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A STEP BY STEP APPROACH TO KEEP AN

ENVIRONMENT OR WORKPLACE CLEAN FROM
RECOGNIZED HAZARDS/ RISKS IS CALLED SAFETY
MANAGEMENT
STEPS
POLICY

ORGANIZING

PLANING

IMPLEMENTATION

REVIEWING 2
 Key Terms of Health and Safety
Health – The protection of body and mind from illnesses and
diseases.

Safety - the absence of risk of serious personal injury.

Welfare - access to basic facilities.(washrooms, bathrooms,

Rest rooms, prayer places, drinking water)

Environmental protection - the prevention of damage to the

air, land, water and living creatures in the wider
environment.

Accident - an unplanned, unwanted event which leads to 3

injury, damage or loss.

Responsibilities of a Safety
Officer

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THE SAFETY OFFICER’S ROLE...

1. TRAIN PEOPLE

2. COMMUNICATES

3. SETS THE EXAMPLE

4. ENFORCES RULES

5. ENCOURAGES POSITIVE BEHAVIOR

6. INVESTIGATES ACCIDENTS
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Introduction to OSHA

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 What is OSHA?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Responsible for worker safety and health protection

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 What does OSHA require?

Determine which OSHA standards apply to your

workplace

Follow the OSHA standards and requirements

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RECORD KEEPING

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 RECORD KEEPING

To keep the record of all work related work

precautions is called recordkeeping.

Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain

records of occupational injuries and illnesses

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 Recordkeeping and Reporting
All employers must report to OSHA within 8 hours
any accident that results in a fatality or in-patient
hospitalization of 3 or more employees

Maintained on a calendar year basis

Summary of records for the previous year must be

posted within an year.

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT

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 TYPES OF PPE DISCUSSED:
- HEARING AND SIGHT
- FOOT
- RESPIRATORY
- HEAD
- HAND

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 EYES

DAMAGE FROM CHEMICAL SPLASH,

DUST AND PROJECTILES

WEAR GOOGLES,GLASSES OR
SHIELD

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 HEAD

IMPACT FROM
FALLING OR FLYING OBJECTS
RISK OF BUMPING HEAD
HAIR ENTANGLEMENT

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 BREATHING

DUST,VAPOUR and GASES

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 HANDS AND ARMS
ABRASIONS, CUTS AND
PUNCTURES
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
EXPOSURE
SKIN INFECTIONS & DISEASES
IMPACT INJURIES

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 LEGS AND FEET
• WET CONDITIONS OR
SLIPPERY SURFACES
• CHEMICAL SPLASH
• FALLING OBJECTS
• CUTS AND
PUNCTURES

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FIRE PROTECTION

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How Does a Fire Work?

 Three components
 Need all three
components to start
a fire
 Fire extinguishers
remove one or more
of the components

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 Types of Fires

 Class A - Wood, paper,cloth,

trash

 Class B - Flammable liquids,

oil, gas, grease

 Class C - Electrical, energized

electrical equipment

 Class D - Combustible metals

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 Different Kinds of Extinguishers

The 4 most common fire extinguishers:

• All Purpose Water
• Carbon Dioxide
• Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical
• Dry Powder

Each kind of extinguisher has a specific use

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All Purpose Water

 Use on CLASS A fires

 Pressurized water

 Pressure gauge
present

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Carbon Dioxide

 Use on CLASS B and

CLASS C fires
 Hard, plastic nozzle
 No pressure gauge

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Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical

 Use on CLASS A,
CLASS B, and CLASS
C fires
 Fine powder under
pressure
 Pressure gauge present

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P.A.S.S. Method

Pull the pin

This will allow you to squeeze

the handle in order to discharge
the extinguisher

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P.A.S.S. Method

Aim at the base of

the fire

Aiming at the middle will

do no good.
The agent will pass
through the flames.
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P.A.S.S. Method

Squeeze the handle

This will release the

pressurized extinguishing
agent

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P.A.S.S. Method

Sweep side to side

Cover the entire area that is

on fire. Continue until fire is
extinguished. Keep an eye
on the area for re-lighting.

