Geology of Peninsular Malaysia

Geology of
Peninsular
Malaysia
Editors:
Hutchison
&
Tan
UNIVERSITY
OF MALAYA
GEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY
OF MALAYSIA
GoPM_PLCCover.indd 1 25/5/2009 17:26:38

GEOLOGY OF
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
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ii | Metamorphism

GEOLOGY OF
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
edited by
Charles S. Hutchison
professor emeritus
and
Denis N. K. Tan
formerly professor
Department of Geology,
University of Malaya,
50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
published jointly by
The University of Malaya
The Geological Society of Malaysia
Sponsored by Murphy Oil Corporation and the University of Malaya

iv | Metamorphism
University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Geological Society of Malaysia

Department of Geology
University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission
of the University of Malaya and the Geological Society of Malaysia.
© Geological Society of Malaysia

First published by
The University of Malaya and
The Geological Society of Malaysia
2009
ISBN 978-983-44296-6-9
The book cover was designed by Robert Tate. The map is a shaded digital elevation
model generated from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) datasets. The
source of the data is www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/
A 1 : 1 000 000 scale geological map of Peninsular Malaysia, compiled by

Robert Tate, Denis Tan and Ng Tham Fatt, is included in the back pocket
and is an integral part of this book and subject to the same reproduction
regulations.
Printed in Malaysia

Metamorphism | v
GEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS
This book has drawn extensively on the maps and publications of the
Geological Survey of Malaysia, now known as the ‘Minerals and Geoscience
Department Malaysia’. The 8th edition of the geological map of the whole
peninsula, scale 1 : 750,000, was published in 1985. Detailed quadrangle
geological maps have been published, the early ones at a scale of 1 : 63,000. Most
of the maps are included in a memoir or map bulletin. Most of the peninsula
has been mapped on a detailed scale. Details and sales are available from the
following address:
Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia,

Bangunan Tabung Haji, floor 20,
Jalan Tun Razak,
50658 Kuala Lumpur
e-mail: imgkl@jmg.gov.my
Many papers on the offshore areas have been published in the bulletin series of
the Geological Society of Malaysia, facilitated by annual meetings of the Society
dedicated to Petroleum geology. A great landmark has been ‘The Petroleum
Geology and Resources of Malaysia’, published by PETRONAS (1999), available
from
Petroleum Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS),

Tower 1, PETRONAS Twin Towers,
50088 Kuala Lumpur
www.petronas.com.my
Acknowledgements
The editors and authors of this book and the officers of the Geological Society
are extremely grateful to Murphy Oil Corporation and the University of Malaya
for generous donations to allow this book to be published locally, thereby keeping
the selling price within reach of local students and geologists. Ching Yu Hay
drafted many of the figures from authors’ sketches, where necessary. Special
thanks are due to Dr Ng Tham Fatt for compiling maps from satellite and SETM
data.

CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Authors and Contributors 2
Charles S. Hutchison 2
Denis N. K. Tan 2
Lee Chai Peng 2
Mustaffa Kamal Shuib 3
Samsudin Hj Taib 3
John Kuna Raj 3
Wan Hasiah Abdullah 3
Robert B. Tate 3
Nuraiteng Tee Abdullah 4
Azman A Ghani 4
Ng Tham Fatt 4
Geological publications 4
Acknowledgements 4
2 GEOMORPHOLOGY 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Topography 6
2.3 Mountain ranges 6
2.4 Undulating and rolling terrain 9
2.5 Karst 9
2.6 Granite landforms 11
2.6.1 Core-boulders 12
2.7 Drainage 12
2.8 Lakes 16
2.8.1 River capture 16
2.9 Weathering processes and profiles 17
2.9.1 Granite bedrock 17
2.9.2 Sedimentary bedrock 19
2.9.3 Metamorphic bedrock 20
2.9.4 Laterite 21
2.9.5 Bauxite 22
2.9.6 Mineral stability 22
2.10 Coastal plains 22
2.10.1 West Coast 23
2.10.2 East Coast 25
2.11 Inland plains and infilled valleys 26
2.12 Terraces 27
2.13 Denudational chronology 28
2.14 Elliptical or circular structures 28
3 REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING 31

3.0 Introduction 31
3.1 Dissimilarity from Sarawak 31
3.2 The Andaman Sea 33
3.3 Correlation with Sumatra 33
3.3.1 Bentong-Raub Suture 33
3.3.2 Structural similarity 36
3.3.3 Stratigraphic similarity 36
3.3.3.1 ‘Greywacke terrane’ 37
3.3.3.2 ‘Quartzite terrane’ 37
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viii | Contents
3.3.3.3 ‘Mutus Assemblage’ 38

3.3.3.4 Mid-Miocene basalts 38
3.4 Correlation with Thailand 38
3.4.1 Sibumasu Block 38
3.4.2 The Palaeo-Tethys Suture 38
3.4.3 East Malaya Block 40
3.4.4 Cenozoic intermontane basins 40
3.4.5 Neogene alkaline basalts 40
3.5 Tin mineralization in South-East Asia 40
3.6 Sea level changes 40
4 BENTONG–RAUB SUTURE 43
4.0 Introduction 43
4.1 Central area 43
4.1.1 Schist Series 45
4.1.2 Chert-argillite sequence 45
4.1.2.1 Palaeontology and age of the slaty shale 45
4.1.2.2 Palaeontology and age of the chert 45
4.1.3 Mélange and olistostrome 47
4.1.4 Amphibole schist 47
4.1.5 Serpentinite 47
4.1.6 Bilut Redbeds 47
4.2 Genting Sempah enclave in the Main Range Granite 48
4.3 East of the Cameron Highlands 48
4.4 East–West Highway 48
4.5 Southern Area 51
4.5.1 Jelebu district 51
4.5.2 Kuala Pilah district 51
4.5.3 Malacca 51
4.6 Correlatives along western margin of the Main Range 52
4.6.1 Port Dickson 52
4.6.2 Kajang Schist 52
4.6.3 Dinding Schist 52
4.6.4 Hawthornden Schist 52
4.6.5 Kuala Kubu Baharu and Fraser’s Hill area 52
4.6.6 Trolak Formation 52
4.7 Chemistry of igneous and metamorphic rocks 53
5 PALAEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY 55
5.0 Introduction 55
5.0.1 Western Belt 55
5.0.2 Central Belt 57
5.0.3 Eastern Belt 57
5.1 Palaeozoic formations in the Western Belt 57
5.1.1 Northwest Domain 57
5.1.1.1 Machinchang Formation 58
5.1.1.2 Jerai Formation 60
5.1.2 Setul Group 61
5.1.2.1 Kaki Bukit Limestone (replacing the Lower Setul Limestone) 61
5.1.2.2 Tanjong Dendang Formation
(replacing the Lower Detrital Band) 64
5.1.2.3 Mempelam Limestone (replacing the Upper Setul Limestone) 65
5.1.3 The Timah Tasoh Formation (replacing the Upper Detrital Member) 67
5.1.3.1 Lalang Member (lower part of Timah Tasoh Formation) 67
5.1.3.2 Bukit Raja Member (upper part of Timah Tasoh Formation) 68

Contents | ix
5.1.4 Chepor Formation 68

5.1.4.1 Langgun Redbeds 68
5.1.4.2 Hutan Aji Member 69
5.1.5 Transitional nomenclature: Setul –Singa–Kubang Pasu Formations 69
5.1.6 Singa and Kubang Pasu Formations 69
5.1.7 Chuping Formation 71
5.1.8 South Kedah Palaeozoic Formations 71
5.1.9 North Perak Palaeozoic Formations 71
5.1.10 Kinta Valley Palaeozoic Formations 72
5.1.10.1 Devonian and older rocks 73
5.1.10.2 Carboniferous 73
5.1.10.3 Permian 73
5.1.11 Palaeozoic west of the Kinta Valley 75
5.1.12 Palaeozoic Formations of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur 76
5.1.12.1 Lower Palaeozoic 76
5.1.12.2 Kenny Hill Formation 76
5.1.13 Western Belt east of the Main Range 77
5.1.13.1 Bentong Group 78
5.1.13.2 Pelong Beds 78
5.1.13.3 Karak Formation 78
5.2 Palaeozoic rocks of the central belt 79
5.2.1 Bera Formation 79
5.2.2 Raub Group 80
5.2.2.1 Gua Musang Formation 80
5.2.2.2 Jengka Pass Outcrop 81
5.2.2.3 Aring Formation 81
5.2.2.4 Jelebu Schist 82
5.2.2.5 Kepis Beds 82
5.2.2.6 Taku Schist 82
5.3 Palaeozoic rocks in the eastern belt 82
5.3.1 Kambing Beds 83
5.3.2 Seri Jaya Beds 83
5.3.3 Kuantan Group 84
5.3.4 Sungai Perlis Beds 84
5.3.5 Dohol Formation 84
5.3.5 Linggiu Formation 84
5.3.6 Sedili Volcanics 85
5.3.7 Pinang and Redang Beds 85
5.3.8 Murau Formation 85
5.4 Synthesis 86
6 MESOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY 87
6.0 Introduction 87
6.1 Western Belt 88
6.1.1 Kodiang Limestone 88
6.1.1.1 Stratigraphy and Sedimentology 88
6.1.1.2 Depositional Setting 92
6.1.2 Chuping Limestone 93
6.1.3 Semanggol Formation 93
6.1.3.3 Discussion 99
6.1.4 Saiong Redbeds 100
6.1.5 Nenering Beds 101
6.2 Central Belt 102

x | Contents
6.2.1 Gua Musang Formation 102

6.2.2 Semantan Formation 106
6.2.2.1 Areal Distribution and Correlation 107
6.2.2.2 Stratigraphy 107
6.2.2.3 Sedimentology 110
6.2.2.4 Palaeontology 113
6.2.3 Post-Semantan Formation redbeds 114
6.2.3.1 Tembeling Group 115
6.2.3.2 Koh Formation 119
6.2.3.3 Bertangga Sandstone 120
6.2.3.4 Ma’Okil Formation 120
6.2.3.5 Paloh Formation 122
6.3 Eastern Belt 124
6.3.1 Gagau Group 124
6.3.1.1 Badong Conglomerate 124
6.3.1.2 Lotong Sandstone 124
6.3.2 Lesong Sandstone and Ulu Endau Beds 126
6.3.3 Panti Sandstone 127
6.3.4 Tebak Formation 128
6.4 Correlation 129
7 CENOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY 133

7.0 Introduction 133
7.1 Onshore Tertiary Basins 134
7.1.1 Bukit Arang Basin, Perlis and Kedah 135
7.1.2 Enggor Basin, Central Perak 136
7.1.3 Batu Arang Basin, Selangor 138
7.1.3.1 Boulder Beds 139
7.1.3.2 Coal Measures (Batu Arang Beds) 139
7.1.3.3 Oil Shale 141
7.1.4 Kampong Durian Chondong Basin, northwest Johor 143
7.1.5 Kluang–Niyor Basin, central Johor 144
7.1.6 Layang-Layang Basin, south Johor 145
7.1.7 Lawin Basin, North Perak 145
7.1.8 Correlation of the Tertiary Basins 146
7.2 Offshore Straits of Malacca 148
7.2.1 Northern Straits (associated with North Sumatra Basin) 153
7.2.1.1 Northern Graben 153
7.2.1.2 MSS-XA Graben 153
7.2.2 Southern Straits (associated with Central Sumatra Basin) 154
7.2.2.1 Central belt 154
7.2.2.2 Port Klang belt 155
7.2.2.3 Johor belt 157
7.3 Quaternary 157
7.3.1 Boulder Beds 159
7.3.2 Simpang Formation (Old Alluvium) 160
7.3.3 Kempadang Formation 160
7.3.4 Beruas Formation (Young Alluvium) 161
7.3.5 Gula Formation 161
7.3.6 Peat Occurrence Offshore 162

Contents | xi
7.3.7 Present-day Onshore Peat Swamp Distribution 162

7.4 Distribution of Quaternary Sediments 164
7.4.1 North Kedah and Perlis 164
7.4.2 South Kedah and Penang 164
7.4.3 North and Central Perak 164
7.4.4 South Perak 165
7.4.5 Kinta Valley 165
7.4.6 Selangor 166
7.4.7 Kuala Lumpur 166
7.4.8 Negeri Sembilan and Malacca 167
7.4.9 West Johor 167
7.4.10 South Johor 167
7.4.11 East Johor 167
7.4.12 Pahang 167
7.4.13 South and Central Terengganu 168
7.4.14 North Terengganu and Kelantan 168
7.5 Other Quaternary Deposits 169
7.5.1 Basaltic Flow 169
7.5.2 Rhyolitic Ash 169
7.5.3 Cave Deposits 169
7.6 Tectonic Evolution of the Cenozoic Basins 170
7.7 Sea Level Changes 172
7.7.1 Pleistocene 172
7.7.2 Holocene 173
8 MALAY AND PENYU BASINS 175

8.1 Tectonic Development 177
8.2 Malay Basin 177
8.2.1 Structural Framework 181
8.2.2 Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments 182
8.2.2.1 Palaeocene(?) to early Lower Miocene Syn-rift: 185
8.2.2.2 Late Lower to Late Miocene: 187
8.2.2.3 Pliocene to Recent: 189
8.2.3 Heat Flow and Geothermal Gradients 189
8.2.4 Abnormal Pressure 189
8.3 Penyu Basin 193
8.3.1 Structural Framework 193
8.3.2 Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments 194
8.3.3 Heat Flow and Geothermal gradients 196
8.3.4 Abnormal Pressure 196
9 VOLCANISM 197
9.1 Geochronology 198
9.2 Western belt 199
9.3 Genting Sempah Complex 199
9.3.1 Age 200
9.3.2 Petrology 201
9.3.3 Geochemistry 202
9.4.1 Kelantan and Pahang 203
9.4.2 Southern Peninsula 204
9.4.2.1 Explosive ignimbritic volcanism in East and Southeast Johor 204
9.4.2.2 Tioman, Sibu and Tinggi islands. 205

xii | Contents
9.4.2.3 Teluk Ramunia, Pengerang 207

9.4.2.4 Endau Rompin 207
9.4.2.5 Geochemistry 207
9.5 Cenozoic Volcanism 208
9.5.1 Kuantan Basalt 209
9.5.2 Segamat Basalt 209
9.5.3 Mafic to intermediate dykes 210
10 PLUTONISM 211
10.2 Geochronology 211
10.2.1 Main Range Granite 211
10.2.2 Eastern Belt granites 216
10.2.3 Cretaceous granites 216
10.3 The Main Range Granite province 216
10.3.1 Field Occurrence 216
10.3.2 Texture 217
10.3.3 Mineralogy 217
10.3.3.1 Feldspars 217
10.3.3.2 Biotite 217
10.3.3.3 Amphibole 217
10.3.3.4 Muscovite 217
10.3.3.5 Garnet 218
10.3.3.6 Tourmaline 218
10.3.3.7 Others 218
10.3.4 Secondary textured granite 218
10.4 Central plutonic province 218
10.4.1 The Benta Alkalic Series 218
10.4.2 Stong Complex 219
10.5.1 The Perhentian Kecil Syenite 221
10.5.1.1 Mineralogy 221
10.5.2 Mafic rocks associated with granitic plutons 221
10.5.2.1 Pemanggil and Aur Islands, Johore 221
10.5.3 Mineralogy of Eastern Belt Granitoids 222
10.5.3.1 Plagioclase 222
10.5.3.2 K-Feldspar 222
10.5.3.3 Amphibole 222
10.5.3.4 Biotite 222
10.5.3.5 Others 222
10.6 Cretaceous Plutonic rocks 222
10.7 Geobarometer studies 223
10.8 Enclaves 223
10.9 Geochemistry 224
10.9.1 Secondary-textured granites 228
10.9.2 Alkalic series 229
10.9.3 Tectonic setting of the plutonic rocks 230
10.10 Conclusions 231
11 METAMORPHISM 233
11.1 Stong Migmatite Complex 233
11.1.1 Granitoids 233
11.1.2 Granitoid-metamorphic rock relationships 233
11.1.2.1 Sungai Renyok 235

Contents | xiii
11.1.3 Metamorphic paragenesis 236

11.2 Taku Schist 237
11.2.1 Granite 237
11.2.2 Structure 237
11.2.3 Metamorphic paragenesis 237
11.2.4 Age 239
11.3 Relation of the Taku Schist and Stong Complex to the overlying rocks 239
11.4 Gunung Jerai dome 239
11.4.1 Granite age 240
11.4.2 Metamorphic rocks 240
11.4.3 Metamorphic facies 241
11.5 Gunung Ledang aureole 242
11.5.1 Granite age 242
11.5.2 Rock types 242
11.5.3 Mineralogy 243
11.6 Relationship of granites to metamorphism 244
11.7 Low grade metamorphic rocks 244
11.7.1 Mersing Beds 244
11.7.2 Langkawi 244
11.8 Eastern Belt hornfels aureoles 245
11.9 Tourmaline-corundum rocks 245
12 MAJOR FAULTS 249

12.1 Terrane Bounding Faults 253
12.1.1 Bentong-Raub Suture Zone 253
12.1.2 Lebir fault zone 252
12.2 Terrane Parallel Faults 255
12.2.1 Kisap Thrust 255
12.2.2 Balau-Murau Fault zone 257
12.2.3 Bukit Keluang and Kapas Faults 258
12.3 Terrane-crossing faults 258
12.3.1 NNW–SSE and NW–SE faults 258
12.3.1.1 Kuala Lumpur Fault Zone 258
12.3.1.2 Bukit Tinggi Fault Zone 260
12.3.1.3 Seremban Fault Zone 262
12.3.1.4 Bok Bak Fault Zone 263
12.3.1.5 Ruok Fault Zone 264
12.3.1.6 Galas Fault Zone 265
12.3.1.7 Lepar Fault Zone 266
12.3.1.8 Mersing-Endau Fault Zone 266
12.3.2 North–South Fault Zones 268
12.3.2.1 Terengganu 268
12.3.2.2 Negeri Sembilan. 268
12.3.3 NNE–SSW and NE–SW Fault Zones 268
12.3.4 The East–West Fault Zones 269
12.4 Synthesis and timing 269
13 STRUCTURES AND DEFORMATION 271

13.1 Jurassic–Cretaceous basins 272
13.1.1 Deformation of Jurassic–Cretaceous strata 274
13.1.2 Transverse Ranges 278
13.1.3 Structural synthesis of Jurassic–Cretaceous strata 279
13.2 Pre-Jurassic Formations 281

xiv | Contents
13.2.1 Northwest Area 281

13.2.2 Kuala Lumpur to Malacca area 283
13.3 Structural synthesis of the Western Belt 286
13.4 Central Belt 287
13.4.1 Bentong-Raub Suture Zone 288
13.4.1.1 Deformation of the Schist Series 288
13.4.1.2 Deformation of the Serpentinite 289
13.4.1.3 Deformation of the Chert-argillite sequence 290
13.4.1.4 Deformation of the olistostromes 291
13.4.1.5 Redbeds 292
13.4.1.6 Permian– Middle Triassic metasediments and limestone 292
13.4.1.7 Deformation of Middle to Late Triassic strata 295
13.4.2 Structural synthesis 296
13.5.1 Southeast and East Johore 297
13.5.2 Terengganu and Pahang 300
13.5.3 Structural synthesis 304
13.6 Metamorphism 304
13.7 Structural evolution 305
13.7.1 Lower Cambrian 305
13.7.2 Lower to Mid Devonian 306
13.7.3 Pre-Lower Permian 306
13.7.4 Middle Devonian to Permo-Triassic along Bentong-Raub Zone 306
13.7.5 Permo-Triassic in the Bentong-Raub Zone 306
13.7.6 Pre-Middle Triassic Pan-Peninsular Orogeny 306
13.7.7 Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic 307
13.7.8 Middle to Upper Cretaceous 308
13.7.9 Lower to Middle Eocene 308
14 TECTONIC EVOLUTION 309

14.1 Palaeo-Latitude Measurements 310
14.2 Stratigraphic Distinction Between Sibumasu and Cathaysialand 310
14.2.1 Plants 310
14.2.2 Limestones and volcanic rocks 312
14.2.3 Marine diamictites (pebbly mudstones) 312
14.2.4 Non diamictite-bearing formations 312
14.3 Lower Permian Gondwanaland assembly 314
14.4 Palaeogeographic Reconstructions of the Drift Pattern 315
14.5 The Indosinian Orogeny 316
14.6 Tertiary extrusion tectonics and oroclinal bending 316
14.7 Palaeomagnetic research on Peninsular rocks 318
14.7.1 Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous 318
14.7.2 Upper Triassic Main Range Granite 319
14.7.3 Lower Palaeozoic Setul Limestone 321
14.7.4 Permo-Triassic limestones 323
14.7.5 Regional tectonic implications 324
14.8 Global Positioning System (GPS) results 324
14.9 Regional Gravity Profiles 324
14.9.1 Kuala Lumpur to Kuantan 324
14.9.2 Northwest peninsula 330
15 MINERAL DEPOSITS 331

15.1 Recent Mining Developments 331

Contents | xv
15.2 Regional Distribution of Tin 331

15.3 Placer Tin 332
15.3.1 Stratigraphic Relationships 333
15.3.2 Cassiterite grain-size and deposition 335
15.3.3 Eluvial and colluvial placers 335
15.3.4 Alluvial fan placers 336
15.3.5 Residual bottom placers 337
15.3.6 Fluvial allochthonous bottom placers (kaksa) 337
15.3.7 Fluvial above-bottom placers (mintjan) 337
15.3.8 Fluvial cave placers 338
15.3.9 Littoral and marine placer environment 338
15.4 Primary Tinfields 338
15.4.1 Mineralogical associations 339
15.4.2 Major faulting in and around the tin fields 339
15.4.3 Relationship between tin deposits and granites 340
15.4.4 Hydrothermal veins and lodes 340
15.4.4.1 Cornish-type lodes (Sungai Lembing) 340
15.4.4.2 Veins, stringers and stockworks 344
15.4.5 Skarn (pyrometasomatic) mineralisation 345
15.4.5.1 Pelepah kanan 345
15.4.5.2 Stanniferous skarns 346
15.4.5.3 Stanniferous pegmatites and aplites 347
15.5 Iron Deposits 347
15.5.1 Bukit Besi 348
15.5.2 Bukit Ibam 348
15.5.3 Others 351
15.6 Volcanic Arc Mineralization 351
15.6.1 Manson’s Lode 351
15.6.2 Mengapur 354
15.6.3 Tasek Chini Prospect 354
15.6.4 Others 355
15.7 Gold Mineralisation in Quartz Veins 355
15.7.1 Western Gold Belt 356
15.7.2 Central Gold Belt 358
15.7.2.1 Selinsing (No. 4, Fig. 15.13) 358
15.7.2.2 Kecau Tui (No. 5, Fig. 15.13) 358
15.7.2.3 Penjom (No. 6, Fig. 15.13) 358
15.7.2.4 Tersang (No. 7, Fig. 15.13) 359
15.7.2.5 Raub–Bukit Koman (No. 8, Fig. 15.13) 359
15.7.2.6 Kanan Kerbau (Buffalo Reef) (No. 10, Fig. 15.13) 360
15.7.3 Gold Belt 3: Base metal-gold 360
15.7.4 Eastern Gold Belt 4 360
15.7.5 Source of gold 361
15.8 Tungsten Deposits 361
15.8.1 Kramat Pulai 361
15.8.2 Others 363
15.9 Bauxite 363
15.10 Barite 363
15.11 Limestone Quarried for Cement 363
15.12 Others 363
16 OIL AND GAS 365

16.1 Acreage Situation 365
16.2 Exploration History 368

xvi | Contents
16.3 Oil and Gas Occurrences and Resources 371

16.4 Malay Basin 372
16.4.1 Hydrocarbon Distribution 372
16.4.2 Petroleum Systems 373
16.4.2.1 Source Rocks 374
16.4.2.2 Reservoir Rocks 377
16.4.2.3 Seal Rocks 379
16.4.2.4 Overburden Rocks 379
16.4.2.5 Generation, Migration and Accumulation 379
16.4.2.6 Trap Formation 381
16.4.3 Petroleum Plays and Trap Styles 381
16.4.3.1 Compressional Anticlines 381
16.4.3.2 Traps Associated with Normal Faults 383
16.4.3.3 NE Ramp Margin Plays 384
16.4.3.4 High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) Play 385
16.4.3.5 Fractured Basement Play 385
16.4.4 Fields 385
16.4.4.1 Dulang Field 385
16.4.4.2 Guntong Field 389
16.4.4.3 Seligi Field 390
16.4.3.4 Semangkok Field 392
16.4.4.5 Tapis Field 392
16.4.4.6 Tinggi Field 394
16.4.4.7 Angsi Field 397
16.4.4.8 Jerneh Field 398
16.4.4.9 Sotong Field 401
16.5 Penyu Basin 403
16.5.1 Exploration History 403
16.5.2 Hydrocarbon Occurrences 404
16.5.3 Petroleum Systems 404
16.5.3.1 Source Rocks 404
16.5.3.2 Reservoir Rocks 404
16.5.3.3 Seal Rocks 404
16.5.3.4 Generation, Migration and Accumulation 404
16.5.3.5 Trap Formation 404
16.5.4 Petroleum Plays and Trap Styles 404
16.5.4.1 Post-rift Sunda Fold Play 404
16.5.4.2 Late Syn-rift Basement-Drape Play 404
16.5.4.3 Fractured Basement Play 405
REFERENCES 407
INDEX 451

1
Introduction
C.S. Hutchison
More than 30 years have passed since Unlike the previous book, this book also includes
the John Wiley publication of Geology of the the geology of the offshore Tertiary basins.
Malay Peninsula (Gobbett & Hutchison, 1973). This book and the accompanying map
This book was compiled under great hardship are built predominantly upon the regional
by the two editors because it was based on mapping programme of the Geological Survey
many unpublished manuscript memoirs of the Department of Malaysia that, like many other
Geological Survey and the editors frequently geological surveys, no longer carries out regional
drove to Ipoh, along the old winding road, to make geological quadrangle mapping. Therefore, the
notes from the draft manuscripts. Readers may be areal geology of Peninsular Malaysia may now
interested to learn the current whereabouts of the be considered finalised. A major landmark in the
authors. Derek Gobbett and Charles Hutchison history of the Geological Survey occurred in the
live in retirement in Yorkshire and Petaling Jaya, middle of 1967. The late Mr. S. K. Chung (Chung
respectively. Ken Hosking retired to Spain and Sooi Keong) became its first Malaysian director.
then back to England, where he died in 1991 in He replaced Mr. W. D. Proctor, who retired
his hometown of Camborne (Hutchison & Haile, upon Malaysianization. Proctor was appointed
1992). Peter Herman Stauffer now works for the director a year earlier upon the departure of Dr.
U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. Professor J.B. Alexander, who left behind an impressive
Emeritus Tjia Hong Djin is retired in Putrajaya backlog of unpublished memoirs and bulletins
and does consultancy work. Clive Roderick Jones extending back as far as 1958.
lives in retirement in England and Cedric Keith A publications editor, Mr. Gray Darling, was
Burton lives in retirement in Jakarta. seconded from Canada under the Colombo Plan.
Many requests for a second edition have He edited and oversaw into publication most of
been made over the years but a suitable nucleus the draft manuscripts that remained from the
of experienced geologists has not, until now, directorship of Dr J. B. Alexander. Mr. Darling
been motivated to undertake a new compilation. found the draft memoir on Perlis, Langkawi and
This is not a second edition, for too much North Kedah too long for him to successfully
new information, understanding and updated condense and edit. Dr. P. H. Stauffer carried out
concepts have necessitated a completely new the task and eventually Memoir 17 was published
compilation. The paradigm of plate tectonics in 1981 after a long delay. On 1 July 1999, the
requires a totally new approach. Since the Geological Survey Department and the Mines
publication of the Geology of the Malay Department were merged to form the Minerals
Peninsula in 1973, a generation of Malaysian and Geoscience Department.
geologists have worked and carried out research At the time of publication of Gobbett and
on the geology of Peninsular Malaysia. Most of Hutchison (1973), Peninsular Malaysia was
them are graduates of the University of Malaya, a pre-eminent tin mining country. Petroliam
and many have reached retirement age. It is felt Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) was established
that the time is right to capture and document in 1974 and the first oil production from the
the knowledge of these experienced geologists Malay Basin came only in 1978. Collapse of
before they fade into the sunset. Thus, the the international tin price in 1985 resulted in
University of Malaya and the Geological Society near extinction of the tin industry and recent
of Malaysia have agreed to jointly publish this dramatic increase in metal prices has not revived
book on the geology of Peninsular Malaysia. the industry because many alluvial tin tailings
GeologyOfPenMal-C01.indd 1 21/4/2009 13:44:17

2 | Introduction
had been reworked, and towns had expanded to University. He is a recognised authority on the
cover up former mining areas. The last two placer geology and tectonics of Southeast Asia through
tin dredges, one in the Kinta Valley, the other his books and papers. He recently taught courses
near Dengkil, are no longer in operation and are part-time at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam and
planned to become tourist attractions. There continues to teach part-time at the University of
is still a tin smelter in Butterworth and only a Malaya. He has been visiting professor at Kansas
very few placer mines in the Kinta Valley. Gold and Cornell universities. He worked for ESRI at
mining has expanded because of the dramatic the University of South Carolina, for CCOP in
increase in the metal price. Bangkok, and for an oil company in Trinidad.
The earlier book presented a woefully He received the Special Commendation Award
inadequate picture of the ages of the granites. in 1994 from the AAPG. He was president of
This situation has been dramatically improved
the Geological Society of Malaysia from 1969 to
beginning with the pioneering work of John
1970 and was awarded its honorary membership
Bignell (Bignell & Snelling, 1977), followed
in 1986.
by extremely significant work by Liew (1983).
The outstanding work of Cobbing et al. (1992)
later ensured that the granites, their ages and Denis N. K. Tan
geochemical signatures, became well known. worked as a geologist in the Geological
Arising from this great body of work, the Main Survey of Malaysia in Kuching from 1972
Range Granite of Peninsular Malaysia became to 1984. During this time, he was involved in
the world standard for collisional S-type granite regional mapping and published two reports. In
(Pearce et al., 1984). late 1984, he joined Sarawak Shell Berhad where
The collision was identified as the Upper he worked mainly in regional geological review
Triassic Indosinian Orogeny that resulted from and exploration geology. In addition to Miri, he
closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean and much had assignments for Shell in The Hague (1990
research has been carried out to describe and to 1993), Kuala Lumpur (1999 to 2001), and
refine the age of the Bentong–Raub suture. The Houston (2002 to 2004). He retired from Shell
accurate identification of the radiolaria contained in November 2004, and joined the University of
in the ribbon cherts proved to be invaluable Malaya as a Professor in Petroleum Geology in
(Metcalfe et al., 1999). The recognition of the
September 2005. He retired from the University
suture led to the realisation of the stratigraphical
in August 2008, and is enjoying his retirement
differences between that part of the peninsula
in travelling.
west of the suture and that lying east.
The terrain lying west of the suture has
similarities with Sumatra and western Thailand Lee Chai Peng
and has come to be referred to as “Sibumasu”. Its started his academic career as a tutor
stratigraphy contains undeniable Carboniferous– in the Department of Geology, University of
Permian Gondwanaland affinities, notably Malaya in 1977. He was appointed a lecturer
marine pebbly mudstones of glacial origin. The on completion of his M.Sc. on the Cambrian
terrain lying east of the suture has undeniable of the Machincang and Tarutao Formations.
similarities with eastern Thailand in having
He obtained a Ph.D. from Liverpool University
affinities with Indochina and southern China.
on the Macrobiostratigraphy of the North
It is said therefore to have Cathaysian affinities.
Downs Chalk in 1988 under a Commonwealth
No generally acceptable name has been coined
Academic Staff Scholarship. He was promoted
for it. “Indochina” is unsuitable because that is
a political entity. In this book we refer to it as to Associate Professor in 1992 and Professor
“East Malaya”. in 2005. His research interests include Upper
Palaeozoic glacial marine deposits, scyphocrinoid
loboliths, Palaeozoic stratigraphy, regional
AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS tectonics, Miocene trace fossils, geohazards in
Charles S. Hutchison limestones, reclamation of ex-tin mining lands,
spent most of his academic career at the geo-conservation and geo-art. He was President
University of Malaya (1957–1992), where he of the Geological Society of Malaysia from 2004
obtained his Ph.D. in 1967. In 2005 he was to 2007. He was appointed Deputy Dean of the
conferred the title of professor emeritus by the Science Faculty in September 2007.

