I.

Gluconeogenesis

Ÿ What is gluconeogenesis ?
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate precusors.
( pyruvate, lactate, amino acids ( except for Lysine and Leucine))

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22591/#:~:text=We%20now
%20turn%20to%20the,only%20glucose%20as%20a%20fuel.&text=The
%20gluconeogenic%20pathway%20converts%20pyruvate%20into
%20glucose.

Ÿ Why gluconeogenesis is important ?

This metabolic pathway is important because the brain depends on glucose as its
primary fuel and red blood cells use only glucose as a fuel.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22591/#:~:text=We%20now%20turn%20to
%20the,only%20glucose%20as%20a%20fuel.&text=The%20gluconeogenic
%20pathway%20converts%20pyruvate%20into%20glucose.

- maintaince the glucose homeostasis: During a prolonged fast or vigorous

exercise, glycogen stores become depleted, and glucose must be synthesized de novo
in order to maintain blood glucose levels
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541119/

-brain : The brain alone requires about 120 g of glucose each day—more than half of
all the glucose stored as glycogen in muscle and liver. However, the supply of glu
cose from these stores is not always sufficient.  Because the brain is so rich in nerve
cells, or neurons, it is the most energy-demanding organ, using one-half of all the
sugar energy in the body.

https://neuro.hms.harvard.edu/harvard-mahoney-neuroscience-
institute/brain-newsletter/and-brain/sugar-and-
brain#:~:text=Because%20the%20brain%20is%20so,brain%20uses
%20this%20fuel%20source.

Ÿ Where does gluconeogenesis occur ?

Major site :
- liver : 90%
- kidney: 10%
Glucose produced by gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys is released into the
blood and is subsequently absorbed by brain, heart, muscle, and red blood cells to
meet their metabolic needs. In turn, pyruvate and lactate produced in these tissues are
returned to the liver and kidneys to be used as gluconeogenic substrates.

Ÿ gluconeogenesis is not a reversal of glycolysis

First, glycolysis is exergonic.
Second, the processes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis must be regulated in a
reciprocal fashion so that when glycolysis is active, gluconeogenesis is inhibited, and
when gluconeogenesis is proceeding, glycolysis is turned off.

Gluconeogenesis employs four different reactions, catalyzed by four different

enzymes,

ŸFour Reactions Are Unique to Gluconeogenesis

1. Pyruvate Carboxylase

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is a biotin- and ATP-dependent mitochondrial

enzyme that catalyzes the anaplerotic carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate
2. PEP Carboxykinase
3. Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase
4. Glucose-6-Phosphatase

https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/texas-am-university/metabolism-gi-nutrition/lecture-notes/21-
gluconeogenesis-maintenance-of-blood-glucose-ficht/1275279/view
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22591/#:~:text=We%20now%20turn%20to%20the,only
%20glucose%20as%20a%20fuel.&text=The%20gluconeogenic%20pathway%20converts%20pyruvate
%20into%20glucose.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541119/
https://books.google.com.vn/books?
id=xPSODwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=what+is+gluconeogenesis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi
0sOG_5KzsAhU0K6YKHfieBaYQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=what%20is
%20gluconeogenesis&f=false
https://neuro.hms.harvard.edu/harvard-mahoney-neuroscience-institute/brain-newsletter/and-brain/sugar-
and-brain#:~:text=Because%20the%20brain%20is%20so,brain%20uses%20this%20fuel%20source.
https://books.google.com.vn/books?
id=A3u1891gHfkC&pg=PA151&dq=inhibitors+of+gluconeogenesis+is+insulin+and+glucagon&hl=en&sa=
X&ved=2ahUKEwjr3p2c3bvsAhWSGaYKHYk1BR0Q6AEwA3oECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=inhibitors
%20of%20gluconeogenesis%20is%20insulin%20and%20glucagon&f=false
https://books.google.com.vn/books?
id=qC3QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA271&dq=inhibitors+of+gluconeogenesis+is+insulin+and+glucagon&hl=en&
sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr3p2c3bvsAhWSGaYKHYk1BR0Q6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=inhibitors
%20of%20gluconeogenesis%20is%20insulin%20and%20glucagon&f=false
https://books.google.com.vn/books?
id=54_pNDdevZ8C&pg=PA305&dq=inhibitors+of+gluconeogenesis+is+insulin+and+glucagon&hl=en&sa
=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr3p2c3bvsAhWSGaYKHYk1BR0Q6AEwBnoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=inhibitors
%20of%20gluconeogenesis%20is%20insulin%20and%20glucagon&f=false