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MATERIAL HANDLING

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 Overview -- Handling and
Storing Materials
Involves diverse operations:

Manual material handling

Carrying bags or materials
Unpacking materials

Material handling via machine

Forklift
Crane
Rigging

Stacking or storing drums, barrels, lumber, bricks 32

or other materials
 Cranes or Fork lift

• Check the load chart in the cab

• Frequently inspect

• Never lift people

• Check overhead power lines

• Ensure area of travel is clear

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Hand and Power Tool Safety

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 Hazards

Workers using hand and power

tools may be exposed to these
hazards:
 objects that fall, fly, are
abrasive, or splash
 harmful dusts, fumes, mists,
vapors, and gases
 frayed or damaged electrical
cords, hazardous connections
and improper grounding

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 Hand Tools - Protection
Use PPE, such as safety
goggles and gloves

Keep floor surface where

working free from tripping or
slipping hazards

Keep cutting tools sharp

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Welding and Cutting

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 TYPES OF WELDING

Arc or Electric
Welding

Gas Welding

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 HAZARDS
• FIRE
• EXPLOSION
• MATERIAL DAMAGE
• ELECTRIC SHOCK
• FUMES, GASES
• LEAKAGES
• IN COMPETENCY OF STAFF

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 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

• CYLINDERS SHOULD BE CHECKED BEFORE

USAGE
• SPECIALIST RISH ASSESSMENT REQUIRED
• SEPARATE STORAGE PLACES
• CLEARLY MARKED TAGS
• SEPARATE VEHICLES FOR
TRANSPORTATION
• TRAINING – INSTRUCTION – INFORMATION
• CLEARLY INSULATED WIRES
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY

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 Main hazards of electricity

Remember: - BSAFE

1) Burns
2) Shock: Contact with live parts
Direct Contact: Coming in to contact with a conductor that is
supposed to be live
Indirect Contact: Coming into contact with a conductor that is
not live in normal conditions but has become live due to a fault
3) Arcing
4) Fire & Explosion

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 Electricity protection devices

• Fuses
• Circuit breaker
• Earthing
• Isolation
• Reduced voltage
• Battery operated tools
• Residual Current Devices (RCD)
• Double insulation

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FALL PROTECTION

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Identifying Fall Hazards

Examples of factors contributing to fall hazards:

Scaffolds
Ladders
Roofs
Other elevated work surfaces

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Fall Protection Systems
• Guardrail systems
• Personal fall-arrest systems
• Safety-net systems
• Positioning-device systems
• Warning-line systems
• Safety-monitoring systems
• Controlled-access zones

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Guardrail Systems

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49
Excavations

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 Excavation Hazards

Cave-ins are the greatest risk

Other hazards include:

 Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen
 Inhalation of toxic materials
 Fire
 Moving machinery near the edge of the
excavation can cause a collapse

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 Definitions
Excavation – a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression
formed by earth removal.
Trench – a narrow excavation. The depth is greater than the
width, but not wider than 15 feet.
Shield - a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect
employees
Shoring - a structure that supports the sides of an excavation
and protects against cave-ins
Sloping - a technique that employs a specific angle of incline
on the sides of the excavation. The angle varies based on
assessment of impacting site factors.

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 Site Evaluation Planning
Before beginning excavation:
 Evaluate soil conditions
 Construct protective systems
 Test for low oxygen, hazardous
fumes and toxic gases
 Provide safe in and out access
 Contact utilities
 Determine the safety
equipment needed

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Stairways and Ladders

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 Hazards

Stairways and ladders

cause many injuries and
fatalities among construction
workers

Improper use of the top

rung of a step ladder
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 Summary
Key Components for Ladder Safety

• A competent person must inspect

• Use the correct ladder for the job
• Use the correct angle, supports.
• Don’t overload
• Your employer must train you in proper use of
a ladder

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CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

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What is a Confined Space?

A space that:
Is large enough and so configured that an employee
can enter bodily and perform work;
Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;
Is not designed for continuous human occupancy.

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 Potential Hazards in Confined
Spaces
Oxygen Deficiency Toxic Materials
<19.5% or >23.5% Carbon Monoxide
oxygen concentration Hydrogen Sulfide
Combustibles Welding fumes
Methane Corrosives
Hydrogen Electricity
Acetylene Mechanical Hazards
Propane Mixers
Gasoline fumes Crushers 59
Two Options for Entering Confined
Spaces:

Permit-required Non-permit
confined space confined space
entry entry
For hazardous For non-
or potentially hazardous
hazardous confined space
confined space work
work

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Permit-Required Confined Space
Entry Procedure

• Isolate the space

• Ventilate the space
• Conduct Tailboard
• Complete permit
• Test the atmosphere
• Enter the space

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LEAD SAFETY

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 INITIAL SYMPTOMS
Headache Eye sight damage

Body pain Loss of consciousness

Weakness Slow blood circulation

Vomiting Insomnia

Loss of appetite Dizziness

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 LATER SYMPTOMS…..!!!
Heart Attack

