum have been used in traditional medicine for their expectorant
and antitussive properties. They are used in the form of a tea or infusion to relieve coughs, bronchitis, and
respiratory congestion.
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5. Roots: The roots of Gossypium hirsutum have been traditionally used for their diuretic properties. They are
used in the form of a decoction to promote urine production and treat conditions such as urinary tract
infections and edema.

It’s important to note that while Gossypium hirsutum has been used in traditional medicine, scientific research on its
medicinal properties is limited. If you’re considering using any part of the plant for medicinal purposes, it’s advisable
to consult a healthcare professional or herbalist for guidance and to ensure safe and appropriate usage.

23. Abelmoschus esculentus L.

 Local name: Abelmoschus esculentus is commonly known as “Okra” or “Ladies’ finger” in West Bengal.

 Habit: Abelmoschus esculentus is a warm-season annual or perennial plant that grows as a herbaceous
shrub. It has a tall, upright habit with a single main stem and branches.

 Habitat: Abelmoschus esculentus is commonly cultivated as a vegetable crop in West Bengal. It thrives in
warm, tropical to subtropical climates and requires well-drained soil with good moisture retention.

 Phenogeny: Abelmoschus esculentus starts as a seed and undergoes germination, developing into a young
plant with cotyledon leaves. As it grows, it produces true leaves and forms flowers. The flowers are followed
by the development of elongated green seed pods, which are harvested for culinary use when they reach the
desired size.

 Climate: Abelmoschus esculentus prefers warm climates with temperatures between 25°C and 35°C (77°F to
95°F). It requires a frost-free growing season and does well in regions with high humidity.

 Flowering period: In West Bengal, Abelmoschus esculentus typically flowers from late spring to early
autumn, depending on the specific cultivar and growing conditions.

 Pollination mechanisms: Abelmoschus esculentus is a self-pollinating plant, but it can also be cross-
pollinated by insects, especially bees. It has both male and female reproductive organs within each flower,
allowing for self-fertilization.

 Status of occurrence: Abelmoschus esculentus is widely cultivated and commonly found in West Bengal for
its edible pods. It is not considered a threatened or endangered species.
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 Distribution: Abelmoschus esculentus is cultivated in various regions of West Bengal, including urban and
rural areas. It is a popular vegetable crop in home gardens, small-scale farms, and commercial plantations
throughout the state.

 TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Abelmoschus esculentus, commonly known as Okra or Ladies’ finger, belongs to the family Malvaceae. Here are the
taxonomic and morphological features of Abelmoschus esculentus:

Taxonomic classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Division: Magnoliophyta
- Class: Magnoliopsida
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae
- Genus: Abelmoschus
- Species: esculentus

Morphological features:
1. Plant height: Abelmoschus esculentus is a tall, upright-growing plant that can reach a height of 1 to 2 meters
(3 to 6 feet).

2. Leaves: The leaves of Abelmoschus esculentus are alternate, palmately lobed, and palmately veined. They
are large, green, and have a heart-shaped or palmate shape.

3. Flowers: The flowers are large, showy, and yellow with a characteristic hibiscus-like appearance. They have
five petals and a prominent central column consisting of numerous stamens fused together.

4. Fruit: The fruit of Abelmoschus esculentus is a capsule or pod that is elongated and cylindrical in shape. It is
green when young and turns brown as it matures. The pod is covered with fine hairs and contains numerous
small, edible seeds.

5. Seeds: The seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus are small, oval-shaped, and have a smooth texture. They are
light brown in color and have a prominent hilum (scar) on one side.

6. Root system: Abelmoschus esculentus has a fibrous root system that spreads horizontally in the soil.

These are the general taxonomic and morphological features of Abelmoschus esculentus. It’s important to note that
there are different cultivars and variations within the species, so there may be slight variations in specific
morphological characteristics depending on the variety.

 MEDICINAL USES
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Abelmoschus esculentus, commonly known as okra or ladies’ finger, has several potential medicinal uses. While it is
primarily valued as a nutritious vegetable, some traditional medicine systems and anecdotal evidence suggest its
therapeutic properties. However, it’s important to note that scientific research on the medicinal uses of okra is
limited, and more studies are needed to validate these claims. Here are some of the potential medicinal uses of
Abelmoschus esculentus:

1. Digestive Health: Okra is often used to support digestive health. It contains dietary fiber, which can promote
healthy bowel movements and alleviate constipation. The mucilage present in okra may also help soothe and
protect the gastrointestinal tract.

2. Diabetes Management: Some studies have suggested that okra may have antidiabetic properties. It contains
compounds that may help regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity. However, further
research is needed to fully understand its potential effects on diabetes management.

3. Anti-inflammatory Effects: Okra has been traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory properties. It contains
flavonoids and other compounds with potential anti-inflammatory effects. These properties may be
beneficial in managing inflammatory conditions in the body, although more research is needed.

