J Mycol Pl Pathol, Vol. 41, No.
1, 2011
(1:14.98), B. bassiana 1.0 kg/ha + endosulfan 0.035 %
(1:14.73) and M. anisopliae 2.0 kg/ha (1:9.43).
Characterization of Trichoderma virens Isolates
T. Prameela Devi, N. Prabhakaran , Pankaj Pandey
and Deeba Kamil
Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, New Delhi -110 012Email of
presenting author: anprabha05@yahoo.com - The most
common biological control agents (BCAs) of the genus
Trichoderma have been reported to be strains of
Trichoderma virens, T. harzianum, and T. viride. Since
Trichoderma virens is used as potential biocontrol
agent, it is very important to characterize different
isolates for their practical use in agriculture.
Characterization of 11 isolates, morphologically
identified as "Trichoderma virens" Rifai, was carried out
using molecular techniques. Different macro and
microscopic parameters were taken for morphological
identification. To justify the morphological
identification at molecular level, internal transcribed
spacer (ITS) 1 & 2 region was amplified and sequenced.
This region of rDNA was amplified using universal
ITS-1 and ITS4 primers. The size of amplicon the range
of 500-600bp were produced by the primers and
indicated the 97-99% similarity with Trichoderma
virens isolates from NCBI database. In present study, a
good correlation between morphological and molecular
characteristics among of Trichoderma virens isolates
was found which confirmed that the ITS region of
rDNA has much capacity to identify Trichoderma
isolates at species level.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and
Phytochemical Analysis of Albiziaamara Leaf
Extract
P. S. Praveen, Thippeswamy and D.C. Mohana
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology,
Bangalore University, JnanaBharathi Campus,
Bangalore-560056. E-mail: praveen.mbio@gmail.com -
Albiziaamara is a small to moderate-sized, much-
branched deciduous tree with smooth, dark green leaves
and scaly bark belonging to family Fabaceae.
Hydromethanolic extract of leaves was tested by disc
diffusion method against seven bacterial human
pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 2079),
Escherichia coli (NCIM 2065), Streptococcus faecalis
(NCIM 5025), Salmonella typhi (NCIM 2501),
Klebsiella pneumonia (NCIM 2957), Proteus vulgaris
(NCIM 2027) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (NCIM
5031) among which S.faecalis was most sensitive while
P.vulgaris was highly resistant. Among 13 test fungi
161
isolated in the laboratory tested for Antifungal activity
assay, Fusarium moniliformae was highly sensitive
while the most resistant was Penicillium chrysogenum.
Further sequential extraction was made in Soxhlet
apparatus using five solvents viz., petroleum ether,
toluene, chloroform, methanol and ethanol. The
chloroform extract exhibited the highest activity against
human pathogenic bacteria and antifungal activity
against plant pathogens tested viz., Alternaria
brassicola and Fusarium moniliformae followed by
methanol extract. Further chloroform and water
fractions from methanolic extract had significant
antibacterial activity. Minimum Inhibitory conc (MIC)
of Chloroform extract against E. coli and S. typhi was
found to be at 0.0625 mg/20 µl while for S. aureus was
at 0.0312 mg/20 µl concentration. Preliminary
phytochemical analysis have revealed the presence of
saponins, flavanoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and
glycosides. Results convey that the plant is very
important source of antimicrobial phytochemicals.
Compatibility of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson
with Pesticides
A. H. Barad, M. N. Kapadia and D. M. Jethva
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture,
Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh - A
laboratory study was carried out to determine the
compatibility of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson with
different pesticides including 15 insecticides and 15
fungicides during 2009 – 10 at Junagadh Agricultural
University, Campus, Junagadh. The results showed that
azadirachtin (0.0075%), spinosad (0.009%), fenvalerate
(0.01%), endosulfan (0.07%), cypermethrin (0.009%),
profenophos (0.05%) and acephate (0.15 %) were found
the most compatible with N. rileyi. In case of
fungicides, sulphur (0.2%) proved its superier
compatibility with N. rileyi, followed by zineb (0.2%),
copper oxychloride (0.2%) and propiconazole (0.025%).
Plant Growth Promoting Competence of
Trichoderma harzianum
R. M. Shukla and R.V. Vyas
Department of Microbiology & Biofertilizer project,
B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural
University, Anand - The members of the genus
Trichoderma are very promising against soil-born plant
parasitic fungi. Trichoderma is effective against a wide
range of plant pathogenic fungi including Pythium spp.,
Rhizoctonia solani , Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea,
Sclerotium rolfsii, and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. They
grow tropically toward hyphae of other fungi, and
degrade cell walls of the target fungi by lectin-mediated
162
reaction. This process (mycoparastitism) limits growth
and activity of plant pathogenic fungi. In addition to
mycoparastitism, individual strains may produce
antibiotics. It has been found in present research to
promote plant growth besides their biocontrol activity.
