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Content
1.Introduction: ...................................................................................................................... 2

1.1Basic principles of B-ISDN.................................................................................................. 2

2.HISTORY ............................................................................................................................. 3

3.Technology Developments .................................................................................................. 4

4.DEFINITION ........................................................................................................................ 5

5.AIM .................................................................................................................................... 6

6.BISDN SERVICES .................................................................................................................. 6

6.1-Interactive services ...................................................................................................................7

6.2-Distribution Services .................................................................................................................8

7.BISDN Architecture (Functional) .......................................................................................... 9

7.1-Low Layer capabilities ...............................................................................................................9

7.2High Layer capabilities ............................................................................................................. 10

7.3- TRANSMISSION STRUCTURE ................................................................................................... 10

8. PROTOCOL REFERENCE MODEL ........................................................................................ 11

8.1-B-ISDN RM PLANS ................................................................................................................... 12

8.2Functions of the individual layers of the B-ISDN PRM................................................................ 13

8.2.1ATM Adaptation Layer ................................................................................................................................14
8.2.3-AALs............................................................................................................................................................15

9. B-ISDN COMPARED WITH OSI MODEL .............................................................................. 17

10.Future Perspectives ......................................................................................................... 17

11.APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................ 21

12.CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 22

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Broadband-ISDN

1.Introduction:
ISDN is an acronym, which means Integrated Services Digital Network
BISDN is an extension of ISDN in terms of capabilities, i.e. it not only
has the narrowband capability of ISDN but also the broadband capability.
It is a set of CCITT/ITU standards for digital transmission over ordinary
telephone copper wire as well as over other media.
ISDN is the integration of both analogue and voice data together with
digital data over the same network.

1.1Basic principles of B-ISDN

• B-ISDN is a high speed transmission network supporting broadband
services and is based on the concept of ISDN. It supports switched,
semi-permanent and permanent point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint connections. It provides on-demand, reserved and
permanent services.
• Connections in B-ISDN support both circuit mode and packet
mode services of a mono-media and/or multimedia type and of a
connectionless or connection-oriented nature and in a bidirectional
or unidirectional configuration.
• B-ISDN will contain intelligent capabilities for the purpose of
providing advanced service characteristics, supporting powerful
operation and maintenance tools, network control and
management.

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• Since B-ISDN is based on overall ISDN concepts, the ISDN access

reference configuration is also the basis for the B-ISDN access
reference configuration.
• The B-ISDN architecture is detailed in functional terms and is,
therefore, technology and implementation independent.
• A layered structure approach, as used in established ISDN
protocols, is also applied to B-ISDN, giving flexibility using
different transmission systems for B-ISDN and serving different
applications.
• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is the transfer mode for
implementing B-ISD

2.HISTORY
• Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network
– In the 1970s the telecommunications industry conceived that
digital services would follow much the same pattern as voice
services, and conceived a grandiose vision of end-to-end circuit
switched services, known as the Broadband Integrated Services
Digital Network (B-ISDN).
• Before B-ISDN, the original ISDN attempted to substitute the analog
telephone system with a digital system which was appropriate for
both voice and non-voice traffic. Obtaining worldwide agreement on
the basic rate interface standard was expected to lead to a large user
demand for ISDN equipment, hence leading to mass production and
inexpensive ISDN chips.

• However, the standardization process took years while computer network

technology moved rapidly. Once the ISDN standard was finally agreed
upon and products were available, for home use the largest demand for
new services was video and voice transfer, but the ISDN basic rate lacks
the necessary channel capacity.

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• This was conceived as a logical extension of the end-to-end circuit

switched data service, ISDN.
• The technology for B-ISDN was going to be Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM), which was intended to carry both synchronous voice
and asynchronous data services on the same transport.
• The B-ISDN vision has been overtaken by the technology of the
Internet.
Over fiber optic lines, the maximum Data bandwidth is 1.5
Megabits and point-to-point protocol is typically used to carry data
over the B channels.