Introduction | 3
Mustaffa Kamal Shuib also been active as a consultant on geology and

is an associate professor in structural has been involved in several engineering projects
geology and tectonics at the University of Malaya. in Malaysia. Dr. Raj’s main research interests
He graduated from the University of Malaya and publications are on landslides and the
and did his post-graduate studies at Imperial geotechnical properties of weathered materials.
College, University of London. He has been
actively involved in teaching and research at the Wan Hasiah Abdullah
University of Malaya since 1987. His current began her academic career in 1984 upon
research interest is on the tectonic evolution of undertaking a tutorship/postgraduate programme
Peninsular Malaysia. He has published papers in the U.K. and started teaching in the
on structural geology, tectonics and engineering Department of Geology, University of Malaya, in
geology. 1990. She was appointed Associate Professor in
1999 and Professor in 2005. She specializes in
Samsudin Hj Taib organic petrology and petroleum geochemistry.
is an associate professor in the Department Her research interest is in assessing the oil-
of Geology, University of Malaya. He graduated generating potential of coals and determining
from the University of Malaya in 1979 and depositional environments of oil-prone source
joined the geology department as a tutor. rocks. For her MSc, she worked on the Brent
He did his postgraduate studies in the Virje Formation coals of the North Sea and for her
Universiteit Brussels (1979), Belgium, (MSc PhD she worked on a succession of sedimentary
in Quaternary Geology – Geophysics), Imperial rocks from Spitsbergen (Norway). She has also
College, University of London (1980), (MSc taken up consultancy work with Sarawak Shell
in Geophysics), and University of Durham Bhd., Sabah Shell Petroleum Company, and
(1986), United Kingdom, (PhD in Geophysics). PETRONAS Research and Scientific Services
He was appointed a Lecturer in 1981 and has Sdn. Bhd. She was Head of the Department of
since served the University of Malaya as a Geology from 2004 to 2007 when she oversaw
Geophysicist. His research interest is application the introduction of an M.Sc. degree programme
of the geophysical methods for geological and in Petroleum Geology by coursework, the first of
engineering applications. its kind in Malaysia.
John Kuna Raj Robert B. Tate

graduated from the University of Malaya was a graduate of Imperial College,
in August 1972 with a B.Sc. (Hons) degree in University of London. He commenced his
Geology. He received the Diploma in Photo- career in the Geological Surveys of Nigeria and
Interpretation for Geomorphology in July 1973 Ghana, mapping basement rocks and conducting
and the M.Sc. degree in January 1975 at the mineral exploration. He was then appointed
International Institute for Aerial Survey and State Geologist, Negara Brunei Darussalam,
Earth Sciences at Enschede, Netherlands. He in 1966 and studied palaeo-environments
joined the University of Malaya as a lecturer in of the Miocene-Pliocene sequences that are
March 1975, where he received his Ph.D. in July exposed spectacularly along the coast. He
1983. He was promoted to Associate Professor worked subsequently in Afghanistan, Ethiopia,
in January 1985 and appointed Professor of Somalia, Sudan, and China. He graduated with
Engineering Geology in August 1994. He retired an M.Sc. from the University of Malaya and in
in October 2004, but continues as a professor 2001, he compiled a CD Rom on the “Geology
on contract. of Borneo” as well as the first complete regional
Dr. Raj was Deputy Dean of the Science geological map of Borneo. He compiled Bulletin
Faculty from October 1991 to March 1992 and 50 of the Geological Society of Malaysia and
was the Head of the Department of the Geology has compiled a 1:1 million geological map of
Department from April 1994 to March 1998. He the Malay Peninsula to parallel the new edition
was Vice-President in 1984 and President of the of this volume as was done in the original 1973
Geological Society of Malaysia in 1985–1986. publication. Sadly, Robert died in Warrington on
He was honorary secretary of the Institute of the 22nd August 2008 before he could see the
Geology of Malaysia from 1986 to 1990. He has map and book published.

4 | Introduction
Nuraiteng Tee Abdullah is presently Head of the Geology Department

is a Senior Lecturer in the Geology of the University of Malaya. Dr. Azman’s main
Department, University of Malaya. She is a research interests are on geochemistry and
former graduate of the department and joined petrology of igneous rocks. He has published
the department upon obtaining her doctorate papers on geochemistry and mineralogy of
from the University of London. Her current igneous rocks from Peninsular Malaysia and
granite of Donegal, Ireland. He was appointed
research interest is on the biostratigraphy and
Head of the Geology Department in September
sedimentology of the Permian and Tertiary
2007.
carbonates of Malaysia.
Ng Tham Fatt
Azman A. Ghani graduated from the University of Malaya in
graduated from the University of Malaya August 1987with a B.Sc. (Hons) degree in Applied
in August 1992 with a B.Sc. (Hons) degree in Geology. He obtained an M.Phil. degree in 1993
Geology. He completed his Ph.D. at Liverpool and a Ph.D. in 2002 from the same university.
University on the geochemistry of Donegal He worked as an independant consultant before
Granites, Ireland, in 1997, and joined the joining the University of Malaya in April 2007 as
University of Malaya as a lecturer in the same an Associate Professor. He has compiled Bulletin
year. He was appointed Associate Professor in 34 of the Geological Society of Malaysia. His
2001 and Professor in 2006. He has been visiting current research interest is microstructures of
professor at the National Taiwan University. He fault rocks and application of GIS to geology.

2
Geomorphology
J. K. Raj
2.1 INTRODUCTION and lacustrine sediments were deposited (Barber

Peninsular Malaysia, with a total land area et al, 2005a).
In the Late Oligocene, there was a change
of 130,268 km2, forms part of Sundaland, which
in the regional tectonic regime, with an area of
includes Borneo, Java and Sumatra, as well as
predominant uplift in Sumatra, marked by the
the intervening shallow seas from which emerge
Barisan Mountains, becoming contrasted with
a number of smaller islands (van Bemmelen,
areas of continued sedimentation in fore-arc
1949). Sundaland is the partly submerged
and back-arc basins, west and east of the Barisan
southeastern extension of the Asian continent
Mountains, respectively. There was then regional
to which the Peninsula is connected by the
subsidence in a sag phase from the Late Oligocene
Isthmus of Kra, which at its narrowest is only 64
to Middle Miocene, the effects of which extended
km wide. The Peninsula is elongated in a general
well to the east of Sumatra into Malaysia. At the
NNW–SSE direction with a maximum length of
same time, the arc system of Sumatra started
750 km and breadth of 330 km. To the south, it developing and the Barisan Mountains became
is separated from Singapore Island by the narrow an important source of sediments for the fore-
Johor Strait whilst, to the west, it is separated arc and back-arc basins. For the first time in the
from Sumatra Island by the Straits of Malacca. Tertiary, rivers formed regional inter-connected
To the southeast and east the South China Sea systems that transported their sediment load to
separates the Peninsula from Borneo Island. a few broad basins; deltas extending westwards
The Peninsula has been largely or entirely from Malaysia and from the present Gulf of
emergent throughout the Cenozoic and is Thailand, controlling sedimentation in Central
considered to have been relatively stable Sumatra (de Smet & Barber, 2005).
tectonically; activity being confined to epeirogenic Continued regional subsidence led to marine
uplift and tilting, some fault movement, and local transgression from Early to Middle Miocene and,
gentle downwarps (Stauffer, 1973a; Gobbett at the time of maximum transgression in the
& Tjia, 1973). More recent work in Sumatra, Mid-Miocene, the sea gained access to almost
however, suggests otherwise and it is pertinent to the whole of Sumatra with source areas in the
briefly describe here its Cenozoic geologic history Malayan Shield, much reduced in size and relief,
that started with shallow-water continental and the Barisan Mountains almost drowned.
margin sediments deposited directly on the The climax of uplift and erosion of the Barisan
eroded surface of the pre-Tertiary Sundaland Mountains occurred in the Late Pliocene and
basement; erosion extending from the latest was accompanied by intense volcanism; this
Cretaceous into the early Tertiary (de Smet & event coinciding with inversion tectonics in the
Barber, 2005). In the Late Eocene, continental back-arc basins. Quaternary deposits in Sumatra
margin sedimentation was brought to an end by mostly consist of conglomerates derived from
the development of horst and graben structures the Barisan Mountains with a high proportion of
throughout Sundaland from Late Eocene to Late volcanic debris in the neighbourhood of Recent
Oligocene. This process had a dramatic impact volcanoes, passing into fluvial deposits away
on landscapes and sedimentation patterns; the from the mountains, and swamp deposits to the
former Sundaland peneplain being transformed east along the shores of the Straits of Malacca
into a mountainous landscape with isolated and the Java Sea (de Smet & Barber, 2005).
deep, lake-filled, basins where terrestrial, fluvial The geomorphological development of

3
Regional geological setting
C. S. Hutchison
3.0 INTRODUCTION (Fig. 3.1). The edge of the Sunda Shelf extends
Peninsular Malaysia is an integral part of N-S a short distance east of Vietnam and then
the Eurasian Plate, the South-East Asian part of curves eastwards as far as the West Baram Line
which is known as Sundaland (Hutchison, 1989, (Hutchison, 2004, 2005). East of the Shelf
1996). The Sunda Shelf, with less than 200 edge is the continental slope-rise, formed of
metre water depth, is a continuation eastwards continental crust that is increasingly attenuated
and southwards and Sumatra, Natuna and eastwards. On navigation charts it is shown as
western Borneo are integral parts of the same ‘Dangerous Grounds’, characterized by deep
plate and the Sunda Shelf is common to all water containing a large number of reefs.
Fig. 3.1: Global marine gravity anomalies from SEASAT, GEOSAT, ERS-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data of
South-East Asia by Oxford University Department of Earth Sciences (www.earth.ox.ac.uk).

4
Bentong—Raub Suture
C.S. Hutchison
4.0 INTRODUCTION 4.1 CENTRAL AREA

Because the eastern ‘Foothills’ of the Main The most accessible and therefore the best
Range are constructed of metasediments, known part of the suture extends southwards
associated with radiolarian chert and contain from Cheroh (Fig. 4.2), through the Raub and
serpentinite and metabasite, Jones (1968, 1973) Bentong areas and southwards towards the Kuala
interpreted them as marking a ‘eugeosyncline’
101 102
separating western from eastern Peninsular E
L., U. Perm. & M. Trias.
Malaysia (Malaya). Haile and Stauffer (1972) South
China Sea N
pointed out rather amusingly that the “Bentong S Thailand
S
Group” of Alexander (1968) should be abandoned Alor L. Carb. (Tour.) 6
Star
because it contained both radiolarian chert and M. Trias.
continental redbeds, but they were sceptical that Batu
the Foothills Range represented a subduction S Melintang
zone. Haile (1973) and Hutchison (1973d) 50 km

Penang
then interpreted the Foothills as a former
S
subduction zone. The ‘Foothills’ zone thus Gua
5
Taiping
became recognised as the central Malaya suture Kuala Musang
and Hutchison (1975) named it the “Bentong- Ipoh

Kangsar L., U. Perm.
/
Raub ophiolite line”, that subsequently became Cameron

L. Carb. (Visean)
Highlands
widely known as the “Bentong-Raub Line”. The Pangkor Kuala
Lipis
main occurrences of the suture zone rocks are ?L. Carb.
4
shown in Fig. 4.1, after Metcalfe (2000b). The Cheroh
Fraser’s Hill Raub
Bentong-Raub Suture represents the Palaeo- Tanjung Malim
Tranum L. Perm.
U. Dev.
Tethys in Peninsular Malaysia. It is a southwards Kuala Kubu Bharu
Bentong
Malacca
extension of the Nan-Uttaradit and Sra Kaeo Strait U. Dev. (Fam.)
Karak L. Perm.
L. Carb. (Tour.)
sutures of Thailand. The suture zone contains Kuala
Ketam Lumpur
oceanic ribbon chert that has been dated by Kajang
Durian Tipus
3
radiolaria ranging in age from Upper Devonian to S
Semanggol
/
Kuala Bahau
Formation L. Carb. (Visean) Pilah
Upper Permian (Metcalfe, 1999). Graptolites in U. Dev.,
Port L. Carb.
the associated slates of the Tuan Estate south of Bentong-Raub
suture rocks Dickson
Karak are dated Lower Devonian (Jones, 1970).
Radiolarian locality
Limestone clasts in mélange are of Lower and with determined age Malacca
Muar 2
Upper Permian age. The Palaeo-Tethys therefore
opened in the Lower Devonian, caused byFig.Fig. 4.1:
4.1:Bentong-Raub
Bentong-Raub suture suture zone.
zone. Distribution
Distribution of sutureof zone
suturerocks
separation of Sibumasu from Gondwanaland, andzone rocks in Peninsular Malaysia and ages determined
in Peninsular Malaysia
from radiolarian chertand ages determined
localities. from radiolarian
The Semanggol chert is
Formation
closed in the Triassic, caused by the Indosinian interpreted
localities. The
to Semanggol
be relatedFormation is interpreted
to the suture and may to berepresent
related to the
orogenic collision with the Indochina Block thata foredeep
suture andbasin.
may represent
Redrawn a foredeep basin. Redrawn
and modified after and modified(2000).
Metcalfe
was earlier sutured to Eurasia. after Metcalfe (2000b).

5
Palaeozoic Stratigraphy
Lee Chai Peng
5.0 INTRODUCTION are mainly shallow-marine shelf sediments of

Palaeozoic rocks outcrop over about 25% the Machinchang and Jerai Formations, Setul
of the Peninsula. Forty-two formations were Group, Timah Tasoh and Chepor Formations,
included in the Stratigraphic Lexicon of Malaysia Singa and Kubang Pasu Formations and Chuping
(Lee et al., 2004), but several new formations Limestone that deepen eastwards to the Mahang
have been added since, particularly in refining and Sungai Patani Formations.
the stratigraphy of the transitional units between Palaeozoic rocks of the rest of the Western
the Setul Group and the Singa Formation in the Belt are distributed in the foothills along both
northwest (Meor & Lee, 2002a, 2002b, 2004, flanks of the Main Range granite batholith
2005, Cocks et al., 2005). stretching from the Malaysian–Thai border
Another advancement, after Jones southwards to Malacca. On the western
(1973a), is the replacement of the geosynclinal side of the Main Range is the Baling Group
concept by the plate tectonic paradigm. This sediments consisting of the Papulut Quartzite,
necessitated updating the familiar subdivisions Grik Siltstone, Lawin Tuff and Bendang Riang
of the Palaeozoic rocks in different parts of the Formation in north Perak of probable Cambrian
geosyncline, such as miogeosyncline, geanticline to Permian age. Other important Palaeozoic
and eugeosyncline, into their modern equivalents. 100° E 101° 102° 103° 104°
The miogeosyncline, of shallow marine shelf 7°

N
7°
sediments, is now recognised as part of the T

PERLIS
margin of Gondwanaland, to which Langkawi
H 0 50 100 km
A
I
L
was attached on its west in the Early Palaeozoic. NORTHWESTERN
A
N
D
The geanticline represents the accretionary prism DOMAIN

LANGKAWI
ISLANDS 6°
with volcanic input from the forearc, and the

KEDAH
S
E
mud-rich deepwater eugeosynclinal sediments

A
U
T E
S
are oceanic. KELANTAN

W
R E
PENANG
T E
H
C
5°
N G
P
The Peninsula may be subdivided into three

C H
E
R
E
G A
S
belts characterised by different stratigraphy (Fig.

N
N
R
N U
I
T
N
T
5.1). The western belt contains a northwestern

A
B
E
A
P
R
K
E L T
domain that is also shown in this figure. A

R
S
A
4°
E
H
N
summary of the stratigraphy is given in Fig. 5.2.

L
A
A
ST
N
B
SE
B
RA
G
E
LA
E
IT
5.0.1 Western Belt

NG
S
L
O
3°
OR
T
T
F
Lower Palaeozoic rocks are confined to

M
P. Tioman
NEGERI
A
L
SEMBILAN
A
the western part of the peninsula, and Upper

C
C
A
MALACCA
Palaeozoic rocks are found in all three belts in JOHOR
S
the tripartite peninsular divisions (Figs. 5.1,

2° N
U
M
A
5.2). The most complete sequence of Palaeozoic

T
R
A
sedimentary rocks, ranging in age from Upper SINGAPORE
Cambrian to Upper Permian, is exposed in

Figure 5.1. Stratigraphic Zones of Peninsular Malaysia
the Northwestern Domain of the Western Figure 5.1: Map of Peninsular Malaysia showing the three belts and
Belt, in Langkawi, Kedah and Perlis. These the northwestern domain within the Western Belt.

6
Mesozoic Stratigraphy
Nuraiteng Tee Abdullah
6.0 INTRODUCTION sedimentation throughout the Peninsula during

At the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, Jurassic to Cretaceous times.
a large part of the newly-formed landmass Burton (1973a) remarked that the Peninsula
of the Peninsula was uplifted and remained was given its present form during the Mesozoic
subaerially exposed. Marine sedimentation Era. His statement remains undisputed and his
was centred in two areas: the northwestern work on the Mesozoic of Peninsular Malaysia
Kodiang–Semanggol depocentre and the Gua continues to be the standard reference. Much
Musang–Semantan depocentre in the Central
100° E 101° 102° 103° 104°
Belt (Fig. 6.1). The former was developed on the 7°
Upper Palaeozoic Sibumasu landmass, and was

Thailand
the only remnant of what was once an extensive ch
area of marine deposition in Late Palaeozoic k

6°
time. The Gua Musang–Semantan depocentre
was areally more extensive and was developed Kuala Krai
on the Upper Palaeozoic shelf of East Malaya.
a
The extensive occurrences of tuff and associated 5° Gua Musang
lava, tuffaceous siliciclastics and conglomerate, b

in the Gua Musang–Semantan depocentre c f
during Triassic times, indicate that volcanic Kuala Lipis

d
g
activities and basinal instability were active 4° e h
Jerantut
during the life span of the basin. In the deeper Raub i
parts of the Gua Musang–Semantan depocentre, Temerloh
thick accumulations of turbidites have prompted

3°
geologists to refer to these rocks as flysch. N Bahau
As the Triassic period ended, a new regional Gemas
pattern of sedimentation was established in
the aftermath of tectonic disturbances and N.
2° 0 50 100
widespread plutonism that formed the Main
Kilometres
Range, Central Belt and the Eastern Belt
plutons. Voluminous sediments, eroding from
newly elevated sources, were transported and G. Rabung basin Semantan basin
infilled existing basins. Significant faulting, Kaling Formation & Bahau Conglomerate Semanggol basin
Kodiang–Chuping basin
especially strike-slip, dissected the landmass, Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Gua Musang basin Triassic limestone in the Central Belt
created new basins and caused partial inversion

Figure 6.1. Triassic depocentres of Peninsular Malaysia (modified after
of earlier ones. These new basins were infilled Figure 6.11983;
T.T. Khoo, Triassic depocentres
Kamal, of Peninsular
1990; Fontaine & Ibrahim Malaysia (modified
Amnan, 1994). afterof
Localities
Triassic limestone in Central Belt: (a) Kg. Lambok-Gua Cha; (b) South of
rapidly by red, ferric-rich, siliciclastics that were Khoo,
Pos Blau1983; Kamal, 1990;
(G. Belong); (c) GuaFontaine
Panjang; &(d)Ibrahim Amnan,
Sg. Kenong area; 1994). Localities
(e) South of Kerambit;
(f) Gua Telinga-Gua Luas; (g) Bt. Darang Harimau; (h) Kota Gelanggi;
deposited in diverse terrestrial settings, ranging of
(i)Triassic limestone
G. Sinyum-G. Jebak in the Central
Payuh. Belt:
Localities (a) Kg. Lambok
of Kodiang – Gua
Limestone: Cha;
(ch) Chuping;
(k) Kodiang.
from alluvial fans, braided rivers, flood plains, (b) South of Pos Blau (G. Belong); (c) Gua Panjang; (d) Sg. Kenong
lakes and deltas. These redbeds, aptly named Area; (e) South of Kerambit; (f) Gua Telinga – Gua Luas; (g) Bt. Darang
in reference to their colour, were likened to Harimau; (h) Kota Gelanggi; (i) G. Sinyum – G. Jebak Puyuh. Localities
molasse deposits and marked the end of marine of Kodiang Limestone: (ch) Chuping, (k) Kodiang.