Lungs Cancer

Skin diseases

Anemia

Eye Cataract
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 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS….!!!
• Ventilation
• Exhaust Fans
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Substitution method
• Encapsulation
• Frequent Breaks
• Job Rotation
• Training
• Safety Induction
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Scaffolds

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DEFINITION
“A temporary structure from which persons
can gain access to a place in order to carry
out building operation”

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Scaffold can be made of the following
material:
a) Tubular steel
b) Tubular aluminium alloy
c) Timber

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 DOUBLE
COUPLER Ledger

STANDARD

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BASE PLATE
Employees working on scaffolds are
exposed to these hazards:

• Falls from elevation – caused

by slipping, unsafe access, and
the lack of fall protection
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Electrocution – from overhead
power lines
• Scaffold collapse - caused by
instability or overloading
• Bad planking giving way 70
If a worker on a scaffold
can fall more than 10
feet, protect them by:
• Guardrails, and/or
• Personal Fall Arrest
Systems (PFAS)

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 Wear hardhats
 Barricade area below scaffold
to forbid entry into that area
 Competent staff is required
 Tool box talk should be
delivered

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Machine
Guarding

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Introduction
Any machine part, function, or process which may cause
injury must be safeguarded.

Where the operation of a machine can injure the

operator or other workers, the hazard must be controlled
or eliminated.

Crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, blindness -

the list of possible machinery-related injuries can occur.
Safeguards are essential for protecting workers from
needless and preventable injuries.

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Rotating Parts
Can grip hair or clothing
Can force the body into a dangerous position
Projecting pieces increase risk

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 In-Running Nip Points
Between 2 rotating parts
Between rotating and tangential parts
Between rotating and fixed parts which shear, crush, or
abrade

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 Reciprocating Parts
Risk of being struck between stationary and moving part

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 Continuous straight line motion
 Worker struck or caught in pinch or shear point

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 Guards
 Fixed
 Interlocked
 Adjustable
 Self-adjusting

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 Fixed Guard
Barrier is a permanent part
of machine
Preferable over other types

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 Stops motion when guard is opened or removed

Interlocked
guard on
revolving
drum

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 Barrier may be
adjusted for
variable
operations
 What are the Bandsaw blade
drawbacks? adjustable guard

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BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS

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 INTRODUCTION
OSHA ESTIMATES 5.6 MILLION WORKERS IN HEALTH
CARE AND OTHER FACILITIES ARE AT RISK OF
EXPOSURE TO BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS SUCH AS
HUMAN IMUNODEFICIENCY (HIV) AND HEPATITIS B
(HBV).

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PURPOSE:
TO PROVIDE SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS
THAT PROTECT EMPLOYEES FROM BEING
UNNECESSARILY EXPOSED TO HEALTH
HAZARDS

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 GENERAL TERMS:

HBV
HEPATITIS MEANS INFLAMMATION
OF THE LIVER. HEPATITIS B
VIRUS IS THE MAJOR INFECTIOUS
BLOODBORNE HAZARD YOU
FACE ON THE JOB

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 HIV
HIV
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRSUS
ATTACKS THE BODY’S IMMUNE
SYSTEM, CAUSING THE DISEASE
KNOWN AS AIDS OR ACQUIRED
IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

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 EXPOSURE TO BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS INCLUDE:
NURSES LAW ENFORCEMENT
PHYSICIANS FIREFIGHTERS
DENTISTS PARAMEDICS
OPERATING ROOM FIRST RESPONDERS
PERSONNEL
CPR PROVIDERS
EMERGENCY ROOM
PERSONNEL
LAUNDRY HANDLERS

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 WAYS TO TRANSMIT
INFECTION:
• SEXUAL CONTACT WITH INFECTED
PARTNER
• SHARING INFECTED NEEDLES
• CUTTING YOURSELF WITH INFECTED
OBJECTS
• GETTING INFECTED BLOOD IN OPEN
SORES
• GETTING BLOOD IN YOUR MOUTH ,
NOSE OR EYES 89
 A PERSON INFECTED WITH
HIV:

MAY CARRY THE VIRUS

WITHOUT DEVELOPING
SYMPTOMS

WILL EVENTUALLY DEVELOP

AIDS

MAY DEVELOP AIDS RELATED ILLNESSES

INCLUDING NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS, CANCER
AND OTHER OPPORTUNIST INFECTIONS

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 CONTROL OF BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS

• ENGINEERING CONTROLS
• EMPLOYEE WORK PRACTICES
• PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• HOUSEKEEPING
• HEPATITIS B VACCINE

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BE PREPARED
ALWAYS WEAR GLOVES
WHEN AT RISK
BE ALERT FOR SHARP
OBJECTS
DO NOT PICK UP GLASS
WITH BARE HANDS
PLACE SHARPS IN
APPROVED CONTAINERS

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COMMON SENSE RULES
BE SURE TO WASH HANDS
AND REMOVE PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING BEFORE:

- EATING
- DRINKING
- SMOKING
- APPLYING COSMETICS
- HANDLING CONTACTS

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Violence at Work

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 Violence at Work

Work-related violence
Any incident in which a person is abused,
threatened or assaulted in circumstances
relating to their work.