3.Technology Developments
The key technology developments for B-ISDN are as follows −
 Optical fiber transmission systems that can offer low-cost, high-data
rate transmission channels for network trunks and subscriber lines.
Over fiber optic lines, the maximum Data bandwidth is 1.5
Megabits and point-to-point protocol is typically used to carry data
over the B channels.

 The Microelectronic circuits which offer high-speed, low-cost

building blocks for switching, transmission, and subscriber
equipment.

 High-quality video monitors and cameras that have sufficient

production quantities are offered at low cost.

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4.DEFINITION
“A service requiring transmission channels capable of supporting
rates greater that the primary rate’’.
It is a virtual circuit-switched network that can use high-speed
packet switching services. The B-ISDN will use a flexible
multiplexing format called ATM (asynchronous transfer mode).

 Any service inquiry with a speed greater than 1.544Mbps is defined

as broadband, and any communications based on this speed are
called broadband communications
 BISDN is an extension of only in term of the name. Everything is
different including protocol, architecture, transmission, and
switching technology.
 Designed to exploit the advances in technology
 Provides for integration of wide range of communications facilities
and the support of universal communications with the following
characteristics.
 3WW exchange between any two subscribers in any medium.
 3Retrieval and sharing of information from multiple sources,
in multiple media.
 3Distribution of a wide variety of materials to home or office,
on demand.

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5.AIM
‘’The Goal of BISDN is to achieve complete integration of services,
ranging from low-bit-rate continuous real-time signals’’.

6.BISDN SERVICES

Figure 1: B-ISDN SERVICES

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B-ISDN services are classified into interactive and distribution services.

Interactive services contain the bidirectional flow of user information
between two subscribers or between a subscriber and a service provider.

6.1-Interactive services
The interactive services are further divided into three sub-
categories which are as follows.
1. Conversational: Conversational service involves the real-time
exchange of information such as sound, video, data or entire
documents. Examples include video-telephony, video-conference,
and high-speed data transfer. Video-telephony is like the normal
video telephony service but also has video capture, transmission and
display capabilities. Video-conference supports voice and video
communication between two conference rooms or between several
individuals.
2. Messaging: Messaging service involves the non-real-time exchange
of information between subscribers in a store-and-forward fashion.
3. Retrieval: Retrieval services provide subscribers with retrieval
access to centrally-stored public information. Examples include
broadband videotext (retrieval of video images/sequences with
sound, text and graphics), video retrieval (subscriber create to video
libraries of movies) and return of high-resolution pictures and
records from multiple archives and data centers.

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6.2-Distribution Services
Distribution services contain the unidirectional flow of user
information from a service provider to a subscriber.
Distribution services are divided into two sub-categories, which are as
follows:
 Distribution services without user presentation control: involve
the central broadcast of information to many subscribers, where
subscribers have no control over data display. Examples include the
broadcast of TV programs, electronic newspapers, and electronic
publishing.
 Distribution services with user presentation control: are the same
as the previous category. The information is offered as cyclically
repeated frames, thereby enabling the subscribers to control the start
and the order of the frames presentation. Examples include
electronic newspaper and tele-advertising.

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7.BISDN Architecture (Functional)

Figure 2: B-ISDN RCHITECTURE

The architecture of the B-ISDN includes low Layer capabilities and high
Layer capabilities. These capabilities support the services within the B-
ISDN and other networks by means of interworking B-ISDN with those
networks.

7.1-Low Layer capabilities

The low layer capabilities of B-ISDN architecture are explained below −
From the functional capabilities of the B-ISDN, as shown in Figure 2, the
information transfer capabilities require further description.
Broadband information transfer is provided by an ATM at the B-ISDN
user-network interface (UNI) and at switching entities inside the network.
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7.2High Layer capabilities

The high layer capabilities of B-ISDN architecture are explained below −
Normally, the high Layer functional capabilities are involved only in the
terminal equipment.
The support of some services, provision of high layer functions could be
made through special nodes in the B-ISDN belonging to the public
network or to centres operated by other organizations and accessed via B-
ISDN user-network or network node interfaces (NNIs).