Various mechanisms involved in plant growth
promotion include mainly P mobilizing ability as well
as secondary metabolite production capacity of the
above mentioned fungus. IAA production by
mycopesticides was preliminarily checked using
precursors like tryptophan and EDTA, which showed
IAA induction by both precursors. Quantitative analysis
of IAA showed 12.60 µg/ ml IAA production by T.
harzianum, which was further confirmed on TLC.
Further confirmation by TLC also proved presence of
IAA and related compounds secretion by T. harzianum,
which showed Rf value (0.84) near the standard sample.
Antimicrobial Assay and Preliminary Phytochemical
analysis of Samanea saman
S. Thippeswamy, P. Praveen. and D.C. Mohana
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology,
Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi Campus,
Bangalore- E-mail Id: swamysgowda@gmil.com,
Mobile Number: +91 8970438020 - Samanea saman is
globally distributed in tropical regions, it is commonly
called as rain tree. Aqueous extracts and different
solvent extracts of leaves of Samanea saman were
assayed for both antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Aqueous extract of antibacterial assay was done by well
diffusion method against seven different human
pathogenic bacteria viz., Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM
2079), Escherichia coli (NCIM 2065), Streptococcus
faecalis (NCIM 5025), Salmonella typhi (NCIM 2501),
Klebsiella pneumonia (NCIM 2957), Proteus vulgaris
(NCIM 2027), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (NCIM 5031)
and one plant pathogenic bacteria i.e. Xanthomonas
species, further butanol fraction of methanolic extract
was showed highest inhibition, while poisoned food
technique was used for antifungal activity assay against
four species of Fusarium, two species of Alternaria, two
species of Penicillium, one species of Curvularia and
four species of Aspergillus which were isolated from the
seeds of sorghum and maize, among these Fusarium
species shows highest percent inhibition. The Minimum
inhibitory conc (MIC) of methanolic extract was found
to inhibit the growth of S.aureus, E. coli and S. typhi at
concentration of 0.062 mg/disc. Preliminary
phytochemical screening showed the presence of
saponins, glycosides, quinines, cardiac glycosides,
steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids. Result reveals that
this plant has significant phytochemicals, further
investigations are carried out in the laboratory for the
isolation of active principles.
J Mycol Pl Pathol, Vol. 41, No.1, 2011
Evaluation of Panchgavya and Phytoextracts on
Foliar Diseases, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of
Groundnut
Umesh M. Vyas1, Pragna M. Vyas2 and K. B. Jadeja
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture,
Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh 362 001 -
A field experiment was conducted at a farm near
Bagasara Di. Amreli Gujarat during kharif 2008
and2009 to evaluate the efficacy of foliar application of
panchgavya in combination with different
phytoextractsi.e. neem (Azadirachtaindica),datura
(Daturametel) and Karanj (Pongmea pinata) on foliar
diseases, nutrient uptake, yield and economics of
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). The results of the
experiment revealed that foliar application of
panchgavya + neem leaf extract (NLE) recorded
significant improvement in disease reduction, root
nodule weight, dry matter accumulation, nutrient
content and uptake of groundnut when compared with
control and panchgavya alone. The pod, haulm and
biological yield increased by 54, 25 and 39% with foliar
application of panchgavya + NLE overthe control.
Maximum net return with a C: B ratio (2.19) was
recorded under three foliar applications (i.e. 20, 35 and
55DAS) of panchgavya + NLE over other treatments.
Field Efficacy of Bio-Pesticides Against Thrips In
Onion
V. R. Virani, M. N. Kapadia and D. M. Jethva
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture,
Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh - A field
experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of
three myco-insecticides alone and two chemical
insecticides against Thrips tabaci infesting onion at
Junagadh Agricultural University campus, Junagadh
during rabi seasons of 2006-2009. The results revealed
that dimethoate 0.03%, endosulfan 0.07%, M.
anisopliae 2.0 kg/ha, M. anisopliae 1.5 kg/ha and B.
bassiana 2.0 kg/ha were found to be the most effective
for the management of the onion thrips. The highest
yield was recorded in the treatment of dimethoate
0.03% (41134 kg/ha) which was at par with the
treatment of endosulfan 0.07% (40919 kg/ha). The next
best treatments were B. bassiana 2.0 kg/ha (32462
kg/ha), M. anisopliae 2.0 kg/ha (32371 kg/ha), M.
anisopliae 1.5 kg/ha (32188 kg/ha) , V. lecanii 2.0 kg/ha
(30742 kg/ha). The highest cost benefit ratio was
obtained in the treatment of dimethoate 0.03% (1:28.54)
with net return of Rs 36113/ha, followed by endosulfan
0.07% (1:21.98), M. anisopliae 1.5 kg/ha (1:10.42), M.
anisopliae 2.0 kg/ha (1:9.35) and B. bassiana 2.0 kg/ha
(1:9.02) with net return of Rs. 35575/ha, Rs. 13750/ha,