7
Cenozoic Stratigraphy
J.K. Raj, D.N.K. Tan and
Wan Hasiah Abdullah
7.0 INTRODUCTION and North Penang grabens. The Port Klang belt
Cenozoic sedimentary rocks occur both is made up of the Port Klang, Angsa and Sabak
onshore, mainly along the West Coast, and grabens, and the Johor belt consists of the Johor
offshore in the Straits of Malacca and the and Kukup grabens. These offshore grabens
South China Sea. The Peninsula onshore has are probably related to the North and Central
been almost entirely emergent throughout the Sumatra basins in Indonesia. The relationship,
if any, between these offshore grabens and the
Cenozoic, with inland Tertiary sedimentary
onshore Tertiary basins is uncertain. However,
rocks reported from ten localities. Most recent
it would not be unreasonable to surmise that
work, however, indicates that only seven have
the onshore Batu Arang basin may be related to
proven, or very likely to have, sedimentary
the Port Klang belt, and the Kampong Durian
rocks of Tertiary age. These occur at isolated
Chondong, Kluang–Niyor, and Layang-Layang
and widely separated sites on the West Coast,
basins to the Johor belt. It is interesting that the
indicating that the sediments were probably
onshore basins are much smaller in size than
deposited in individual discrete basins. These
the offshore grabens. The relationship between
are pull-apart basins that developed during the
the onshore basins in the north to the offshore
Eocene to Oligocene and occur at Bukit Arang basins is less clear.
in north Perlis and Kedah, Lawin in north Perak, The two major Tertiary basins are the Malay
Enggor in central Perak, Batu Arang in Selangor and Penyu basins, which occur in the South
and Kampong Durian Chondong, Kluang–Niyor China Sea, offshore East Coast (see Chapter 8).
and Layang-Layang in central Johor. Other These two basins are distinctly different from
localities that were previously suspected to have the onshore basins and the Straits of Malacca
Tertiary sedimentary rocks are at Nenering in grabens, and are filled with more than 14 km of
north Kedah (now known to be of Cretaceous Tertiary sediments.
age) and at Tanjong Rambutan in north Perak The Quaternary Period is represented by
and Merapoh in north Pahang (now believed extensive deposits of unconsolidated to semi-
to be Quaternary). The onshore basins can be consolidated boulders, gravel, sand, silt and
separated into four broad groups: a northwestern clay that underlie the coastal and inland plains
occurrence at Bukit Arang, a north-central as well as infilled valleys. Such sediments also
group comprising Lawin and Enggor, a central form river terraces and beach ridges, locally
occurrence at Batu Arang, and a southern known as ‘permatang’. All these sediments have
group comprising Kampong Durian Chondong, traditionally been known as ‘alluvium’, though
Kluang–Niyor and Layang-Layang. some are definitely of a colluvial, littoral or
Most of the Tertiary sedimentary rocks marine origin. Ongoing research indicates that
occur offshore in the Straits of Malacca and some of them may be much older, possibly
South China Sea. In the Straits of Malacca, they Middle to Late Tertiary.
were deposited in 15 grabens and half-grabens, The coastal lowland regions contain a
which can be grouped into four N–S-trending discontinuous fringe of peat swamp and mangrove
belts. The northern belt consists of the Northern, forests that form a transition buffer between the
MSS-XA, Thai Border West and Thai Border land and sea. The peculiar conditions responsible
East grabens. The Central belt comprises the for the formation of peat swamp forest resulted
Southern, Central, Eastern, and the West, East in the establishment of a unique ecosystem that

8
Malay and Penyu Basins
D. N. K. Tan
8.0 INTRODUCTION It comprises 2 parts: a southern part which

The Malay and Penyu Basins, offshore the trends NW–SE, and a northern part that trends
East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, are part of NNW–SSE. These two are separated by a broad
a series of Cenozoic sedimentary basins in the transition zone, the so-called Kapal–Bergading
South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand, extending Tectonic Line, aligned along the 103° 30´ E
from the Pattani Basin (or Pattani Trough) in longitude (Tjia & Liew, 1996). The basin is filled
Thailand, in the north, to the West Natuna Basin with more than 14 km of Cenozoic sediments.
in Indonesia in the southeast (Fig. 8.1). The Malay Basin is an important hydrocarbon
province in Malaysia, with production of more
than 1.9 billion bbls (barrels) of oil and 2.8 TCF
4 VIETNAM
PATTANI
BASIN Oil/gas field
(trillion cubic feet) of gas by end of 1997 (Wong,
1999).
3
2
Fault
The Penyu Basin is separated by the Tenggol
1
NARATHH
CON SON SWELL Arch from the Malay Basin to the north and the
HIG
1 West Natuna Basin to the east. It is bounded to

IWAT
2 the south by the Johor Platform and the northwest

by the Pahang Platform. The basin probably
3
4
5
Kota Bharu
MALAY
BASIN
extends onshore under the Sungai Pahang delta
5
TWT
3
4 (Tjia, 1998b). The basin is elongated roughly E–
1 2 3 4 5
W, approximately 160 km by 100 km, and is filled
1 3
DEPTH (km)
3
2
6
9 Kuala
Terengganu TEN
WEST with up to 8 km of Cenozoic sediments (Mazlan
& Azlina, 1999). It is separated by the NW–SE-
12 GG NATUNA
OL BASIN
ARC
Approximate time-depth curve H
2
trending Rumbia fault into 2 parts (Khalid et al.,

3
PENYU
2
1996). The western part is dominated by two
PENINSULAR
1
BASIN
MALAYSIA Kuantan 4
1
E–W-trending half-grabens, whereas the eastern
part is characterised by NW–SE- to WNW–ESE-
200 km JOHOR PLATFORM Basement contours in seconds TWT
trending structures (Tjia, 1998b).
Figure 8.1. Outline of the Malay and Penyu basins (modified from Khalid et al., 1996; The Malay and Penyu basins are filled with
Fig.
Tjia, 8.1:
1998b).Outline of the Malay and Penyu basins (modified from Khalid
Cenozoic siliciclastic sediments, ranging in age
et al., 1996; Tjia, 1998b)
from Oligocene to Recent. The stratigraphy of the
Malay Basin is different from that in the Penyu
The Malay Basin, separated from the Basin. Different stratigraphic schemes have been
Pattani Basin in the north by the Narathiwat used in the Malay Basin by different companies
High, and from the Penyu Basin in the south by and workers, and these are summarised in Figure
the Tenggol Arch, is about 500 km long and 200 8.2, which also shows the stratigraphy of the
km wide, with a total area of about 83,000 km² Penyu and West Natuna basins.
(Tjia, 1999b; Bishop, 2002). To the northeast, The fault patterns in onshore Peninsular
the basin rises to shallow depths over the vast Malaysia and in the offshore Malay and Penyu
Con Son Swell. The Western Hinge-line Fault basins are shown in Figure 8.3. The onshore
Zone forms the southwest margin of the basin. faults are described in Chapter 12. The offshore
The basin is elongated NW–SE to NNW–SSE, faults were inferred from structural styles in
generally parallel to Peninsular Malaysia. the overlying sediments and magnetic/gravity

9
Volcanism
Azman A. Ghani
9.0 INTRODUCTION post-orogenic flows of alkaline basaltic lavas in

Contemporaneous lavas and pyroclastic the Segamat and Kuantan areas. This chapter
rocks occur interstratified within Lower and also includes the dykes of intermediate to basic
Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata. There composition that intrude mainly the rocks of the
are also post-orogenic flows of Cenozoic age. Eastern Belt.
Most are dated by their stratigrapic position. The overall occurrences of volcanic rocks
Early studies by Willbourn (1917) grouped have been reviewed by Hutchison (1973a) and
them under the name Pahang Volcanic Series, this chapter does not repeat the details of the field
because most are best developed in Pahang relationships and their petrography. This chapter
(Fig. 9.1). However, later field investigations will focus more on the available geochemical
showed that contemporaneous volcanic and data. These volcanic rocks have generally only
pyroclastic rocks are much more extensive and been studied at reconnaissance level, mainly to
include occurrences within Lower Palaeozoic correlate them with the closure of the Tethys
strata in the Western Belt and Upper Palaeozoic Ocean during Permo–Triassic time. A complete
and Mesozoic strata in the Central and Eastern modern geochemical and radiometric-based
Belts. The latter are mainly rhyolitic to dacitic study that comprises data for all the volcanic
and are both pyroclastics and lavas. The other rocks from the Peninsula does not yet exist. Not
significant volcanic occurrence is the Cenozoic many have been dated and analysed for major,
West Kelantan and Terengganu East

Kedah Perak Selangor Main Johor Islands
Range
Pahang
QUATERNARY Rhyolite ash Kuantan Basalt

Segamat
Basalt
TERTIARY
CRETACEOUS Minor occurrences of

intercalated flows and tuff
MESOZOIC
of rhyolite, trachyte,
andesite and basalt in Pulau Tinggi
JURASSIC the Gagau Group
pyroclastic rocks
No known occurrences Major occurrences:
of volcanic rocks Sub-aerial rhyolite
TRIASSIC and sub-volcanic Very abundant occurrences : Gunong Pulai Volcanic
hypersthene rhyodacite Member of the Jurong
around Genting Sempah. The Pahang Volcanic Series: predominantly of Formation: mainly
tuff, with less frequent lava and agglomerate. rhyodacite tuff
UPPER PALAEOZOIC
PERMIAN Predominantly of rhyolitic composition, andesite Pulau Sibu

is less common and trachyte is infrequent. bedded
? ? pyroclastics
Andesite agglomerate at Kampong Awah is dated
CARBONIFEROUS as Permian.
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
LOWER PALAEOZOIC
Abundant occurrences: Minor occurrences:

Minor occurrences: Foliated rhyolite tuff Foliated rhyolite No evidence
Foliated rhyolite in the Grik (Lawin Tuff) tuff in the
ORDOVICIAN
tuff in the and the Sungai Siput Dinding Schist
Jerai Formation
and Kinta Valley areas
CAMBRIAN
Fig. 9.1:9.1:Summary
Figure of ages
Summary of volcanic
of ages rocksrocks
of volcanic acrossacross
the peninsula (modified
the peninsula after Hutchison,
(modified 1973a).
after Hutchison,1973a).

10
Plutonism
Azman A Ghani
10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 GEOCHRONOLOGY

The plutonic rocks are part of the Southeast Geochronological studies of the granitoid
Asian tin belt (Schwartz et al., 1995). More than batholiths were initiated by the Institute of
90% are granitic. The granitoids of Malaysia, Geological Sciences (IGS) of London in 1974
Thailand and Myanmar have petrological and and the results of the Rb–Sr and K–Ar work
geochronological characters that permit them to were published by Bignell and Snelling (1977).
be put into belts (Cobbing et al., 1992). They Bignell (1972) carried out the field work and
have been divided into three: Western province, subsequent laboratory analyses for his D.Phil.
Eastern province and Main Range province thesis. The striking feature of all west Coast
(Hutchison & Taylor, 1978; Beckinsale, 1979; Province granites is the large discrepancies
Cobbing et al. 1986) (Fig 10.1). between K-Ar mica age, Rb-Sr whole rock
The Main Range granites are concentrated isochrons and the U-Pb zircon ages. The K-Ar
mainly in Peninsular Malaysia but extend data give a wide range between 40 to 210 Ma
through Peninsular Thailand as far as the latitude in contrast to the Rb-Sr and U-Pb data, which
of Bangkok. The Main Range and Eastern Belt give Late Triassic ages (200 to 230 Ma) (Bignell
granites of Peninsular Malaysia demonstrate & Snelling 1977, Liew 1983, Darbyshire 1988).
distinctly different petrological and geochemical The absence of K–Ar ages older than 210 Ma
varieties. These provinces are separated by the was interpreted to be the result of Ar loss caused
Bentong-Raub suture (Hutchison, 1975). The by Late Triassic intrusions and young fault-
Main Range granites have a more restricted related disturbance (Bignell & Snelling 1977). A
composition (SiO2 65%) whereas the Eastern summary of the geochronology of the Peninsula
Belt granitoids are compositionally expanded, is shown in Table 10.1.
SiO2 ranging from 50 to 78%. The granites that
have been responsible for the tin mineralization 10.2.1 Main Range Granite
are exclusively of S-type, formed by collision The ages of 207–230 Ma are in agreement
of continental lithosphere. The Eastern and with the results of Bignell & Snelling (1977),
Central belts consist of both I and S type Liew (1983) and Darbyshire (1988). The high
granitoids. In contrast to the Western Belt, some initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are in agreement with the
of the complexes and plutons of the Eastern Belt S–type characteristics. The initial ratios range
contain mafic to intermediate plutonic rocks from 0.71 to 0.73 as shown in Fig. 10.3, from
that are closely spacially related to the granitic Hutchison (2007), using the data of Cobbing et
plutons. The mafic rocks constitute less than al.(1992).
5% of the total exposed plutonic areas. They However there are also some younger
are marginal to the granitic plutons, as well as granitic rocks in the western part of the Main
synplutonic dykes and as late intrusive dykes Range, for instance the Gunung Jerai Granite of
mainly of dolerite composition. In this chapter Kedah Peak. Analyses of different rock types in
the plutonic rocks will be divided into three: (1) this pluton gave an age no more than 135 ± 6
The Main Range, (2) the Eastern Belt, and (3) Ma. Biotite and muscovite from the Jerai Granite
Cretaceous plutonic rocks. The distribution of have been dated using the K–Ar method to give an
the Peninsular Malaysian granitic plutons and age of 47 ± 3 Ma and 59 ± 3 respectively (Bignell
associated rocks is shown in Fig.10.2. & Snelling 1977). The oldest component of this

11
Metamorphism
C.S. Hutchison
11.0 INTRODUCTION small intrusives and vein systems emplaced into

High-grade metamorphic complexes are the predominantly pelitic amphibolite-facies
confined to the northern part of the Peninsula, metasedimentary envelope. Three samples define
giving rise to the general belief that the Peninsula an Upper Cretaceous Rb:Sr age of 79 ± 3 Ma,
has been uplifted and more deeply eroded in the with an initial ratio of 0.70801 (Cobbing et al.,
north and tilted down towards the south. 1992). The pink Noring Granite is an undeformed
megacrystic biotite-hornblende granite. It is a
larger pluton extending northwards to intersect
11.1 STONG MIGMATITE COMPLEX the East-West Highway west of Jeli. The Rb:
This migmatite complex forms mountainous Sr data define an isochron of 90 ± 30 Ma with
country lying about 8 km west of the railway an initial ratio of 0.70865. The Noring Granite
towns of Kemubu and Dabong. It is readily intrudes the earlier Kenerong Leucogranite.
identified from the railway line by the reclining Bignell and Snelling (1977) have reported the
spine-like protrusion at the summit of Gunung following K:Ar ages: 65±2 for muscovite and
Stong. Excellent outcrops occur in rapids along 70±2 Ma for biotite in the Noring Granite at
the Sungai Kenerong and Sungai Semuliang, Batu Melintang, and 69±2 Ma for the Kenerong
both accessible from Kemubu (Fig. 11.1). The Leucogranite of the Stong Complex. These dates
road links Dabong with Jeli, and some 17 km reinforce the interpretation of a Cretaceous age.
north of Kuala Balah, it transects the Sungai
Renyok. Ibrahim Abdullah and Jatmika Setiawan
(2003) described the Late Cretaceous Kenerong 11.1.2 Granitoid-metamorphic rock relationships
Leucogranite and its enclaves, exposed at The appropriate description is that the Stong
waterfalls near the electricity power station. is an injection migmatite of great complexity.
The three main types of migmatite are well
11.1.1 Granitoids represented, with transitions between them (Fig.
11.2):
There are three plutonic components (Singh
• Agmatite, in which angular enclaves of darker
et al., 1984). The earliest two phases (Berangkat
Tonalite and Kenerong Leucogranite) are in part gneiss and schist are surrounded by more
highly deformed in a manner similar to that of homogeneous granitic material. It appears
the marginal country rocks (Fig. 11.1). The third to have formed by magmatic injection. Some
phase, the distinctive pink Noring Granite, is contacts are concordant while others are
undeformed. discordant. Good examples occur along the
The Berangkat Tonalite, at the southern Sungai Kenorong and Sungai Seladang.
end, is a coarse grey K-feldspar megacrystic • Venite, in which discrete layers and patches of
biotite-hornblende tonalite that locally is granitic material occur in schist. The individual
highly deformed. It may be of Permo-Triassic layers are narrower than in agmatite. Good
age (Cobbing et al., 1992), but no dating has examples occur along the Sungai Semuliang
been carried out and the similar abundance of (Fig. 11.2)
enclaves to the Kenerong Leucogranite suggests • Nebulite, in which there is a more complete
that a Cretaceous age may be more appropriate. mixing of granitic material and schist. They
The tonalite is cut by the Kenerong leuco- are more homogeneous but contain schlieren
microgranite. It forms a complex network of generally enriched in biotite and hornblende,

12
Major Faults
Mustaffa Kamal Shuib
12.0 INTRODUCTION 1994). The spectacular Bengkalis Graben, aligned

The Peninsula has a NNW–SSE elongated at 102.3°E, extends southwards from the Straits
shape with a slight dog-leg bend in the south of Malacca over a distance of 265 km.
near Klang and Mersing. The shape is controlled The N–S to NNW–SSE structural grain has
by the regional structures. The NNW–SSE been used to divide the Peninsula into 3 major
general structural trend is also influenced by belts (Fig. 5.1) with a less obvious fourth domain
in the NW (Tjia & Zaiton, 1985). The boundaries
the distribution of the Main Range Granite, the
between the NW Domain and Western Belt are
backbone of the Peninsula. Extending from the
less well defined than the boundaries between
Malaysia–Thailand border to the southern state
the Western, Central and Eastern Belts. The
of Negeri Sembilan, this central spine effectively
NW Domain has a N–S grain, compared to
separates the eastern and western parts of the
the NNW–SSE structural grain of the rest of
Peninsula (Fig. 12.1).
the Peninsula. A distinct N–S lineament along
As reflected by the strike ridges illustrated in
the eastern foothills of the Main range, called
the lineament map (Fig. 12.1) and the geological
the Bentong–Raub Line (Hutchison, 1973d),
map (back pocket), the main structural trend of
separates the Western Belt from the Central
the Peninsula is NNW–SSE, defined by the strike Belt. The boundary between the Central and
of bedding and lithological boundaries, axial Eastern Belts is marked by the Lebir Fault
traces of folds and the strike of axial planes. Zone. Most workers correctly showed that
This NNW–SSE general structural trend the longitudinal belts of the Peninsula curved
is superimposed by later N–S, NW–SE, NNE– towards the southeast (Fig. 3.4) to include the
SSW, and E–W major faults (Fig. 12.2). These “tin islands” of Bangka and Billiton (Hutchison,
later structures, combined with the bedrock 1994). However, Tjia and Zaiton (1985) and Tjia
lithologies, controlled the irregularity of the (1989a) proposed that the Bentong and Lebir
surface topography and the coastlines. The dog- lineaments, which bound the Central Belt, may
leg bend, which starts at the western coastline be extended across the Straits of Malacca in
near Klang and ends at the eastern shoreline near a southerly direction along the N–S-trending
Mersing, is because of NW–SE-trending strike- Lalang and Berangkat Lineaments of Central
slip faults and, to a lesser extent, NNE–SSE- and South Sumatra. However, this proposal was
trending faults. In the East Coast, especially not supported by Barber et al. (2005a), as shown
in southeast Johor, the strike ridges and faults in Figure 3.4.
control the coastline. These structures are the expression of
The NNW–SSE structural trend is reflected several brittle-ductile deformations ranging from
by the elongation of the Peninsula, Straits of the pre-late Lower Permian to the Tertiary. The
Malacca and Sumatra. There are important general NNW–SSE structural trend is believed to
differences as well as similarities between the be the result of three main deformation phases:
Peninsula and Sumatra, because of a regional an Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic transpression
orocline, shown in Figure 3.4(C). The NW–SE and Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strike-slip
faults of the Peninsula are parallel to the structural deformations. The Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic
grain of most of Sumatra (Fig. 12.1). By contrast, orogenic event is popularly believed to be due to
the N–S structural grain of the Peninsula is the collision between Sibumasu and East Malaya.
parallel to faults in central Sumatra (Hutchison, The Upper Cretaceous event not only deformed

13
Structures and Deformation
Mustaffa Kamal Shuib
13.0 INTRODUCTION fore-arc basin (Mitchell, 1977; Şengör 1984b,

The structures of the Peninsula reflect a long 1986; Hutchison, 1989a), a fore-arc/intra-arc
and complex tectonic evolution, starting possibly basin (Hutchison, 1989a) or a post-suturing
from as early as Cambrian right up to the Cenozoic. extensional basin (Tjia & Syed Sheikh, 1996).
It is thought that the western Gondwana part of Extensional models assume that the Central
the Malay Peninsula (Sibumasu) collided with Basin is a graben (Tan 1981; Khoo & Tan,
1983) or a Triassic back-arc basin (Harbury
the Indochina continental block (East Malaya)
et al., 1990). Since its nature is disputed, the
during the Upper Triassic Indosinian Orogeny.
structural styles within and along its margins are
The Bentong–Raub Line is taken as the collision
very significant for elucidating its configuration,
suture zone (Hutchison, 1975). Although the
leading to a more accurate interpretation.
long suture zone, extending from Thailand to
The boundaries between the NW Domain
Peninsular Malaysia, has been widely accepted
and Western Belt are less well defined than
in almost all palaeo-tectonic reconstructions
the others. A distinct N–S lineament along
of Southeast Asia, it is also believed that the
the eastern foothills of the Main Range, called
Bentong–Raub Line could represent a major
the Bentong–Raub Line (Hutchison, 1975),
normal fault (Tan, 1976; Harbury et al., separates the Western from the Central Belt.
1999) that formed the western boundary of a Isolated serpentinite outcrops associated with
Mesozoic graben and that the geology reveals a radiolarian chert, schist, chaotic deposits and
major orogeny in the Permian and a less severe conglomeratic diamictites occur along the
deformation in the Cretaceous (Harbury et al., lineaments. These associations have been
1990). These contrasting views on the palaeo- popularly used to indicate that the Bentong–
tectonics have wide implication for the tectonic Raub Line is a tectonic suture zone. The chaotic
development of Southeast Asia as well as the deposits have been referred to as mélange,
evolution of Gondwanaland and the Tethys. olistostrome or slump deposits. Their clasts have
Several authors have reviewed the structural been stretched, boudinaged and sheared. Mud
geology. They include Khoo and Tan (1983), Tan injection structures along the extended clasts
(1976, 1981b, 1982, 1996), Tjia (1972, 1978, indicate soft-sediment deformation. However,
1986a, 1996), Tjia and Zaiton (1985), Harbury convincing tectonic mélange with scaly matrix
et al., (1990), Mustaffa and Abdul Hadi (1999), has yet to be reported. Bedding-parallel shear
Metcalfe (2000b) and Mustaffa (2000a). zones, wrapped around the clasts, suggest
This chapter summarises the current state of that soft-sediment deformation is consistent
knowledge. with tectonic faulting or they may have been
The Peninsula can be divided into three superimposed later.
major belts with a less clearly defined fourth The boundary between the Central and
domain in the NW (Fig. 5.1). It is popularly Eastern Belts is marked by the Lebir Fault Zone.
believed that the three-belt configuration and It is marked by NNW–SSE-trending curvilinear
structural trends are the result of tectonic lineaments along Sungai Lebir near Manek Urai
developments in the Mesozoic. The widely- in Kelantan (see Chapter 12). It is believed that
accepted subduction-collision models assume uplift and subsidence along the fault zone give
that the Mesozoic Central basin is either a back- rise to deposition of the Jurassic–Cretaceous
arc basin (Hutchison, 1973d; Ridd, 1980), a Gagau and Koh Formations. Tjia and Zaiton

14
Tectonic Evolution
C.S. Hutchison
14.0 INTRODUCTION equivalent term Shan-Thai terrain of Bunopas

It has been shown in Chapters 3 and 4 that and Vella (1983) remains only of local use in
the Bentong–Raub Suture is an important line Thailand. Sibumasu extends from Sumatra and
separating terranes of contrasting geology and Peninsular Malaysia as far north as Yunnan in
that the suture can be traced northwards into southwest China. To the east of the suture lies
Thailand. To the west of the suture lies the the East Malaya terrane that continues beneath
Sibumasu tectonic block, an acronym coined the Gulf of Thailand to reappear as the Indochina
by Metcalfe (1984a), constructed from Si (Sino
terrane. Sibumasu and East Malaya (Indochina
= China), bu (Burma), ma (Malay Peninsula
= Shan-Thai of western Thailand and western Block) have contrastingly different geology until
Peninsular Malaysia) and su (Sumatra). The they amalgamated at the Triassic Indosinian
name has become more universally used than Orogeny. The sutures and terranes are shown in
Sinoburmalaya (Gatinsky et al., 1984). The Figure 14.1, after Wakita and Metcalfe (2005).
Fig. 14.1: Distribution of continental blocks, fragments, terranes and principal sutures of Southeast Asia, redrawn from Wakita and Metcalfe (2005).

15
Mineral Deposits
C.S. Hutchison
15.0 INTRODUCTION Selangor: Five opencast mines produced a total

Peninsular Malaysia was the pre-eminent 392 t of tin in 2004. There were five amang
tin mining region of the world until the industry treatment plants.
crisis following the collapse of tin price in 1985. Johor: Bauxite continued to be mined in two
At the peak of the mining, the ore was smelted localities at Telok Ramunia, Pengerang, but total
in Penang, the daily tin price set there, and output has dramatically declined to only 1,680
posted above the long bar at the Royal Ipoh t in 2003. Two mines produced a total of 33 t
Club in the heart of the great Kinta Valley. Rapid of tin in 2004. Three mines produced a total of
decline in price and demand, as plastic replaced 44,225 t of kaolin in 2004.
tin plate, caused near extinction of the industry Pahang: Five gold mines produced a total
and the great placer tinfields and their tailings of 4.181 t of gold in 2004. Four iron mines
were built upon by housing estates. Many of the produced a total of 313,822 t iron ore. Two
tailings had already been reworked as separation mines produced a total of 146 t of tin in 2004.
techniques became more efficient. Increase in One mine produced 36,000 t of kaolin.
price to RM 32.77 per kilogram in December Terengganu: Two iron mines produced 196,910
2004 has only slightly revived the industry, but t of iron ore in 2004. The single gold mine at
Malaysia may well take a lead from the ongoing Sungai Kerak produced 1.122 t of gold but
revival in Cornwall. closed in late 2004.
Tungsten was never as important as tin, Kelantan: In 2004 there were four gold mines,
and mining came to an end much earlier. Iron but only one remained operating at the end of
was extracted at two large and remote mines the year. Total production in 2004 was 38.182
and elsewhere iron is presently produced on a t gold
limited scale. Bauxite was mined at Pengerang
on the southern tip of the Peninsula but is now 15.2 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TIN
in severe decline.
The cratonic core of peninsular Sundaland
Gold continues to be mined. Placer workings
was the source of more than 70% of the tin
were numerous. Lode mining continues to
mined last century in the whole world. The
be important immediately to the east of the
major producing centres lay in a broad arc 3400
Bentong–Raub Suture Zone.
km long and up to 800 km wide. The distribu-
tion of tin is strongly heterogeneous, with six
15.1 RECENT MINING DEVELOPMENTS major centres accounting for over 75% of the
The 2004 mining developments were mined output. The balance comes from a further
reviewed by Azemi and Salmiah (2007), and are fourteen minor fields (Fig. 15.1).
summarised below: The tinfields fall into two distinct types,
Perak: There were ten mines (gravel pump and those where virtually all the production was
opencast) that produced a total of 2,153 t of tin in derived from mining placers, and those with a
2004. Twenty amang treatment plants recovered significant deep mined production. The former
ilmenite, monazite, zircon, stuverite and rutile. are by far the larger and the first four fields (Fig.
Fourteen mines in the district of Batang Padang 15.1) fall into this group. They were the unique
produced a total of 220,737 t kaolin. Two mines feature of the region and the reason for its former
near Bidor produced 136,000 t of mica. dominance in world production. The larger and

16
Oil and Gas
D.N.K. Tan
16.0 INTRODUCTION bbls oil and 39.4 TCF gas, excluding small
The oil and gas fields are located offshore oil discoveries with 8 million bbls (MMB)
in the Malay Basin. Exploration for oil and gas recoverable reserves and gas discoveries with 50
in the offshore Tertiary basins of Peninsular billion cubic feet (BCF) recoverable reserves.
Malaysia commenced in 1968, with the award The first oil production from the Malay
of concession blocks to Esso Exploration and Basin came from the Tapis field in March 1978,
Conoco. Esso’s acreage covered the offshore and the first gas production was from the Duyong
Malay Basin, north of the 5° N latitude, whereas field in 1984 (Mazlan et al., 1999a). By the end of
the acreage south of the 5° N latitude, covering 1997, 15 oil and 4 gas fields were in production,
the southern Malay Basin and Penyu Basin, was with cumulative production of some 1.9 billion
granted to Conoco (Fig. 16.1). Off the west coast, bbls oil and 2.8 TCF gas (Wong, 1999).
Mobil was awarded a concession in the northern
part of the Straits of Malacca (Fig. 16.1). The 16.1 ACREAGE SITUATION
first exploration well was drilled in 1969 in the
Malay Basin, resulting in the Tapis discovery. In 1971, the acreage situation of exploration
Exploration efforts have continued in the blocks, awarded under the concession system,
Peninsula since 1969. By the end of 1997, more in offshore Peninsular Malaysia consisted of 3
than 194,000 line-km of 2D seismic and 247,000 blocks, namely, Mobil’s block in the northern
line-km of 3D seismic have been acquired, and a part of Straits of Malacca, Esso’s block in the
total of 158 wildcat and 184 appraisal wells have northern half of the Malay Basin north of the
been drilled (Wong, 1999). These exploration 5° N latitude, and Conoco’s block south of the
activities resulted in significant successes in same latitude (Fig. 16.1).
the Malay Basin. Unfortunately, results in the In 1974, Malaysia introduced the Petroleum
Penyu basin and the Straits of Malacca have Development Act (PDA), under which the entire
been disappointing. ownership of the petroleum resources of the
The exploration efforts up to end of 1997 country was entrusted to the newly-established
resulted in the discovery of 53 oil and 28 gas government-owned company, called Petroliam
fields, with oil-initially-in-place (OIIP) of 12.5 Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS). This company
billion bbls (barrels) and gas-initially-in-place was incorporated on 17 August 1974. PETRONAS
(GIIP) of 57.1 TCF (trillion cubic feet). The introduced Production Sharing Contracts
estimated recoverable reserves are 4.3 billion (PSCs) to replace the concessions previously
ACRONYMS and TERMS used in this chapter: Acreage = an area of land or sea; API gravity = American Petroleum Institute specific gravity; AU =Assessment Units; Bbl
= barrel = 36 imperial gallons or 42 U.S. gallons (roughly 192 litres); bbls/d = barrels per day; BCF = billions of cubic feet; Boe = bbls of oil equivalent; CPOC = Carigali-
PTTEP Operating Company; CTOC =Carigali-Triton Operating Company; E & P = exploration and production; EPMI = Esso Production Malaysia Inc.; EUR = estimated
ultimately recoverable; FAMM = Fluorescence Alteration of Multiple Macerals; GHA = Gas Holding Area; GIIP = gas-initially-in-place; GOC = Gas-oil contact ; GWC = gas-
water contact; HC/g = hydrocarbon content per gram; HI = hydrogen index in pyrolysis; HPHT = High-pressure high-temperature; IPC = International Petroleum Corp.;
JAPEX = Japan Petroleum Exploration; JDA = Joint Development Area; mD = millidarcies (measure of permeability); MMB = million barrels [Scientists use M for million,
oil companies use MM]; MMscf/d = million standard cubic feet per day; MTJA = Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority; OIIP = oil initially in place; OWC = Oil-water contact;
PCSB = PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Berhad; PETRONAS = Petroliam Nasional Berhad; PIDC = Petroleum Investment and Development Company; PSC = Production Sharing
Contract; PTT = Petroleum Authority of Thailand; PTTEP = PTT Exploration and Production; R/C = Revenue-Over-Cost; scf = standard cubic feet; STOIIP = Stock Tank Oil
Initially In Place; TCF = trillion cubic feet; TOC = total organic carbon; TPS = total petroleum systems; VRe = equivalent vitrinite reflectance.