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 Violence at Work
Risk factor for Violence:
• Cash handling
• at risk of violence associated with robbery.
• Lone working
• in contact with members of the public at remote or private locations.
• Representing authority
• represents authority, such as police, traffic wardens, etc.
• Wearing a uniform
• uniforms are often seen as a symbol of authority, but even where they
are not workers may still be singled out for abuse.

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 Violence at Work

Risk factor for Violence:

• Dealing with people under stress

• less capable of handling their emotions and can lose control.

• Dealing with people under the influence

• of drugs and alcohol, or with mental health problems

• Censuring or saying no
• give warnings, penalties, fines, or who have to refuse a service or
say no
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 Violence at Work

Occupations at risk of violence:

• Hospital A and E staff
• Police
• Social workers
• Bus and taxi drivers
• Firefighters and paramedics
• Traffic wardens
• Railway staff
• Estate agents.
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 Violence at Work
Preventing violence at a central office:

• Zero tolerance policy and prosecution of offenders.

• Security staff.
• CCTV cameras.
• Security doors between public areas and staff areas.
• Minimize queues and waiting times.
• Clear announcements about waiting times.
• Training for staff, e.g.
• Providing a good quality service.
• Diffusing aggression.
• Screens between staff and public.
• Panic alarms.
• Pleasant environment. 99
 Violence at Work
Preventing violence conducting home visits:

• No lone working in high risk areas

• Keeping records of past incidents
• Visit-logging with supervisor.
• Pre- and post-visit telephone calls.
• Training for staff, e.g.
• Lone working procedures.
• Break-away techniques (self-defense).
• Always having a means of communication
• No visits after dark.
• Parking in secure areas.
• Not carrying cash or valuables. 100
 Violence at Work
Areas:

Internal Violence
• By fellow employees involve bullying
• By supervisor – no training, increases, promotion

External Violence
• Physical, verbal aggression & assault by outside
people

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 Lockout - Tagout

Control of
Hazardous
Energy

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First Step In LOTO
Know your equipment & systems
hazards
isolation points
procedure for Lockout
Working on unfamiliar machinery is a hazard

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Who Can Lockout
Equipment?

Only Employees who have been

trained and authorized by
management

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Use of Locks & Tags
Use only those issued to you
Never use another workers lock or tag
Ask your supervisor if you need more LOTO
equipment

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6 Step LOTO Procedure
• Prepare for Shutdown
• Shutdown Equipment
• Isolate all energy sources
• Place Locks & Tags
• Release Stored Energy
• Verify Equipment Isolation

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1. Prepare for Shutdown

Understand equipment hazards

Notify other workers of shutdown

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2. Shutdown Equipment
Use normal shutdown procedure

Turn all switches to OFF

Shut all control valves

Disable all sources of energy

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3. Isolate All Energy Sources

Shut valves

Open breakers & disconnects

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4. Place Locks & Tags on

Valves

Breakers/electrical disconnects

Block or disconnect all lines

Lock and tag blank flanges

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5. Release or Block all Stored
Energy
Discharge capacitors
Stop rotating flywheels
Relieve system pressure
Drain fluids
Vent gases
Allow system to cool

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6. Verify Equipment Isolation
• Check all other workers are clear
• Check locking devices securely
placed
• Check isolation
• Attempt normal startup
• Return Controls to OFF/Neutral

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 Release from LOTO
• Inspect Area and Equipment
• Ensure all Machine Guards in
place
• Move tools away from equipment
• Inform others of startup
• Restore system connections
• Remove Locks & Tags
• Restore equipment to normal
• Conduct normal startup

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Who can remove Locks & Tags?

Only the employee who placed the tag

or
a supervisor, after obtaining permission from the
worker who placed the tag

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A piece of equipment already
has a lock and tag. Do I have to
place my own locks & tags?

YES. Each person working on the

equipment must place their own
locks and tags to ensure their
safety.

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If You are interested in any course from SPTI, Please Contact us on below
number or email
00923339266055 (WhatsApp).
sptiinstitute@gmail.com, info@sptii.com
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