FIRE EMERGENCIES

DR MOHD FADZIL MOHD IDRIS

.
 Fire & Definitions
■ Religion – the burning hell etc
■ Music / Films
■ News – Local and International
■ Schools & Colleges – subjects or courses
■ Wars, Defenses, Productions, Process
■ Natural Disasters

( Danger, Feelings, Thoughts, Reminder, Subjects,

Heat, Technologies, Negatives results/actions etc )
 FIRE
DEFINITION:

COMBINATION OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS/

FUELS, OXYGEN, HEAT/FLAME/HIGH
TEMPERATURE AND CHEMICAL REACTION
BETWEEN THEM. ANY ONE IS TAKEN AWAY
WILL STOP THE CONFLAGRATION OF FIRE.
 EMERGENCIES
DEFINITION:
CONDITION OR SITUATION OF BEING
CRITICAL DUE TO INORDINARY ACTIONS
OR ENVIRONMENT WHICH CAUSING
ALERT AND NEED DRASTIC SOLUTIONS
ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF RISKS.
 DANGER IS A
COMBINATION OF

RISK + HAZARD
■ 3 major aspects of fire risk assessment:

■ FIRE HAZARD
■ FIRE RISK

■ FIRE SAFETY
 FIRE HAZARD
■ Defined as:

■ The potential harm to people, property or

operations and presupposes that a fire will
take place.
Basic Assessment Principles

Understand The Nature of

FIRE RISK and FIRE SAFETY
 FIRE RISK
■ Defined as:

■ Is a measure of fire loss (life, health,

animals or property) that combines the
potential for harm in the various scenarios
that can occur within a specified period in
a defined occupancy or situation
 FIRE SAFETY
■ Defined as:

■ The means or actions of safety (human and

equipment) provided for specified
occupancy (areas and functions) or
situation to work against potential fire
hazard or danger during any emergency in
order to minimise the level of risk.
 Fire Risks and Fire Safety
• High Level Safety
■ High Risk
• Medium Level Safety
■ Explosion
• Low Level Safety
•Regulations
■ Medium Risk •Discipline
■ Low Risk •Active& Passive System
•( Design, Materials, Ergonomic and
Equipments)
 Equilibrium: Trades Off

■ Loss Impact
■ Level of Risks
■ Level of Safety
■ Availability of systems and
expertise
THEORY OF FIRE
 FIRE CHEMISTRY
■ 3 MAIN COMPONENTS ARE NEEDED TO
START THE FIRE CONFLAGRATION
■ OXYGEN
■ FUEL

■ HEAT/FLAME

Additional: FUEL HEAT

Chemical Reaction CHEMICAL
Between the Three REACTION

Main Components
OXYGEN
Fire needs three elements
to exist:
 SOURCE OF OXYGEN SOURCE OF HEAT

∙More or Less than ∙ Until it reaches

16% is needed to the ignition point.
start fire or ∙ Open fire or
conflagration. direct sunlight
∙ Hot plate or
∙There is about 21% surfaces
O2 within the ∙ Fireworks or
breathing air or the sparks
atmosphere. ∙ Electricity
CHEMICAL ∙ Compression of
∙Some materials do gaseous
REACTION ∙ Chemical
contain some amount
of O2 to initiate the reaction etc.
growth of fire via
spontaneous ignition.
SOURCE OF FUELS

GAS LIQIUD SOLID

∙Natural Gas ∙Gasoline ∙Coal Bata

∙Propane ∙Kerosene ∙Wood
∙Butane ∙Turpentine ∙Clothes
∙Hydrogen ∙Alcohol ∙Leather
∙Acetylene ∙Varnish paint ∙Rubber
∙Carbon Monoxide ∙Liker ∙Plastic
 SOURCE OF FIRE/IGNITION
■ ELECTRICITY □ FRICTION
■ SMOKING □SPONTANEOUS
■ INCENDIARISM IGNITION
■ OVERHEATED □MECHANICAL &
MATERIALS
STATIC SPARKS
■ HOT SURFACES
■ OPEN FLAMES □
CHEMICAL
■ CUTTING AND REACTIONS
WELDING □ LIGHTNING
SOURCE OF SHORT CIRCUIT, BAD WIRING/CABLING,
MATCHES, SPARKS, CIGARETTE BUTT,
FIRE LIGHTNING, OPEN FIRE, COOKING FIRE
ETC.
IGNITION
•HUMAN FACTORS,
•NATURAL FACTORS
•ACCIDENT/CARELESSNESS FACTORS

CONDUCTION RADIATION

FIRE
SPREAD

CONVECTION

SPONTANEOUS
 Types of fires
Four types of fires:
■ Class A: combustibles, such as wood, paper
or cloth.

