Chapter 2.

Statistical survey

2.1. Data collection method

Secondary data will form the major type of data that will be used in this paper. These data
will be mainly be extrapolated from the records and statistics from the work of the following
bodies and/ or organizations

1. British petrol (BP)

2. Eurogas
3. The United States of America Energy Information Administration

Other sources of data includes includes presentation and papers from scholars.

As a result of the volatile nature of the natural gas industry, there is always fluxes or changes
in the data as the data keeps changing on a yearly basis. The result of this is that it is very
difficult and expensive to obtain books containing up to date data. To circumvent this
problem, we will rely mainly on data derived from websites. This is view of the fact that this
medium presents the surest way to obtain latest data.

For accuracy, most of the data will presented in its original form (as it was got from the
source), however, in most cases for ease of simplicity and unifomity data will be extrapolated
and calculated on a personal basis.

Further, this section does not treat LNG because it will be dealth with indepthly in another
section of this work.

2.2. General Statistical Overview

The production of primary energy in the EU-27 totalled 871 MTOE in 2006. Of this amount,
natural gas comprised of 20.6%. (Eurostat, 2009) In recent times natural gas has formed a
major portion of EU-27 primary energy production. In 2006, it accounted for about 20.6% of
the total energy production. (Eurostat, 2009). Since the 1990s, natural gas production in most
member states of the EU has been in decline due to the depletion of reserves. Generally,
natural gas production in the EU peaked in 2001. However, in the Netherlands, this has been
true since the end of the 1970s, and in the United Kingdom since 2000. These two nations are
currently the largest producers of natural gas in the EU 27. In particular, United Kingdom’s
natural gas production has dwindled in recent years.

It is estimated that between 2005 and 2030, the EU’ natural gas production will fall by one
half. About 80% of this decline will result from the falling production in Britain and the
Netherlands. As a result of this drastic decline in domestic gas production, the EU
commission estimates that natural gas import will rise between 2005 and 2030 from 175
MTOE (about 210 billion cubic meters) to about 431 MTOE (520 billion cubic meters). This
is irrespective of the fact that there will only be a small increase in consumption.
In 2006 Natural gas imports accounted for about 60% of total EU’s gross inland consumption
up from 49% in 2000. Rising natural gas net imports are driven by a combination of declining
domestic EU reserves, rising electricity demand and environmental legislation which tends to
favour the use of natural gas which is less polluting. Furthermore, the price difference with
coal also plays a role. In 2007, the imported gas from outside the EU-27 came mainly from
Russia and Norway (EEA, 2007) By 2020, some 18% of natural gas could be imported in the
form of LNG (liquid natural gas). Russia’s share of EU natural gas imports could fall to 35%
by 2020. However the regional configuration of natural gas imports would change very little.

Although, overall natural gas import dependency in the EU is high and continues to rise, the
situation varies significantly from country to country. Denmark is the sole country which is
almost completely natural gas independent, while for some countries, the United Kingdom,
Netherlands import dependency ratios are quite low (close to 20%).
At the other extreme,
Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain have import dependency ratios exceeding 80%, while small
Island countries like Malta and Cyprus (due to their geographical situation) along with
Luxembourg is fully dependent on energy imports.

Fig 1. Production of primary energy, EU, 2006 (% of total, based on tonnes of oil
equivalent)

Source: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/images/e/e1/
Production_of_primary_energy%2C_EU-27%2C_2006%28%25_of_total
%2C_based_on_tonnes_of_oil_equivalent%29.PNG
2.3 EU-27 Natural gas production and consumption

The major natural gas producers in EU includes the united kingdom, Netherlands, Germany,
Denmark and Romania and to a very small extent Poland. On the hand the major consumers
within the EU includes Germany, United kingdom, The production of natural gas in the EU
is not static as there have been fluxes in the level of production.

