Chapter 11

1 − μ s2
11.1 S e ( flexible, center ) = Δσ (αB′) IsI f
Es
355
Δσ = = 59.16 kN/m 2
( 2)(3)
2
Given: α = 4; B′ = = 1; μs = 0.35
2

Es = 13,500 kN/m2

1 − 2μ s
I s = F1 + F2
1− μs

L 3 H 4
m′ = = = 1.5; n′ = = =4
B 2 ⎛ B⎞ ⎛2⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠

From Table 11.1, F1 = 0.454; from Table 11.2, F2 = 0.054.

1 − ( 2)(0.4)
I s = 0.454 + (0.054) = 0.472
1 − 0 .4

Df 1.5 L
Also, with = = 0.75 and = 1.5, Table 11.3 gives If = 0.765. Hence,
B 2 B

⎛ 1 − 0.4 2 ⎞
S e ( flexible, center ) = (59.16)[(4)(1)]⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(0.472)(0.765) = 0.0053 m = 5.3 mm
⎝ 13500 ⎠

Se(rigid) = (0.93)(5.3) ≈ 4.93 mm

1 − μ s2
11.2 As in Problem 11.1, S e( rigid) = 0.93Δσ (αB′) IsI f
Es

∑ E s ( i ) Δz ( 20680 )( 2) + (7580 )( 2.5) + (58600 )( 3.5)

Es = = = 33176 kN/m 2
z 8

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 Given: B = L = 1.8 m; μs = 0.3; α = 4

450
Δσ = = 138.9 kN/m 2
(1.8)(1.8)

B 1 .8
B′ = = = 0 .9 m
2 2

1 − 2μ s
I s = F1 + F2
1− μs

L H 8
m′ = = 1; n′ = = = 8.88
B ⎛ B ⎞ ⎛ 1.8 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

From Table 11.1, F1 = 0.49; from Table 11.2, F2 = 0.0174.

1 − (2)(0.3)
I s = 0.49 + (0.0174) = 0.499
1 − 0 .3

Df 1
Also, = = 0.55. From Table 11.3, If ≈ 0.754. So,
B 1.8

⎛ 1 − 0.32 ⎞
S e ( rigid ) = (0.93)(138.9)(4 × 0.9)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(0.499)(0.754) = 0.00479 m ≈ 4.8 mm
⎝ 33176 ⎠

11.3 a. The plot of e vs. σ′ is shown.

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 b. σ c′ = 170 kN/m2

e1 − e2 0.755 − 0.65
c. C c = = ≈ 0.35
⎛ σ 2′ ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞
log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ log⎜ ⎟
⎝ σ 1′ ⎠ ⎝8⎠

e1 − e2 0.658 − 0.65
Cs = = = 0.026
⎛ σ 2′ ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞
log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ log⎜ ⎟
⎝ σ 1′ ⎠ ⎝8⎠

C s 0.026
= = 0.074
Cc 0.35

Ws 12 g
11.4 a. Height of solids: H s = = = 0.152 cm
AG s γ w (31.67 )( 2.49 )(1)

Change in Final Hv
σ′ dial reading height, H Hs Hv = H – Hs e=
Hs
(kN/m2) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
6 0.284 20.31 1.52 18.79 12.36
12 0.150 20.16 1.52 18.64 12.26
24 0.315 19.85 1.52 18.33 12.06
48 0.564 19.29 1.52 17.77 11.69
100 0.823 18.46 1.52 16.94 11.14
200 2.25 16.21 1.52 14.69 9.66
400 5.34 10.87 1.52 9.35 6.15

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 The e-log σ′ graph is plotted.

b. From the graph, σ c′ = 180 kN/m2

e1 − e2 9.66 − 6.15
c. C c = = = 11.66
⎛ σ 2′ ⎞ ⎛4⎞
log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ log⎜ ⎟
σ
⎝ 1⎠ ′ ⎝2⎠

W 140
11.5 Ws = = = 117.6 g
1 + w 1 + 0.19

Ws 117 .6
Hs = = = 1.375 cm
AG sγ w (π )(1.25) ( 2 .54 ) 2 ( 2.7 )(1)
2

Final Hv
σ′ height, H Hs Hv = H – Hs e=
Hs
(kg/cm2) (cm) (cm) (cm)
0.5 2.519 1.375 1.144 0.832
1.0 2.5 1.375 1.125 0.818
2.0 2.428 1.375 1.053 0.765
4.0 2.322 1.375 0.947 0.688
8.0 2.206 1.375 0.831 0.604
16.0 2.09 1.375 0.715 0.576

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 The e-log σ′ graph is plotted.