Index
A Air Hangat, Langkawi, cement 363

Air Hitam. Johor Graben 157
alumina vs. silica, volcanic rocks Fig.
9.10
AKF diagram aluminous enclaves 223
A vs B of Main Range Granite Fig. Jerai aureole Fig. 11.8 Alur Lebey Fault 269, Fig. 12.3
10.22 Stong Complex Fig. 11.3 amang 339
abnormal pressure Taku Schist Fig. 11.5 treatment plants in 2004 331
Malay Basin 189 albite alteration, Raub 360 ammonites, Triassic, Gua Musang
Penyu Basin 196 Alcock Rise 33 Formation 104
Abodonlophora in Jurong Alexander, J.B. 1 Ampang Fault Fig. 13.13
Formation, 112 algae, amphibole
aborted rift, Semantan 114 Chuping Limestone 93 bearing granite 217
abrasion platform placers 338 Kodiang Limestone 90 eastern Belt granites 222
accessory minerals algal Main Range granite 217
Eastern Belt 222 boundstones, Gua Panjang 104 schist 45, 47, Fig. 4.2, Table 4.1
Main Range 218 Kodiang Limestone 88, 92 amphibolite
accretionary wedge 52, Fig. 3.4 alkali Batu Melintang Fig. 4.5
Semanggol provenance 99 basalt lavas 197, facies
accumulation of hydrocarbons 379 SE Asia 208, 209 dating 304
ACF diagram, Neogene 40 metamorphism 237, Fig. 11.3
Jerai aureole Fig. 11.8 feldspar Jerai aureole… Fig. 11.7
Stong Complex Fig. 11.3 alteration, Raub 360 Genting Sempah… Fig. 4.4
Taku Schist Fig. 11.5 decomposition 19 Taku Schist 238
acknowledgements v Eastern Belt granites 222 Stong Complex 236
ACNK olivine basalt, Kuantan 209 Anak Datai Beds 58
granite values 225 plot of granites 226 Anambas zone 32
vs SiO2 for granites Fig. 10.13 series 224 anatexis, Stong Complex 237
acreage chemistry 229 andalusite
allocations 365 vs. silica, hornfels 220, 245
Malay Basin dyke rocks Fig. 9.12 Gunong Ledang 243
1971 Fig. 16.1 volcanic rocks Fig. 9.9 Main Range 218
1976–77 Fig. 16.2 allochthonous Andaman
1990 Fig. 16.3 kaksa 337 Islands Fig. 3.3
1999 Fig. 16.4 limestone lenses, Chert Sea marginal Basin 32, 33, Fig.
2006 Fig. 16.5 Member 96 3.3
actinolite alluvial andesite
Bukit Ibam 349 bauxites 22 agglomerate, Kampong Awah 203
Kramat Pulai 361 deposits occurrences Fig. 9.2
schist 52 Malay Basin 185 Pulau Tioman 207
Aequitriradites inornamentus 127 stratigraphy… Figs. 15.1–15.2 volcanism, Eastern Belt 203
ages of Malaysian environment, Malay Basin 185 Anding Barat fractured
granites Table 10.1 fan facies, Malay Basin 182, Fig. basement 405
volcanic rocks Table 9.1 15.2 angiosperm pollens 119
agglomerate plain 10, 15 Angsa Graben, Straits of
Chini prospect… Fig. 15.12 terraces 23 Malacca 154, 156, Fig. 7.14
Manson Lode… Fig. 15.11 tinfields… Table 15.1 Angsi Field
aggradation alluvium, fluvial origin 333 development 397
land 23 almandine garnet, Gunung Jerai 347 exploration 397
Kedah plains 23 Alor Star rainfall 15 geology 397, 398
agmatite, Stong Complex 233 alteration, Kecau Tui 358 location 397
GeologyOfPenMal-Index(3col).indd 451 28/4/2009 11:41:40

452 | Index
structure 397, Fig. 16.24, Fig. Asahan Arch 150, 154 Straits of Malacca 148
16.25 aulocogens of Gondwanaland… 314, basin inversion 172
–Tapis, Malay Basin 186 Fig. 14.5 Batang Melaka
anhydrite pseudomorphs, Kodiang Aur Island 220 dating 216
Limestone 90, 92 gabbro 221 Cretaceous 222
Anisian Axial Malay fault 177, 182, Fig. 8.5 Batang Padang, Perak 347
fossils, Gua Musang axinite, Kramat Pulai 361 Batu Arang
Formation 104 Azman A, Ghani, c.v. 4 Basin 40, 76, 133, 134, 138, 170,
Kodiang Limestone 92 259, 363, Fig. 7.3, Fig. 7.5,
limestone, Gua Panjang 104 Fig. 12.13
radiolarian age, Chert Member 96 B Beds 139, 170
anthophyllite, Bukit Ibam 349 biomarker data 141
anticline boulder beds 159
Ba versus Sr Genting Sempah Fig.
traps 381 coal, reflected light Fig. 7.4
9.5
trends 381 lacustrine strata 141
compressional 381 back-arc basin 177, 271 oil-shale 141, 143, Fig. 7.6
Malay Basin… Fig. 16.7, Fig. Semantan 114 organic facies 140, 141
16.14 Badak Shale Member 145 Batu Caves 76
Dulang Field… Fig. 16.17 Badong Conglomerate 124, 131, Fig. limestone anomaly 329, 330
Malay Basin 182, 381, Fig. 16.15 6.22 Batu Dam area 16
anti-clockwise rotation 318 Bagan Datoh Member 161 panned gold 358
Borneo 324 Bahau 268 structures 284
Sundaland 324 Arenites 82 Batu Gajah 73, 75
problem with escape tectonics 324 Conglomerate 113, Fig. 6.1 Batu Melintang 48, 233, 265, 288
antimony, Raub 359 gravity high 327 granite dating 51
apatite crystals in enclaves 223 redbeds 109 suture outcrops Fig. 4.5, Fig.
aplite dykes river capture 17 13.14
Kramat Pulai 361 Balam–Pematang system 155 Batu Pahat 24
tin-bearing 347, Fig. 15.3 Bakri area of Johore 339, 347 granite outlier 23
Arang Formation… Fig. 8.2 tin pegmatites 347 Johor Graben 157
Ar-Ar geochronology 198 Balau Fault 269, 299 Quaternary 167
Araucarioxylin Balau-Murau Fault Zone 257, Fig. redbeds 121
cf. japonicum 127 12.3 Fig. 12.9, Fig. 12.10 Batu Tiga, magnetite 348
telentangensi 127 Balik Pulau Quaternary 164 bauxite
Arenaceous Baling area 263 formation 22
Formation 47 argillaceous Rhythmic Member 97 metamorphism 246
Series 84 Baling Group 72, 199 mining 363
argentite, Manson’s Lode 354 Bampo Formation 152 pebbles 22
argillaceous rocks, Gua Musang Bangak metasediments 116 production in 2004 331
Formation 103 Bangka Island 36, 335, 249, 253 source rocks 207
argillic alteration (argillisation) alluvial cross section… Fig. 15.1 beach
Penjom 359 seismic placer deposits Fig. 15.1 placers 338
Raub 360 tinfield Fig. 15.1 ridges 16, 26, 28, 163
Selinsing mine 358 Baong Formation 152 east coast 26
Tasek Chini 355 Baoshan, Yunnan 312 Kelantan 168 Fig. 2.13, Fig.
Tersang 359 Barat Formation… Fig. 8.2 2.14
Aring Formation 81, 103, 119 Barisan Mountains 5, 28 Kuantan 168
agglomerate 106 barite deposits 363 Peninsular Malaysia Fig. 2.11
mainly volcanic 103 fissure filling, Trengan 363 Terengganu 168
arsenian sulphide, Manson’s strata-bound, Tasek Chini 363 tin deposits… Table 15.1
Lode 354 barium vs. silica, volcanic rocks Fig. Beatrice pipe lode 346, Fig. 15.8,
arsenopyrite 9.10 Fig. 15.15
Beatrice Pipe 347 Barren Island 33 bedded lodes 338
Buffalo Reef 360 Barrovian metamorphic facies… Fig. Bedung area sandy Rhythmite
Kramat Pulai 361 11.5, Fig. 11.8 Member 98
Leong Sin Nam Pipe 347 amphibolite 236, 241 Bekok Formation 184, Fig. 8.2
Manson’s Lode 354 series, Taku Schist 239 Belata Formation 77
Mengapur 354 basalt 318 Bell’s Lode, tin… Fig. 15.5
Pelepah Kanan 345 flows 169, Fig. 9.2 belts of Peninsular Malaysia 55
Penjom 359 Mid-Miocene, Sumatra 38 Belumai Formation 152
Raub 359 sheared 51, Table 4.1 Belumut
Selinsing 358 base-metal sulphide ores 360 Granite 128, 145
Sungai Lembing 340 basement Malay Basin 185
Tersang 359 Malay and Penyu Basins… Fig. Belut Formation… Fig. 8.2
Artinskian age, Chert Member 96 8.6 Bendang Riang Formation 72

Index | 453
Bengkalis Beruas Formation 158, 161, bones in caves 170

Graben 17, 28, 36, 249, 253 165–167 bornite
Trough 142, 150, 157 beryl, Kramat Pulai 361 Beatrice Pipe 347
Benom Complex 227 Besut Fault zone 268, Fig. 12.3 Mengapur 354
alkalic series 229 betafite, Gunung Jerai 347 boudinage 266, 271, 274
granitoids Rb vs Sr Fig. 10.11 Bicoemplectopteris hallei 310 granite sills 286, 287
K2O vs SiO2 Fig. 10.15 Bidor quartz 45
Zr vs SiO2 Fig. 10.12 kaolin 363 Stong Complex 235, Fig. 13.10
chemistry 229 –Tapah alluvial gold in tin Bouguer gravity
granite 8, 107 mining 355, 356 anomaly map
age 216 Billiton Island 249, 253, 338, 348, Penang-Kedah Fig. 14.18
no gravity low 327 tin mining 332 Port Klang-Kuala Lumpur Fig.
Benta Complex field Fig. 15.1 14.17
alkalic series 218 Bilut southern peninsula Fig. 14.16
intermediate to mafic rocks 218
Redbeds 47, 108, Fig. 4.2, Fig. 4.3 traverse across peninsula Fig.
mineralogy 219
post Indosinian Orogeny… Fig. 14.14
textures 219
14.7 Boulder Beds 135–136, 139, 146,
Bentong 43
unconformity 47 158–159, 171, 333, 363, Fig.
–Bengkalis Suture 36, 253
Valley 45, 79 15.2
conglomerate 78
Group 43, 77, 78, 79 Binjal Formation, Perlis 67, 68, Fig. age 159
olistostrome 292 5.15 Batu Arang Fig. 7.3
schists stereogram Fig. 13.15 Bintang Gopeng 336
–Raub edge of Samantan Conglomerate 245 weathered clasts 159
Basin 114 Granite Complex 217 Boulder Clays 159
Bentong-Raub suture Zone 2, 33, Range 8 Boulder-strewn granite
38, 43, 78–79, 86, 202, 211, biomarker data Batu Arang 141 landform… 12, Fig. 2.8
216, 249, 253, 268–269, 271, biostratigraphy, Malay Basin 184 Bouma sequence, Semantan
274. 287–288, 296, 306, 316, biotite Formation Fig. 6.13
Fig. 3.4, Fig. 3.6, Fig. 4.1, Fig. decomposition 18 Boundary Range Granite
4.3, Fig. 8.3, Fig. 10.1, Fig. Eastern Belt Granites 222 Batholith 220, Fig. 11.4
12.3, Fig. 14.1, Fig. 14.4 granite weathering… Table 2.3 ages Table 10.1
Bentong Fig. 4.3 low stability 22 chemistry 229
Cameron Highlands Fig. 4.5, Fig. Main Range Granite 217 bournonite Kecau Tui 358
12.4 –muscovite schist, Stong 236 brachiopods, Kodiang Limestone 90
cartoon Fig. 14.8 –quartz hornfels 45 braided channels 15
central area 43 birdseye structures, Kodiang reservoirs 377
Cheroh Fig. 4.2 Limestone 90 braided streams 333, 334
cross-sections… Fig. 14.8 bismuth breccia
E–W Highway… Fig. 4.5 Bukit Ibam 349, 351 Gunung Rabong Formation 106
extrusion… Fig. 14.10 native, Mengapur 354 intraformational, Kodiang
Genting Sempah… Fig. 4.4 bismuthinite in wolframite veins 363 Limestone 90
Karak Highway Fig. 4.3 bivalves, Triassic Kodiang Limestone 88
olistostrome 291 Chert Member 97 texture. Sungai Lembing 341
palaeontology 45 Rhythmite Member 98 brittle-ductile deformations 249
radiolaria Fig. 4.1 black shales Brooklands Estate Quaternary 166
reactivation 308 Semantan Formation 110 Brown Shale, Sumatra 142
regional position… Fig. 3.4, Fig.
weathered 20 bryozoa
14.6
Blaini glacial deposits… 315, Fig. Chert Member conglomerate 96
southern part 51
14.5 Kodiang Limestone 90
timing 306
Blocks, continental Buffalo Reef gold deposit 360
Thailand extensions… Fig. 3.6
South China Sea rifting… Fig. Bujang Melaka stock 260
Bera
Fault 120 14.1 Buke Granite 237
Formation 79, 108 Australia rifting… Fig. 14.1 Bukit
River 17 Bohorok Formation… 37, 312, Fig. Ampar conglomerates 121
Berangkat 14.4 Anak Takun 76
anticline Fig. 13.4 Bok Bak Fault zone 148, 171, 263, Arang Basin, Thai Border 133–
lineament 249 269, 283, 287, Fig. 8.3, Fig. 135, Fig. 7.2
tonalite 219, 233, Fig. 10.6, Fig. 12,3, Fig. 12.15 gravity 330
11.1 displacement 263 stratigraphy Fig. 7.2
Berantai anticline & syncline 118, gravity 330 Bangkong iron 351
Fig. 13.4, Fig. 13.6 reactivation 308 Batu
Berkelah Conglomerate 116, 117 bombs Barak, conodonts age, Chert
Bertangga size in Santi ignimbrites Fig. 9.6 Member 96, 97
Basin 114 welded tuff, Santi Fig. 9.3 Batok Jurong Formation 112
Sandstone 120, 266, 274, 279 Bonaparte Gulf Basin… Fig. 14.5 Batu Besar 106

454 | Index
Bukit (continued) Larang, gabbro 52 Caledonian Orogeny 310

Belabing granite 242 Larek, Kedah, Chert Member 95 Cambrian deformation 305
Belah 122 Lentor (Terengganu), Cameron Highlands 48
Bertangga 108 tungsten 361 suture rocks Fig. 4.5
Besi iron mine, Terengganu 348, wolframite 363 Canning Basin, Australia… 70, 86,
Fig. 15.9 Lop 121 314, Fig. 14.5
tin content 348 Mambai 122 diamictites 314
skarn 338 Mengapur 83 Capitanian conodonts, Gua Musang
Bintang 145 Merah Conglomerate Member 98 Formation 105
metamorphism 245 Mertajam 24 carbon dioxide in gas 381
Biwah 84 Mulong Kodiang Limestone 88, carbonaceous slates, Sungai
Botol fault zone barite 363 91 Pelong 361
Bucu folding 301 Nyan, Kedah, Chert Member 95, carbonate-base metal deposits,
Chabang… Fig. 2.6 97 Penjom 359
Charas 84 Pak Sagor 84 carbonate compensation depth,
Chuping Panching 84 Semanggol Basin 99
limestone 11, 71, 93 Pantai structure 285 Carboniferous
shore line 173 Payung folds 274 stratigraphy… Fig. 14.3
Cinta Manis 79 Penagoh, redbeds 292 Kinta 73
Dinding 76, 199 Peninjau 8 –Permian
Gasing 259 Perak 263 palaeolatitudes 322
Gombak, norite 221 Putus Fault 268 Gondwanaland… Fig. 14.5
Hangus, Triassic bivalves 104 Raja Member 67, 68, 69 sandy facies… Fig. 14.3
Hantu, Kodiang Limestone 90, Resam Clastic Member 108, 113 shales, Bukit Besi 348
129 Rokan, Barat estate 51 –Triassic, continental drift Fig.
Hulu Pelong 78 serpentinite 289 14.6
Ibam iron mine, Pahang 347, 348, Sagor strip mining 355 Carnarvon Basin, Australia… 314,
Fig. 15.10 Sagu 84 Fig. 14.5
Cornwall-type 351 cement 363 Carnian age
structures Fig. 13.8 Saiong 100, 265, 280 algae and foraminifers 105
Jerneh, Perlis… Fig. 2.6 Selegi 126 ammonites, Gua Musang
Chuping Limestone 93 Serampang coal 143 Formation 105
Kachi (Kedah), tungsten 361 Seraya 24 conodonts
Kajang rhyolite porphyry 359 Tajoh fault 258, Fig. 13.13 Chert Member 96, 97
Kaling fossils 111 Takun, Templer Park Fig. 2.4, Fig. Kodiang Limestone 90
Kalong, Kodiang Limestone 88, 2.6 Chuping Limestone 93
92, Fig. 6.3 Temiang 70, 71 limestones, Gua Telinga and Gua
Kambing 83 Tengku Lembu 11, 71 Luas 104
Kampung Yoi, Permian chert 97 Tinggi Fault Zone 15, 48, 148, Rhythmite Member fossils 98
Kechil 260, 269, 281, 287, Fig. 8.3, Semantan 113
calcareous sandstones 91 Fig. 12.3, Fig. 12.13 cassiterite
Kodiang Limestone 88, 90, Fig. basalt 169 arsenopyrite & pyrite 339
6.3 isotopic age 262, 308, Beatrice Pipe 347
Kepala, Kedah Fig. 2.5, Fig. 2.7 mylonite Fig. 12.14 Bukit Besi 348
Kepelu 91, 129 Wang Pisang 71 chlorite and chalcopyrite 339
Keluang 303 buried karst 11 coarse grained 335
chert 306 burrows in Singa Formation folded columbite 339
Conglomerate 258 strata Fig. 13.12 ferromagnetic 346
age 303 Burton, C.K. in retirement 1 grain-size 335
Fault 258 Buta Anticline, Langkawi 282 ilmenite, zircon & monazite 339
structures 306 Kramat Pulai 361
Kemuning Pluton 220 Leong Sin Nam Pipe 347
Keriang, Kedah 23 lepidolite & columbite-
Keteri, Chuping C tantalite 339
Limestone 93, Fig. 2.6 magnetic susceptibility 346
cement 363 calc alkali series 224, Fig. 10.15 malayaite & varlamoffite 339
Koman = Raub Gold Mine calcareous graphitic shales… Fig. Manson’s Lode 354
Koman Gold Mine 358, 359, Fig. 15.14 Nb-bearing 347
13.17, Fig. 15.14 Calcareous Series 84 paramagnetic 347
anticlinorium 292 calc-silicate hornfels, Pelepah Kanan 345
granite porphyry… Fig. 15.14 Ledang 242, Fig. 11.9 pleochroic 347
structure 307 Pelepah Kanan 345 poly-metallic sulphides & sulpho-
Kukus, Kedah calcite salts 339
Chert Member 95 Leong Sin Nam Pipe 347 pyrrhotite and magnetite 339
strike-slip faults 100 Raub 359 stannite & complex sulphides 339

Index | 455
cassiterite (continued) cephalopods, Trolak Formation 52 slump structures 290

Sungai Lembing 340 cerium anomaly 45 Chert-Argillite Formation 292, 296
Ta and Nb substitution 347 cerussite, Raub 359 deformation 290, 306
Ta-bearing 347 chalcedony, Semanggol Chert faulting 291
travel distance 335 Member 95 Genting Sempah 45, 47, Fig. 4.4
Wang Tangga cave 170 chalcocite, Tasek Chini 355 recumbent folds 285
wolframite 339 chalcopyrite structure 285
cataclastic granite 237 Bukit Besi 348 chevron folds, Mersing Beds 298,
Cathaysia Chini prospect… Fig. 15.12 Fig. 13.22
affinities 2 Kecau Tui 358 chiastolite
flora 81, 85, 86, Fig. 3.5 Manson’s Lode 354 aureoles 246
plant occurrences SE Asia Fig. Mengapur 354 hornfels 220
14.3 Penjom 359 Chinchin Member 58
position in Gondwanaland Fig. Raub 359 Chini = Tasek Chini 354
14.5 Selinsing 358 Chini
Cathaysialand 310, 316 Sungai Lembing 341 deposit 351
before Indosinian Orogeny… Fig. Tasek Chini 354 prospect… Fig. 15.12
14.7 Tersang 359 chlorite
Cathaysian terrain 254, 315 wolframite veins 363 Bukit Besi 348
extrusion… Fig. 14.10 chamosite in bauxite 22 Pelepah Kanan 345
flora 311 Chao Phraya Fault 38, Fig. 3.6 stability 22
Malaysia–Sumatra Fig 14.4 Charu Formation 83, 84 chloritisation
Palaeozoic stratigraphy Fig. 14.3 Chemendong Volcanics 204 Penjom 359
stratigraphy… Fig. 14.3 chemical Raub 360
cave 10, 11 analyses, volcanic rocks Table 9.2 Selinsing mine 358
placer deposits 169, 335, 338 plots of granites 224 Tersang 359
Chemor Limestone
cement plants 363 chloritoid porphyroblasts 241
Chenderiang, Kinta Valley 339
Cenozoic chondrite-normalised spider
Chendering
basalt volcanism 197, 208 diagrams Fig. 9.11, Fig. 10.16
deformation 300, 308
basins 40 Chung Sooi Keong (‘S.K.’) 1
structures 301
biostratigraphic markers 171 Chuping Limestone Formation 38,
Chenderoh Lake 16
evolution 170 71, 90, 312
Chenderong in Terengganu
kinematics 171 extension into Triassic 93
scheelite 363
Eocene–early Oligocene 171 hill… Fig. 2.4, Fig. 2.6
wolframite 363
history 5 karst 11
Chepor Formation, Perlis 66–69,
placer stratigraphy Fig. 15.2 metamorphism 244
Fig. 5.15
sediments distribution, Peninsular palaeomagnetism 323, Fig. 14.13
Cheroh district 43
Malaysia Fig. 7.1 Bentong-Raub Fig. 4.2 Perlis to North Kedah 93
Central Basin Jerus Limestone 104 similar to Kodiang Limestone 93
graben 271 –Raub, possible Gua Musang Straits of Malacca 148
gravity high 326 Formation 104 Cicatricosisporites
Central serpentinite 289 australiensis 122, 127
Belt 57, 249 chert 45 ludbrooki 122
deformation 307 beds, Bukit Kechil 91 Cimmerian Continent… 316, Fig.
faults 268 bedded ribbon, in Palaeo- 14.6
folding phases 295 Tethys… Fig. 14.7 Cini Fault 120
gold deposits 355, 358 Bentong-Raub Line Fig. 4.2 Cinta Manis 290, Fig. 13.16
grabens 154 Bentong Fig. 4.3 limestone 291
granite plutons Fig. 10.2 boudinaged 291 road 111
ages Table 10.1 Cheroh district… Fig. 4.2 circular structures 29
metasediments 306 clasts Circulina, Mangking Sandstone 118
mineralization… Fig. 15.3, Fig. Conglomerate Member 95, 98 Classopollis classoides 118, 127
15.4 redbeds 108 Classopollis spp. 119, 122, 124
Palaeozoic 79 Semanggol Formation 98 clasts in tuff, Pulau Tioman Fig. 9.7
stratigraphy Fig 5.2 deformation, Raub 290 Clavatipollennites 119
structures 287, 296 duplexing 290 clay minerals
Triassic Formations Fig. 6.1 faulting 290 Batu Arang coal 149
Graben, Straits of Malacca 155, Genting Sempah Fig. 4.4 weathering product 20
Fig. 7.11 isoclinal folds 285, 291 cleavages at Dungun Fig. 13.25
stratigraphy Fig. 7.12 layers and nodules, Kodiang clinopyroxene, amphibole-enriched
group grabens 150 Limestone 90 enclaves 223
plutonic province 218 mylonite zones 290 clinozoisite, Taku Schist 238
Sumatra palaeontology 45 clockwise declinations, volcanic 319
Basin 37, 148 radiolarian 48, 51 clockwise rotation 279, 319
sedimentation 5 Bentong Raub Fig 4.1 Peninsula 317

456 | Index
Khorat Plateau 324 conodont crinoid

coal 363 Carnian, Kodiang Limestone 90 Kodiang Limestone 90
Bukit Arang 135 Chuping Limestone 93 stems
microscopy Fig. 7.4 early Triassic, Gunung Keriang 90 Chert Member conglomerate 96
beds, Batu Arang Basin Fig. 7.3, Gua Musang Formation 104 Koh Formation 120
Fig. 7.5 stratigraphic ranges Fig. 6.6 cross sections
Enggor 136 thermal heating, Semanggol 100 Langkawi Islands Fig. 12.7
Malay Basin 188–189, 376–377 Triassic Fig. 6.5, Fig. 6.7 Malay Basin Fig. 8.7
Measures 139 contact metamorphic aureoles 220 Penyu Basin Fig. 8.19
mining, Batu Arang 138 continental Tenggol Arch… Fig. 8.9
seams 140 blocks SE Asia Fig. 14.1 cuestas
Gagau Group 126 crust thinning 177 Panti Sandstone 127
Kampong Durian diamictites, Gondwanaland Fig Tebak Formation 128
Chondong 143 14.5 current directions, Straits of
Tebak Formation 128 drift Carboniferous-Triassic Fig Malacca 25
signature 374 14.6 Cuu Long basin 177, Fig. 8.4
source rocks 377 slope 31 Cycadophytes 118 119
Malay Basin Fig. 16.9 Kodiang Limestone 92
contributors’ curriculum vitae 2
coastal
coquinas, Semantan Formation 111,
drowning, Langkawi 23
plain 6, 22
113 D
Cordaites, Sumatra 311
Eastern 25
cordierite Dabong… 233, 237, Fig. 11.4
Kedah 23
–andalusite hornfels 245 slaty cleavage 294
Kelantan Fig. 2.12, Fig. 2.13
hornfels 245 Dachang 339
Muar 24
porphyroblasts dacite
widths 23 Ledang 243 dykes, Sungai Lembing 342
prograding, east coast 26 Pelepah Kanan 345 Penjom 358
sedimentation 15 Stong Complex (uncertain) 236 plug, Mengapur 354
swamps 23 core Pulau Tioman 207
coaxial refolding, Machinchang boulders 11, 12, 18, Fig. 2.7, Fig. damar 160
Fm 281 2.8, Table 2.3 in alluvium 333
collision stones 11, 18, 20 dams causing lakes 16
orogeny… Fig. 14.7, Fig. 14.8 Cornish-type tin lodes 340, Fig. 15.5 Dangerous Grounds 31
S-type granite 2 eastern belt 340 Danish International Development
colluvial placers 335 Cornwall-type mineralization 351 Association 134
columbite-tantalite with correlation Daonella 113
cassiterite 344, 347 Thailand Fig. 3.6 Chert Member 97
compositionally expanded rocks 211, Sarawak Fig. 3.5
indica , Conglomerate Member 99
220 Sumatra Fig. 3.5
cf. indica 107
Con Son Swell 175, 177–178, Fig. corundum 246
Rhythmite Member 98
8.1, Fig. 8.4 Kinta Valley Fig. 11.10
Dara Jade, Bukit Ibam 351
conglomerate Kramat Pulai 361
Darling, Gray 1
Bilut redbeds 47 pebbles, Kramat Pulai 361
dasyclads, Kodiang Limestone 92
central belt 114 rock 246
Datai
clast lithology 111 Costatoria species 106, 116
Semantan 111, 113 Anticline, Langkawi 282
flaser 292 Beds 282, 305
Member, Semanggol country rocks, Main Range
Granite 216 unconformity 286
Formation 94, 98 deformation
Gagau Group 124 crenulation cleavage
Langkawi 282 Cambrian 305
intraformational, Kodiang Devonian 306
Mersing Beds Fig. 13.23
Limestone 90 events, Peninsular Table 13.1
Cretaceous
Ma’Okil Formation 121 Permian 306
deformation 308
Paloh Formation 122 soft-sediment, Semantan 111
doubly-plunging folding 308
Payung Formation 121 granite 280 deglaciation, Sunda Shelf 41
polymict 114, 116 ages 216 deltaic environments, Malay
Gagau Group 126 Gunong Ledang 242, Fig. 11.9 Basin 188
Tebak Formation 128 –Jurassic basin map Fig. 6.16 Dengkil peat 166
Saiong Redbeds 100 offshore Fig. 3.5 denudation
Semanggol Formation 98 peneplain laterite 22 chronology 28
Semantan Formation 110 Phuket 38 processes 28
Conites 128 plutonic rocks 178, 222, Fig. Sundaland 28
Conoco 365 10.2 deposition environment
1971 acreage… Fig. 16.1 Stong Complex 219, 233 Malay Basin 182
1977 acreage… Fig. 16.2 Taku Schist 237 Penyu Basin 194