In the early part of the 1970s, the share of natural gas in the total primary consumption by
the region known as the EU 27 today was just under ten percent. (Only half of the worlds
average) (fig.3) Thus the production of natural gas in EU-27 was considerably less than other
regions like the united states and the former soviet union. This figure rose to approximately
16 percent by 1980. With the expansion of oil and natural gas production in the north sea, the
difference between the EU and the rest of the world in terms of natural gas consumption as a
percentage of total energy usage was reduced to just four percent (DIW, 2009) In subsequent
years production and consumption increased siginificantly such that by 1996, natural gas
surpassed coal as the most important source of energy in the EU after oil.

Between 1970 and 1980 there was a sharp increase in consumption of natural gas within the
EU and it was possible to satisfy this increase with increase in domestic production.
However, further increase in consumption necessitated the increased importation of natural
gas. (Fig.4). During the period between 1980 and 1996, the consumption of natural gas rose
by about 50%, while domestic production only rose 19%. Two thirds of the increase in
consumption was therefore covered by imports. By 1996, natural gas production in the EU
reached a peak of 211 MTOE, and after several years of stagnation began to decline while
consumption continued to rise up to 2005. Due to significant price increases, natural gas
consumption fell in the EU in 2006 and 2007. Production declined even faster than
consumption over this period, however, causing imports to increase slightly. The share of
imports in total natural gas consumption in the EU increased from 10% in 1970 to over 27%
in 1980 and 60 in 2007. (DIW, 2009)

Table 1. Primary production of natural gas in the EU-27

source: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database
 Fig 2. Gross inland consumption in EU-27 in million toe (gross calorific value)
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-09-016/EN/KS-QA-09-016-
EN.PDF

Fig 3. Primary energy consumption according to source; world total (1965-2005)

 Fig 4. Primary energy consumption according to source; EU total (1965-2005)

2.4. Current natural gas production and consumption

The share of natural gas in total gross inland consumption increased from 17.7% in 1990 to
23.9 in 2007. Over the period, the consumption in natural gas increased by 46.6%. In absolute
terms consumptions increased at an average annual rate of 1.3%. (EEA; 2008). The first
estimates for natural gas consumption in 2008 amounted to 20,157 petajoule (PJ) (517 billion
cubic metres) this represents an increase of 2.1 percent compared to 2007.

Although the natural gas markets of the different EU countries differ considerably some
general trends across Europe can explain this increase. After an unusually warm temperature
in 2007, the weather returned to normal in 2008. This may have contributed to the increase
in natural gas consumption of 2.1%. Besides, 2008 was a leap year (366 days)

Another reason for the increase in natural gas consumption may be attributed to the higher
demand in the power sector due to favourable oil prices against oil and coal. In all EU
countries, however, the last quarter of 2008 saw a significant slow down because of the drop
in consumption in the industrial sector resulting from the economic crisis.
 Fig 5. Natural gas Primary production in million toe (GCV)

Source: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-09-016/EN/KS-QA-
09-016-EN.PDF

Indigenous production in the EU27 increased by 1.8% to 7899 PJ (202 Bcm) over the period,
mainly as a result of increase in the production in the Netherlands (10.9%) and Denmark
(9,4%), which compensated the downward trend observed in most of the other EU producing
countries. The highest percentage of gas supplied in the EU 27 comes from indigenous
production, covering 39% of the total net supplies in 2008. The main external sources of
supply are Russia with 25%, Norway with 18% and Algeria with 10%. In total approximately
60% comes from western European fields. (Eurogas, 2008)

Fig 6. Natural Gas Consumption in EU27, Turkey and Switzerland in 2008

Source: http://www.eurogas.org/uploaded/09P142%20-%20Press%20release%20on
%20Evolution%20of%20Gas%20Consumption%202008.pdf
Fig 7. Natural gas consumption, production and reserve by region, 2007 (in % age)

2.5. EU 27 Natural gas import- export balance

The natural gas import and export situation in the EU is not balanced. The industry is mainly
import oriented. This is due to the fact that natural gas consuming countries in the EU is far
more than the natural gas producing countries. Besides, the absolute quantity of natural gas
demand is more than the supply. Thus most European countries are net importers of natural
gas. Currently in the EU (fig 8) except for Denmark and the Netherlands there is no country
that relies solely on its domestic supply. The result of this is that there is a thriving natural
gas import market all across Europe. On the other hand, although some countries like United
Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, etc produces natural gas, however they still have to rely on
imports to augment their domestic supply. In 2007 and 2008, Germany because of it
enormous need for energy imported the highest amount of natural gas (an average of 81.25
MTOE) it was closely followed by Italy who imported 68.6 MTOE; other major importers
include United Kingdom, France, etc.