From the graph, σ c′ = 1.85 kg/cm2

e1 − e2 0.688 − 0.604
Cc = = = 0.28
⎛ σ 2′ ⎞ ⎛8⎞
log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ log⎜ ⎟
σ
⎝ 1⎠ ′ ⎝4⎠

Cc H ⎛ σ ′ + Δσ ′ ⎞
11.6 a. S c = log⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟
1 + eo ⎝ σ o′ ⎠

Cc = 0.009(LL – 10) = (0.009)(42 – 10) = 0.288

150
Δσ = = 16.67 kN/m 2
(3)(3)

(2.72)(9.81)
γd = = 15.7 kN/m 3
1 + 0 .7

(2.72 + 0.7)(9.81)
γ sat = = 19.73 kN/m 3
1 + 0 .7

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 ⎛8⎞
σ o′ = (15.7)(1.5) + (19.73 − 9.81)⎜ ⎟ = 63.23 kN/m 2
⎝2⎠

(0.288)(8) ⎛ 63.23 + 16.67 ⎞

Sc = log⎜ ⎟ = 0.137 m
1 + 0.7 ⎝ 63.23 ⎠

Δσ t′ + 4Δσ m′ + Δσ b′
11.7 Eq. (11.68): Δσ av
′ =
6

Eq. (10.35): Δσ ′ = q I 4

L 3 B z
m1 = = = 1; b = = 1.5 m; n1 =
B 3 2 b

150 kN
q= = 16.67 kN/m 2
(3)(3)

B
b= z
m1 z 2 n1 = q I4 Δσ′ = qI4
(m) b (kN/m2) (Table 10.9) (kN/m2)
(m)
1 0.0 1.5 0 16.67 ≈ 1.0 16.67
1 4.0 1.5 2.67 16.67 0.231 3.85
1 8.0 1.5 5.33 16.67 0.065 1.08

16.67 + (4 × 3.85) + 1.08

Δσ av
′ = = 5.52 kN/m2
6

(0.288)(8) ⎛ 63.23 + 5.52 ⎞

Sc = log⎜ ⎟ = 0.049 m
1 + 0.7 ⎝ 63.23 ⎠

⎛ 5.5 ⎞
11.8 a. σ o′ = (1.83)(17.9) + (3.66)(18.5) + ⎜ ⎟(18.3) − (3.66 + 2.75)(9.81)
⎝ 2 ⎠
= 87.9 kN/m2

Cc = 0.009(LL – 10) = (0.009)(38 – 10) = 0.252

(0.252)(5.5) ⎛ 87.9 + 26 ⎞
Sc = log⎜ ⎟ = 0.09 m ≈ 90 mm
1 + 0.73 ⎝ 87.9 ⎠

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 Cs H ⎛σ′ ⎞ C H ⎛ σ ′ + Δσ ′ ⎞
b. S c = log⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟ + c log⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟
1 + eo ⎝ σ o′ ⎠ 1 + eo ⎝ σ c′ ⎠

⎛ 0.252 ⎞
⎜ ⎟(5.5)
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎛ 105 ⎞ (0.252)(5.5) ⎛ 87.9 + 26 ⎞
= log⎜ ⎟+ log⎜ ⎟
1.73 ⎝ 87.9 ⎠ 1.73 ⎝ 105 ⎠
= 0.0406 m ≈ 41 mm

G s γ w (2.66)(9.81)
11.9 γ d (sand) = = = 15.81 kN/m 3
1+ e 1 + 0.65

(Gs − 1)γ w (2.66 − 1)(9.81)

′ =
γ sand = = 9.87 kN/m 3
1+ e 1.65

(Gs − 1)γ w (2.74 − 1)(9.81)

′ =
γ clay = = 8.62 kN/m 3
1+ e 1 + 0.98

⎛6⎞
σ o′ = (2)(15.81) + (4)(9.87) + ⎜ ⎟(8.62) = 96.96 kN/m 2
⎝2⎠

Cc = 0.009(LL – 10) = (0.009)(54 – 10) = 0.396

Cs H ⎛σ′ ⎞ C H ⎛ σ ′ + Δσ ′ ⎞
Sc = log⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟ + c log⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟
1 + eo ⎝ σ o′ ⎠ 1 + eo ⎝ σ c′ ⎠

