ISLAMOPHOBIA AFTER 9/11 WORLD TRADE CENTER INCIDENT IN USA

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the attainment of Sarjana Sastra
degree of English Literature

By

GALANG YURI RAMADHAN

1900026228
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LITERATURE, CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION

AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY

2023
 A. CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

A. Background of study
Immigrant workers had an impact on how Islam developed in Europe. In 1950,
the number of Muslims in Europe started to increase. These immigrants arrived as a
result of the hiring of foreign laborers who were dispersed throughout Western
Europe. They primarily hail from a variety of Mediterranean nations, including
Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Before the Netherlands, France, and Britain
finally had experience with postcolonial immigrants, there was much controversy
over the term for Muslim immigrants, and this categorization also included ethnic
minorities who were divided into regions based on their religion (Putri, Islamophobia
among Western Communities, 2020). Since the start of the tragedy of the World
Trade Center building's fall on September 11, 2001, talking about the subject of
terrorism has been a topic that has rocked international security. Ade Firmansyah
claims that this illustrates how the international community is beginning to
concentrate on fighting terrorism, which is regarded as a violation of human rights
(HAM), rather than ideological wars, specifically the conflict between the West and
East (Liberalism and Communism), which has existed since the end of World War II
in 1945. Therefore, it is not surprising that following the tragic collapse of the WTC
building, terrorist attacks have escalated in countries throughout Europe, Asia, and
Africa. The Pentagon Building was damaged and the World Trade Center building
collapsed on September 11, 2001, sparking a global battle between Islam and the US
government (Firmansyah, 2009). There have been more terrorist attacks across the
globe, which has had a number of detrimental effects, including one on a nation's
growth and development. Following the destruction of the WTC and the Pentagon, the
US They think that Al-Qaeda is the foundation of its movements in Southeast Asia,
specifically in the countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand,
which have served as training bases for the group. They are primarily concerned with
combating radical Islamic groups and terrorists.

According to the collected data, there have been hundreds of occurrences,

ranging from criminal activity to the murder of individuals with Islamic traits (Sukidi
Mulyadi, Farid Muttaqien, 2001). So it should come as no surprise that terrorism has
forced Islamic teachings and Muslims into a corner as a result of all the problems that
have arisen. One of them is terrorism, which, when committed in the name of Islam
and its adherents, has harmed Islam's reputation in general. It follows that it is not
surprising that Islamophobia has increased. To understand the features of
Islamphobia, consider the origin of the term "Islamophobia." According to
Runnymede (Moordiningsih, 2015), there are two ways to view the traits of
Islamophobia: open views and closed views of Islam. When evaluated from an open
perspective on Islam, the traits of Islamphobia take the shape of reasoned
condemnation, criticism, appreciation, and respect. Fear of Islam is one of the traits
that can be noticed in restrictive views of Islam.
 Islamophobia is linked to other forms of intolerance, such as xenophobia and
antisemitism, which are both characterized by a fear and hatred of Jews and people
from other nations who are viewed as foreign. Islamophobic nations with limited
perspectives on Islam have a tendency to discriminate against Muslims in all spheres
of society, including the use of violence and oppressive political practices. Due to an
example of an escalating wave of Islamophobia in Europe in 2017 (Aulia, 2020),
Islamophobia is actually accepted as usual. Ismoyo asserts that Islamophobia already
exists and is growing in Western nations. Western Orientalism and the American
tragedy of the WTC on 9/11 are the key causes of this. With the 9/11 incident turning
into a terrorist attack, several American power symbols, including the twin towers and
the Pentagon's use of passenger jets for military purposes, have become targets. Given
that Islamophobia results from acts of terrorism committed in the name of Islam, it is
clear that there is an inordinate hate of Islam and Muslims. Islamophobia has seven
traits, the first of which is the perception of Muslim and Islamic culture as a single,
unchanging entity. Second, it is believed that Muslim culture is highly distinct from
other civilizations. Third, it's believed that Islam is intrinsically dangerous. Fourth,
Muslims are perceived as primarily leveraging their religion for military or political
benefit. Fifth, Western civilization flatly rejects Muslim criticism of it. Sixth, racial
animosity toward immigrants is combined with fear of Islam. Seventh, according to
The Council on American-Islamic Relations (2015), Islamophobia is not a concern
and is believed to be normal.

B. Problems formulation
The researcher formulates the presented problems  as follows

1. What happen with muslim in Europe after WTC 9/11 accident?

2. How did the American public view Muslims after the WTC 9/11 incident

C. Objectives of the study

Based on the problem formulation in above, the objective of the study are:

1. To describe the condition of Muslims before and after the WTC 9/11 incident
2. To analyze what cause of WTC 9/11 incident

D. Scope of the study

The scope of the research is focused on how the state of Islamophobia was before and
after the WTC 9/11 accident