■ Class B: flammable liquids, such as

gasoline, solvents and paints, their
primary fuel.

■ Class C: electrical fires

■ Class D: combustible metal, such

magnesium, sodium and potassium
FIRE FIGTHING
 4 WAYS TO EXTINGUISH
A FIRE
■ COOLING- reduced temp.below
ignition level, combustion will
stop.
■ SMOTHERING- blocked off
source of oxygen, combustion
will cease.
■ REMOVAL OF FUEL- removed
the un burn fuel away,
combustion stopped once the left
burning fuel is consumed.
■ BREAKING THE CHAIN
REACTION- introduced
inhibiting agent to break up the
chain reaction, combustion will
cease.
 Source of Fuels & Fire
Classification
■ CLASS A FIRE: combustible materials i.e: wood, paper,
cloth, plastics, animal & vegetable fibres. (COOLING &
REMOVAL OF FUEL)
■ CLASS B FIRE: flammable liquids & gases i.e: gasoline, oil,
paints & solvents. (SMOTHERING, REMOVAL OF FUEL &
COOLING)
■ CLASS C FIRE: electrically energized equip.: electrical fires,
short circuits. (NONCONDUCTIVE COOLING &
SMOTHERING)
■ CLASS D FIRE: combustible metal i.e: magnesium(Mg),
aluminium(Al), sodium(Na), potassium(K), lithium(Li),
zirconium(Zr) and uranium(U). (SMOTHERING WITH
SPECIAL POWDER)
 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
■ HEAT – DAMAGING TO LIFE, STRUCTURES,
EQUIPMENT
■ LIGHT OR FLAME – GENERATED BY HEATED
PARTICLES IN THE GAS-PHASE REACTION.
■ SMOKE – COMPLEX MIXTURE OF VERY FINE
SOLID PARTICLES, CONDENSED VAPOUR IN
THE FORM OF SMALL DROPLETS/AEROSOLS
AND GASEOUS COMPOUNDS. RESULTS OF
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION.
■ FIRE GASES- DEPENDING ON SERIES OF
REACTIONS INVOLVING THE FUELS, TEMP.
AND DURATION OF EXPOSURE AT HIGH
TEMP. IE: CO,HCN,CO2, NH3, SO2
 Fire Growth
■ Factors That Influence the Duration of Growth
Period
■ A) spacing of the combustible materials in the room,
■ B) size and location of the ignition sources,
■ C) size and location of the openings in the room,
■ D) wind direction and velocity,
■ E) shape and dimension of the room,
■ F) amount and size of the combustible materials in
the room.
FIRE ENGINEERING

Actions and reminders

 14 Fire Safety Components
■ Building Occupants ■ Fire Fighting
■ Preparing for Fire ■ Protected Areas
Emergency ■ Auto Suppression
■ Fire Prevention ■ Smoke Management
■ Internal Environment ■ Building Structural
■ Services Response
■ Detection ■ External Environment
■ Communication &
Alarm
■ Egress
KWSP BUILDING HOTEL SUNWAY
 SEBERANG JAYA CLINIC