⎛ 0.396 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 6)
6 ⎠ ⎛ 150 ⎞ (0.396)(6) ⎛ 96.96 + 85 ⎞
= ⎝ log⎜ ⎟+ log⎜ ⎟
1.98 ⎝ 96.96 ⎠ 1.98 ⎝ 150 ⎠
= 0.138 m ≈ 13.8 cm

e1 − e 2 1.22 − 0.97
11.10 C c = = = 0.784
⎛ σ 2′ ⎞ ⎛ 225 ⎞
log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ log⎜ ⎟
σ
⎝ 1⎠ ′ ⎝ 108 ⎠

e1 − e3
Cc =
⎛σ ′ ⎞
log⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟
⎝ σ 1′ ⎠

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 ⎛ σ′ ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
e3 = e1 − Cc log⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = 1.22 − 0.784 log⎜ ⎟ = 0.872
⎝ σ1′ ⎠ ⎝ 108 ⎠

0.92 − 0.77
11.11 Cc = = 0.498
⎛ 300 ⎞
log⎜ ⎟
⎝ 150 ⎠

⎛ 450 ⎞
e3 = 0.92 − 0.498 log⎜ ⎟ = 0.682
⎝ 150 ⎠

11.12 The plot of e−log σ′ is shown.

σ o′ = 70 kN/m2; e1 = 0.93;

σ o′ + Δσ′ = 250 kN/m2; e = 0.79

Δe = 0.93 – 0.79 = 0.14

HΔe (2)(0.14)
Sc = =
1 + eo 1 + 0.93

= 0.145 m

cv t
11.13 Tv = ; U = 75%; Tv = 0.477 (Table 11.7)
H dr2

(0.24 cm 2 /min)(t )
0.477 = 2 ; t = 178,875 min = 124.2 days
⎛ 600 ⎞
⎜ cm ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛ Δe ⎞
⎜ ⎟
av Δσ ′ ⎠
11.14 a. mv = =⎝
1 + eav 1 + eav

Δe = e1 – e2 = 0.92 – 0.77 = 0.15

Δσ ′ = σ 2′ − σ 1′ = 300 − 150 = 150 kN/m2

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 0.92 + 0.77
eav = = 0.845
2
⎛ 0.15 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
av ⎝ 150 ⎠
mv = = = 0.054 m2 /kN
1 + eav 1 + 0.845

k
b. cv = = 0.007 cm 2 /sec = 7 × 10 7 m 2 /sec
mv γ w

k
7 x 10 -7 m 2 /sec =
(0.054 m /kN) (9.81 kN/m 3 )
2

k = 3.7 × 10-7 m/sec

11.15 In the laboratory:

cv t65
T65 =
H dr2

(cv )(10 min)

0.304 = 2
; cv = 2.74 × 10 −6 m 2 /min
⎛ 0.019 ⎞
⎜ m⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

U = 40%; T40 = 0.126 (Table 11.7)

In the field:

cv t 40
T40 =
H dr2

( 2.74 × 10 −6 m 2 /min)(t 40 )
0.126 =
(4 m) 2

t40 = 735,766 min = 511 days

⎛ Δe ⎞
⎜ ⎟
av Δσ ′ ⎠
11.16 a. mv = =⎝
1 + eav 1 + eav

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 Δe = 0.9 – 0.75 = 0.15

Δσ ′ = 150 − 50 = 100 kN/m2

0.9 + 0.75
eav = = 0.825
2
⎛ 0.15 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
mv = = 0.00082 m 2 /kN
1 + 0.825

k 6 × 10 −9 m/sec
cv = =
mv γw (0.00082 m 2 /kN)(9.81 kN/m 3 )

= 7.46 × 10 - 7 m 2 /sec = 0.064 m 2 /day

Tv H dr2 (0.197)(3.75) 2
t50 = = ≈ 43.2 days
cv 0.064

e1 − e2 0.9 − 0.75
b. C c = = = 0.31
⎛ σ 2′ ⎞ ⎛ 150 ⎞
log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ log⎜ ⎟
⎝ σ 1′ ⎠ ⎝ 50 ⎠

Cc H ⎛ σ ′ + Δσ ′ ⎞ (0.31)(3.75) ⎛ 150 ⎞
Sc = log⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟ = log⎜ ⎟ = 0.29 m
1 + eo ⎝ σ o′ ⎠ 1 + 0.9 ⎝ 50 ⎠