7.3- TRANSMISSION STRUCTURE

Three new transmission services

 Full-duplex 155Mbps
 Asymmetrical 155Mbps (subscriber to the network to subscriber)
 Full duplex 622Mbps-for multiple video

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7.3.1-. User services in B-ISDN.

Services Typical bit rates

(kbit/s)

Telephony 64

Telefax 64

Data 1- 2000

Videotext 1-64

Video telephony 64-384

8. PROTOCOL REFERENCE MODEL

Figure 3: PRM

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B-ISDN is a broadband service network which is able to integrate all data

services for the time being into this one network.
It exploits ATM as a transport and switching technique. The layers are
from down to top: Physical Layer, ATM Layer, ATM Adaptation Layer
(AAL) and the higher layer protocols.

8.1-B-ISDN RM PLANS
The B-ISDN reference model consists of three plans:
1. Management Plane
2. User Plane
3. Control Plane

• User plane
The user plane, with its layered structure, provides for user information
flow transfer, along with associated controls (e.g. flow control, and
recovery from errors, etc.).
• Control plane
This plane has a layered structure and performs the call control and
connection control functions; it deals with the signalling necessary to set
up, supervise and release calls and connections.
The distinction, if any, between local and global control plane functions
in the broadband environment is for further study.
• Management plane
The management plane provides two types of functions, namely Layer
Management and plane management functions.

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Plane management functions

The plane management performs management functions related to a
system as a whole and provides coordination between all the planes.
Plane management has no layered structure.
Layer Management functions
Layer Management performs management functions (e.g. meta-
signaling) relating to resources and parameters residing in its protocol
entities. Layer Management handles the operation and maintenance
(OAM) information flows specific to the layer concerned.

8.2Functions of the individual layers of the B-ISDN PRM

The functions of each layer, the primitives exchanged between layers,
and primitives exchanged between the layers and the management plane
are described below. The information flows described do not imply a
specific physical realization. Figure illustrates the layers of the PRM,
and identifies the functions of the Physical Layer, the ATM Layer, and
the AAL

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FIGURE 4: PRM Layers

8.2.1ATM Adaptation Layer

ATM Adaptation Layer's main purpose is to adjust service
requirements from user and available services at the ATM Layer. It
maps user information into ATM cells and may provide error
detection. ITU has defined 4 service classes according to basic
service parameters. Both parameters and service classes are
described in the table below. Service classification gives base for
the Adaptation Layer definition.

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Figure 5: AL Service

8.2.2-AALs
Are defined to support each of the service classes. AAL provides a
range of bearer connections which are more suitable for the
support of UMTS than an ATM connection alone. ATM
Adaptation Layers are:

o AAL1: Constant bit rate adaptation provides the transfer of

constant bit rate data. ATM cell is loaded with 47 byte of
user data plus header including three-bit sequence number.
o AAL2: Variable bit rate adaptation provides the transfer of
variable bit rate data with clock recovery at the destination.
o AAL3/4: Packet Transfer adaptation provides the transfer
of message or stream data. Service data unit consists of a
header, trailer and padding. This is split into 44 bytes and
filled into ATM cells. Four bytes in each ATM cell is used
for segment type, sequence number, multiplexing
identification etc.
o AAL5: Packet Transfer adaptation is quite similar to
AAL3/4 but packet transmissions can not be multiplexed.
Service data unit is packed into ATM cells using all 48 byte
of payload field. The last ATM cell header carries an end of
block indication.

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ATM Adaptation Layers are divided into two sublayers:

o Convergence Sublayer wraps user-service data units in a

header and trailer which contain service required
information. Header/trailer contains usually e.g. error
detection.
o Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer receives the
convergence sublayer data unit and divides and places it into
ATM cell. It may also add own header to the data piece for
reassemble at the destination.

8.2.3 The Physical Layer

This consist of two sublayers. The Physical Medium sublayer supports

pure transfer medium dependent functions. The Transmission
Convergence sublayer converts the ATM cell stream into Physical
Medium sublayer. The ATM Layer is independent of the physical
medium. It translates the cell identifier for switching, provides the user
with one QoS class, to mention a few. The ATM Adaptation Layer
adapts the ATM Layer service along the requirements imposed by user
services as well as control and management functions.