PERKESO ADMINISTRATION BUILDING SHELL PETROL STATION

 TYPES OF OCCUPANCY
■ PROCESS
■ ACCOMODATION A
■ READING
■ ADMINSTRATION C
■ DRAWINGS
■ LEISURE/SPORT T
■ SLEEPING
■ HOTEL I
■ EATING
■ BUSINESS
■ PLAYING V
■ FACTORIES
■ EXERCISING I
■ RESTAURANT
■ INSTITUTION
■ TEACHING T
■ COOKING I
■ TRANSPORTATION
■ ETC E
S
 BUILDING OCCUPANT
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO KNOW EXACTLY THE TYPES OF
OCCUPANT WITHIN A SPACE OR A BUILDING PARTICULARLY
FOR THE PURPOSE OF SUPERVISION, ABILITY TO ESCAPE,
ABILITY TO FIGHT FIRE AND SAVING LIFES DURING
EMERGENCIES.
DIFFERENT BUILDING HAS ABSOLUTELY DIFFERENT
TYPE OF OCCUPANT :I .E INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING
CONSIST OF ADMINISTRATORS, LECTURERS, RESEARCHER,
STUDENTS, VISITORS AND GENERAL WORKERS.
3 MAIN FACTORS TO CONSIDER:-
a. PHYSICAL
b. PHYSIOLOGICAL
c. PSYCHOLOGICAL
 PREPARING FOR FIRE EMERGENCIES
•DESIGN SPACE
•PURPOSE GROUP
•COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
•TOXICITY
•ACTIVE CHEMICALS
•HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
•SUPERVISION
•SECURITY AND SAFETY
•ACCESSIBILITY
•LABELS AND NOTICES
•INVENTORY
•EDUCATION
•TRAINING
•REMINDER
FIRE PREVENTION
EDUCATION

• INFORMAL EDUCATION
• NEWSPAPERS
• MAGAZINES
• SELF EXPERIENCES
• EXHIBITION
• TELEVISION AND RADIO / MEDIA

• FORMAL EDUCATION
• FIRE BRIGADE CADET SOCIETY
• SAFETY COURSES AT BOMBA AND RESCUE DEPT.
• DISCIPLIN, RULES AND REGULATIONS AT WORK PLACE
• SEMINARS
EMERGENCY

Actions and reminders

FIRE SAFETY AND
EMERGENCY
 Introduction
■ It's hard to imagine what it would be like to
live without fire.
■ Yet fire can be one of our deadliest enemies.
■ It can mutilate us, kill us, and destroy in a few
minutes what took a lifetime to build.
■ Fire can take away our work places and our
jobs.
 All employees should know
■ Where the fire alarm boxes are in your area.
They should be well marked and easy to
access.
■ Where the exit routes are in your area. The
lighted exits signs will help guide you in heavy
smoke or if the lights are out, but you should
know the layout of the area.
 All employees should know

■Where the extinguishers are located.

The extinguishers must be mounted in a
designated location, well marked and easy to
access.

■ The procedures to follow in the event of a fire.

What steps to follow, where to go and how to
use a fire extinguisher if needed.
 Procedures for Fire Emergency

■ Immediately pull the handle on the nearest fire box

and call SHE department.

■ If the fire is small, heavy smoke is NOT present

and you have an exit available to you for evacuation
purposes, you can use the nearest appropriate
extinguisher following the P-A-S-S procedure.
Otherwise leave the area by the nearest exit.
 Procedures for Fire Emergency
■ Do not use an elevator, use the stairs to change
floors. If you are disabled and not able to exit the
building, go to the nearest safe area and wait for
rescue.

■ If the fire is large or the area is filled with heavy

smoke (just as deadly as the fire), pull the handle on
the nearest fire box, evacuate the building and call
BOMBA from safe area.
 How to use a fire extinguisher
■ It is easy to remember how to use a fire
extinguisher if you remember the acronym,
“PASS.”
- Pull
- Aim
- Squeeze
- Sweep
 How to use a fire extinguisher
■ Pull the pin
■ This will allow you to
discharge the
extinguisher.
 How to use a fire extinguisher
■ Aim at the base of the fire
■ Hit the fuel…if you aim at the flames, the
extinguishing agent will pass right through and
do no good.
 How to use a fire extinguisher
■ Squeeze the top handle
■ This depresses a button that releases the
pressurized extinguishing agent.
 How to use a fire extinguisher
■ Sweep from side-to-side until the
fire is completely out.
■ Start using the extinguisher from a
safe distance away and then
slowly move forward. Once the
fire is out, keep an eye
on the area in case it re-ignites.
 CAUSES FOR DELAY DURING EMERGENCY BY
THE FIRE BRIGADE & RESCUE TEAM
A. CONGESTED TRAFFIC FLOWS
B. FALSE EMERGENCY CALL BY INDIVIDUALS
C. CASE ARE NOT REPORTED AND NO CORPORATION FROM PUBLIC-
SQUATTER AREAS ETC
D. FIRE REPORTING ARE NOT CLEAR AND GIVEN WRONG INFO
E. THE TYPES AND LEVEL OF DANGER FACE BY THE FIRE FIGHTER