Sc at 50% = (0.5)(0.29) = 0.145 m ≈ 145 mm

⎛ Δe ⎞ ⎛ 0.85 − 0.71 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
av ⎝ Δσ ′ ⎠ ⎝ 250 − 125 ⎠ = 6.29 × 10 -4 m 2 /kN
11.17 mv = = =
1 + eav 1 + eav ⎛ 0.85 + 0.71 ⎞
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

2
⎛ 0.025 ⎞
(0.403)⎜ ⎟
T70 H dr2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 1.31 × 10 −5 m 2 /min
cv = =
t 70 4 .8

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 k = cv mv γw = (6.29 × 10-4 m2/kN)(1.31 × 10-5 m2/min)(9.81 kN/m3)

= 8.08 × 10-8 m/min

cv t90 c (180)
11.18 a. T90 = 2
; 0.848 = v 2
H dr ⎛ 4.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

cv = 0.024 m2/day

cv t 65
b. T65 =
H dr2

From Table 11.7, U = 65%; T65 = 0.119

2
⎛ 0.019 ⎞
(0.119) ⎜ ⎟
T65 H dr2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 4.47 × 10-4 day ≈ 39 sec
t65 = =
cv 0.024

Δσ t′ + 4Δσ m′ + Δσ b′
11.19 a. Eq. (11.68): Δσ av
′ =
6

Eq. (10.35): Δσ ′ = q I 4

L 2 B z
m1 = = = 1; b = = 1.0 m; n1 =
B 2 2 b

300 kN
q= = 75 kN/m 2
(2)(2)

B
b= z
m1 z 2 n1 = q I4 Δσ′ = qI4
(m) b (kN/m2) (Table 10.9) (kN/m2)
(m)
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 75 0.701 52.57
1 2.0 1.0 2.0 75 0.336 25.2
1 3.0 1.0 3.0 75 0.179 13.42

52.57 + ( 4 × 25.2) + 13.42

Δσ av
′ = = 27.8 kN/m2
6

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 (1 + w )γ w G s (1 + 0.24)(9.81)(2.74)
b. γ sat −clay = = = 20.1 kN/m 3
1 + wG s 1 + (0.24)(2.74)

⎛2⎞
σ o′ = (1)(14) + (1)(17 - 9.81) + ⎜ ⎟(20.1 - 9.81) = 31.48 kN/m 2
⎝2⎠

Cc = 0.009(LL – 10) = (0.009)(46 – 10) = 0.324

Since σ o′ ≤ σ c′ , the clay is overconsolidated.

Cs H ⎛σ′ ⎞ C H ⎛ σ ′ + Δσ ′ ⎞
Sc = log⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟ + c log⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟
1 + eo ⎝ σ o′ ⎠ 1 + eo ⎝ σ c′ ⎠

⎛ 0.324 ⎞
⎜ ⎟( 2 )
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎛ 40 ⎞ (0.324)( 2) ⎛ 31.48 + 27.8 ⎞
= log⎜ ⎟+ log⎜ ⎟
1 + 0.657 ⎝ 31.48 ⎠ 1 + 0.657 ⎝ 40 ⎠
= 0.0749 m ≈ 75 mm

⎛ 19 ⎞
c. U (%) = ⎜ ⎟(100) = 25.3%
⎝ 75 ⎠

cv t
d. Tv = ; U = 25.3%; Tv = 0.0503 (Table 11.7)
H dr2

(cv )(365)
0.0503 =
(1 m)2

cv = 1.378 × 10-4 m2/day

(0.0001378)( 2)(365)
e. Tv = 2
= 0.1
⎛2⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠

Table (11.7): U (%) ≈ 36%

⎛S ⎞
U (%) = ⎜⎜ c (t ) ⎟⎟(100); S c (t ) = (0.36)(75) = 27 mm
⎝ Sc ⎠

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 CRITICAL THINKING PROBLEM

11.C.1 a. For the clay layer:

Δσ t′ + 4Δσ m′ + Δσ b′
Eq. (11.68): Δσ av
′ =
6

Eq. (10.35): Δσ ′ = q I 4

L 10 B z
m1 = = = 1; b = = 5 m; n1 =
B 10 2 b

q = (2)(19) = 38 kN/m2

B
b= z
m1 z 2 n1 = q I4 Δσ′ = qI4
(m) b (kN/m2) (Table 10.9) (kN/m2)
(m)
1 4 5 0.8 38.0 0.8 30.4
1 6 5 1.2 38.0 0.606 23.02
1 8 5 1.6 38.0 0.449 17.06