4. Antioxidant Activity: Okra is rich in antioxidants, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C.
Antioxidants help protect the body against oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals.

5. Eye Health: Okra contains nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin A, and antioxidant compounds that are
beneficial for eye health. These nutrients may help protect against age-related macular degeneration and
cataracts.

6. Respiratory Health: Okra has been used in traditional medicine for respiratory conditions such as coughs and
sore throats. Its mucilaginous properties may help soothe irritated respiratory passages.

7. Skin Health: Okra has been used topically for various skin conditions. The mucilage present in okra may have
emollient properties, helping to moisturize and soothe the skin.

It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional before using okra or any plant for medicinal purposes. They
can provide personalized advice based on your specific health condition and help ensure safe and appropriate use.

24. Gossypium ficulneus L.

 Local name: The local name of Gossypium ficulneus may vary depending on the region and local dialects.

 Habit: Gossypium ficulneus is a perennial shrub or small tree that can reach heights of 2 to 6 meters (6.5 to
20 feet). It has a woody stem with a spreading habit.

 Habitat: Gossypium ficulneus is typically found in tropical and subtropical regions. It thrives in well-drained
soils and is often found growing in savannas, grasslands, and open woodland areas.

 Phenogeny: Gossypium ficulneus follows a similar phenogeny to other cotton species. It starts as a seed and
develops into a young plant with cotyledon leaves. As it grows, it produces true leaves and forms flowers.
The flowers are followed by the development of capsules or bolls that contain the cotton fibers and seeds.
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 Climate: Gossypium ficulneus prefers warm climates with temperatures ranging between 20°C and 35°C
(68°F to 95°F). It requires a frost-free growing season and tolerates high humidity.

 Flowering period: The exact flowering period of Gossypium ficulneus may vary depending on the specific
geographic location and growing conditions. Generally, it flowers during the warm months of the year.

 Pollination mechanisms: Gossypium ficulneus, like other cotton species, relies on insect pollination,
particularly bees, for fertilization. The flowers produce nectar and have both male and female reproductive
organs.

 Status of occurrence: Gossypium ficulneus is not widely cultivated commercially for its fibers like Gossypium
hirsutum. It is often found in its native range as a wild or feral plant.

 Distribution: Gossypium ficulneus is native to Africa, particularly regions in West Africa. While it may not be
commonly found in West Bengal, its distribution extends to other parts of the world with suitable tropical
and subtropical climates. it is not a commonly cultivated or widely distributed species in the region.

TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Gossypium ficulneus, commonly known as the wild or tree cotton, is a plant species in the genus Gossypium, which
belongs to the family Malvaceae. Here are some taxonomic and morphological features of Gossypium ficulneus:

 Taxonomic Classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Clade: Tracheophytes
- Clade: Angiosperms
- Clade: Eudicots
- Clade: Rosids
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae
- Genus: Gossypium
- Species: Gossypium ficulneus

 Morphological Features:
1. Habit: Gossypium ficulneus is a perennial shrub or small tree that can reach a height of 1 to 5 meters.

2. Leaves: The leaves of Gossypium ficulneus are simple, alternate, and palmately lobed. Each leaf has 3 to 7
lobes, which are usually long and narrow. The leaf shape can vary, but they are generally lanceolate or
oblong.
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3. Flowers: The flowers are borne in clusters or solitary, and they are usually large and showy. They have a radial
symmetry with five sepals and five petals. The petals are usually white or creamy-yellow, sometimes with a
pinkish tinge. The flowers are typically 5 to 8 cm in diameter.

4. Fruit: The fruit of Gossypium ficulneus is a capsule known as a boll, which is a characteristic feature of cotton
plants. The bolls are spherical to ovoid in shape and are filled with seeds surrounded by a fibrous lint. The
bolls usually split open when mature to release the seeds.

5. Seeds: The seeds of Gossypium ficulneus are small and black. Each seed is covered with a white or yellowish-
coloured lint, which is the valuable cotton fiber produced by the plant.

6. Roots: The root system of Gossypium ficulneus consists of a taproot that gives rise to lateral roots. The roots
help anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.

It’s important to note that the specific morphological features of Gossypium ficulneus may vary slightly depending on
the individual plant and growing conditions.

MEDICINAL USES

Gossypium ficulneus, or wild cotton, has various traditional medicinal uses. Different parts of the plant, including
leaves, flowers, and roots, are utilized for their potential therapeutic properties. It’s important to note that while
Gossypium ficulneus has been traditionally used in herbal medicine, scientific evidence for its medical uses is limited,
and it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies. Here are
some of the traditional medicinal uses of parts of Gossypium ficulneus:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Gossypium ficulneus are used in traditional medicine to treat various conditions,
including diarrhea, dysentery, and stomach disorders. The leaves may be prepared as a decoction or infusion
and consumed orally.

