FIRE FIGHTING TRAINING

F. I. R. E.
• FIRST
• IDENTIFY
• RESIST
• EVACUATE
 IGNITION OF FIRE

Fuel
Any Combustible Material – Solid, Liquid or Gas.

Oxygen Heat
The air we breathe is The energy necessary to
about 21% oxygen – increase the temperature of
fire needs only fuel to where sufficient
16% oxygen vapors are given off for
ignition to occur
FIRE TRIANGLE
 FUEL’S

• SOLID Wood, Paper, Plastic, Furniture, Paper etc.

• LIQUID Diesel, Petrol, Kerosene etc.

• GASES LPG, CNG, Natural Gas, Propane, Acetylene etc.

 CAUSES OF FIRE

Fire Causes Ratio

5%
5%

11% Electric Fire

Poor housekeeping
Household Fire
Other

78%
FIRE’S CLASSIFICATION AS PER “ISI 2190/1979”

• Class 'A' Fires -

Fire involving combustible material such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, plastic requiring the
heat absorbing effects of water, water solutions.
• Class 'B' Fires -
This type of fire involves flammable or combustible liquids greases, petroleum products and
similar materials for extinction, a blanketing effect is essential.
• Class 'C' Fires -
Which involves flammable gases, substance under pressure including liquefied gasses. Here
it is necessary to dilute the burning gasses at very fast rate with an inert gas , Dry chemical
powder or Co2, Electrically Started Fire (ESF)
• Class 'D' Fires -
Fire involving combustible metals such as Sodium, magnesium, zinc, potassium. These
burning metal react with water and water containing agent. These fire requires special
media to extinguish such as carbon-di-oxide special dry chemical powder.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE, UK

 CLASS A: - Combustible Solids that are not Metals —Wood, Paper, Cloth, Plastics etc.

 CLASS B: - Flammable or Combustible Liquids – Gasoline, Oil, Grease, Acetone etc.

 CLASS C: - Flammable or Combustible Gases – LPG , Propane , Acetylene etc.

 CLASS D: - Combustible Metals – Potassium, Sodium, Aluminum, Magnesium etc.

 CLASS E: - Electric Fire – Electric Equipment’s, Appliance’s or Apparatus etc.

 EXTINGUISHING METHODS
Three Basic Techniques to Fight the Fire -
1. Cooling – This means to remove the heat; this can be achieved using water.
2. Starvation – Removal of fuel by cutting of source of fuel supply to the fire.
3. Smothering – Removal of oxygen by use of co2. this can be achieved by applying
co2, DCP or nitrogen.
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• A Fire Extinguisher is a
portable device specially
designed to put out small
fires, the fire extinguishers
can only use on initial fires
only, which is not spread
from base point.
ANATOMY OF EXTINGUISHER
 TYPES OF EXTINGUISHER

Different types of Fire Extinguishers are designed to fight

different classes of fire.
The 4 most common types of Fire Extinguishers are:

1. Water Type - A
2. Foam Type – A, B
3. CO2 – BC, E
4. Dry Chemical Powder – BC, ABC, D
 SELECTION OF EXTINGUISHER
Sr.
Types of Fire Extinguishers Class of Fire
No.
A B C D

1 Water (Gas Cartridge) S NS NS NS

2 Mechanical Foam U S NS NS

Dry Chemical Powder Gas

3 U S S NS*
Cartridge)

4 Carbon Di-oxide U S S NS

S: Suitable
NS: Not suitable
U : Usable - Can be used in case of emergency but not much effective.
HOW TO USE EXTINGUISHER
SAFE MEASURES TO USE “EXTINGUISHER”

Most fires start small. Except for explosions,

1
fires can usually be brought under control if they
are attacked correctly with the right type and size
of extinguisher within the first 2 minutes!

2 A fire extinguisher should be “Listed and Labeled" by an

independent testing laboratory. The higher the rating number on an
A or B extinguisher, the more fire it can put out. Be careful, high-
rated units are often heavier models. Make sure you can hold and
operate the model you are using.
 3 Before attempting to fight a small fire,
be sure everyone is out of the area. Ensure
someone has called the fire department
If the fire starts to spread or threatens your
escape path, get out immediately!