( PARIS HOTEL 17/12/01)

RESCUE, SAFETY AND COUNSELING
DURING FIRE EMERGENCY
 Actions During Fire
Emergency
■ Break the Alarm Glass Point
■ Telephone the Fire Brigade/ BOMBA and Rescue 994
or USM ext: 3423
■ Inform others of the fire within the same area
■ Fight the fire with an extinguishers within your
capacity.
■ Move away from the room, if it gets worsen.
■ Close the door and evacuate using the escape route to
an open space
■ Gathered at the assembly area and call up names of the
building occupants.
ACTIONS DURING FIRE FIGHTING
 Safety Reminder
■ Call the BOMBA and Rescue Team while the fire is
still small (under control).
■ Give a clear direction on how to get to the fire scene.
■ Remember that Smoke and Hot Gaseous are
dangerous and very harmful.
■ Always ensure the location of fire extinguishers and
the emergency staircases/exit doors.
■ Do not use the lift during fire emergency
■ Close all the electrical switches and gas pipes if there
is a fire emergency.
WRONG CORRECT
BAGAIMANAKAH ‘FOAM’MEMADAMKAN API ?

1.SATU EXPERIMEN DIJALANKAN UNTUK

PEMADAMAN API DENGAN FOAM

2.FOAM YANG BERKETUMPATAN TINGGI 3.BARAAN TERPENDAM AKIBAT TERPUTUSNYA

MENUTUPI BAHAGIAN YANG TERBAKAR BEKALAN OKSIGEN
 2
1

3 4

5 6

TURUTAN GAMBAR INI DIAMBIL SEMASA LATIHAN ‘FIRE FIGHTING’ SELAMA 2

MINGGU DI LAPANGAN TERBANG MELBOURNE YANG DILANCAR ‘ARFF CENTRE”
 PANIC
ACTION THAT ONE THINK IS
BEST TO TAKE /MAKE DURING
ANY EMERGENCIES.
FIRE ESCAPE

Objectives, Design and

Requirements
PINTU-PINTU
 JENIS BUKAAN YANG TIDAK
KORIDOR YANG SEMPIT SESUAI DI RUMAH PANGSA.
 Means of Escape (objectives)
■ To reduce the number of fires
■ To provide adequate facilities for occupants to
escape if there is a fire
■ To minimise the spread of fire both within
and/or nearby the buildings
■ To provide access to the building for fire
fighting
 Means of escape (ensuring)
■ That the building does not collapse as a result
of the fire before the occupants can escape
■ That the spread of fire and of smoke and
combustion products is controlled
■ That there are efficient means of escape from
the building which will remain safe until the
occupants have evacuated it.
 2 basic principles on
fire safety legislation
■ To reach a place of safety within a short time,
normally 2 minutes.
■ To be able to turn his back on the fire and still
find a way out.
3 Factor for the Effectiveness of the Escape Route
• Free of Smoke
• Adequately lit under all circumstances
• Free from obstructions
FIRE SCOPES
AREAS AND INTEREST
 Comprehensive Scope
■ Look at systems available in a very critical
way.
■ Fire problems are of complex and dynamic
process.
■ Deal with measures of severity, scenarios and
probability distributions.
■ Recognise the nature of the Decision Making (
quality, relevance to understand, etc)
 Asking Questions
■ More Alert
■ Assist as A Reminder
■ Awareness
■ On Fire Safety, Fire
■ Knowledge
Risk and Fire Hazard
■ Training
■ Building Areas
■ On Regulations
■ Types of Hazards ■ On Standards and
■ Safety Provision Legislations
■ Perceptions ■ On Building by-Law
■ On Other Buildings
Requirement
 Design Consideration of
an Escape Routes
■ Use of the premises and materials used
■ Time to allow for evacuation
■ Number of persons involved
■ Height of building in operation, above & below
ground level
■ Room exits, corridors & horizontal exits
■ Arrangements of the content of a room
■ Vertical exits
■ Exit doors
 Building’s Life Cycle
■ a) Design Stage
■ b) Constructional Stage
■ c) Commissioning Stage (immediately, before and
after occupation)
■ d) Fire Accidental Stage
■ e) Recovery Stage
■ f) Cost Effectiveness and Maintenance Stages
■ g) Continuation of Mission Stage
■ Stages of Fire Building Construction Activities, Actions
Safety Development Process & Requirements
I Design & Approval - Assessment on Fire
Safety,(Regs & Act)
- Costing,
- Performances
- Maintainability
- Reliability
- Safety Plans & Supervision