By far the greatest exporter of natural gas in the EU is the Netherlands, followed by the
United Kingdom, and Denmark.
 Fig 8. EU-27 Import and export Balance 2007 and 2008
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-09-016/EN/KS-QA-09-016-
EN.PDF

2. 6 Share of natural gas in Primary energy consumption

In terms of primary energy consumption, (defined as the total gross energy supply; i.e.
indigenous production + net imports before conversion, natural gas was not considerably
relevant in the area that is now the EU 27 today. It was less important than the traditional
energy sources like coal, and oil. Natural gas was more important as a source of energy in
North America and the former Soviet Union. In the 1970s the share of natural gas in the
primary energy consumption in the EU was just about ten percent, just about half of the
world total average.

Fig 9. Global share of Natural Gas in primary energy consumption (in %age)

From the 1980s, the demand for natural gas in the EU increased rapidly unto the 1990s and
finally overtook the world in 2003. The share of natural gas in the primary energy
consumption increased from less than 5% in the 1960s to more than 25%. It remained the
second most used fuel after oil. In some countries with important gas reserves and/or mature
gas market, the share of natural gas in the primary energy consumption is very important.
Amongst these, Netherlands are the most important with 45% followed by Hungary (44%),
UK (40), and Italy (38%). By contrast the share of natural gas in the Primary energy
consumption in countries like Sweden and Greece is very low with values of 2% and 8%.In
some countries like Spain, Italy and Portugal grew by over 5% between 2004 and 2005. In
other countries such as Luxembourg, Ireland, the Netherlands and UK the share of natural gas
in PEC in comparison with 2004 decreased by 3%. (Eurogas, 2005)

In terms of regions, 2007 Statistics shows that Russia has the highest share of natural gas in
primary energy consumption (55%), followed by the Middle East (45%). Europe has share of
only about 25%.
 10.
Fig 10. Share of natural gas in Primary Energy Consumption by region, 2007 (in %)

Fig 11. EU-27 projected share of natural gas in primary energy consumption (projected)

Projections show that the share of natural gas in primary energy consumption will continue to
increase until the 2030. However, after 2020, the consumption of natural gas will only rise
minimally in the EU. This will be possible with the aid of accelerated improvements in
energy efficiency and the further expansion of renewable energy production.

2.7. EU- 27 Natural Gas Import

Currently, European indigenous gas production (Norway included) accounts for around 55%
of European supplies and imports comes from several countries, with about 23% coming
from Russia. By 2030, Europe could be importing up to 74% in order to meet the expected
market growth. Other major gas exporters to the EU were Algeria, Nigeria Libya etc.

In 2005, in terms of imports, it should be noted that the biggest gas importers in the EU were
some of the EU’s largest countries. Germany, (3.4 million TJ), Italy (2.8 million TJ) and
France (more than 1.9 million TJ).

By comparison, the United Kingdom was much more independent, with imports of 624,135
TJ, in other words about one eighth of the volume flowing to similarly sized (in terms of
population) Italy.

In fact, 18 Member States recorded a growth in natural gas imports between 2004 and 2005.
The largest relative increases were registered by the United Kingdom (30%), Spain (23%)
and the Netherlands (22%). Conversely, six Member States saw their imports decrease
between 2004 and 2005. Latvia, which considerably increased its imports between 2003 and
2004 (by 24%), reduced its imports by 17.5% in 2005. Finland reduced its imports by close to
9%. In the remaining countries, decreases were limited to 5% or less.
In 2008, the major gas exporters to the EU were Russia (23%), Norway (18%), Algeria (9%),
and Nigeria (3%)

Fig 12. EU-27 imports of natural gas: % of extra-EU imports by country of origin 2007/2008

Source: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-09-016/EN/KS-QA-
09-016-EN.PDF