4
The operator must know how to use the
extinguisher quickly without taking time to
read directions during an emergency.
Remember that the extinguishers need care
and must be recharged after every use.
 Fire Extinguishers’ Distribution Criteria /
Maintenance
• Visible from all directions (free of sight obstructions)
• Easily accessible (within immediate reach), no obstructions
• Near normal path of travel (entrance / exit ways)
• Within 23 m (75 ft) max. travel distance (Class A Hazards)
• Within 15 m (50 ft) max. travel distance (Class B Hazards)
• Elevated off the ground / floor
• Reasonably away from immediate source of fire (i.e. not mounted on an operating machine; outside
flammable storage room, etc.)
• Properly identified
• Regular inspection (monthly as minimum)
• Periodic hydrostatic test
 INSPECT EXTINGUISHER

• The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) defines an inspection as a

“Quick Check” that ensure, the extinguisher is available and will function.
• NFPA requires extinguishers be inspected monthly, or more frequently if
circumstances require it.

WHO CAN INSPECT A FIRE EXTINGUISHER?

“ANYONE”
NFPA says “Minimal Knowledge Required”
“Minimal Knowledge” is needed to perform an inspection on an
extinguisher, so almost anyone can perform this inspection.
 INSPECTION POINT’S

1) Extinguisher is located in “Designated Place”?

2) Obstructions to Access or Visibility?
3) Operating Instructions on nameplate legible & facing outward?
4) Seals & tamper indicators in place & intact?
5) Determine fullness by “Weight”, Invert & Shake it will help ensure.
6) Visually examine for obvious Physical Damage, Corrosion, Leakage, or
Clogged Nozzle.
7) Check to see if the “Pressure Gauge” is in operable range.
8) Never put used extinguisher on workplace, should be Removed and
Replaced.
INSPECTION POINT’S

• Inspection tag / coding

• Plastic seal
• Locking pin
• Gauge (stored pressure)
• CO2 Cartridge (cartridge type)
• Weight (CO2 type)
• Visibility/ accessibility
• Nozzle
• Shell, bottom
• Label
• General condition
FIRE EXTINGUISHER - MAINTENANCE

HOW OFTEN SHOULD

MAINTENANCE BE PERFORMED?

The NFPA says that maintenance should

be performed at least quarterly.
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER CHECKLIST
# Checklist Yes No N/A

1 Is floor plan with identification of Fire Equipment place at Prominent place and entrance of
the plant & building?
2 Are Extinguishers available as per the Hazard /Locations?
3 Is the distance of extinguisher from the equipment Is within 15M?

4 Are extinguisher place near to the exit or near to stair without hindering the escape route?

5 Are Fire Extinguishers Installed one 1M above ground level as per norms?

6 Are Extinguishers placed away from direct heat Sun rays, Rain & Dust Accumulated area?

7 Is the Date of Inspection, Next date of refill date & party sign Is one on the extinguisher?

8 Are extinguishers free from obstructions

9 Training records on " How to operate Fire extinguishers is available?
 MAINTENANCE RECORDKEEPING

• NFPA requires that a tag be attached to the extinguisher

indicating:

The Month & Year the maintenance should be performed, and

Identification of the Person & the Company performing the work.
 FIRE PREVENTION CHECKLIST
S.N Fire Prevention Check List Yes No NA
1 Is Housekeeping as per standards?
2 Are flammable materials segregated from sources of ignition or not
3 Is there spillage of oil at near by area?
4 Is smoking prohibited at gas prone area.?
5 Is continuous Fire prevention Training imparted to all personnel at all levels?
6 Are arrangements for disposal of waste adequate to prevent a build up?
7 Are electrical installations areas clear from, combustible material?
8 Are all motors & moving parts of machinery kept free from excess of grease & oil?
9 Are surrounding areas free of Fire Hazard before starting the job on cutting & welding?

10 Is there one number of 5 kg DCP Extinguishers, Two numbers Dry Sand Filled Buckets and Two Water Filled
Bucket available for each point of Welding cutting and other hot jobes?

11 Are emergency telephone numbers available and displayed at Work Site by concerning agencies during cutting
& welding?
12 Are gas cylinder under the Gas cutting & welding job strictly prohibited?
13 Are all Gas Cylinders kept at safe place against fire hazard?
NATIONAL FIRE PREVENTION ASSOCIATION, U.S.
FIRE DIAMOND BY NFPA
FIRE DIAMOND - NFPA
EXPLAIN?
 SMOKE & FIRE?

Smoke is more dangerous than the Fire.

In case of fire must be evacuate by Fire Exits.
Use Fire Extinguisher on initial fire only.
To use Extinguisher must follow P.A.S.S. technique.
In doubt, Never fight a fire.
Call to emergency and go to Assembly Area.
Always remember Your Safety comes first.
 IN CASE OF FIRE?