Index | 457
depth-seismic velocity domal structures, Kodiang Eastern

relationship… Fig. 8.1 Limestone 88 Belt 57, 86, 249
Desaru 244 Donegal Granite, Ireland, Rb vs chemistry 224
Mersing beds outcrops Fig. 13.23 Sr Fig. 10.11 dyke chemistry Fig. 9.12
structure 297 doubly plunging Tembeling enclaves 223
Detrital folds 274, 278 granite 220
Beds structures 282 drag ages 216, Table 10.1
Members 61 folds 268 mineralogy 222
Devonian refolding 258
plutons Fig. 10.1, Fig. 10.2
deformation 306 drainage pattern & divides,
Rb vs Sr Fig. 10.11
Peninsular Malaysia 13, 16,
Kinta Valley 73 textures 220, Fig. 10.7
Fig. 2.7, Fig. 2.9
dextral faults, Tembeling Group 119 Zr vs SiO2 Fig. 10.12
dredge, tin alluvium Fig. 15.16
diamictite… Fig. 14.4 mineralization… Fig. 15.3, Fig.
drift pattern of terranes 315
absence 312 15.4
dropstones, glacial 70, 86, Fig. 14.4
continental 314, Fig. 14.5 Dulang Field multiple deformation 297
glacial-marine 312 development 386 Palaeozoic 82
Genting Sempah 48 exploration 386 stratigraphy Fig 5.2
Krau Satu road 293 geology 386, 388 structure 297
marine… Fig. 14.5 location 385 dating 304, 306
Sibumasu… Fig. 14.3 oil and gas Fig. 16.18 volcanism 202
Singa Formation 70 structure 385, Fig. 16.17 coastal plains 25
diamonds in Phuket alluvium 33 Dungun, Terengganu 348 Gold Belt 360
diaspore Basin 178 Graben 155
Kramat Pulai 361 Fault 177, Fig. 8.5 lode channel, Raub 359
metamorphism 246 folds and cleavage Fig. 13.25
Province tin belt 211
Dicynodon conodonts… Fig. 14.6 Graben 179, Fig. 8.8, Fig. 16.6
ejectamenta size in rhyolitic
Dienerian Durian Tipus 78
ignimbrite, Santi Fig. 9.6
conodonts, Gua Musang Dusun Tua hot spring 260, 268, Fig
12.13 electrum, Penjom 359
Formation 104
Duyong elevations
limestones 105
Anticline, seismic Fig. 8.10 Peninsular Malaysia Fig. 2.1
differentiation
–Besar, Malay Basin 185 topographic units Table 2.1
index of granites Fig. 10.10
gas discovery 365 elliptical structures 29
sequence of granites 228
dykes eluvial
Dinding Schist 52, 76, Fig. 13.13
basic 197 regolith movement 12
folding 284
chemistry, Eastern Belt 210, Fig. gold, Tersang 359
rhyolite 199
9.12 placers 335
tuff 199
intermediate 210 emplacement level, Main Range 216
volcanics Fig. 9.3
mafic 210, 269 enclave in granite 223
Dindings
alluvial cross section… Fig. 15.1 mineralogy 223
granite 8 Perhentian 221
peat 165 E Endau
Pluton chemistry 228 delta 16
secondary textured granite 218 East Fault zone 266, 267
seismic placer deposits Fig. 15.1 Coast permatang 26
diopside dykes 210 Quaternary 167
–garnet, Langkawi 245 multiple deformation 301 –Rompin
–phlogopite marble, Stong 236 Range 9 tuffs Fig. 9.8
–tremolite rivers 15 volcanics 207
structural analysis 304 chemistry 207, Fig. 9.9, Fig.
hornfels Table 4.1
Malaya 9.10
–wollastonite, Langkawi 245
Block 2, 40, Fig 3.4, Fig. 3.5, mineralogy 207
diorite
Fig. 14.1 endothyrids, Koh Formation 120
Bukit Ibam 349
continental drift… Fig. 14.6
Pemanggil and Aur Islands 221, Enggor Basin 27, 133–134, 136
High Fig. 14.9
222 Entolium, Semantan 113
hornfels 245
plutons 220 environment of deposition
palaeolatitudes Fig. 14.2
discrimination diagram, terrain 309 Malay Basin Fig. 8.11
granites 230, Fig. 10.20 Penang graben 155 Sotong Field Fig. 8.12
distribution, volcanic rocks Fig. 9.2 –West Eocene
Djambi = see Jambi faults 269 anticlockwise rotation, southern
Dohol Formation 82, 84, 86, 244 Highway structural map Fig. Sundaland 324
dolines 9 12.16 deformation 308
dolomitisation, Kodiang Bentong-Raub suture 48, Fig. –early Oligocene rifting 171
Limestone 90, 92 4.5 Ephedripites 119 122

458 | Index
epidote feldspar fractional crystallization 228

schist Table 4.1 stability 22 fractured basement play 385
stability 22 structural state 201 Penyu Basin 405
epizonal emplacement 220 X-Ray diffraction data 217 Fraser’s Hill 52
erosion rates 41 felsite, Penjom 358 Frenelopsis 118
escape tectonics Fig. 3.4, Fig. 14.10 fenestrae, Kodiang Limestone 92 malaiana 118, 127
Esso fengcong 9 parvifolia 127 128
acreage 1971… Fig. 16.1 fenglin 9 freshwater swamps, east coast 26
1977… Fig. 16.2 ferberite, Kramat Pulai 361
Exploration 365 fission-track ages 216
Production Malaysia Inc. flooding 15
(EPMI) 182, 365 flow-banded G
Eu anomalies rhyolite, Dinding Schist Fig. 9.3
granites 228, 229 tuff, Pulau Tinggi Fig. 9.7 gabbro
Tioman 208 flow-texture in rhyodacite, Endau Benta 219
secondary textured granite Fig. Rompin Fig. 9.8 Eastern Belt 221
10.18 flower structures 272 Kemuning Hill 221
Exesipollenites 119 Kedah 283 mineralogy, Eastern Belt 221
exploration Malay Basin 182 Pemanggil and Aur Islands 221,
acreage blocks 1990 Fig. 16.3, fluoborite, Beatrice Pipe 347 222
Table 16.1 Fluorescence Alteration of Multiple Perhentian 221
acreage blocks 1999… Fig. 16.4, Macerals 379 plutons 220
Table 16.2 fluorite Gabus Formation… Fig. 8.2
acreage blocks 2006… Fig. 16.5, Beatrice Pipe 347 Gagau
Table 16.3 cassiterite association 344 Group 124
acreage, offshore Malaysia… Fig. Kramat Pulai 361, Fig. 15.15 dip 124
16.1, Fig. 16.2 Main Range 218 environment 126
history 368–370 Pelepah Kanan 345 stratigraphy 124, Fig. 6.22
expulsion of hydrocarbons, Malay –scheelite Kramat Pulai 361 volcanism 204
Basin Fig. 16.11
flute marks Upland 124, Fig. 6.22
extensional basin 271
Semanggol Formation 98 Galas Fault Zone 265, 280, Fig. 12.3
extrusion tectonics 177, 316, 317,
granite surfaces… 2, Fig. 2.7, Fig. galena
Fig. 14.10
2.8 cassiterite association 344
fluvial Kecau Tui 358
above-bottom placers 335, 337 Kramat Pulai 361
F allochthonous bottom placers 337 lode 351
bottom placers 335 Manson’s Lode 354
fahlore group minerals, Manson’s cave placers 338 Penjom 359
Lode 354 channels, Malay Basin Selinsing 358
fanglomerates, Boulder Beds 159 –deltaic source rocks 374
Sungai Lembing 341
faults 249 –glacial deposits 314
Tasek Chini 354, 355
ages 249 currents… Fig. 14.5
wolframite veins 363
Cretaceous 308 –lacustrine environments 377
Gambang
Dulang Field… Fig. 16.17 sequences 185
no gravity low 327
E–W 269 origin of alluvium 333
tinfield 335
Malay & Penyu basin 176, 182, terraces 27
Gap 8
Fig. 8.3 fluid inclusion analysis
Ma’Okil Formation 121 garnet
Kecau Tui 358
NNW–SSE and NW–SE Penjom 359 hornfels, Pelepah Kanan 345
trending 258 Raub 360 Kramat Pulai 361
N–S 268 Sungai Lembing 343 Main Range 217
Peninsular Malaysia Fig. 8.3, Fig. Tersang 359 marble, Langkawi 235
12.1, Fig. 12.3 folds skarn
related trapping, Malay events, timing Table 13.1 Chini prospect… Fig. 15.12
Basin… Fig. 16.7, Fig. 16.14, style Tembeling Group 274 Tasek Chini 355
Fig. 16.15 Tanjong Chendering Fig. 13.26, Taku Schist 238
right-lateral … Fig. 3.4 Fig. 13.27 gas
terrane Tembeling Formation Fig. 13.4 expulsion, Malay Basin… Fig.
–bounding 253 Foothills Formation 77, 107 16.11
–crossing 258 foraminifera in Kodiang fields, Malay Basin 373, Fig. 8.1,
–parallel 255 Limestone 90 Fig. 16.7, Fig. 16.9, Fig. 16.16
timing 269 fore-arc basin 271 generating potential Fig. 16.10
tinfields related 339 Semantan 114, 316 occurrences, Malay Basin 370
traps, normal 383 foredeep 43 –oil contact, Malay Basin… Fig.
trends 249, 251, 252 Semanggol Basin 99, 316 16.17

Index | 459
resources, Malay Basin… Table pantiensis 118, 122, 127 glaciations 70

16.4, Table 16.5, Table 16.6 Global ice age 312
window 381 Environment Facility 134 northern margin… Fig. 14.5
Malay Basin Fig. 16.13 Positioning System 324 reassembled in Palaeozoic Fig.
Gejiu 339 Glossopteris flora 312 14.5
Gemas Formation 107 gneissic rifting 315
structure 36 suture 51 episodes… Fig. 14.5, Fig. 14.7
gemstones, Thailand 40 texture, Stong 235 Sibumasu attachment 310
syntaxis occurrence 316 Gobbett, D. J. terranes, Devonian
general structural trend 249 & Hutchison, C. S. (1973) 1 separation… Fig 14.1
generation of hydrocarbons 379 in retirement 1 Gondwanas of India map Fig. 14.5
Genting goethite 22 Gopeng
Peras Fault Zone 268 gold Beds 158
Sempah base metals association 360 Consolidated Mine 347
Bentong-Raub complex 8, 45, bearing veins, Central Belt 358 Kinta Valley 334
199, Fig. 4.4, Fig. 13.13 belt 3 360 gossan
dating 200 map… Fig. 15.13 manganiferous, Manson’s
geochemistry 202 Buffalo Reef 360 Lode 354
microgranodiorite Fig. 4.4 deposits, Central Belt 355 sulphides, Manson’s Lode 354
petrology 201 epigenetic to granites 361 strip mining 355
schist outcrops Fig. 13.14 fissure fillings, Raub 359 iron-manganese 355
structure 285 Kecau Tui 358 Manson Lode… Fig. 15.11
suture enclave 48 lode deposits, map… Fig. 15.13 GPS of peninsula 324
volcanic rock Manson’s Lode 354 graben
chemistry Fig. 9.5 map of deposits and formation, Semanggol Basin 99
complex 199, Fig. 9.4 prospects… Fig. 15.13, Table Malay Basin… 179, 182, Fig. 8.5,
geobarometer studies 223 15.4, Table 15.5 Fig. 8.9
geochemistry of granites 224 Mengapur 354 onland and offshore 133
geochronology mine, Raub Fig. 13.17, Fig. 15.14 Penyu Basin 193
granite 211 mineralisation Straits of Malacca 133
volcanic rocks 198 belts 356 granite
quartz veins 355
geological ages by Sr isochrons Fig. 10.3
temperature formation 356
maps of Malaysia v arcs offshore Fig. 3.5
Selinsing 358
publications v belts, Southeast Asia Fig. 10.1
mining 2
sections, north Sumatra Fig. 7.9 Bukit Besi 348
in 2004 331
similarity with Sumatra… Fig 3.5 iron mine… Fig. 15.9
Penjom Fig. 15.16
Survey Department 1 chemical plots 224
Penjom 359
geomorphology 5 core-boulders Fig. 2.7, Fig. 2.8
–quartz
geoseismic sections of placer discrimination Fig. 10.20
lodes, Bukit Koman… Fig.
tinfields Fig. 5.1 dykes, Tioman 207
15.14
geothermal gradient Eastern Belt Fig. 10.7
–sulphide veins, Penjom 358,
Malay Basin 177, 189, Fig. 8.17 359 no gravity low 327
Penyu Basin 196 Raub 359 enclaves 45, 223
gibbsite, bauxite 22 replacements, Raub 359 epizonal, Eastern 244
Gigantopteris flora 40, 310, 316 rush, Lubok Mandi 360 flow texture, Stong Complex Fig.
glacial Selinsing 358 10.6
deposits, Sibumasu 311, source fluting, Johor… Fig. 2.8
diamictite 86 lower crust or mantle 361 geochemistry 224
Langkawi Fig. 5.16 smoker vents 361 geochronology 211
SE Asia Fig. 14.3 volcanic association 361 gneiss, Taku 239
dropstones 312 Gombak gravity modeling 326
–eustatic sea levels 172 Chert 48 injection, Bok Bak Fault 264
marine iron mine 348 landforms 11, Fig. 2.6
deposits, Gondwanaland… Fig. Gondwana Redang Island… Fig. 2.8
14.5 blocks, Palaeozoic stratigraphy Fig. modal compositions Fig. 10.8
dropstones 2, 70 14.3 plutons, naming Fig. 10.2
glass shards plate 254 porphyry,
devitrified 118 terranes Pelepah 345
Genting 201 extrusion… Fig. 14.10 Raub gold mine… Fig. 15.14
glauconitic sandstones, Malay Malaysia Sumatra Fig. 14.4 porphyritic texture
Basin 189 stratigraphy… Fig. 14.3 biotite, Pelepah Kanan 345
Gleichenoides 118 Gondwanaland 316 Pelepah Kanan… Fig. 15.7
gagauensis 117, 118, 122, 126 assembly, Permian 314 provinces, Peninsula 211
maranensis 119 attachment 322 Redang Islands Fig. 2.6

460 | Index
granite (continued) Kramat Pulai 361 granite map 211, Fig. 11.6
trends Peninsula-Billiton… Fig. ground slope, Peninsular gravity 330
3.2 Malaysia Fig. 2.2 map… Fig 11.6
two-phase texture Fig. 10.5 Group K sandstones metamorphic aureole Fig. 11.6,
wash 334 grunerite, Pelepah Kanan 346 Fig. 11.8
Johor 167 grykes 11 rocks 240
weathering 12, 17 Gua porphyry 199
core-boulders 18 Badak 11 Kanthan 73
speed 12 Bama, breccias, Gunung Rabong Keriang, Kodiang Limestone 90
zones 18, Fig. 2.8, Fig. 2.10, Formation 106 Korbu 8
Table 2.3 Batu Tangga, Anisian forams 104 Kuang, Kanthan, cement 363
granodiorite Batu Telahup, Anisian forams 104 Lanis 116
Bukit Ibam… Fig. 15.10 Cha karst hills 104 Lang, Ipoh Fig. 2.4, Fig. 2.6
series 224 Musang Formation 80 Ledang 8, 33, 263
granophyre, Pengerang 363 argillaceous facies 105 aureole 242
graphite stability 22 Basin 114, Fig. 6.1 Cretaceous 222
graptolites carbonate platform 106 granite Fig. 11.9
Devonian 45 Cameron Highlands road 253 age 216, 242
Tuan Estate 43, 45 circular structures 29 metamorphic aureole Fig. 11.9
gravel, weathering product 18 folding 306 Lesong 126
gravity group status 102 Melaka 12
anomaly karst hills 103 Panti 127
map southern peninsula Fig. lateral facies changes 103 Barat 127
14.16 limestones 103 Perak 6
traverse across peninsula Fig. lithologies 103 Pondok, Padang Remgas,
14.14 Permian-Triassic 102 cement 363
contour map platform 114 Pulai
Kuala Lumpur–Klang… Fig. –Semantan depocentre 87, Cretaceous 222
14.17 dating 216
102–103 120, 129
northwest peninsula… Fig. Volcanic Member 108
structure 294, Fig. 13.19
14.18 Rabong Formation = Semantan
stratigraphy and
Peninsula… Fig. 14.16 Formation
sedimentology 103
data southern Peninsula 327 Rabong Formation 103, 105
Panjang karst hills 104
high basal conglomerates 106
Sai, Gua Musang Formation 103
over coastal plains 329 basin Fig. 6.1
Tempurung
Kedah 330 may be northern Semantan 106
Kinta Valley Fig. 2.5
minimum over Main Range 326 volcanic topographic highs 106
river… Fig. 2.7
modeling 326 Rajah 8
guano deposits 169
northwest peninsula 330 Rapat, Ipoh 11, 159, Fig. 2.5
Guar
profile notches… Fig. 2.7
across Peninsula 324 Jentik, Perlis 65, 69
Rawang Mata Hari 8
faults 255 Sanai 65, 68, Fig. 5.13 Raya Granite, Langkawi 244, 321,
measurement stations southern Gubir beds, Semanggol 330
peninsula Fig. 14.15 Formation 98 Semanggol 93
greenschist facies gufeng 9 Conglomerate Member 98
Jerai aureole Fig. 11.7 gugup 12 structures 283
Lower Palaeozoic 304 Gula Formation 158, 161, 164–168 Sempah 8
metasediments, Taku 239 Gulf of Thailand 374 Sinyum, Gua Musang
greisen Gunong Formation 103
–bordered veins 334 Ayam conglomerate 103 limestone 105, 106, 113
Ulu Langat 363 Bakau 344 Complex 233
muscovite 217 topaz-aplite 347 Stong Complex 12, Fig. 11.1, Fig.
greisenisation 344 Bekok Granite 122 11.4
tinfields 340 Belong karst hills 104 dating 216
Grès Supèrieurs 128 Belumut 128 Sumalayang 84
Greywacke Terrain 37, Fig. 3.5 Benom 8, 268 Tahan 8, 120, Fig. 2.9, Fig. 6.17
Griesbachian Complex 218 Tangga Dua Belas 120
conodonts, Gua Musang Granite 218 Tasek, Perak, cement 363
Formation 104 Gagau 124 Ulu Kali 8
limestones 105 elevation 131 Ulu Semangko 8
Grik geology Fig. 6.22 Guntong Field
Formation 72 Hijau 8 development 389, 388
volcanic rocks 199 Hutan Aji 70 exploration 389
grooves, karst 11 Jebak Puyoh limestones 104 geology 388
grossularite garnet, Jerai, Kedah 60, 269, 339, 347 location 389
Jerai 240 dome 239 Malay Basin… 185, Fig. 8.13

Index | 461
reservoir parameters Table 16.8 Hutchison, C.S. c.v. 2 304, 309–310, 316, 321, Figs.
stratigraphy Fig. 8.13 in retirement 1 14.7–14.8
structure… 389, Fig. 16.19 hydrocarbon palaeomagnetisation 24
Gurun… Fig. 11.6 accumulation 379, Fig. 16.12 infilled valleys 28
gymnosperm palynomorphs 119 Groups D & E Fig. 16.18 injection complex 254
gypsum pseudomorphs, Kodiang discoveries Malay Basin Fig. 16.7 inland plains 26, 28
Limestone 90 distribution Malay Basin 373 inselbergs 12
generation 379, Fig. 16.12 Institute of Geological Sciences 211
Malay Basin 380 intermediate
H migration 379, Fig. 16.12, Fig.
16.13
facies series 236
microcline 220
occurrence, Dulang Field… Fig. Eastern Belt 222
H.S. Lee beds 75, 312
16.18 plutonic rocks 211
haematite
preservation Fig. 16.12 rock absence 232
bauxite 22
hydrogen index intermontane basins 142
Bukit
Batu Arang 143 intra-arc basin 271
Besi 348
Ibam… 349, Fig. 15.10 source rocks Fig. 16.10 inversion
–cassiterite 344 hydrothermal anticlines, Malay Basin… Fig.
clasts, Ma’Okil Formation 121 alteration, granites 229 16.15
tinfields 340 veins 340, 334 Malay Basin… 182, 188, 193, Fig.
Hainan Island, basalt 40 tin, map Fig. 15.3 8.10, Fig. 8.14
half-graben 170 Penyu Basin… Fig. 8.20
lodes 340
Batu Arang 146 Iranophyllum 312
Penyu Basin 193 iron
halloysite formation 22 –bearing skarns Fig. 15.4
Halobia 113 I ore
Conglomerate Member 99 Bukit Besi Fig. 15.9
Chert Member 97 I type granite 211, 226, 231, Fig. Bukit Ibam Fig. 15.10
Rhythmite Member 98 10.14, Fig. 10.22 deposits 347
hawaiiite, Kuantan 209 melts 231 Pelepah Kanan, Johor Fig. 15.7
Hawthornden Schist 52, 76, Fig. Palaeo-Tethys subduction… Fig. strata-bound, Bukit Ibam 348
13.13 14.7, Fig. 14.8 tin content 346–347
folding 284 iceberg melting 314 origin, Bukit Besi 348
heat flow ignimbrite Fig. 9.2 replacement of shale 348
Malay Basin 177, 189, 379, Fig. Bukit Ibam 348 rich roof pendants 348
8.16 dyke… Fig. 11.4 Ischyosporites
models 189 Genting Sempah 48, Fig. 4.4 scaberis 127
Penyu Basin 196 Pengerang 363 variegates 127
high rhyolite 199 Isthmus of Kra 5
heat flow, Malay Basin 189 Santi, Johor 205, Fig. 9.6
–K calc-alkali series 227, Fig. volcanism Johor 204
10.15
level alluvium 158
illite in weathering 21 J
ilmenite
–pressure high-temperature amang 339 Jalan Penarikan 17
play 385 –series 217 Jambi Depression Fig. 3.5
hilltop laterites 22 granites 339 jamesonite, Leong Sin Nam
hilly terrain 6
imbricate structure 288 Pipe 347
Kedah… Fig. 2.3
impounded tin mineralization, Jasin Volcanics 85, 204, 300
Holocene sea levels 28, 172
western belt 340 palaeomagnetic data map Fig.
hornblende
India 14.12
–bearing rocks 220
Gondwana rift basins… Fig. 14.5 Jelai Formation 107
–biotite-quartz schist, Stong 236
geobarometer 223 indentation into SE Asia… 316, Jelebu 51
–quartz schist, Stong 236 Fig. 14.10 Fault 259
hornfels, eastern Malaya 245 Indochina Schist 79, 82
Hosking died in Camborne 1 block 309 Jempol
hot rifting from Gondwanaland Fig. Negeri Sembilan 17
spot thinning 177 14.7 Slate, Mengapur 83, 354
springs, Kuala Lumpur 260 map Fig. 14.1 Jemurok Member 58
Huai Hin Lat Formation 40 palaeolatitudes Fig. 14.2 Jengka
Hulor Member 58 terrain 309 Pass 40, 86, 108, 109, 116, 310
Hulu Lepar 116, 118 Indochinese Cimmerides 316 flora… Fig. 14.3
humid tropics weathering 17 Indonesian placer names 334 roadcuts 81, Fig. 5.22
Hutan Aji Fig. 5.15 Indosinian collisional Orogeny 2, stratigraphy Fig 6.18
Member 67–69 43, 230, 237, 239, 271, 279, unconformity 295, 297

462 | Index
sketch Fig. 5.21 Genting Sempah Fig. 9.5 Karavankina species 108
Triangle volcanism 203 Kaeng Krachan Group 38 karang deposits 334
Jentik Formation 66, 67, 69 Kajang Schist 52, 76 karren 9
Jerai Kaki Bukit karst
Formation 60, Fig. 11.6 cave 170 hills
ripple marks and trace fill… Table 15.1 Kinta 72
fossils Fig. 5.7 placers 335, 338 Perlis Fig. 2.4, Fig. 2.6
rhyolite 199 Limestone 61, Fig. 5.9, Fig. 5.10 landforms 9, Fig. 2.4, Fig. 2.6
granite… Fig. 11.6 kaksa deposits 334, 335, 337 notches Fig. 2.5
age 240 allochthonous 337 pinnacles 27
metamorphics… Fig. 11.8 grain size 335 weathering 335
Metaquartzite 240, Fig. 11.7 Kaling Formation 80, 111, 113, Fig. Kati
pluton 218 6.1 Beds 75
Schist 240, Fig. 11.7 Kambau, Ulu Sedili granite… Fig. Formation 314
Jeram Padang Ridges 2.8 Kecau Tui gold deposit 358
conglomerate 111 Kambing Beds 82, 83 Kedah
Jerantut 108 Kampar 73 gravity 330
gravity high 327 stratigraphy Table 5.2 contour map… Fig. 14.18
volcanism age 198 Kampong Palaeozoic 71
Jerneh Field 189 Awah 81 Peak = Gunung Jerai 6
development 401 andesite 203 granite gravity 330
exploration 398,401 dating 198 Quaternary 164
geology 401 limestone 108 sediments 164
location 398 volcanism 40, 312 –Singgora Range 6
stratigraphy Fig. 16.27 Batu Hitam basalt 169 stratigraphy Fig. 5.3
structure 398, Fig. 16.26 Binjal 67, 68 Kelang Lama terrace 27
Jerong batholiths 220 Buloh fault zone 268, Fig. 12.3 Kelantan
Jerus Limestone, Gua Musang Chengkenik Semantan beach ridges… Fig. 2.14
Fm. 103, 104, 292 Formation 107 coastal plain… 25, Fig. 2.13
Johor Dong rhyolite ash 169 delta 169
Bahru Quaternary 167 Durian Chondong basin 133, 134, Quaternary 168
Graben, Straits of Malacca 154, 143, 267, Fig. 12.17 volcanism 202, 203
157, Fig. 7.16 Guar Jentik 65, 67, 68 Kelapa Kampit
graben belt 157 Jelai, Kepis cement 363 bedded lodes 338
group grabens 150, 154 Kayu Papan 205 tin mine 338
Platform 175, 177, 193, Fig. 8.1, Padang Masirat Quaternary 164 Kelau
Fig. 8.6, Fig. 8.9, Fig. 8.18, Permatang Buloh Quaternary 164 Fault Fig. 8.3
Fig. 16.6 Sena Formation 70 –Karak Fault Zone 268
Seri Jaya 83 Keliu Slates 83
Quaternary 167
Sungai Jerik 108 Keluang, Johor 108
structures 297
Kanan Kerbau gold deposit 360 –Nyior Basin location Fig. 12.17
undulating terrain… Fig. 2.4
Kanching valley, Boulder Beds 159 redbeds 122
volcanics 204
Kankoi fault 258 Kemahang
chemistry 207
Kanthan Limestone 73, Fig. 5.17 granite… 237, 265, 269, Fig. 11.4
joint
kaolin quarrying 363 leucogranite 280
control in karst 11
kaolinisation, tinfields 340 Kemaman coastal plain 26
Development area Fig. 8.5, Fig.
kaolinite Kempadang Formation 158, 160
8.8
bauxite 22 Kemubu 233
Julu Rayeu Formation 152
formation 22 Kemuning Hill
Jurassic
weathering 21 gabbro 221
–Cretaceous basins 272, Fig. 6.16
Kapal tholeiite 227
strata deformation 274, 279,
batholiths 220 Kenerong
297, 308
–Bergading Tectonic Line 175, Leucogranite 233, 235, 236, 237,
timing 307
181 266, 280, Fig. 11.1–11.2
Jurong Formation, Singapore 107,
Kapas dating 216
108, 112, 113
Conglomerate 258, 269, 302–303 enclaves 233
stratigraphy Fig 6.12
age 303 microgranite, Stong Complex 219
Fault Zone 258, 302, Figs. Kenny Hill Formation 38, 76, 287,
12.11–12.12 307, 314, Fig. 5.19, Fig. 13.13
K Karak 107, 110, 268 folds 284
Formation 292 recumbent Fig. 5.20
K2O vs Group 45, 78, 79 vergence 287
Na2O of granites Fig. 10.14 Highway 262 soft-sediment deformation 285
SiO2 granites Fig. 10.15 Bentong-Raub Fig. 4.3 structure 287