30.4 + (4 × 23.02) + 17.06

Δσ av′ = = 23.25 kN/m 2
6

⎛4⎞
σ o′ = (2)(15) + (2)(17) + ⎜ ⎟(18) - (2 + 2)(9.81) = 60.76 kN/m 2
⎝2⎠

(0.36)(4) ⎛ 60.76 + 23.25 ⎞

Sc −clay = log⎜ ⎟ = 0.096 m
1 + 1.1 ⎝ 60.76 ⎠

For the peat layer:

L 10 B z
m1 = = = 1; b = = 5 m; n1 =
B 10 2 b

q = (2)(19) = 38 kN/m2

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 B
b= z
m1 z 2 n1 = q I4 Δσ′ = qI4
(m) b (kN/m2) (Table 10.9) (kN/m2)
(m)
1 8 5 1.6 38.0 0.449 17.06
1 9 5 1.8 38.0 0.388 14.74
1 10 5 2.0 38.0 0.336 12.76

17.06 + (4 × 14.74) + 12.76

Δσ av
′ = = 14.8 kN/m2
6

σ o′ = (2)(15) + (2)(17) + (4)(18) + (1)(16) − (7)(9.81) = 83.33 kN/m2

(6.6)(2) ⎛ 83.33 + 14.8 ⎞

Sc−peat = log⎜ ⎟ = 0.136 m
1 + 5.9 ⎝ 83.33 ⎠

Total consolidation settlement, Sc = 0.096 + 0.136 = 0.232 m

b. For the clay layer, a double drainage condition is assumed since the bottom
peat layer has high void ratio and considered permeable.

( H dr2 )(T99 ) ( 2002 )(1.781)

t99−clay = = = 23,746,666 sec ≈ 275 days
cv 0.003

For the peat layer, a single drainage is assumed since the top clay layer is
considered to have relatively low permeability.

( H dr2 )(T99 ) ( 2002 )(1.781)

t99− peat = = = 2,849,600 sec ≈ 33 days
cv 0.025

c. Secondary compression in clay:

⎛ σ ′ + Δσ ′ ⎞ ⎛ 60.76 + 23.25 ⎞
Δeprimary = C c log⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ = 0.36 log⎜ ⎟ = 0.0506
⎝ σ 0′ ⎠ ⎝ 60.76 ⎠

e p = e0 − Δeprimary = 1.1 − 0.0506 = 1.049

Cα 0.03
Cα′ = = = 0.0146
1 + e p 1 + 1.049

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 ⎛t ⎞ ⎛ ( 2)( 365) ⎞
S s −clay = Cα′ H log⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = (0.0146 )( 4) log⎜ ⎟ = 0.0247 m
⎝ t1 ⎠ ⎝ 275 ⎠

Secondary compression in peat:

⎛ σ ′ + Δσ ′ ⎞ ⎛ 83.33 + 14.8 ⎞
Δeprimary = C c log⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ = 6.6 log⎜ ⎟ = 0.468
⎝ σ 0′ ⎠ ⎝ 83.33 ⎠

e p = e0 − Δeprimary = 5.9 − 0.468 = 5.432

Cα 0.263
Cα′ = = = 0.0408
1 + e p 1 + 5.432

⎛t ⎞ ⎛ ( 2)( 365) ⎞
S s − peat = Cα′ H log⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = (0.0408)( 2) log⎜ ⎟ = 0.109 m
⎝ t1 ⎠ ⎝ 33 ⎠

d. Total settlement = Sc + Ss-clay + Ss-peat = 0.232 + 0.0247 + 0.109 = 0.365 m

e. Time factor in 3 months:

cv t (0.003)(3)(30)(24)(3600)
Tv = = = 0.583
H dr2 2002

Determine the degree of consolidation, Uz, from Figure 11.25:

z 3
= = 1.5 ; Uz ≈ 0.85
H dr 2

uz
Eq. 11.57: U z = 1 −
u0

Initial excess pore water pressure, u0 ≈ Δσ ′ = 23.25 kN/m2

u z = (1 − U z )u0 = (1 − 0.85)(23.25) = 3.487 kN/m2 = remaining excess pore

water pressure at point A after 3 months.

The increase in effective stress after 3 months = 23.25 – 3.487 = 19.76 kN/m2

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 σ o′ = (2)(15) + (2)(17) + (3)(18) − (2 + 3)(9.81) = 68.95 kN/m2

Therefore, the final effective stress after 3 months = 68.95 + 19.76

= 88.71 kN/m2

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