■ II Construction - Health and Safety on Site

(workers and staff, visitors)
- Layout Plan
- Housekeeping and Material
distribution on site
- Security and Monitoring on site

■ III Commissioning - Introducing new system if possible

- Introduce Support System
- Occupancies Responsibilities - Checking
and Maintenance

■ IV Accidental Coverage - Insurance for Recovery Lifes &

Properties
- Structural Stability
- Performance Assessment
- Notify the Safety and Risk Factors - Loss
Estimation
■

V Improvement, - Rechecking the Regs, & Acts, Rebuilding or -

Layout, Boundary etc Maintenance or - Building Structural
Alteration or - Building Materials
Maintenance - Building Services
- Building Environment

Diagram 1.0: Fire Safety and Building Life Cycle

 Fire Growth
■ Factors That Influence the Duration of Growth Period
■ A) spacing of the combustible materials in the room,
■ B) size and location of the ignition sources,
■ C) size and location of the openings in the room,
■ D) wind direction and velocity,
■ E) shape and dimension of the room,
■ F) amount and size of the combustible materials in the
room.
 FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES
■ LIFE SAFETY
■ PROPERTY PROTECTION
■ CONTINUITY OF MISSION
■ ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
■ PUBLIC ANXIETY AND LAWS
■ COST, MANAGEMENT AND
MAINTENANCE.
 Building Design
■ Aestetica-design/orientation/materials
■ Functionality
■ Purpose group
■ Connection
■ Assessibility
■ Continuity of mission
■ Short term and long term maintenance
 Professional Involvement

■ Architects
■ Engineers
■ Surveyors Fullfilment of The
Client’s Need
■ Contractors
■ Planners
■ Local Authorities
■ Interior Designers
 Design Constraints

■ Building Regulations
■ Plannings Regulations/Acts
■ Uniform Building By- Laws
■ Availability of Space
■ Construction Materials
■ Skills Labours/Workers
■ Cost
 Decision Making
(Professionals & Lay-man)
■ Know-how (Knowledge)-Theory
and Practical
■ Past Experience
■ References and Guidelines
 INTERVENTION
TECHNIQUES
■ Rules and regulations requirement
■ Management
■ Knowledge Background
■ The Fire Growth Graph
■ Passive and Active Fire Safety
■ Awareness
■ Further Research
The 14 Components of Fire Safety
1. Building Occupants 8. Egress
2. Fire Emergency 9. Fire Fighting
3. Fire Prevention
10. Protected Areas
4. Internal
Environment 11. Auto Suppression
5. Services 12. Smoke Management
6. Detection 13. Building Structural
7. Communication & Response
Alarm
14. External Environment
 The Passive System
⦿ Building Occupants
⦿ Preparing for Fire Emergency
⦿ Fire Prevention
⦿ Internal Environment
⦿ Building Structural Response
⦿ Protected Areas
⦿ Egress
⦿ External Environment
 The Active System

■ Fire Fighting
■ Detection
■ Auto Suppression
■ Services
■ Smoke Management
■ Communication & Alarm
 TO CREATE A FIRE FREE
ENVIRONMENT WITHIN AN
ORGANISATION
THANK YOU