Index | 463
weathering… 19, Fig 2.9, Fig. Kluang peat 163

2.11,Table 2.4 Limestone… Fig. 14.4 Quaternary 166
Kenyir Lake 16 –Niyor Basin 133–134, 144, 267 Lipis, Gua Musang
Kepis Beds 51, 82, 108 station 144 Formation 103, 107
Kepulauan Aruah Nose 154 knick points, Bentong 15 Lumpur
Keramutan Fault Fig. 14.9 knolls 12 Fault Zone 171, 258, 262. 268,
Kerdau Formation 107 Kodiang 280, 287, Fig. 8.3, Fig. 12.3,
Kerogen type 374 cliffs 11 Fig, 12,13
Kerteh Quaternary 168 Limestone 88, Fig. 6.1, Fig. 6.2 dating 283
Kerum Formation 106, 109, 115, conodont ranges Fig 6.6 folds 283
116, Fig. 6.6, Fig. 6.18, Fig. depositional setting 92 geological map Fig. 13.13
13.5 palaeomagnetic data map Fig. gravity contour map… Fig.
lithologies 116 14.13 14.17
Keutapang Formation 152 Permian–Triassic boundary 90 Limestone 52, 76, 287, Fig.
Khlong Marui Fault 339,Fig. 3.3, similar setting to Chuping 5.19, Fig. 13.13
Fig. 15.1 Limestone 93 offshore 156
Khorat stratigraphy 88, Fig. 6.3, Fig. Straits of Malacca 148
Basin 40 6.4 lowland 27
early rifts … Fig. 3.6 structure 88 Palaeozoic 76
Platform 178 Sumatra correlatives 93 placer tinfield Fig. 15.1
Swell 182 –Semanggol depocenter 87, 114, Quaternary 166
Khuan Din So Shale 38 129 secondary textured granite 218
Kilim, Kisap Thrust 256 stratigraphy 87 Mentiga 245
Kim Loong Koh Formation 106, 119, 271 Pahang Quaternary 167
No. 1 beds 73 conglomerate 104 Perlis Quaternary 164
No. 3 beds. 73 correlatives 120 Pilah 43, 45, 51, 268
kinematics, Tertiary basins Table 7.4 lithology 119, 120 Prai Quaternary 164
Kinta redbeds 120 Rompin Quaternary 167
River 245 stratigraphy Fig. 6.16 Sedili structure 297
Valley 27, 344 –Tembeling basins 131 Selangor graben offshore 156
alluvium 333 Kota Sungai Perong, wolframite 343
stratigraphy… Fig.15.1 Bharu rainfall 15 Tembeling, Gua Musang
faults 268, 340 Gelanggi 106, 116, 117, 272 Formation 103
geological map Fig. 5.17 Gua Musang Formation 103 limestones 103
iron ore 348 limestone 105, 113 Semantan Formation 107
karst 10 conglomerates 106 Terengganu coastal plain 26
limestones… Fig. 14.3 Jin limestones 105 Kualu
mineral zonation… Fig. 15.15 Tampan 27 Formation, Sumatra correlated
Palaeozoic 72 rhyolite ash 169 with Semanggol Formation 100
Quaternary 165 Tinggi 267 rift basin, Sumatra 100
schists 72 kaksa… Table 15.1 Kuan On beds 73
sequence 312 waterfall 345 Kuantan 86
skarns 346 Kramat Pulai, Kinta Valley 361 alkaline basalt dating 199, 209
stratigraphy 75, Fig. 14.3, Table scheelite mine… Fig. 15.15 Basalt 40, 169, 197, 209,Fig. 9.1
5.2 structure 361 chemistry 209
tin placer stratigraphy Fig. 15.1 Krau Satu road 104, 293 dykes 210
zonation Fig. 15.15 structure Fig. 13.18 palaeomagnetism 318, Fig.
Kisap Thrust, Langkawi 255–256, Kroh Formation 72, 101 14.11
269, 282, 287, Fig. 12.6, Fig. Krusin Flora 33 age 199, 209
12.8 Kuala relation to basalt 209
reactivation 308 Abang folds 300, Fig. 13.25 mineralogy 209
Klang Balah… 233, Fig. 11.1, Fig. 11.4 relation to dykes 209
alluvium gravity high… Fig. 14.16 Basin, Sumatra Fig. 14.9 Fault 193, Fig. 8.18
Gates quartz ridge 9, 36, 76, 283, Betis, Gua Rabong Formation 103 Group 84
258–259, 340, Fig. 2.3, Fig. Dipang granite 75 folds 295
2.5, Fig. 12.14, Fig. 13.13 Dungun folding 300 metamorphism 245
age 287 Kangsar 27 Graben 193, Fig. 8.19
reservoir hot springs 260 Kelawang 82, 262 pluton 220
gravity contour map… Fig. 14.17 biotite-rich 217 Quaternary 167
plain has gravity high 328 Kemasik metamorphism 245 Kubang Pasu Formation 38, 67, 68,
Valley gravity 329 Krai granites 229 69, 70, 312, 314
Kledang Range 344 Kubang Badak 61 deformation 308
granite 8, 27, 73, 246, Fig. 15.15, Kubu Baharu 52, 260 Straits of Malacca 148
Fig. 5.17 Kurau mangrove 163 Kukup Graben 157
Klian Intan, Perak 8, 344 Langat Kulim 9

464 | Index
rivers 15 131, Fig. 6.6, Fig. 6.18, Fig. Permian–Triassic 292, 323
sandy Rhythmite Member 97 13.5, Fig. 13.6 quarried for cement 363
kulit deposits 334 lapis 10 silicified, Bukit Ibam 349
Kundur 316 large ion lithophile modeling 227 topographic highs 106
Kuroko deposits 351, 360.Table 15.2 laterite 21 limonite
kyanite, Taku Schist 239 argillaceous bedrock 22 bauxite 22
concretions… Table 2.4 Bukit Ibam… Fig. 15.10
hardening upon drying 21 Linden Hill
L Port Dickson 52
lavas, age distribution 197
olivine eucrite 221
tholeiite 227
Lawin 133, 135 lineaments 254, 269
Labis area 109
Basin 145, 263, Fig. 12.15 RADARSAT… Fig. 12,2
Paloh Formation 122
Tuff 72, 199 Lingga 316
Labu 339
Lawit batholith 220 Linggiu
labradorite, Genting Sempah 202 Layang-Layang 267 Formation 40, 84, 128, 310
lacustrine Basin 133, 135, 145, 269, Fig. flora… 85, Fig. 14.3
shale 375 12.17 lithophile elements 229
Malay Basin 187, Fig. 8.11 Formation 145 lit-par-lit leucogranite 280
signature 374 Lebir Fault Zone 119, 126, 249, littoral placers 338
source rocks 374 253–254, 265–267, 269, 271, lode channels, Bukit Koman… Fig.
Malay Basin Fig. 16.9 273–274, 279, 308, Fig. 8.3, 15.14
strata Fig. 12.3, Fig. 12.5, Fig. 13.5, Loei, Thailand 311
Batu Arang 141 Fig. 14.9, Fig. 15.1 Gigantopteris 40
Malay Basin… 185, Fig. 8.14, edge of Semantan Basin 114 loellingite, Pelepah Kanan 345
Fig. 8.15 Ledang Formation… 184, Fig. 8.2 Lojing hot spring 269
Ladinian age Lee Chai Peng c.v. 2 longshore currents, Peninsular
algae and foraminifera 105 Leong Sin Nam Pipe 347 Malaysia 25–26, Fig. 2.11
Chert Member 96 Lepar Lotong Sandstone 119, 124, Fig.
radiolarian age 96 Fault Zone 119, 266, 279, Fig. 6.22
Chuping Limestone 93 8.3, Fig. 12.3, Fig. 12.5 cross bedding 126
limestones, Gua Telinga and Gua Granodiorite 118 low level alluvium 158
Luas 104 Mengapur 354 Lower
Semantan 113 lepidolite pegmatites 340 Clay 173
lagoons, east coast 26 Lesong Detrital Band 64
Lahat fault bounded 274 Setul Limestone 61
–Menglembu, Kinta Valley 339 Sandstone 126 Luit Tuffs, Mengapur 83, 354
Pipe 347 letter classification, Malay Lubok Mandi
lake 16 Basin… 185, Fig. 8.2 gold lode mine 355, 360
Toba eruption 169 leucite Lumut
Lalang Member 67, 69, Fig. 5.13, basanite & tephrite, Segamat 209 Quaternary 160
Fig. 5.14 leucogranite veins, Stong 219 –Dindings
Lanchang levees 15 beach placers 338
acid volcanics, cross section… Fig. Terengganu 168 fan 336
Lhasa Block Fig. 14.10 Lupar Line map Fig. 14.1
14.8
lignite 363
road 111
Batu Arang 140
landforms, Karst Fig. 2.4
Kluang–Niyor 144
landslips, damming of river 17
LANDSAT imageries 251, 255
limestone M
and schists, Kramat Pulai 361
Langgun Redbeds 67–69, Fig. 5.13, Ma’Okil Formation 109, 120–123,
anomaly Batu Caves 329
Fig. 5.15 bands & lenses in Chert Fig. 6.19–6.20
Langkawi Islands 314 Member 96 stratigraphy Fig. 6.19
Canning Basin similarity 314 bedrock, Tekka mine… Fig. 15.6 structure 121
cross sections Fig. 12.7 breccias, Kodiang Limestone 90 Machang coastal plain Fig. 2.12,
deformation 286 Bukit Ibam 351 Fig. 2.13
episodes 286 conglomerate Machinchang Formation 38, 57–58,
geological map Fig. 12.6 Gua Musang Formation 105 245, Fig. 5.4
gravity contour map… Fig. 14.18 Kodiang Limestone 88, 90 deformation 286
greenschists 244 country rocks, Beatrice outcrops Fig. 5.6, Fig. 5.9
karst 10 Mine… Fig. 15.8 Straits of Malacca 148
Kisap Thrust 255 Gua Musang Formation 103, 104 stratigraphy Fig. 5.5
metamorphism 244 hill formation 11 structure 281
Quaternary 164 Kramat Pulai mine… Fig. 15.15 Mae Ping Fault 38, Fig. 3.6, Fig. 8.4
stratigraphy Fig. 5.3 lenses, Semantan Formation 110 mafic
Lanis Conglomerate 113, 116, 119, Manson’s Lode 351, Fig. 15.11 dykes 269

Index | 465
microgranular enclaves 223 faults of peninsula 249 sedimentary

plutonic rocks 211 Malacca 51 environments… Fig. 8.12
rocks associated with granite 221 beach placers 338 source rocks Fig. 16.8, Fig.
magmatic evolution, Gentingv202 folds 283 16.9, Fig. 16.10, Fig. 16.11
magnetic linear anomalies 274 Platform 153 stratigraphy 182, Fig 8.2, Fig.
magnetite Quaternary 166 8.11
Bukit Ibam 349 reefs 152 age range 175
Chini prospect… Fig. 15.12 serpentinite 36 structure 181, Fig. 8.8–8.9
inclusions in cassiterite 347 Strait 28 syn-rift stage 185
iron ore, Bukit Ibam… Fig. 15.10 Malay tectonic events 177, Fig. 8.4,
Manson’s Lode 354 Basin 175, 177, Fig. 8.1, Fig. 8.3 Fig. 8.11, Fig. 16.8
–martite-haematite, Pelepah 345 acreage trap styles Fig. 16.7, Fig. 16.14,
Mengapur 354 1971 Fig. 16.1 Fig. 16.15
ore, Bukit Besi 348 1976-77 Fig. 16.2 dome theory… 177, Fig. 8.4
Pelepah Kanan 345 1990 Fig. 16.3 Malayan Collieries Ltd 138, 143,
Tasek Chini 354 1999 Fig. 16.4 144
tin content 348 2006 Fig. 16.5 malayaite 339, 347
Mahang Formation 71, 240, 263, basement rocks and Malaysia-Thailand Joint
Fig. 11.6 topography 178, Fig. 8.6 Authority 368
Main Range 8, 9 biostratigraphy 184 Manchis
batholiths 216 coaly source rocks Fig. 16.9 conglomerates 111
chemistry 224 cross sections Fig. 8.7 Granite 107
collision related granites Fig. crustal thickness 177 Manek Urai 239
10.19 depositional environments 182, manganese gossans 355
contrast with Eastern Belt Fig. Fig. 8.11 Mangking Sandstone Formation 113,
10.10 development model Fig. 8.4 116–120, 274, Fig. 6.6, Fig.
13.5, Fig. 16.18
emplacement level 216 divisions 371
lithologies 118
enclaves 52, 223 Dulang Field Fig. 16.17
mangrove
foothills 43 E–W grabens Fig. 8.5
pollen 163
Granite 45, 199, 211, 253, 269, exploration 365
swamps 23
316, 344, Fig. 4.2, Figs. faults 182, Fig. 8.3
Johor 24
4.3–4.4, Fig. 10.1,Fig. 15.15, gas fields Fig. 16.9
Manik Urai 82
Fig. 15.17 geothermal gradient map Fig.
Manson’s Lode, Ulu Sokor,
age 211, Table 10.1 8.17
Kelantan… 351, Fig. 15.11,
Australian difference 231 grabens 179
Table 15.2
country rocks 216 Group
reserves 354
mineralogy 217 H petroleum… Fig. 16.12
structure 351
palaeolatitude 324 I petroleum… Fig. 16.12 mantle plume 230
palaeomagnetism 319 heatflow model 177, Fig. 8.4
pluton names Fig. 10.2 geothermal gradient 177 map of the major faults of the
prominent gravity low 326–327 map Fig. 8.16 Peninsula Fig. 12.3
province 216 hydrocarbon discoveries Fig. Maran 86, 117, 273
secondary amphibole 217 16.7 florule 118, 126, 127
spine 249 inversion 182, Fig. 8.14 –Jerantut 272
textures 217–218, Fig. 10.4 lacustrine source rocks Fig. 16.9 River, plant localities 118
Kramat Pulai 361 letter classification… Fig. 16.13 Maras Bukit Jong Granite
Zr vs SiO2 Fig. 10.12 map Fig. 8.1 pluton 220, 223
gravity Miocene development 187 marble
anomaly decreases northern section Fig. 16.13 quarry 363
southwards 327 oil and gas fields… 365, Fig. Langkawi 244
minimum… Fig, 14.14, Fig. 16.6, Fig. 16.9 mining Simpang Pulai Fig 15.16
14.16 origin model 177 silicified zones, Kecau Tui 358
High, Late Triassic… Fig. 14.9 Palaeocene–Oligocene Stong Complex 236
Karak Highway Fig. 4.4 development 185 marine
mountain watershed 216 palaeo-environments… Fig. diamictites Gondwanaland Fig
origin of placers 335 8.15 14.5
palaeomagnetic data map Fig. palaeofacies maps Fig. 8.15 placers 338
14.12 palaeogeography Fig. 8.14 sandstone, Malay Basin 187
province 211 petroleum resource regions Fig. transgressions 335
Rb vs Sr granites Fig. 10.11 16.6 martite
small intrusive centres 216 Pliocene development 189 Bukit Besi 348
spider diagrams Fig. 10.16 porosity and permeability Table Pelepah Kanan 345
western margin schist 52 16.7 massive sulphide
major reservoir rocks Fig. 16.8 deposits 360
belts of peninsula 249 sealing formations… Fig. 16.8 properties… Table 15.2

466 | Index
Matang Gelugor Member 161, 164, permatang 26 Minas Formation 154–155, 157
165,166,167, 168 Quaternary 167 mineral
Matang Timbul Member 161 mesas, Panti Sandstone 127 stability 22
maturation Malay Basin Fig. 16.11 Meso-Tethys Ocean 316, Fig. 14.6 zonation
Mawchi in Myanmar 338–339 mesothermal veins… Table 15.4, Kinta Valley… Fig. 15.15
maximum microcline, Main Table 15.5 lodes 340
Range 217 gold 356 Minerals and Geoscience
meanders 15 Mesozoic Department Malaysia v, 1
Medial Malaya = see Bentong-Raub strata Mining
suture correlations 129 developments 331
Medial Malaya Suture Fig. 14.4 Jengka Pass Fig. 5.22 tin
Medial Sumatra stratigraphy 87, Fig. 6.24 dredging 332
Suture Fig. 14.4 metabasites 43 hydraulic 332
tectonic High Fig. 14.9 metal zonation, Kinta Valley Fig. mintcan placers 334
15.15 mintjan 337
megacryst
metaluminous granites 225, Fig. placers 334, 337
biotite granite 217
10.13 grain size 335, 337
broken Fig. 10.5
metallogenic belts 338 Mobil 365
granite textures Fig. 10.4
metamorphic 1971 acreage… Fig. 16.1
microgranite 199
aureole 1977 acreage… Fig. 16.2
mélange 47–48, 271 Bukit Ibam 349 Mogok Gneiss 316
Cinta Manis Fig. 13.16 Jerai 242 mogote hills, karst… 9, Fig. 2.6
Genting Sempah 48 country rocks, Stong Complex 219 molasse
Mempelam Limestone facies deposit, Tebak Formation 128
fossils Fig. 5.12 diagram… Fig. 11.3, Fig. 11.5 facies, Saiong Beds 114
Perlis 65, 67, 69, Fig. 5.13–5.14 Gunong molybdenite
Mengapur Jerai 241, Fig. 11.8 Beatrice Pipe 347
barite 363 Ledang aureole Fig. 11.9 Mengapur 354
deposit 351, 354 Stong Complex Fig. 11.3 Penjom 359
Limestone 83, 354 Taku Schist Fig. 11.5 Tasek Chini 354, 355
mineralogy Table 15.3 minerals, Jerai aureole Fig. 11.7 monazite
Menglembu, Kinta Valley… Fig. paragenesis, Stong Complex 236 amang 339
11.10 rock weathering 20 Gunung Jerai 347
Quaternary 159 metamorphism 233 monsoon 15
tourmaline-corundum 246 related to structure 304 montmorillonite in weathering 21–
Mengkarang Formation 311 meta-pelites 22
Mengkudu placer 338 Ledang… Fig. 11.9 monzonite
Mentakab 107 Stong Complex 236 Benta 219
bypass 110 metaquartzite 45 series 224
Mentawai Fault 33 metarhyolite, Dinding Schist, Kuala textures 219
Mentulu Formation 37, 312 Lumpur 52, 199 Mount Faber Ridge 9
Merapoh 78, 80 metasedimentary enclaves 266 Mount Ophir 216
Gua Musang Formation 103 metasediments granite Fig. 11.9
karst hills 104 Pelepah Kanan… Fig. 15.7 mountain
Meratus Mountains 32 Permian–Triassic 292 ranges 6
Merbau Pulas Chert Member 97 metasomatised peridotite 230 terrain, Kedah… Fig. 2.3
Merchang fresh water swamps 26 mica MSS-XA Graben 153
crystallinity values 305 Muar
Merchong Graben 193, Fig. 8.19
schist 45 –Pekan overland 17
mercury mineralization, Raub 359
Jerai 241 River = Sungai Muar
Mergui Basin 33
microcline, intermediate 245 Muda
Mersing
microcontinents SE Asia map Fig. Dam area Semanggol
Beds 205, 244, 257, 304,
14.1 conglomerates 98
folding Figs. 13.21–13.24 micro Formation… Fig. 8.2
analysis 297 granite in Main Range 216 mudstone
multiple deformation 298 granodiorite, Genting Sempah 48, Chert Member 95
structure 244, 297 Fig. 4.4 laminated, Semantan 110
analysis 298 rhyodacite, Genting Sempah Fig. Rhythmite Member 97
coastline folds 298 9.4 Muntahak Granite 127
–Endau Fault Zone 266, 269 migmatite Murai
Fault Zone 274, 260, Fig. 8.3, Fig. injection 233 mine
12.3 Stong Complex Fig. 11.1, Fig. alluvial gold 358
RADARSAT Fig. 12.17 11.2, Fig. 13.10 tin, Bentong 355
gold 355 migration Murau
mining 361 hydrocarbons 379 Formation 257, 299, 303
Group 127 pathways 380 –Bukit Keluang Fault 85
multiple folding 297 oil, Malay Basin… Fig. 16.13 Conglomerate 85, 117

Index | 467
deformation dating 305 Noring shale

structure 304 Granite, Stong Complex 219, 233, Batu Arang 141, Fig. 7.5
muscovite Fig. 11.1 Kampong Durian
Gunung Jerai 347 chemistry 228 Chondong 143
Main Range 217 dating 216 –water contact, Malay
pegmatite, Jerai 240 spider diagram Fig. 10.17 Basin… Fig. 16.17
–quartz schists 51 hornblende-biotite window 381
–tourmaline greisenization 344 granodiorite Fig. 10.6 Malay Basin Fig. 16.13
Mustaffa Kamal Shuib c.v. 3 North Old Alluvium 158, 160, 165, 171,
Mutus China palaeolatitudes… Fig. 14.2 333, 337, Fig. 15.2
assemblage 38, Fig. 3.5 Penang graben 155 Older
correlated with Semanggol Sumatra Arenaceous Series 77
Basin 36, 148 marine unit… Fig. 15.2
Formation 100
stratigraphy Fig. 7.9 Sedimentary Cover 333
Basin 316, Fig. 14.4, Fig. 14.9
North– east olistoliths
mylonite 253–254, 260, 263
ramp margin plays 385 limestone
Bentong area… Fig. 4.3
trending faults 268 Gunung Rabong Formation 106
dating 308
North–South Fault Zones 268
zones 260 Semanggol Basin 100
North– west Domain 55, 57, 86,
Myophoria fauna 113 Triassic 105
249, 271
Bukit Resam 113 olistostrome 45, 47, 48, 253. 271,
Palaeozoic stratigraphy Fig. 5.2,
Semantan 111 290, 296, 306
Fig. 5.3
Bentong area… Fig. 4.3
structures 281
Cameron Highlands Fig. 4.5, Fig.
Northern
12.4
N Graben, Straits of Malacca 151,
153, Fig. 7.10 Cinta Manis 291, Fig. 13.16
Group grabens 150 clasts 291
Nakawan Range 6 debris flow 292
Straits Tertiary basins 151, 153
Nam Con Son Basin 177 deformation 291
notches
Nam Loong beds 73, 312 East-West Highway Fig. 12.16
limestone hills… 11, Fig. 2.7
Namurian shales, Sungai wave-cut 172 fault vergence 291
Lembing… 340, Fig. 15.5 nubbins 12 redbed clastic clasts 292
Nan Uttaradit suture 38, 43, Fig. Nuraiteng Tee Abdullah, c.v. 4 Semantan Formation 114
3.6, Fig. 14.1 sigmoid clasts 291–292
Narathiwat High 175, Fig. 8.1 soft-sediment deformation 291
Narcondam Island 33 olivine
nautiloid O eucrite, Linden Hill 221
fauna, Langkawi 314 nephlinite, Kuantan 209
oblique convergence subduction 33, ooids, Kodiang Limestone 92
orthoceraconic 45
269 oolitic grainstones, Gua Panjang 104
Nb-Ta-Ti oxides, Gunung Jerai 347
ocellar texture in enclaves 223 open-cast mining of stockworks 344
nebulite, Stong Complex 233 offshore
negative lineaments on ophiolite 43, 51
bar sandstones 378
Peninsula Fig. 12.2, Fig. 12.3 ore
peat 162
Negeri Sembilan mineralogy, massive sulphide
oil
faults 268 deposits Table 15.2
chemistry 377
Quaternary 166 skarn deposits Table 15.3
companies in Malaysia
Nenering Beds 101, 133 vein deposits… Table 15.4,
1990… Table 16.1
1999… Table 16.2 Table 15.5
conglomerates 101
2006… Table 16.3 types, Bukit Ibam Fig. 15.10
outcrops Fig. 6.10
company acronyms 365 organic
palynomorphs 102
discovery history 365 facies Batu Arang 141, 142
Upper Unit 101
expulsion, Malay Basin… Fig. mud and peat 158
Neocalamites 118, 119
16.11 petrology, Batu Arang 140
Neocomian plants 119 oroclinal
Neoschizodus 116 fields, Malay Basin 373, 385, Fig.
8.1, Figs. 16.6–16.7, Fig. 16.9, bending 279, 316–317
Semantan 113 model… Fig. 3.4
Fig. 16.16
New Lahat Mine 246 shape 249
gas
Nicobar Fan & islands Fig. 3.3 orthoclase, Eastern Belt
discoveries Penyu Basin Fig
Nilam Marble, Gua Musang 16.6 granites 220, 222, 244
Formation 103, 104, 119 fields Malay Basin Fig. 16.6 orthoconglomerate, Semanggol
Ninetyeast Ridge map Fig. 14.10 generating potential Fig. 16.10 Formation 98
Nongson Formation of Vietnam 33 Batu Arang 143 orthopyroxene rhyodacite 199
Norian microscopy Fig. 7.6 Genting Sempah Fig. 9.5
Chuping Limestone 93 occurrences, Malay basin 370 mineralogy 201
conodonts, Kodiang Limestone 92 resources Malay & Penyu petrology 201
Rhythmite Member fossils 98 Basin Table 16.4 Osborne and Chappel 136, 364

466 | Index
Matang Gelugor Member 161, 164, permatang 26 Minas Formation 154–155, 157
165,166,167, 168 Quaternary 167 mineral
Matang Timbul Member 161 mesas, Panti Sandstone 127 stability 22
maturation Malay Basin Fig. 16.11 Meso-Tethys Ocean 316, Fig. 14.6 zonation
Mawchi in Myanmar 338–339 mesothermal veins… Table 15.4, Kinta Valley… Fig. 15.15
maximum microcline, Main Table 15.5 lodes 340
Range 217 gold 356 Minerals and Geoscience
meanders 15 Mesozoic Department Malaysia v, 1
Medial Malaya = see Bentong-Raub strata Mining
suture correlations 129 developments 331
Medial Malaya Suture Fig. 14.4 Jengka Pass Fig. 5.22 tin
Medial Sumatra stratigraphy 87, Fig. 6.24 dredging 332
Suture Fig. 14.4 metabasites 43 hydraulic 332
tectonic High Fig. 14.9 metal zonation, Kinta Valley Fig. mintcan placers 334
15.15 mintjan 337
megacryst
metaluminous granites 225, Fig. placers 334, 337
biotite granite 217
10.13 grain size 335, 337
broken Fig. 10.5
metallogenic belts 338 Mobil 365
granite textures Fig. 10.4
metamorphic 1971 acreage… Fig. 16.1
microgranite 199
aureole 1977 acreage… Fig. 16.2
mélange 47–48, 271 Bukit Ibam 349 Mogok Gneiss 316
Cinta Manis Fig. 13.16 Jerai 242 mogote hills, karst… 9, Fig. 2.6
Genting Sempah 48 country rocks, Stong Complex 219 molasse
Mempelam Limestone facies deposit, Tebak Formation 128
fossils Fig. 5.12 diagram… Fig. 11.3, Fig. 11.5 facies, Saiong Beds 114
Perlis 65, 67, 69, Fig. 5.13–5.14 Gunong molybdenite
Mengapur Jerai 241, Fig. 11.8 Beatrice Pipe 347
barite 363 Ledang aureole Fig. 11.9 Mengapur 354
deposit 351, 354 Stong Complex Fig. 11.3 Penjom 359
Limestone 83, 354 Taku Schist Fig. 11.5 Tasek Chini 354, 355
mineralogy Table 15.3 minerals, Jerai aureole Fig. 11.7 monazite
Menglembu, Kinta Valley… Fig. paragenesis, Stong Complex 236 amang 339
11.10 rock weathering 20 Gunung Jerai 347
Quaternary 159 metamorphism 233 monsoon 15
tourmaline-corundum 246 related to structure 304 montmorillonite in weathering 21–
Mengkarang Formation 311 meta-pelites 22
Mengkudu placer 338 Ledang… Fig. 11.9 monzonite
Mentakab 107 Stong Complex 236 Benta 219
bypass 110 metaquartzite 45 series 224
Mentawai Fault 33 metarhyolite, Dinding Schist, Kuala textures 219
Mentulu Formation 37, 312 Lumpur 52, 199 Mount Faber Ridge 9
Merapoh 78, 80 metasedimentary enclaves 266 Mount Ophir 216
Gua Musang Formation 103 metasediments granite Fig. 11.9
karst hills 104 Pelepah Kanan… Fig. 15.7 mountain
Meratus Mountains 32 Permian–Triassic 292 ranges 6
Merbau Pulas Chert Member 97 metasomatised peridotite 230 terrain, Kedah… Fig. 2.3
Merchang fresh water swamps 26 mica MSS-XA Graben 154
crystallinity values 305 Muar
Merchong Graben 193, Fig. 8.19
schist 45 –Pekan overland 17
mercury mineralization, Raub 359
Jerai 241 River = Sungai Muar
Mergui Basin 33
microcline, intermediate 245 Muda
Mersing
microcontinents SE Asia map Fig. Dam area Semanggol
Beds 205, 244, 257, 304,
14.1 conglomerates 98
folding Figs. 13.21–13.24 micro Formation… Fig. 8.2
analysis 297 granite in Main Range 216 mudstone
multiple deformation 298 granodiorite, Genting Sempah 48, Chert Member 95
structure 244, 297 Fig. 4.4 laminated, Semantan 110
analysis 298 rhyodacite, Genting Sempah Fig. Rhythmite Member 97
coastline folds 298 9.4 Muntahak Granite 127
–Endau Fault Zone 266, 269 migmatite Murai
Fault Zone 274, 260, Fig. 8.3, Fig. injection 233 mine
12.3 Stong Complex Fig. 11.1, Fig. alluvial gold 358
RADARSAT Fig. 12.17 11.2, Fig. 13.10 tin, Bentong 355
gold 355 migration Murau
mining 361 hydrocarbons 379 Formation 257, 299, 303
Group 127 pathways 380 –Bukit Keluang Fault 85
multiple folding 297 oil, Malay Basin… Fig. 16.13 Conglomerate 85, 117
GeologyOfPenMal-Index.indd 466 7/5/2009 15:25:26