• Do Not Panic; Keep Calm.

• Actuate the Manual Fire Alarm System provided on the floor to raise
alarm.
• Think and Act Quickly.
• Report to Security.
• Inform to Fire Brigade on known Telephone No. 101
• Alert the people in the Vicinity of Fire.
• Fight the Fire only if you can. Do not take Undue Risk.
• Crawl, in case you Encounter Smoke.
• If you know the details of Fire/Fire Extinguishing System provided, inform
the Fire Brigade Personnel on their arrival.
 IF YOUR CLOTHING CATCHES FIRE?
Stop - Where You Are,
Drop - To the Floor or Ground
Roll - Around on the Floor or Ground…
STOP, DROP and ROLL …This will smother the flames, possibly saving your life.
If a co-worker catches on fire, smother the flames by grabbing a blanket or rug and
wrapping him up in it. That could save him from serious burns or even death.
 BE PREPARED FOR A FIRE EMERGENCY

 Check the location of Fire Alarms and know how they work.
 Learn your building Evacuation Plan.
 Know where your two Nearest Exits are located.
 Make sure nothing blocks Fire Doors, Extinguishers
and Emergency Exits.
 Learn the sound of your building fire alarm.
 Post emergency numbers (including security, fire
and first aid) near your telephone.
 WHEN YOU NOTICE A FIRE?
• Pull the nearest fire alarm “Manual Call Point” while NATIONAL EME 112
exiting the floor. RGENCY
NUMBER
• If there is no MCP station:
POLICE 100

Dial 101 Alternate FIRE 101

Emergency Number Emergency Number AMBULANCE 102
Disaster
• Do not assume that anyone else has already called the fire Management 108
Services
department.
• Stay calm and be prepared to answer the operator’s questions
regarding the emergency.
• EVACUATE !
 WHEN YOU HEAR THE “FIRE ALARM”?
• Leave at once, taking direction from the Emergency Warden.
• DO NOT delay yourself by gathering Personal Items. Your safety always comes first.
• Before you open any door, feel the door with the back of your hand. If the door is cold,
slowly open it a crack.
• If there is no smoke in hallways or stairwells, follow your building’s evacuation plan.
Get out quickly using designated fire exits.
• Close doors behind you, however DO NOT lock the door. Locking the door hinders the
fire department’s search and rescue efforts.
• The stairway will be your primary escape route. Never, Never use Elevators/ Lifts
under Any Circumstances.
• Once in the stairway, proceed down to the first floor and out of the building. Never go
up.
 IF YOU ARE TRAPPED IN SMOKE OR HEAT?

• Before you open any door, feel the door with the back of your hand. If the
door is warm to the touch, DO NOT attempt to open the door.
• Stuff the cracks around doors with towels, rags, clothing or tape, and
cover vents to keep out smoke.
• Stay low to the floor, and if possible, cover your mouth and nose with a
damp cloth or dust mask to help you breathe.
• If there is a phone in the room where you are trapped, call the fire
department to tell them exactly where you are located.
• Do this even if you see Fire Engine on the street below.
 AFTER A FIRE EMERGENCY?

• Wait at a window and signal for help. Do not panic or jump!! WAIT!
• If possible, open the window at the top or bottom, but do not break it,
you may need to close the window if smoke rushes in.
• Be Patient. Rescuing all the occupants of a building can take several
hours.
• Once you are out of the building, STAY OUT! Do not go back inside for
any reason.
• Report to your warden for roll call at your designated assembly point.
• Only re-enter if and when the fire department tells you it is safe to do
so.
BEFORE YOU CONSIDER, FIGHTING A FIRE…

• Call the Fire Department.

• Confirm that the Fire is small and is not spreading.
• Confirm you have a safe path to an exit not threatened by the
fire.
• You know what kind of extinguisher is required and the correct
extinguisher is immediately at hand.
 NEVER FIGHT A FIRE IF…

• The fire is spreading beyond the immediate area in which it started,

or if it is already a large fire.

• The fire could block your escape route.

• You are unsure of the proper operation of the extinguisher.

• You doubt that the extinguisher you are holding is designed for the
type of fire at hand or is large enough to fight the fire.
 Fire Warden / Emergency Response Team
Requirement?