2. Flowers: The flowers of Gossypium ficulneus have been used traditionally to treat skin ailments such as
burns, wounds, and skin infections. They are often applied topically as a poultice or made into a paste with
other ingredients for external use.

3. Roots: The roots of Gossypium ficulneus are reported to have diuretic properties and have been used to
promote urination and treat conditions such as urinary tract infections and edema. The roots may be
prepared as a decoction or consumed as an infusion.

It is important to emphasize that the medical uses of Gossypium ficulneus mentioned above are based on traditional
knowledge and practices. Further scientific research is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of these traditional
uses. It is always advisable to seek professional medical advice before using any herbal remedies for medicinal
purposes.
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25. Malachra fasciata L.

 Local Name: The local name for Malachra fasciata in West Bengal may vary depending on the local dialects
and communities. It is commonly known as “Banlata” in Bengali.

 Habit: Malachra fasciata is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows as an erect or ascending shrub. It has a
semi-woody base and herbaceous stems.

 Habitat: Malachra fasciata is commonly found in moist and marshy habitats. It grows along the edges of
ponds, rivers, ditches, and other wetland areas. It can also be found in disturbed areas and agricultural fields.

 Phenogeny: Phenogeny refers to the life cycle and reproductive characteristics of a plant. Unfortunately,
specific information about the phenogeny of Malachra fasciata in West Bengal is not readily available.

 Climate: Malachra fasciata thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. It prefers warm and humid conditions.

 Flowering Period: Malachra fasciata typically flowers from late spring to early autumn. However, the exact
flowering period can vary based on local climate and growing conditions.

 Pollination Mechanisms: Malachra fasciata is primarily pollinated by insects, including bees, butterflies, and
other flying insects. They visit the flowers to collect nectar and inadvertently transfer pollen between
flowers.

 Status of Occurrence: Malachra fasciata is native to the Indian subcontinent, including West Bengal. It is a
naturally occurring species in the region.

 Distribution: Malachra fasciata is distributed across various regions of West Bengal and other parts of India.
It can be found in different districts of West Bengal, including the Gangetic plains and the Sundarbans region.
It may also occur in neighboring states such as Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand.
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TAXONOMIC AND MORHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS

 Taxonomic Classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Clade: Tracheophytes
- Clade: Angiosperms
- Clade: Eudicots
- Clade: Rosids
- Order: Malvales
- Family: Malvaceae
- Genus: Malachra
- Species: Malachra fasciata

 Morphological Features:
1. Habit: Malachra fasciata is a perennial herbaceous plant that can grow up to 1-2 meters tall. It has an erect or
ascending growth habit.

2. Stem: The stems of Malachra fasciata are typically semi-woody at the base and herbaceous above. They are
often branched.

3. Leaves: The leaves are alternate, simple, and usually have an ovate to lanceolate shape. They have serrated
or toothed margins and are covered with soft, velvety hairs. The leaves are typically green in color.

4. Flowers: Malachra fasciata produces small and inconspicuous flowers. The flowers are arranged in clusters
and are borne at the leaf axils or stem tips. They have a tubular shape with five petals. The petals can be pale
pink or whitish in color.

5. Fruit: The fruit of Malachra fasciata is a capsule. It is round or ovoid in shape and covered with fine hairs. The
capsule contains numerous small seeds.

6. Roots: The root system of Malachra fasciata consists of fibrous roots that help anchor the plant in the soil
and absorb water and nutrients.

It’s important to note that the morphological features described above are general characteristics of Malachra
fasciata. There may be some variations in these features based on environmental conditions and individual plants.

MEDICINAL USES

Malachra fasciata, commonly known as Banlata, is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine for various
purposes. Different parts of the plant, including leaves, roots, and flowers, are believed to possess medicinal
properties. It’s important to note that the information provided here is based on traditional knowledge and practices.
Scientific evidence for the medicinal uses of Malachra fasciata is limited, and it is always recommended to consult
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with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies. Here are some traditional medicinal uses of parts of
Malachra fasciata:

1. Leaves: The leaves of Malachra fasciata are often used to treat skin-related issues. They are believed to have
anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. The leaves are sometimes crushed to make a paste and
applied topically to relieve itching, reduce inflammation, and promote wound healing.

2. Roots: The roots of Malachra fasciata are traditionally used for their diuretic properties. They are believed to
help promote urine production and treat conditions such as urinary tract infections and edema. The roots
may be prepared as a decoction or consumed as an infusion.

3. Flowers: The flowers of Malachra fasciata are sometimes used to alleviate respiratory issues. They are
believed to possess expectorant properties and may be used to relieve coughs and respiratory congestion.
The flowers are often consumed in the form of a decoction or tea.

It’s important to note that the medicinal uses of Malachra fasciata mentioned above are based on traditional
knowledge and practices. Further scientific research is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of these traditional
uses. It is always advisable to seek professional medical advice before using any herbal remedies for medicinal
purposes.