Index | 469
Group, Sumatra 142, 153, 155, Sunda fold play 404 Peutu Formation 152
156 tectonic development… 177, Fig. Phangnga 339
Penang 8.4 diamictites 312
gravity 330 trap tinfield… Fig. 15.1
contour map… Fig. 14.18 formation 404 phengite stability 22
Island 23 styles 404 phenocrysts within black volcanics,
offshore graben 153 Penyu Formation… 194, Fig. 8.2, Pulau Tioman Fig. 9.8
Quaternary 164 Fig. 8.20 Phong Saly 311
Pengeli Penyu Rift extension to Pekan 329 Gigantopteris 40
Fault 146 Perak Nose 154 Phosphorus plot versus silica 231
Sand Member 145 Perak Phuket 314, 339
Pengerang 205 Palaeozoic 71 granite 33
bauxite 22, 363 Quaternary 164–5 Group 37, 38, 70, Fig. 14.4
faulting 267 River 27 diamictites 312
volcanics 207 peraluminous granite 225, Fig. similarity to Canning Basin 314
dated 199 10.13 tin field Fig. 15.1
palaeomagnetic data map Fig. melt 232 phyllite 45, 51
14.12 Perhentian Jerai 240
Pengkalan Member 161, 166, 167, Complex 227 Manson’s Lode 351, Fig. 15.11
168 Granite 221 shale 45
peat 166 Island 220 Taku Schist 239
Peninsular Malaysia Kechil syenite 221, 229 tourmaline-corundum 246
basement 148 chemistry 228 phyllonites 266
dimensions 5 mineralogy 221 piedmont fan
elongation 249 Zr vs SiO2 Fig. 10.12 facies Fig. 15.2
lineaments Fig. 12.2 Perlis placers 334
major trend 272 gravity… 330, Fig. 14.18 Pilah Schist 51–52
structural trends 249, Fig. 12.1 karst 10 Pilong Formation… 184, 196, Fig.
uplift in north 131 Quaternary sediments 164 8.2, Fig. 8.20
zones Fig. 5.1 stratigraphy Fig. 5.3 pinch-and-swell structure 257
Penjom permatang 25, 28, 133, 161 Pinyok skarn 339
gold lode mine 358 Fig. 15.16 east coast… Fig. 2.13, Fig. 2.14 Pinang Beds 85
structure 293 permeability Malay Basin Ping Teris Fault Fig. 12.3
thrust 288 rocks Table 16.7 pinnacle topography 11
felsites and tonalite 293 Permian pisolitic
Thrust 293 andesitic rocks 316 limestones, Gua Panjang 104
Penyu Basin 175, 193, 403, Fig. 3.5, conodonts, Krau Satu 104 texture 247
Fig. 8.1, Fig. 8.3, Fig. 16.6 deformation 306 placer
basement Fig. 8.6, Fig. 16.29 Kinta Valley 73 fields statistics Table 5.1
drape play 404 limestone Gunung Jerai 347
fractured play 405 Jengka Pass 81, Fig. 5.22 mining, tin 331
cross sections Fig. 8.19 Kodiang 90 stratigraphy 333, Fig. 15.2
development model Fig. 8.4 palaeomagnetic data… Fig. tin deposits 332
exploration 403 14.13 tinfields of the peninsula Table 5.1
faults Fig. 8.3 radiolarian ages in Chert plagioclase
gas window Fig. 16.29 Member 96 decomposition 18
hydrocarbon stratigraphy… Fig. 14.3 Eastern Belt granites 222
accumulation 404 –Triassic boundary plasticene
generation 404 absence from Semanggol 100 indentation experiment
migration 404 Bukit Hantu 90 model 316, Fig. 14.10
occurrence 404 –Triassic volcanics palaeomagnetic platform in limestone notch… Fig.
lacustrine shale Fig. 16.29 data… Fig. 14.12 2.7
oil Pertang Fault 263 Pleistocene
–gas discoveries Fig. 16.6 Petani Formation 153–4 deposits 168
window Fig. 16.29 Petasih, serpentinite 289 Kinta Valley 165
petroleum petroleum sea levels 172, 334
plays 404 Development Act 365 pleonaste, tourmaline-corundum 246
systems 404 plays 381 plutonic rocks, tectonic setting 230
reservoir rocks 404 resource regions Malay Basin Fig. Podozamites pahagenesis 122
Rhu Ridge… Fig. 16.29 16.6 Pokok Sena 70, 263
seal rocks 404 systems, Malay Basin… 373, Fig. cross sections Fig. 12.15
source rocks… 404, Fig. 16.29 16.12 Permian cherts 97
strata age range 175 PETRONAS, (Petroleum Nasional poljes 9
stratigraphy Fig. 8.2, Fig. 8.20 Berhad) v, 1, 365 polybasite, Manson’s Lode 354
structural map Fig. 8.8, Fig. 8.18 Carigali 365 Ponson Conglomerate 111

470 | Index
porosity Malay Basin rocks Table ptilophyllum cf. pterophylloides 122, Bukit Besi 348
16.7 128 Kecau Tui 358
porphyritic ptygmatic folding, Kramat Pulai 361
biotite granite, Taku 237 Stong Complex 235, 237, Fig. Leong Sin Nam Pipe 347
weathering… 18, Table 2.3 11.2 Manson’s Lode 354
microgranite 217 structures 285 Mengapur 354
porphyroblasts, Singa Formation, publications on offshore areas 4 Pelepah Kanan 345
deformed 287 Pulai Formation… 184, Fig. 8.2 Penjom 359
porphyry copper Pulau Raub 359
deposits 354 Dayang Bunting 71, 244, 255 Selinsing 358
system, Tasek Chini 355 lake 16 skarn, Tasek Chini 354
Port Dickson 76 Bunting porphyry 199 Sungai Lembing 340
schist 52 Jong 71 Tersang 359
Port Klang Jemur 259 –wolframite veins 363
Graben, Straits of Malacca 153, Kapas 258, 269, Fig. 12.11 pyroclastic rocks
154, 156, Fig. 7.14 deformation setting 305 age distribution 197
stratigraphy Fig. 7.15 folding 300, Fig. 13.28 Johor islands 205
gravity anomaly map Fig. 14.17 structure 302, 304, 306 Tasek Chini 354
group grabens 150, 154–156 Kerengga, Redang granite… Fig. pyrometasomatic
Port Weld Member 161, 165 2.8 skarn, Bukit Besi 348
Pos Blau Langgun 16, 61, 67, 69 tin mineralization 345
chert structure 290 coastal outcrop map Fig. 5.8 pyrophyllite, Jerai 241
suture roadcut… 48, Fig. 4.5 fossils Fig. 5.12 pyrrhotite
Pos Mering palaeomagnetism 321 Beatrice Pipe 347
serpentinite 289 Langkawi Bukit Besi 348
suture rocks Fig. 4.5 cross sections Fig. 12.7 Kramat Pulai 361
Posidonia 113 geological map Fig. 12.6 Manson’s Lode 354
Chert Member 97 Pinang 85 Mengapur 354
Conglomerate Member 99 Rebak 23 Penjom 359
Jurong Formation 112 Redang 85 Sungai Lembing 340
kedahensis 107 Sibu volcanic dating 199 wolframite veins 363
Rhythmite Member 98 Singa Besar 69, 71, 282
post-rift recumbent folds 282
phase, Malay Basin 182 Singa Kechil 71
subsidence 177 Tanjong Tembus Dendang 61 Q
post-Semantan strata 114 Tepor folds 282
potassic ankaramite, Segamat 209 Tinggi QAP diagram granites Fig. 10.8
potassium-argon dating 211 tuff Fig. 9.7 Qiang-Tang 316
potholes 11 volcanic chemistry Fig. 9.9, Fig. quartz
pre-Jurassic formation 9.10 –alkali feldspar-plagioclase
deformation 281 volcanic dating 199 plots 224
pre-Semanggol Formation beds 98 Tioman 12, 33 –biotite hornfels 52
prehnite-pumpellyite facies 305, 307 deformed clasts in tuff Fig. 9.7 boudinaged 288
pressure Granite, –cassiterite
abnormal 189 Cretaceous 222 stockworks 344
Penyu 196 dating 216 veins 344
compartments, Malay Basin 193 metamorphism 245 Bakri 347
primary pyroclastic rocks 206 dykes 9
textured granite 218 rare earths 208, Fig. 9.11 –feldspathic enclaves 223
tinfields 338 volcanic rocks 207 gangue
Proctor, W.D… 1 –granite Fig. 9.8 Kecau Tui 358
production acreage chemistry 207–8, Fig. 9.9, Kramat Pulai 361
1990… Fig. 16.3 Fig. 9.10 –mica schist 45, 51, 52
1999… Fig. 16.4 Timun 244 Port Dickson 52
2006… Fig. 16.5 Tuba 244 –garnet, Taku Schist 238
propylitization folding Fig. 13.11 weathering 20
dacitic dykes, Sungai Lembing 342 structures 282 zones… Fig. 2.10, Fig. 2.12,
Mengapur 354 Ular 70 Table 2.5
proto-mylonite 262 structures 282 monzonite porphyry 354
protolith source of granites 232 pull-apart basins 170, 274, 279 Pedas area 263
PSC blocks Malay Basin Putrajaya multiple deformation 285 Pelepah Kanan 345
1990 Table 16.1 pyrargyrite, Manson’s Lode 354 porphyry Fig. 9.2
1999 Table 16.2 pyrite Chini prospect… Fig. 15.12
2006 Table 16.3 Beatrice Pipe 347 dykes, Ulu Sokor 351
pseudo tachylite 260 Buffalo Reef 360 gold relationship 361

Index | 471
Jerai 241 Ranong Fault… Fig. 15.1 refolded folds 257

Raub 359 rapids 14 Kuala Abang Fig. 13.25
Tasek Chini 354 Rare earth Mersing Beds Fig. 13.21, Fig. 13.22
reef, Gombak 363 granite Pulau Kapas Fig. 13.28
ridge, Klang Gates… Fig. 2.5 plots 228 structures, Kuala Lumpur 284
shear zones, Raub 359 primary textured Fig. 10.18 Tanjung Kempit Fig. 13.24
stability 22 secondary textured 228, 229, regional geological setting 31
sulphide-gold veins, Kecau Fig. 10.18 regolith
Tui 358 dyke analyses 210 granite… 11, Fig. 2.8
‘sweat-outs’ 45, 288 rock/chondrite, Pulau Tioman Fig. thickness 12, 22
–topaz 9.11 weathered 333
–cassiterite 344 Ratburi Limestone 38, 312 remanent magnetism 318
greisenization 344 –Chuping Limestone replacement bodies, Raub 359
veins 306, 307 reservoir
platform… Fig. 14.8
deformation 280, 298 parameters, Guntong… Table 16.8
Straits of Malacca 148
gold-bearing 356 permeabilities 378
Raub 43
isoclinally folded 285 porosities 378
Australian Gold Mine 358, 359,
Mersing 361 quality, Malay Basin 189
Fig. 13.17, Fig. 15.14
Pelepah Kanan 345 rocks Fig. 16.12
Gold Mine = Bukit Koman
–pods, weathering 20, 21 Malay Basin 377, Fig. 16.8
gold mine 359, Penyu Basin 404
structure, structure 292
Raub 360 seals 379
granitoids 229 structure, Guntong Field… Fig.
Tersang 359 Group 79, 80, 107, 108, 293, Fig.
–sulphide, Penjom 359 16.19
15.14 residual
swarms, -sericite, Rawang limestone cement
Mengapur 354 bottom placers 337
quarry 363 laterite, Pengerang 363
Quartzite terrane 37, 314, Fig. 3.5
Rb reticulatisporites pudens 122
Quaternary
vs MgO of granites Fig. 10.9 reverse faults 307
environments 133
vs Nb + Y discrimination Chuping Formation 282
sediments 157, 164
diagram Fig. 10.20 Rhu Rendang
vs SiO2 of granites Fig. 10.9 deformation 308
vs Sr plot of granites Fig. 10.11 folding 301
R /Sr vs differentiation index for rhyodacite
granites Fig. 10.10 Genting Sempah 48
R1 vs R2 diagram of granites 230, /Sr vs SiO2 of granites Fig. 10.9 dating 199
Fig. 10.19 recumbent folds porphyry 199
radar imagery 29, 254–255, 260 Kenny Hill Fig. 5.20 tuff
Ma’Okil and Payung Langkawi 282 Endau-Rompin Fig. 9.8
formations Fig. 6.20 Machinchang Formation 281 Lawin 199
Tembeling Group 115, Fig. 6.17 Pantai Dalam 284 volcanic rocks, Semantan 113
Radiolaria Puchong 284 volcanism, Eastern Belt 203
Bentong-Raub Pulau Tuba Fig. 13.11 rhyolite
age Fig. 4.1 Singa Formation Fig. 13.12 ash 27, 169
localities Fig. 4.1 Kinta Valley 158
Redang
Bukit Kechil 91 bauxite source 22
Beds 85
chert 2, 43, 47 Dinding Schist, Kuala Lumpur Fig.
Conglomerate age 303
Member 9.3
granite 221, Fig. 2.7
subdivisions 96 flows 199
Triassic age 96 landform… Fig. 2.8
Genting Sempah 199, Fig. 4.4
Genteng Sempah 48 Red River Fault Zone 316, 324
chemistry Fig. 9.5
Pos Blau 48 Redbeds 114, 292
ignimbrite… Fig. 4.4
Semanggol Formation Bilut 108 Main Range 216
localities Fig. 6.8 continental 43 Manson’s Lode 351
zones Fig. 6.9 central belt 114, 120, 296 mineralogy 201
radiometric age dating eastern belt 124 occurrences Fig. 9.2
granites Fig. 10.3, Table 10.1 Gagau Group 124 Pengerang 363
volcanic rocks 198, Fig 9.1 Ma’Okil Formation 121 phenocrysts 201
programme 2 Mangking Sandstone 118 porphyry, Bukit Kajang 359
rainfall regime 15 member, Koh Formation 120 Pulau Tioman 207
raised beaches 27 possible age 296 tuff 199
Raj, John, Kuna c.v. 3 post Indosinian Orogeny Fig. 14.7 Bukit Ibam 348, 351, Fig. 15.10
ramp margin trapping, Malay sequence 306 Eastern Belt 203
Basin… Fig. 16.14 structures 114 Genting Sempah Fig. 9.4
Ramunia volcanic chemistry Fig. Tembeling Group 119 Semantan Formation 107, 110
9.9, Fig. 9.10 western belt 114 volcanism, explosive 316

472 | Index
Rhythmite Member, Semanggol beds overlie Semanggol tourmaline-corundum 246

Formation 94, 97 Formation 94, 100 weathering
ria coasts, Langkawi 23 Redbeds 100, 114, 265, 280 grades 21
Riau Archipelago 33 conglomerate ridges 100 zones 21, Fig. 2.10, Table 2.5
ribbon cherts, Palaeo-Tethys Salak Scyphocrinoid fossils, Langkawi Fig.
Ocean Fig. 14.7 Baru Beds 75 5.12
rift Ridge 259 Scythian
phase, Malay Basin 179 South 77 bivalves, Gua Musang
related granite 231 Tinggi 77 Formation 105
right-lateral wrenching 115 Salu Island 36 limestones 106
river Samsudin Hj Taib c.v. 3 –Permian conodonts, Krau
capture 17, 317 Sanai Limestone Member 65, 67 Satu 104
flooding 15 sand radiolarian age, Chert Member 96
limestone cave… Fig. 2.7 bars 26 sea
mouth displacement Fig. 2.11 spits 26 connection, Malay Basin 189
patterns 13, 16 Sand/coal Formation… 184, Fig. 8.2 erosion, notches 11
Peninsula… Fig. 2.9 sandstone sea level 172
terraces 27, 28 Chert Member 95 curve, Sunda Shelf Fig. 3.6
youthfulness 15 Rhythmite Member 97 variation in Sundaland… 28,
roads with gravity traverses… Fig. –shale interbeds, Conglomerate 40, Fig. 3.7
14.15 Member 98 high Fig. 7.18
rodingite 51 Santi Holocene Fig. 7.18
rolling terrain 9 ignimbrites, Johor Fig. 9.6 Kinta Valley 159
Rompin delta 16 Pengerang volcanism 205 seabed cores 162, Fig. 7.17
rotation, clockwise, of Saraburi Limestone 40, 312 seal
Peninsula… Fig. 3.4 Sarawak Malay Basin Fig. 16.8
rubidium correlation Fig 3.2 formations, Malay Basin… Fig.
contents of granites 224 dissimilarity with the Peninsula 32 16.8
–strontium palaeomagnetism 324
rocks 379, Fig. 16.12
dating 211 Satun Shale 38
SEASAT altimeter gravity… Fig 3.1
ratios 224, 227 scapolite, Ledang 243
Seberang Prai 23, 27
Rumbia scheelite
Quaternary 164, 165
Fault 175, 177, 193, Fig. 8.8, Fig. Bukit Besi 348
secondary textured granite 217
8.18 –cassiterite 344
chemistry 228
Graben 193, Fig. 8.19 –fluorite ore, Kramat Pulai… Fig.
Main Range 218
Rupat Island 38 15.15
Sedili
Ruok Fault Zone, E-W Highway 264, Kecau Tui 358
faulting 267
Fig. 12.16 major tungsten ore of the
granite fluting… Fig. 2.8
Peninsula 361
volcanic 300
Mengapur 354
Pelepah Kanan 345 Formation 85, 128, 204, 205
S Raub 359 sedimentary
Selinsing 358 environments, Malay Basin……
S type granite 231, 339, Fig. 10.14, schist Fig. 8.14, Fig. 8.15
Fig. 10.22 Bentong-Raub suture 51 rock weathering 19
crustal melts 224, 231 Cameron Highlands Fig. 12.4 Segamat 267
Indosinian Orogeny deformation 306 alkaline basalt 40, 209, Fig. 9.1
collision… Fig. 14.7, Fig. 14.8 high Fig. 13.14 age 199
orogen stitching Fig. 14.7, Fig. multiple 289 mineralogy 209
14.8 enclaves… Fig. 11.1 palaeomagnetism 318, Fig.
plutons 340 Taku Schist 237 14.11
tin-bearing 211, 316 faulting 289 seismic velocity-depth
Sabak Graben, Straits of gneiss 307 relationship… Fig. 8.1
Malacca 156, Fig. 7.13, Fig. Central Belt 304 Selangor
7.14 multiple 288 Palaeozoic 76
Sadao Basin 136 sweat-outs 359 Quaternary 166
Sadong Formation 33 limestone, Kramat Pulai 361 Selayang hot spring 260
sag phase, Malay Basin 179, 187 Series 45, 51, 77, 78, 79, Fig. 4.2 Seligi
Sagaing chemistry 53 Field
Fault 32, 33 Cheroh Fig. 4.2 development 390
–Sumatra faults… Fig. 3.3 conglomerates 78 exploration 390
Sagenopteris 118, 119 deformation 288 geology 390, 392
Sagor Formation 84 lithology 78 location 390
Saiong structure 47 structure… 390, Fig. 16.20
basin 131 structure stereogram Fig. 13.15 Formation… 184, Fig. 8.2

Index | 473
Selim syn-sedimentary structures 295 Shikamai, H. S. Lee Beds Fig. 5.18

pluton chemistry plots 228 unconformity Fig. 6.11 shore
secondary textured granite 218 upper boundary 109 face sandstones 378
Selinsing gold mine 358 Semenyih hot spring 260, 268 lines 172
Selut Schist 45, 48, Fig. 4.4 Sempah Conglomerate… 48, Fig. shoshonite
structure 285 4.4 series Fig. 10.15
Semanggol Senang Island 36 Benta 219
Basin 129, Fig. 6.2, Fig. 6.8, Fig. Seremban field 227
14.9 Fault Zone 262 shuttle radar
environment 99 RADARSAT Fig. 12.13 imagery… Fig. 2.1, Fig. 2.2
foredeep Fig. 14.8 faults 268 topography 250
post-Carnian closure 100 hot springs 269 Sibu Island rhyolite & tuff 204–205,
proximity to Kodiang Serentang Tuffs 118 Fig. 9.7
Limestone 99 Seri Gading = Batu Pahat Sibumasu 2, 38, 86, 114, 314, 316,
rift 316 Seri Jaya Beds 82, 83 Fig. 3.4–3.5, Fig. 14.1
starved of terrestrial input 99 folded and slumped Fig. 5.23 before Indosinian Orogeny… Fig.
correlation with Sumatran Kuala Serian Volcanic Formation of 14.7
Formation 100 Sarawak 32 block 309
Formation 93, Fig. 4.1 sericitisation cartoon Fig. 14.8
correlated with Mutus Raub 360 Cathaysialand contrast 310
Assemblage 100 Selinsing mine 358 collision 271
depositional setting 99 Serkam granite outlier 23 continental drift… Fig. 14.6
discussion 99 serpentinite 253, 271, 289 diamictites 315
drag 263 Bentong-Raub Suture 43, 45, 47, drift from Gondwanaland 312,
member ages 94 51–52, Fig 4.2, Table 4.1 Fig. 14.7
radiolarian zones Fig. 6.9 Bukit Ibam 349, 351 extrusion tectonics… Fig. 14.10
Gondwana attachment
stratigraphy and Bukit Rokan 289
position 322, Fig. 14.5
sedimentology 94 deformation 289
palaeolatitudes… Fig. 14.2
strike ridges 263 shear zones 289
regional extent… Fig. 3.4
structure 94, 283 Taku Schist 238
Upper Carboniferous position 310
tight folding 97 Serting River 17
Yunnan 310
–Mutus rift basin 38, Fig. 14.9 Setapak hot springs 260, Fig. 12.13
Sihapas Group 153–56
–Saiong unconformity 114 Setul
silicification
Semangkok Boundary Range 6, 11, 16, 61
Mengapur 354
Field 189 Formation 244, 255
Penjom 359
development 392 deformation 286
Raub 360
exploration 392 slumps 282
Selinsing mine 358
geology 392 Group (Formation) 38, 61, 69 Tersang 359
location 392 stratigraphy Table 5.1 tinfields 340
structure 392 Limestone 10, 38, 153 sillimanite
Semantan metamorphism 245 garnet-biotite gneiss, Stong
asymmetrical folds 295 palaeolatitude 322 Complex 236
axial planar cleavage 295 too far south 324 hornfels 245
Basin 116, 129, 316, Fig. 6.1,Fig. palaeomagnetism 321 Jerai 241
14.9 data map Fig. 14.13 Ledang 243
development 113, 114 Straits of Malacca 148, 152 Taku Schist 239
fore arc Fig. 14.8 Seurula Formation 152 Tioman 245
gravity high… 328, Fig. 14.14, Sewell Rise 33 silver, Manson’s Lode 354
Fig. 14.16 shale Simao… Fig. 14.1
termination 114 Chert Member 95 Simpang
Formation 103, 105–106, 113, black Formation 146, 158, 160–161,
307 Kodiang Limestone 88 165–169,172
Bouma sequence Fig 6.13 weathering 20 fossil age 160
correlation 107 –quartzite beds, Conglomerate Pulai marble
deformation 297, 308 Member 98 mining Fig. 15.16
folding 296, Fig. 13.20 Shan-Thai Terrain 309 polishing 363
= Gunung Rabong Formation shear Singa Formation 37, 38, 69, 86, 256,
Jengka Pass 109 olistostrome, E-W Highway Fig. 312, Fig. 5.16, Fig. 14.4
lower boundary 108 13.14 deformed porphyroblasts 287
palaeontology 113 zones facies 70
sedimentology 110 dextral 257 Pulau Singa Besar Fig. 13.12
slumps 295 Mersing Beds 298 Straits of Malacca 148, 155
stratigraphy 111, Fig. 6.14, Fig. serpentinite 289 structures 282
6.15 rocks, Karak Highway 285 Singapore 36
structure 36, 107, 111, 278 sepentinite 289 norite 221