2. 8. Natural Gas Demand Scenario/Projections

Natural gas will continue to make important contributions to Europe’s energy mix, rising
from the current 24% to perhaps 30% in 2030.(IEA,2008) Natural gas reserves are plentiful
worldwide and sufficient to meet global needs if the expected demand ranges hold true.
Although, European gas production is in decline, productions in other areas have impressive
growth potential. Projections by international energy agency show that the pace of demand
growth slows progressively over the projection period from the 2.3 per year in 2005-2015 to
1.4% per year in 2015 -2030. Global demand for natural gas grows by 2.6% per year from
2854 bcm in 2005 to 3689 bcm in 2015. As with oil, gas demand increases quickest in
developing countries. The biggest regional increase in absolute terms occurs in the Middle
East, where gas resources are extensive and prices low. North America and Europe
nonetheless remain the leading gas consumers in 2015, accounting for around 40% of world
consumption, compared with just under half today
Fig 13. World primary natural gas demand (bcm)

Fig 14. EU-27 supply-Demand Outlook

http://www.eurogas.org/uploaded/Natural%20Gas%20-%20Contributing%20to%20a
%20Secure%20Energy%20Supply_December2009.pdf

2.9. Projected Import Dependence

In terms of natural gas import, Europe is the most dependent region. The EU commission
estimates that, despite only a small increase in consumption; natural gas imports will rise
from 438 MTOE in 2005 to 625 MTOE in 2030 representing an increase of 43%. In fact,
higher imports levels are possible as 80% of global natural gas reserves are located within the
economic reach of the EU. These reserves are located in countries whose economic
development has more or less lagged behind those of the EU and for whom energy are the
most important source of tax income and foreign exchange proceeds.

It is projected that Russia will still maintain its leads as the major natural gas exporter to
Europe. It will followed by Norway and Algeria respectively.

By 2020, Europe will be almost 70% dependent on import sources for its natural gas. Of
these, it is estimated that Europe will be 22 % dependent on Russia for its natural gas supply.
It will be followed by Norway with 9%.

In terms of absolute value, EU’s natural gas import is projected to climb (almost double)
from 410 bcm in 1997 to about 790 bcm in 2020.
 Further, the share of import in EU’s natural gas and oil consumption will rise from 35% in
1997 to more than 65% in 2020. All these points to an increased role of natural gas import in
the EU.

Fig 15. Development of natural gas supplies in EU-27

Source: http://www.cessa.eu.com/sd_papers/brussels/Cessa_Brussels_105_Devos.pdf

Fig 16. Projected EU natural gas production and import

source http://www.gcsp.ch/e/publications/Issues_Institutions/Int_Organisations/Occ_Papers/
40-Gault.pdf

Fig 17. EU 27 projected natural gas import dependency level

Source: http://eurogas.waxinteractive3.com/uploaded/JMD%20-%20EEF%20-
%20%2027%2002%2008%20-%20support%20slides.pdf
Fig 18. Import shares in oil and gas consumption ( in %age)

2.10. Analysis of the major natural gas exporters to the EU-27

The major exporters of natural gas to the EU are Russia, Norway, Algeria, Libya and Nigeria.
Presently, Russia is the largest supplier of natural gas to the EU. It accounts of about 40 %
of the EU natural gas import. Russia major gas company Gazprom is in charge of export of
natural gas to other countries. The role of Russia in the EU’s import market is very
strategic. This is in view of the fact that many countries in the EU depends on Russia for
large proportion of their imports. Russia’s share of the EU natural gas imports is projected
to fall to about 35% by 2020.