 When fire warden/ ERT required? When there is fire emergency on the floor or area:
 Automatic Alarm System has ben activated,
 Fire might be developed from flammable and observed manually, MCP activated,

 Person authorized as fire warden/ ERT Team Member:

 A person nominated by his Supervisor/ Manager and who has received basic Fire
Warden / Fire Extinguisher Training and maintain good attendance, and physically fit.

 Primary role of a fire watch

 To prevention/ control fire, safe evacuation and minimum the risk.
 Fire Warden/ ERT Duties and
Responsibilities:
 Conduct fire extinguisher, fire fighting installation inspection,
 Ensure no presence of flammable/ combustible materials near exit route,
 Ensure covering of ground holes, drains, sewers, cracks in the immediate vicinity,
 Watch for fires in all exposed areas,
 Know emergency contact numbers/ location of communication stations/ telephones,
 Extinguish manageable fires,
 Sound the alarm, if necessary, to alert affected personnel,
 Summon external assistance i.e. fire service (101)
 Stop work if deemed necessary,
 Be aware of prevailing wind direction,
 Know the nearest Safe Assembly Points & possible alternate routes,
 Guide the group to safe assembly points during evacuation.
 Emergency Preparedness Plan
(Essential elements)

 Emergency Response Team Leader / In-charge.

 Locations of primary and secondary escape routes.

 Defined duties of Emergency Action Leaders, such as verifying that all

employees have evacuated to safe area.

 Actions required for disabled workers (where applicable) such as, each
being assigned with an emergency action leader
 Posted emergency contact numbers (e.g. 101 Fire Dept, company
number)
 Employees’ training
 Emergency Response Team
(Sample Organization)

Em e rg e nc y Re s pons e Te a m
O rg a ni z a ti on

Em e rg e nc y Te a m Le a de r

TEAM I TEAM II TEAM III

Em e r g e n c y Ac tio n Le a d e r Em e r g e n c y Ac tio n Le a d e r Em e r g e n c y Ac tio n Le a d e r

Me m b e r Me m b e r Me m b e r

Me m b e r Me m b e r Me m b e r

Me m b e r Me m b e r Me m b e r

Important: Specific tasks of each Action Leader and Team Member should be outlined, according to
applicable setting.
Building Evacuation Plan
(Sample)

MUSTER
POINT

FIRE EXIT PLAN

N T S
 Building Fire Safety
1. Exit Details:
 Fire exit doors of fire resistive materials
 Exit door opens outward
 Equipped with self-closing mechanism
 Equipped with panic hardware (manual release device)
 Photo-electric actuated exit doors to have means for manual operation
 Access shall not be through another room
 Turnstiles not allowed on exits
 All exits discharge to a safe access outside the building without obstruction
 Escape route maintained free of any obstruction
 2 exits minimum, remote from each other
 100 ft. maximum travel distance
 100 persons per minute per exit width
 Building Fire Safety
2. Lightings & Markings:

• Emergency Lighting:
Shall automatically illuminate the access,
stairways, exit doors, corridors / hall-ways in
case of power failure

• Markings:
“EXIT” markings shall be illuminated
Visible / no obstruction
 Building Fire Safety
3. Alarm System:

• Alarm System

Manual fire alarm boxes in the path of

escape
Accessible / no obstruction
Periodic test
Alarm transmission to nearest fire
service department
 Building Fire Safety
4. Detection System & Fire Suppression:

• Automatic Smoke Detection and Alarm Initiation

Periodic test

• Fire Suppression System

Wet standpipe / automatic sprinkler system
Periodic test
Accessible / no obstruction
 REMEMBER!!!
YOUR SAFETY COMES FIRST.!
USE ESCAPE ROUTE….
REACH AFTER EVACUATION, AT…
IDDENTIFY THE SIGNS…
 BE “ALERT & AWARE”
TO BE “SAFE & SECURE”!!!

BY – GAURAV KUMAR SINGH

 SESSION QUIZ & ASSESSMENT -
1. What is Fire/ how fire gets ignite?
2. Types of Fuels?
3. What is the percentage required to ignite the fire?
4. What is PASS?
5. Common Causes of Fire?
6. What is Class A & B of fire?
7. Which type of extinguisher we can use on Class C Fire?
8. Full Form of DCP?
9. Who can inspect the extinguisher?
10. What if, clothes catches fire?
11. Full form of NFPA?
12. What is Starvation technique for fire fighting?
13. What is Smothering for fire fighting?
14. What is Fire Emergency No._____?
15. Always use the ___________, while evacuating the premises.