474 | Index
Sinoburmalaya = Sibumasu continental drift… Fig. 14.6 Stong migmatite Complex 219, 233,
Sintok, Kedah escape tectonics Fig. 14.10 265–266, 269, 304, 308, Fig.
batholiths 100 map Fig. 14.1 10.6, Fig. 11.1–11.2, Fig.13.10
wolframite 363 palaeolatitudes Fig. 14.2 Cretaceous 222
Siputeh, Kinta Valley 246 Sea basins 133 dating 216
skarn Southeast Asian tin metamorphism 305
copper-bearing… Fig. 15.12 belt 211 facies diagram… Fig. 11.3
deposit 339 fields Fig. 15.1 granite textures 219
iron 351 Southern overlying strata 239
Kramat Pulai 361 Graben, Straits of Malacca 154, Straits of Malacca
Map Fig. 15.4 Fig. 7.11 Angsa Graben Fig. 7.14
mineralogy Table 15.3 Straits basins 152, 154 Central Graben Fig. 7.11
garnet, Tasek Chini 354 Southwest Borneo… Fig. 14.1 exploration 365
iron-tin 348 Spathian conodonts 90 grabens 133, 148
Langkawi 245 Krau Satu 104 Johor Graben Fig. 7.16
magnetite 348 specularite-pyrite mineralization 351 Northern Graben Fig. 7.10
Mengapur 354 sphalerite Port Klang Graben Fig. 7.14
mineralization 351 Kecau Tui 358 Sabak Graben Fig. 7.13, Fig. 7.14
tin 345 Kramat Pulai 361 sand banks 148
tin 346 Manson’s Lode 354 Southern Graben Fig. 7.11
–iron-bearing… Fig 15.4 Mengapur 354 stratigraphy 150, Fig. 7.8
weathered 354 Penjom 359 structural grain 153
slate 45 Selinsing 358 Tertiary Basins Fig. 7.7, Table 7.3
calcareous, Raub 359 Sungai Lembing 340, 341 strata
slaty cleavage 307 Tasek Chini 354, 355 –bound barite, Trengan 363
slickensides 254, 263, 268 –wolframite veins 363 similarity with Sumatra… Fig. 3.5
stratigraphy
slope gradients, Peninsula… Fig. spider diagrams, granites 228
Bukit Arang Basin Fig. 7.2
2.2, Table 2.2 Central Belt Fig. 10.17
Central Graben Fig. 7.12
slump Eastern Belt Fig. 10.17
Dulang Field… Fig. 16.18
deposits 271 Main Range Fig. 10.16
Gagau Group Fig. 6.22
directions, Kodiang Limestone 92 sponge spicules, Kodiang
groups, Malay Basin 184
folds Limestone 90
Guntong Field, Malay Basin… Fig.
Chert Member 95 spreading axis, Andaman Sea… Fig.
8.13
Kodiang Limestone 90 3.3
Jerneh Field… Fig. 16.27
horizons, Semantan 111 Sr vs CaO of granites Fig. 10.9
Jurong Formation Fig 6.12
Smithian conodonts 90 Sra Kaeo suture 38, 43, Fig. 3.6, Fig.
Kampar Table 5.2
Gua Musang Formation 104 14.1
Kodiang Limestone Fig. 6.4
soft-sediment deformation, Sri Koh Formation Fig. 6.16
Semantan 114 Bangun, cassiterite in iron ore 348 letter groups 184
Song Ma suture 310, Fig. 14.1 Jaya Formation 245 Lexicon 55
Southeast Asian granite belts Fig. SRTM DEM imagery 251, 252 Ma’Okil Formation Fig. 6.19
10.1 stalactites and stalagmites… 169, Malay Basin 182, Fig. 8.2, Fig. 8.7,
Sotong Fig. 2.7 Fig. 8.11
Field, Malay Basin… 186, Fig. stannite Mesozoic formations Fig. 6.24
8.12 –cassiterite 344 north Sumatra Fig. 7.9
development 401 Beatrice Pipe 347 Northwest Domain Fig. 5.3
exploration 401 Leong Sin Nam Pipe 347 numbers, Malay Basin 184
geology 401 Manson’s Lode 354 onland Tertiary Basins Table 7.2
location 401 Stauffer, P.H… 1 Palaeozoic Fig. 5.2
sedimentary model Fig. 8.12 staurolite-garnet-biotite schist, Stong Payung Formation Fig. 6.21
stratigraphy Fig. 8.12 Complex 236 Penyu Basin 194, Fig. 8.2, Fig.
structure Fig. 16.28 steer-head profile, Malay Basin 179 8.20, Fig. 16.29
sandstone and shale… 184, Fig. 8.2 stibnite Port Klang Graben Fig. 7.15
structure 401 Buffalo Reef 360 Seligi Field… Fig. 16.20
source rocks Fig. 16.12 –cassiterite 344 Semantan Formation Fig. 6.14, Fig.
fluvio-deltaic 375 Kramat Pulai 361 6.15
Malay Basin 374, 380 Raub 359 Setul Group Table 5.1
characteristics Fig. 16.8, Fig. Selinsing 358 similarity with Sumatra 36
16.10 Tasek Chini 355 Sotong Field Fig. 8.12
pods… Fig. 16.9 stilbite stability 22 Straits of Malacca 150, Fig. 7.8
maturation and expulsion Fig. stockworks Tembeling
16.11 mineralogy 344 Formation, Jengka Pass Fig. 6.18
Penyu Basin 404 quartz-cassiterite 344 Group Fig. 6.16
South China tin 344 West Natuna Basin Fig. 8.2
Carboniferous 310 stolzite, Kramat Pulai 361 zones of Peninsula Fig. 5.1

Index | 475
stream patterns 13 submarine fan deposits 111 Jempul 109

stress relief, metamorphic submarine exhalative Kuroko Johor 15, 24
weathering 20 deposits 351, 354, 360 Kawan 263
strike sulphides Kedah 23, 25
ridges of the Peninsula 249, Fig. Bukit Besi iron mine… Fig. 15.9 Kelah hot spring 269
12.2, Fig. 12.3 Kuroko deposits 351, Table 15.2 Kelantan 14, 15, 16, 25
–slip fault 250, 257, 263, 269, Manson Lode Fig. 15.11 beach ridges 26
274, 280, 288, Pelepah Kanan 345 Keliu 83
Bok Bak 263 Sumalayang Limestone member 84 Kemaman Quaternary 168
conjugate 280 Sumatra Kenerong 233, 265
reactivation 308 basins 5, 28 Keniyam Kecil Triassic
Semanggol Basin 99 correlation with the Peninsula 33, limestone 104
wrenching 278, 279 Fig. 3.5 Kenong Triassic limestone 104
–slip pull apart basin 177 Fault 33, Fig.3.3, Fig. 12.1 Kepis 82
stringers, tin 344 geological cross sections Fig. 7.9 Kerum 116
stromatolites, Kodiang Limestone 88 North, extensions of the Kodiang Klang 27
strontium Limestone 93 Koh 119
isochrons of granites Fig. 10.3 N–S faults 268 Kuantan 15
isotope shape 249 Quaternary 168
ratios of granites 211, Fig. 10.3 strike slip fault margin 32 Langat 25
values, Genteng 202 structural grain Fig. 12.1 Lebir 254
structure western tarrains deposit 351
Angsi Field… Fig. 16.24, Fig. stratigraphy… Fig. 14.3 Gua Musang Formation 105
16.25 Sun Malaysia Petroleum Lembing
Bukit Koman gold mine Fig. 13.17 Company 153 Cornish lodes 340
Dulang Field Fig 16.17 Sunda lode geometry 340
evolution 305 Basin 36
metamorphism 245
geology reviews 271 fold 194
Permian granite 340
grain play, Penyu Basin 404
tin mine 338
Peninsular Malaysia Fig. 12.1 Land 5, 31, 41
geology… Fig. 15.1, Fig. 15.5
Straits of Malacca 153 15,580 years ago… Fig. 3.7
Lepar 266
Gua Musang Formation Fig. 13.19 anticlockwise rotation 324
Linggiu 84
history, Malay Basin Fig. 8.9 GPS 324
Quaternary 167
inversion, Malay Basin… Fig. 8.10 greater during low sea levels Fig.
Lipis 27
Jerneh Field… Fig. 16.26 3.6
Lotong 126
Jurassic-Cretaceous strata Fig. regolith 334, Fig. 15.2
Mangking 117
13.8 southern, anticlockwise
Mangkuk 119
Krau Satu road Fig. 13.18 rotation 324
Merbok Quaternary 164
Malay Basin 181, Fig. 8.8 weathering 28
cross sections… Fig. 8.7 Shelf 31, 172, 334 Mersing 25
Mersing Beds Fig. 13.21 arcuate trends Fig. 3.5 Muar 17, 28
Penyu Basin Fig. 8.8, Fig. 8.18 bathymetry Fig. 3.6 Muda 23
map Fig. 8.8, Fig. 8.18 sea levels 40 Pahang 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 168,
sections… Fig. 8.19 valleys 193
Semangkok Field… Fig. 16.21 subduction trench Fig 3.3 delta 167, 175
Semantan Formation Fig. 13.20 Sungai Pandan 15
Sotong Field… Fig. 16.28 Aring 81, 107, 119, 254 Patani Formation 71, Fig. 11.6
Sumatra similarity with the deposit 351 Pelepak Kanan 15
peninsula 36, Fig. 3.4 Badong 124 Pelong gold 355, 361
Tapis Field… ig. 16.22 Bebar beach ridges 26 Penjuring 291
Tertiary basins Table 7.4 Benus 15 Perak 14, 16, 23, 25
Tinggi Field… Fig. 16.23 Bera 16 coastal plain 23
traps, Malay Basin 385 Bernam coastal plain 23 rhyolite ash 169
trends Fig. 3.1, Fig. 3.2 Besi Tin Mine 27 Perdah, Kelantan, barite 363
Kedah Fig. 12.15 alluvium 166 Pergau limestones 51
Peninsula to Borneo… Fig. 3.2, Chekir anomaly 351 Perlis 25, 84
Fig. 3.4 Chiku Triassic bivalves Daonella, Beds 82, 84
struverite in amang 339 Posidonia 104, 105 structure 304
subaerial emergence, Gua Musang Dohol 84 Pertang Pandak, chert 110
Formation 105 Dungun, Quaternary 168 Pulai 24
subduction Endau 25 Relai 107
beneath East Malaya 316 Galas, Kelantan 238, Fig. 11.4 Renyok, Stong Complex, 235, 266
PalaeoTethys Ocean Fig. 14.8 Jajawi 24 outcrops Fig. 13.10
related volcanics 316 Jeleteh, Gua Musang Rompin 8
zone 43 Formation 104 Sam, Gua Musang Formation 105

476 | Index
Sungai (continued) age 237, 239 structure & details Field Fig.
Selangor facies diagram… Fig. 11.5 16.22
dam 260 metamorphism dating 304 Formation and Sandstone 184,
peat swamp 166 mineralogy, 237, 238 Fig. 8.2
Serai 269 overlying strata 239 oil discovery 365
Siput rhyolite 199 structure 237 structure 394
Taku 82 talc, Bukit Ibam 349 Tarim Block palaeolatitudes… Fig.
Tanglir 15 Talchir Boulder Beds 314, Fig. 14.5 14.2
Tebak 128 Tambelan Island 33 Tarutao
Tekai 115, 116, Fig. 13.5 Tampin 268 Formation 38, 60
Tembeling Formation Fig. 6.18 knolls 12 Island 60, Fig. 5.6
Telong, Tampur Formation 152, 153 Canning Basin 314
Carnian bivalves 105 Tan, D.N.K. c.v. 2 Tasek
Ladinian bivalves 105 Tanah Merah volcanism age 198 Bera 16, 79, Fig. 2.9
Tembeling map Fig. 13.5 Tanchintongia, H. S. Lee beds 75, drainage divide Fig. 2.7
Terengganu 16, 25 Fig 5.18 peat 163
Quaternary 168 Tanjong Chini 16, 17, 245
Teris Semantan Formation 107 Balau, Johor 307, Fig. 12.9 barite 363
Tiang Conglomerate Member 98 deformation 308 massive sulphides Table 15.2
Trengan barite 363 Mersing beds folds Fig. 13.21 Prospect 354
Ulu Sedili 85 structures Fig. 13.22 Dayang Bunting 16
Yih 118 Batu Gelugor Quaternary 164
surmicaceous enclaves 223 Quaternary 167 Tate, Robert c.v. 3
suture zone 271 Sireh dykes 221 Tawar
radiolarian localities… Fig. 4.1 Beruntum felsic volcanic 207 conodonts in Chert Member 97
rocks… Fig. 4.1 Champadek dykes 318 Formation = Chert Member
swales 163 Chendering folds Fig. 13.26, Fig. Tebak
swallow holes 11 13.27 Basin 267
swamp 15, 16, 23 Dendang Formation 61, 64, 71, Formation 127, 128, 131
deposits 168 Fig. 5.11 Tebing Tinggi 24
drainage for agriculture 16 Duabelas Quaternary 166 tectogenic glass 260
east coast 26, 168 Gelang tectonic
vegetation, east coast 25 folding 300 cross-sections 316
syenite Quaternary 168 evolution 271, 309
Benta 219 transposed folds Fig. 13.27 Malay & Penyu basins 177, Fig.
Perhentian Kecil 221 Jaga 240, Fig. 11.6 8.11, Fig. 16.8
syn-collisional granites Fig. 10.20 Jara folding 301 grain of Peninsula Fig. 3.4
Main Range 230 Kelang, metamorphism 245 setting, plutonic rocks 230
synplutonic dykes 211 Kempit 244 subdivisions, Malaysia and
Perhentian 221 Mersing Beds Fig. 13.24 Sumatra Fig. 14.4
syn-rift multiple folding 298 Tekai
deposits, Penyu Basin… Fig. 8.20 Kling, Malacca 23 anticline Fig. 13.4, Fig. 13.6
environment, Malay Basin… 182, Leman 85, 258, 299 syncline Fig. 13.4
185,Fig. 8.14 structures 306 Tekali quartz ridge 259, Fig 13.13
syn-sedimentary Malim 76, 77 Tekam Tuffs 83
deformation 279 chert 52 Tekka, Kinta Valley
faulting, Semantan 113 Mat Amin Clays 159
folding 300 tin
structures 272
structures 301 deposit… 344, Fig. 15.6
syntaxis, Yunnan-Assam 316
Murau 117, 257, 258 mine, Kinta Valley 339
structure 298, 306 map locality… Fig. 15.15
Rambutan 133, 135 tektites 335
T Tok Mat, palaeomagnetism 321 Telaga Jatoh Formation 67
tantalite inclusions in cassiterite 347 telescoping of minerals 344
Ta and Nb in cassiterite lattice 347 Tapah gold panning 358 tellurides, Penjom 359
Tabak, fault bounded 274 Tapanulu Group 37 Teluk Prai Tawar Quaternary 164
Tahan tapiolite inclusions in Telong Formation
Anticline 120 cassiterite 344, 347 deformation 297
Anticlinorium 280 Tapis Gua Musang Formation 81, 103,
Range 8, 265 –1 cores 162 105, 107, 119
Taiping Field Teluk
beach ridges 165 development 394 Anak Datai 60
granite chemistry 228 exploration 394 Intan
Taku Schist 82, 237, 254, 266, 294, geology 394 Member 161
Fig. 11.4 location 392 peat 165

Index | 477
Mempelam 65, 69, Fig. 5.8 structures 300 thrust

Ramunia Termus Shale 274, Fig. 6.16, Fig. Kenny Hill 287
Quaternary 167 6.18, Fig. 13.5 vergence 308
volcanic rocks 207 Barremian 116–119 Thung
chemistry 207 cleavages 274 Song Limestone 38, 60
Temangan ignimbrite 203, Fig. 9.2 Terolak Formation 52, 76 Wa Shale 38
Tembeling Formation or Group 40, terraces 9, 27 Thye On beds 73
81, 85, 107, 109, 115, 116, erosional 9 tidal
118, 122, 272, 296, 317, Fig. terrain estuarine sands, Malay Basin 188
6.18, Fig. 13.5 classes… Table 2.2 flats 23
age 118 model 6, Fig 2.1 swamps, Kelantan… Fig. 2.14
anticline Fig. 13.6 Peninsular Malaysia Fig. 2.1, Fig. Tiga Puluh
basins 114, 274 2.3 Group 37
conglomerates 17, 109 terranes Mountains 36, Fig. 3.4, Fig. 3.5
deformation 280 bounding faults 253 Tikus in Billiton 339
environment 119 crossing faults 258 tilloids occurrences Sibumasu, SE
folds Fig. 13.3, Fig. 13.6 drift pattern 315, Fig. 14.6 Asia Fig. 14.3
model Fig. 13.9 palaeolatitudes Fig. 14.2 Timah Tasoh Formation 67, 69, Fig.
NNW–SSE-trending 274 parallel faults 255 5.14
style 274 separated from timing
foliation 274 Gondwanaland… Fig. 14.1 hydrocarbon events Fig. 16.12
metamorphism 305 Southeast Asia… Fig. 14.1 structural events Table 13.1
mountains 115 terrestrial redbeds 87 tin
outcrops Fig. 13.1, Fig. 13.2 Tersang gold deposit 359 aplites Fig. 15.3
palaeomagnetic data map 318, Tertiary belt,
Fig. 14.11 basins bifurcating 338
SE Asia 211
RADARSAT image Fig. 6.17, Fig. correlation 146
deposits
13.4 fault
distribution… Fig. 15.3
redbeds 109 control 287
impounded at granite
slumping 273 related 146
contact 340
strata, fault bounded 274 onland 133–134, Table 7.1
related to granites 340
stratigraphy Fig. 6.16 stratigraphy Table 7.2
Southeast Asia… Fig. 15.1
structure 274, Fig. 6.18 Straits of Malacca 148, Fig. 7.7,
dredge, Batu Gajah 2, Fig. 15.16
thrusts Fig. 13.3 Table 7.3
fields
Temenggor Lake 16, 265 structure and kinematics Table
primary 338
Temerloh 7.4
Southeast Asia Fig. 15.1
olistostrome 295 sediments deformation 308
grades of placer fields… Table
road 107, 110 Tethys 15.1
Templer Park, Kuala Lumpur… 347, = see Palaeo- and Meso-Bentong– hydrothermal veins map Fig. 15.3
Fig. 2.6 Raub suture islands of Indonesia Fig. 10.1
Temurun Beds 58 Ocean 315 lodes of Sungai Lembing… Fig.
Tengchong Carboniferous-Triassic Fig. 14.6 15.5
–Baoshan terrain 312 closure 197 mineral
flora 312 Kodiang Limestone 92 associations 339
tennantite, Leong Sin Nam Pipe 347 palaeogeographic belts… Fig. 15.13
Tenggaroh 85 reconstructions Fig 14.6 mineralization 40, 217
Tenggol tetradymite, Mengapur 354 mining
Arch 175, 177–178, 182, 193, tetrahedrite 2004… 331
Fig. 8.1, Fig. 8.3, Fig. 8.6, Kecau Tui 358 collapse 1
Fig. 8.8–8.9, Fig. 8.18, Fig. gold content 358 decline 331
16.6–16.7, Fig. 16.16 Penjom 359 pegmatites, Fig. 15.3
trapping… Fig. 16.14 Selinsing 358 pipe, Beatrice Mine… Fig. 15.8
Fault Fig. 8.9 textures of granites, Main Range Fig. production… Table 15.1
seismic Fig. 8.10 10.4 regional distribution 331
Terapai Metasiltstones 83 Thailand correlation with the skarns map… Fig. 15.4
Terengganu peninsula 38, Fig 3.6 Tinggi
continental conglomerates 303 thermal gradient == see geothermal Field
deformation timing 303 gradient details Fig. 16.23
faults 268 tholeiitic development 397
Formation… 184, 196, Fig. 8.2, dykes 210 exploration 395
Fig. 8.20 series 224, 227 geology 397
Penyu Basin… Fig. 8.20 Three Pagodas Pass Fault 38, 177, location 394
Highlands 9 Fig. 3.6, Fig. 8.4 structure Fig. 16.23
Quaternary 168 thrombolites, Kaki Bukit island volcanism 204, 205
Shale 184, 196, Fig. 8.2, Fig. 8.20 Limestone 65, Fig. 5.10 structure 394

478 | Index
Tinjar Fault 324 Trengan barite 363 fault bounded 274

Tioman Island volcanism 204, 205 Triassic volcanism 207
Titi area gold flakes 358 conodonts Fig. 6.5–6.7 Kenong, Triassic bivalves 104
Tjia in retirement 1 deformation timing 307 Klang Fault 258, Fig. 13.13
Toh Tuck, Jurong Formation 112 depocentres Fig. 6.1 Langat 77, 344
Tok Bidan Graben 131, 179, Fig. granite scheelite 363
8.8, Fig. 16.6 arc Fig 3.5 Lepar Semantan Formation 107
tombolo, Langkawi 23 palaeomagnetic data… Fig. Muar Limited 143
Tomo Fault 253, 265, 266 14.12 Sedili granite fluting Fig. 2.7
Tonkin Flora of Hongay 33 Kodiang Limestone 90 Sokor
topography limestone blocks, Gua Musang Kuroko massive sulphides Table
elevation units… Table 2.1 Formation 106 15.2
Peninsular 6 palaeogeographic map SE strata bound deposits 351
topaz Asia Fig. 14.9 Sungai Perak gold flakes 358
–aplite at Gunong Bakau 347 redbeds near Raub… Fig. 15.14 unconformity,
Gunung Jerai 347 strata folding 295 Malay Basin 182, 188
Total organic carbon 374 trilobite tracks, Jerai Formation Fig. Semantan-limestone Fig. 6.11
Malay Basin… Fig. 16.10 5.7 undercompaction, Malay Basin 193
source rocks Fig. 16.10 triple junction failed, Malay underground river, Gua
tourmaline Basin… 177, Fig. 8.4 Tempurung… Fig. 2.7
–corundum rocks… 73, 245, Fig. trodhjemite undulating terrain 9
11.10 clast 70 Johor… Fig. 2.4
chemistry 246 dropstones 312 uplift of Peninsula 22
origin 247 series 224 Upper
Gunung Jerai 347 trough topography 11 Arenaceous Series 77
Kinta Valley 246 tufa 11 Clay 173
Kramat Pulai 361 tuff Detrital Member 67
Main Range 218 Chini prospect… Fig. 15.12 Setul Limestone 65
tin association 344 Koh Formation 120 uvalas 9
tourmalinization 217 Manson Lode… 351, Fig. 15.11 uranium contents, granites 227
tinfields 340 Semantan
tower karst 9 Basin 114
trace
element plots 228
Formation 110
graded 110
V
fossils, Jerai Formation 60 rhyolitic 110
transextensional tectonics 317 valleys, infilled 26
tuffaceous
Transitional Unit… 338, Fig. 15.2 varlamoffite with cassiterite 344
conglomerate 110
placers 337 vein
Gua Musang Formation rocks 103
transposed deposit properties… Table 15.4,
Selensing metasediments 358
fabric 288 Table 15.5
Tuhur Basin, Sumatra Fig. 14.9
folds, Tanjong Geliga Fig. 13.27 swarms, Tekka mine… 344, Fig.
tungsten
foliation 288 15.6
deposits 361
transpression 254, 257, 266, 280 tin 344
Kramat Pulai mine Fig. 15.15
Bok Bak 263 venite, Stong Complex 233
skarn 361
Central Belt 297 vergence of olistostrome
tungstite, Kramat Pulai 361
deformation 296, 300, 303, 307 deformation 291
turbidite
folding 279, Fig. 13.9 vesuvianite
Gunung Rabong Formation
orogenic deformation 307 Kramat Pulai 361
beds 105, 106
tectonics 317 Ledang 243
Semanggol Formation
transtension 260, 272 virtual geographical pole 318
characters 99
transverse ranges 278, 317 Viséan shales, Sungai
Semantan Formation 111–113
Tembeling Formation Fig. 6.17, Lembing… 340, Fig. 15.5
Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur 76
Fig. 13.4, Fig. 13.9 vitrinite reflectance 380
two-phase granite variants 217, 228
trap Batu Arang 140, 142, 143
texture Fig. 10.5
formation 381, Fig. 16.12 Malay Basin 189
Malay Basin Fig. 16.7, Fig. Vjalovognathus conodonts… Fig.
16.14, Fig. 16.15 14.6
normal faults 383 U volcanic
styles 381 arc
Tras redbeds 292 Udang Formation… Fig. 8.2 granites Fig. 10.20
tremolite Ulu Eastern Belt 230
Beatrice Pipe 347 Endau mineralization 351
Kramat Pulai 361 Arenaceous Formation 127 ash, Kampong Durian
Leong Sin Nam Pipe 347 Basin 267 Chondong 143
schist Table 4.1 Beds 126 bombs 205

Index | 479
clasts metamorphic rock 20, Fig. 2.10, wollastonite, Ledang 243

in granite, Pulau Tioman Fig. Table 2.5 wood, silicified
9.8 morphological zones… Table 2.3, Lotong Sandstone 126
size 205 Table 2.4 Ulu Endau 127
–exhalative iron deposits 351 processes 17, 18 Woyla Block Fig. 3.4
rocks schist 21 wrench
Buffalo Reef 360 sedimentary rock 19 faulting
Carboniferous–Permian 312 stability 22 Malay Basin 182
chemistry Table 9.2 zones 17 right-lateral 317
distribution, Peninsular porphyritic biotite granite tectonics, Eastern belt 129
Malaysia Fig. 9.2 weathering 18 wrigglite skarns 345
Gagau Group 126 quartz mica schist Fig. 2.10,
Johor islands 205 Table 2.5
Manson’s Lode 351
welded tuff 204
Genting Sempah Fig. 9.4
X
radiometric ages Fig. 9.1
Johor 205 X-ray diffraction data, Eastern Belt
Tasek Chini 354
rhyolitic, Santi Fig. 9.3 granites 222
tuffs, Santi area, Johor Fig. 9.6
West xenoliths
volcanoclastics Penjom Mine 358
Baram Line 31, 324, country rocks 224
volcanogenic
Myanmar map Fig. 14.1 Stong Complex 219
deposit properties… Table 15.2 Natuna Basin 175, Fig. 8.1
–exhalative xenothermal veins 339
stratigraphy… Fig. 8.2 xenotime in amang 339
gold relationship 361 tectonic development… Fig. 8.4
tin 338 Xihuashan region 339
Penang graben 155
origin of iron deposits 347 Sumatra Block Fig. 3.4
Western
Belt 55, 86, 249 Y
W granite trend Fig. 10.22
Mesozoic 88 Yala district, South Thailand 339
mineralization… Fig. 15.3, Fig. Yangzi Platform 311
wackestones Gondwanaland… Fig. 14.5
Gua Panjang 104 15.4
stratigraphy Fig. 5.2 Yong Peng redbeds 122
Kodiang Limestone 90 Young Alluvium 158, 161, 165, 333,
structural analysis 286
Wan Hasiah Abdullah c.v. 3 Fig. 15.2
volcanism 199
Wang Kelian 263 Younger Sedimentary Cover……. Fig.
Boulder Clays 159, 334
Formation 67, 68 15.2
coastal plains 23
Red Beds 68 yttrotungstite, Kramat Pulai 361
Gold Belt 356
Wang Tangga cave 170 Hinge-line Fault Zone 175, 177, Yunnan Syntaxis 316–317
wangs 9 178, 182, Fig. 8.5
Wangsa Maju = Bukit Dinding lode channel, Raub 359
waterfalls 14
watershed, Bentong area 15
tin province belt 211 Z
Willinks
wave-cut notches 11, 172 Fault 342 Zamites microphylla 119
Kedah 23 Tin Lode… Fig. 15.5 zircon
waxy oils 377 within plate granites Fig. 10.20 amang 339
weathering wolframite stability 22
grades 18 –cassiterite 344 zonation of Kinta Valley, Fig. 15.15
granite profile Fig. 2.8, Table 2.3 Kramat Pulai 361 Zr vs SiO2 granites, Fig. 10.9, Fig.
Kenny Hill Formation Fig. 2.9, Kuala Sungai Perong 343 10.12
Fig. 2.11, Table 2.4 quartz veins 363

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The University of Malaya

The Geological Society of Malaysia

Sponsored by Murphy Oil Corporation and the University of Malaya

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Geological Society of Malaysia

© Geological Society of Malaysia

A 1 : 1 000 000 scale geological map of Peninsular Malaysia, compiled by

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Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia,

Petroleum Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS),

GoPM_Title_page.indd 5 28/4/2009 11:48:46

3 REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING 31

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3.3.3.3 ‘Mutus Assemblage’ 38

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5.1.4 Chepor Formation 68

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6.2.1 Gua Musang Formation 102

7 CENOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY 133

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7.3.7 Present-day Onshore Peat Swamp Distribution 162

8 MALAY AND PENYU BASINS 175

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9.4.2.3 Teluk Ramunia, Pengerang 207

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11.1.3 Metamorphic paragenesis 236

12 MAJOR FAULTS 249

13 STRUCTURES AND DEFORMATION 271

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13.2.1 Northwest Area 281

14 TECTONIC EVOLUTION 309

15 MINERAL DEPOSITS 331

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15.2 Regional Distribution of Tin 331

16 OIL AND GAS 365

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16.3 Oil and Gas Occurrences and Resources 371

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GeologyOfPenMal-C01.indd 1 21/4/2009 13:44:17

GeologyOfPenMal-C01.indd 2 21/4/2009 13:44:17

Mustaﬀa Kamal Shuib also been active as a consultant on geology and

John Kuna Raj Robert B. Tate

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Nuraiteng Tee Abdullah is presently Head of the Geology Department

GeologyOfPenMal-C01.indd 4 21/4/2009 13:44:18

2.1 INTRODUCTION and lacustrine sediments were deposited (Barber

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4.0 INTRODUCTION 4.1 CENTRAL AREA

zone. Haile (1973) and Hutchison (1973d) 50 km

and Hutchison (1975) named it the “Bentong- Ipoh

Raub ophiolite line”, that subsequently became Cameron

GeologyOfPenMal-C04.indd 43 21/4/2009 14:11:12

5.0 INTRODUCTION are mainly shallow-marine shelf sediments of

The miogeosyncline, of shallow marine shelf 7°

sediments, is now recognised as part of the T

The geanticline represents the accretionary prism DOMAIN

with volcanic input from the forearc, and the

mud-rich deepwater eugeosynclinal sediments