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9. B-ISDN COMPARED WITH OSI MODEL

Figure 6: B-ISDN VS OSI MODEL

. The B-ISDN network uses the same logical hierarchical protocol

architecture as in the OSI model
9.1-ATM- services

Service categories have been defined for the ATM Layer to

support general applicability of the ATM network. For each
purpose they can be specified further by changing parameters. No
explicit relation between service category and AAL exists but
certain AALs are most suitable for specific service categories.
Service categories defined by ATM Forum are:

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o Constant Bit Rate (CBR) is intended for loss and delay

sensitive data with deterministic and constant cell rate (e.g.
speech and video). CBR services most probably make use of
AAL1.
o Variable Bit Rate, real time (VBR RT) is intended for the
statistically predictable variable bit rate data not able to
adjust to variations in network loading. The Real time (RT)
service is intended for stream data (e.g. speech or video).
VBR (RT) is expected make use of AAL2.
o Variable Bit Rate, non-real time (VBR NRT) is intended
for restricted delay data that is not sensitive to jitter (e.g.
interactive multimedia). VBR (NRT) guarantees only
maximum average delay. AAL2, AAL3/4 or AAL5 are all
potential choices for VBR (NRT).
o Available Bit Rate (ABR) is intended for loss sensitive but
delay disregarded data with unpredictable but adjustable cell
emission rate to the network load (computer-based
applications). The cell emission rate adjustment is achieved
e.g. with flow control using Resource Management (RM)
cells. Source vary its data rate according to received
feedback. The ABR service category is suitable for all data
network applications. ABR services could make use of AAL
3/4 or AAL5.
o Undefined Bit Rate (UBR) is intended for neither loss nor
delay sensitive data. A UBR user is free to send cells at any
rate at any time but the network does not guarantee delay nor
delivery. UBR is much like ABR with very low Quality of
Service (QoS).

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9.2 B-ISDN User Network Interface (B-UNI)

The B-ISDN signalling transport network is an ATM-based transport network
which is logically separated from the user information transport network. The
protocol stack for the B-UNI is presented in figure 15.

 B-UNI with UMTS requires an extension of Q.2931 signaling protocol

(Q.2931*). Q.2931* offers UMTS necessary functionalities e.g.:
 support of multipoint and broadcast communication configurations.
adding and removing connections from an existing call.
interworking between different coding systems.

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10.Future Perspectives

• Since B-ISDN is based on the concepts developed for ISDN it may

evolve from ISDN by progressively incorporating, directly into the
network, additional B-ISDN functions enabling new and advanced
services.
• The evolution to B-ISDN should ensure the continued support of
existing interfaces and services. Any extension of network capabilities
or change in network performance parameters should not degrade the
Quality of Service (QOS) of existing services.
• New network capabilities will be incorporated into B-ISDN in
evolutionary steps to meet new user requirements and to
accommodate advances in network developments and progress in
technology.
• Further inclusion of additional intelligent network features has to be
considered in an overall context and may be allocated to different
network/terminal elements.
• It is recognized that B-ISDN may be implemented in a variety of ways
according to specific national situations.

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11.APPLICATIONS

 Enhanced phone services

 Customer premise Equipment
 High speed data transfers
 Tele messaging will help businesses to securely chat and
share files amongst each other.
 Videotext
 Tele-conferencing: Designed to satisfy the needs of business
through communication terminals and ATM public network.
 Tele control
 telepolling
 Tele-financing
 Online services
 Remote video surveillance

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12.CONCLUSION
ISDN is an underlying technology, which provides cost-effective
networking through the public telephone networks.
ISDN is an important step forward in the adaptation of the
network to handle the increasing global demand for computer-to-
computer data communications.
ISDN brings us closer to the goal of a ubiquitous multi-service
network, integrating voice, data, video and image.

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