Fig 19. EU-27 natural gas import sources 2008

Fig 20. Gas imports in the EU-27 in terra joules

Source:
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/statistics/part_2_energy_pocket_book_2009.pdf

2.11. Country by country analysis

This section deals with the major natural gas consumers and producers in the EU. Natural
gas statistics for each of these countries is summarised and presented in forms of tables

1. Germany.

Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import

consumption dependence
2008 13.0 83.1 85.5 61.3
2007 14.3 79.4 85.2 59.0
2006 14.05 66.43 79.50 61.3
2005 14.22 65.73 80.86 61.6
2004 14.73 65.89 78.73 61.1
2003 15.92 62.44 79.13 60.6
2002 15.99 60.07 75.57 60.1
2001 15.93 58.20 75.59 61.0
2000 15.80 56.87 71.85 59.9
1999 16.71 57.30 72.00 59.6
1998 15.67 56.04 72.73 61.5
Table 2. Germany natural gas data 1998-2008

Germany is EU’s second largest consumer of natural gas after the United Kingdom.
Although, Germany produces a large amount of natural gas, the amount produced is
insufficient to satisfy domestic consumption. Thus, it meets most of its demand through
imports. Germany imports most of its natural gas from Russia and Norway and the
Netherlands. Over the years Germany’s demand for natural gas has been on the increase and
in spite of the increase in energy efficiency use, the level of consumption is expected to rise
further.

2. United Kingdom

Although, the United Kingdom is a major producer of natural gas within the EU, it is a net
importer of natural gas. Previously, the United Kingdom was a net exporter of natural gas,
however, due to dwindling production levels and an increase in consumption she became a
net importer.

Primary energy production in the United Kingdom in 2008, at 176.9 million tonnes of oil
equivalent, was 4.9 per cent lower than in 2007. Gross natural gas production fell 3.4 per cent
in 2008. Gross natural gas production has fallen by 36 per cent since its peak in 2000. Net
imports of gas accounted for 28 per cent of gas input into the transmission system.

Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import

consumption dependence in
%
2008 69.7 34.7 96.3 21.3
2007 71.9 29.1 90.8 20.3
2006 72.01 9.55 81.06 21.3
2005 79.40 5.97 85.47 13.7
2004 86.77 1.46 87.75 4.7
2003 92.63 -7.02 85.88 -6.3
2002 93.41 -6.98 85.86 -12.3
2001 95.26 -8.34 86.65 -9.2
2000 97.55 -9.31 87.40 -16.8
1999 89.20 - 5.54 84.20 -20.4
1998 81.17 -1.63 79.38 -15.7

Table 3. United Kingdom natural gas data 1998-2008

3. Netherlands

The Netherlands is presently the second highest natural gas producer in the EU and the ninth
highest in the world, accounting for more than 30% of the EU annual gas production and
about 2.7% of the annual world total. As at 2005 proven natural gas reserves of the
Netherlands was estimated at 50-60 trillion cubic feet. Natural gas and oil dominates the
Netherlands primary energy production mix.

The Netherlands is also an exporter of gas and has an import dependency level way below the
EU-27 average.

Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import

consumption dependence in%
2008 68.2 -19.6 40.0 38.0
2007 61.0 -20.6 37.1 39.0
2006 55.39 -21.13 34.30 38.0
2005 56.27 -20.94 35.32 38.7
2004 61.58 -24.86 36.74 31.9
2003 52.21 -16.20 36.00 38.5
2002 54.27 -18.45 35.84 34.6
2001 55.71 -20.17 35.55 34.8
2000 51.90 -17.19 34.71 39.2
1999 54.12 -19.54 34.74 30.5
1998 57.61 22.69 34.95 27.6
Table 4. Netherlands natural gas data 1998-2008

4. France
As at January 2007, France had a proven natural gas reserve of 341 billion cubic feet (TCF).
It is also estimated that less than 5% of the natural gas demand is met from domestic sources.
In 2008, it was estimated that France’s share of gas consumption in the EU was 9.92%,
making it the third largest importer by volume within the EU and sixth in the world. The most
important source of France natural gas import are Norway, Russia, the Netherlands and
Algeria. In terms of production, it has no appreciable share of production. By 2013, the share
of gas consumption is projected to rise to 9.13%.

Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import

consumption dependence in
%
2008 0.9 44.3 44.1 51.4
2007 1.0 44.4 42.6 51.0
2006 1.06 39.47 39.62 51.2
2005 0.91 40.72 41.08 51.6
2004 1.11 38.67 40.15 50.7
2003 1.28 37.53 39.32 50.6
2002 1.45 36.74 37.48 50.9
2001 1.51 34.95 37.55 50.7
2000 1.50 35.78 35.77 51.1
1999 1.67 34.81 34.07 51.2
1998 1.84 30.13 33.41 51.1
Table 5. France natural gas data 1998-2008

5. Denmark

In Denmark produced a mere 17 terra joules of natural gas, in 1980, the amount of natural gas
produced increased to 115967 terra joules, this amount further increased by 226% to 377641
terra joules in 2008

As a result of the discovery of natural gas reserves in Denmark during the middle eighties,
Denmark energy situation changed from total dependence on imported fuels to self-
sufficiency. Presently, Denmark is a net exporter of natural gas; this is mostly to EU
countries like Sweden, Germany,

In 2008, natural gas production totalled 9.9 billion Nm3 of gas in 2008. This represents ,
compared to 2007 total production of natural gas declined by one percent.

Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import

consumption dependence in
%
2008 13.0 0.0 4.5 -36.8

2007 14.3 0.0 4.5 -23.0

2006 9.32 -4.69 4.54 -6.0

 2005 9.38 -5.01 4.40 -16.1

2004 8.49 -3.69 4.63 -34.8

2003 7.20 -2.59 4.66 -27.1

2002 7.60 -2.98 4.63 -41.6

2001 7.59 -3.05 4.63 -31.5

2000 7.41 -2.88 4.45 -47.4

1999 7.02 -2.57 4.49 -50.8

1998 6.83 -2.52 4.27 -36.8

Table 6. Denmark natural gas data 1998-2008

6. Poland
The 2008 BP statistical energy survey estimates that Poland had proven natural gas reserves
of 0.11 trillion cubic metres, 0.06 of the world total and a natural gas production of 4.27
billion cubic metres, 0.14 of the world total. In 2007, poland consumed 13.69 billion cubic
metres of natural gas in 2007, 0.46 of the world’s total.

Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import

consumption dependence in%
2008 4.1 10.2 13.9 19.9
2007 4.3 9.2 13.7 28.8
2006 3.88 8.90 12.37 19.9
2005 3.88 8.53 12.23 18.0
2004 3.93 8.12 11.88 14.6
2003 3.61 7.50 11.26 13.2
2002 3.57 6.68 10.11 11.4
2001 3.49 7.18 10.38 10.5
2000 3.31 6.61 9.96 11.3
1999 3.10 6.22 9.26 10.2
1998 3.25 6.45 9.51 8.4
Table 7. Poland natural gas data 1998-2008

7. Romania

According to BP stats, Romania contains proven natural gas reserve of 184.9 cubic
meters.Although it is central and eastern europe’s largest producer of natural gas, Romania
production has fallen significantly in recent years and this has transformed Romania into a
natural gas importer with supplies coming from Russia along the southbound progress
pipeline. In 2006, natural gas production stood at 12.3 billion cubic meters, which
represented 69% of the total natural gas consumption.
Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import
consumption dependence in%
2008 10.4 4.1 13.4 30.6
2007 10.6 4.5 14.9 29.9
2006 9.56 4.49 14.61 29.1
2005 9.70 4.19 13.94 27.6
2004 10.38 4.11 13.94 30.2
2003 10.43 4.24 14.73 25.4
2002 10.60 3.13 13.63 23.7
2001 10.78 2.31 13.18 25.7
2000 10.97 2.71 13.68 21.9
1999 11.19 2.54 13.73 21.6
1998 11.15 3.84 14.98 28.5
Table 8. Romania natural gas data 1998-2008

8. Spain

Spain is highly deficient in terms of natural gas production and depends almost entirely on
import to meet its domestic demand for natural gas. The import dependency for natural gas is
above the EU-27 average. Further, spain is one of the fastest growing natural gas market,
99.7% of the gas marketed in Spain came from imports from 9 countries, with Algeria
standing out for another year with a share of 36%, Nigeria (20%), the Gulf Countries (14%),
Egypt (12%) and Trinidad and Tobago (11% of the imports of the Spanish gas system)
complete the group of the most important countries in the supply structure
.

Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import

consumption dependence in%
2008 0.0 39.2 38.7 81.4
2007 0.0 35.0 35.2 80.0
2006 0.05 31.43 31.02 81.4
2005 0.14 30.25 29.84 81.3
2004 0.31 24.62 25.17 77.6
2003 0.20 21.17 21.35 76.7
2002 0.47 18.93 18.75 78.5
2001 0.47 15.83 16.40 74.5
2000 0.15 15.47 15.22 76.7
1999 0.13 13.90 13.29 76.7
1998 0.10 12.06 11.61 74.5
Table 9. Spain natural gas data 1998-2008

9. Italy

Italy has a proven natural gas reserves of 94.15 billion cubic meters (1 January 2008 est); the
fourth largest in the EU.

The maturation of italy’s natural gas fields and the rapid advance in domestic consumption
have increased the country reliance upon natural gas imports. According to Eurostat, Italy’s
natural gas imports supplied 84% of the country’s doemstic consumption in 2004 versus 59 in
1985. The largest source of these imports are Algeria, Russia and the Netherlands.

Mtoe Production Net imports Gross inland Import

consumption dependence in%
2008 8.3 69.9 77.1 90.5
2007 8.8 67.3 77.3 87.0
2006 8.99 63.09 69.19 86.8
2005 9.89 59.84 70.65 84.4
2004 10.62 55.29 66.02 84.6
2003 11.37 51.12 63.62 83.8
2002 11.98 48.52 57.71 86.5
2001 12.48 44.81 58.10 84.0
2000 13.62 47.01 57.94 87.3
1999 14.31 40.49 55.57 82.8
1998 15.57 34.89 51.13 82.1
Table 10. Italy natural gas data 1998-2008

2.12 Data collection problems

In This course of this work, it was observed that there are several problems regarding the
collection and collation of data. The problems includes the following
Different calorific values were based on average factors which caused comparability
problems
Influence of seasonal temperature differences (temperature corrected figures are only
estimations and are not accurate enough for comparisons.
Another huge problem is the differences in data collection methodologies

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%20Statistics/Sider/Forside.aspx
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http://www.kemin.dk/EN-US/FACTS/SUPPLY/OILANDGASEXTRACTION/Sider/oilandnaturalgas
extraction.aspx

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http://www.diw.de/sixcms/media.php/73/diw_wr_2009-18.pdf

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http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/statistics/part_2_energy_pocket_book_2009.pdf

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http://eea.eionet.europa.eu/Public/irc/eionet-circle/energy/library?l=/
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http://www.energy.eu/#non-renewable

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http://www.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/CABS_0235/$file/France.pdf

8. Eurogas; 2008

http://www.eurogas.org/uploaded/09P142%20-%20Press%20release%20on%20Evolution
%20of%20Gas%20Consumption%202008.pdf

9. Eurogas: EU25: Natural Gas Trends 2004-2005. Statistical Data & Taxes

http://www.eurogas.org/uploaded/statistics%202005.pdf

10. Eurostat, Statistical aspects of the natural gas economy in 2008; 2009
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-09-016/EN/KS-QA-09-016-
EN.PDF

11. International Energy Agency; Natural Gas Market Review 2008

http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2008/gasmarket2008.pdf

12. Panorama of Energy, (Energy Statistics to support EU Policies and Solution) Eurostats
Statistical books; 2009

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-GH-09-001/EN/KS-GH-09-001-
EN.PDF

13. The Oil Drum, Is the United Kingdom Facing a Natural Gas Shortage? ;
2010.http://www.theoildrum.com/node/6113
14. Overview of the Spanish Natural Gas Market in the Year 2008
http://www.unece.org/energy/se/pp/wpgas/19wpg_0109/21Jan/ece_countr/
12_Spain_Overw_Sp_NG_Sect_Teijeira.pdf

Appendices

Abbreviations
Mtoe – million tonnes of oil equivalent.
Bcm- Billion cubic meter.
TJ – Tera joules
PJ ---Peta joules
Fig 21, conversion factors

http://interenerstat.org/Textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key_stats_2009.pdf