Cyber Physical Systems(CPS)

UNIT-1
 Introduction to Cyber Physical
Systems
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refer to the integration of physical components with computing and
communication systems to create intelligent and interconnected systems.
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CPS combine the physical world with the virtual world, enabling
interaction between the two and leading to new functionalities and
capabilities.
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Thus the building of CPS truly involves multidisciplinary fields advocating
the merging of the theories of ‘mechatronics’ and ‘cybernetics’. And,
therefore, it truly represents a new family of systems.
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In simplest terms, Cyber Physical System (CPS) refers to a
platform comprising of a mechanical system that is controlled by
computer algorithms, and tightly integrated with Internet and to its
networked users.
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Here, the physical-mechanical components represented by smart
sensors and actuators, and the software components represented
by computing and networking devices are intrinsically intertwined in
the platform.
Industry4.0
 Popular Usage scenarios of CPS
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Process control systems using embedded computing devices. Examples
are in pharmaceutical, chemical, textile manufacturing.
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Electrical power management using smart grids involving automated
and equitable power distribution among the various users based on a
given criteria.
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Autonomous vehicles incorporating smart sensors, cameras,  actuators,
intelligent data analysis and motion manipulation.
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Robots for motion manipulation for applications in healthcare, hazardous
environments, precision manufacturing etc.
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IoT- points of data pick up over the cloud, data analytics and resultant
outputs represented as dash boards and 3D visualization in a range of
application environments.
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End- to- end automated manufacturing line; example Automotives, with
monitoring of assembly processes, assessing tool fatigue, and sounding
an alarm before occurrence of a fault.
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Environmental monitoring – sensor networks - for collating data and
performing analytics to decipher intrinsic values with representation in
dashboard and 3D visualization forms.
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Supply – chain with edge computing at various touch points to deliver
efficient customer services.
 Areas of Applicability
Aerospace Engineering
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Chemical Processes flows

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Pharmaceutical industry
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Medical imaging and diagnostics

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Farming and Agriculture
Water distribution management
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Intelligent Manufacturing
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Engineering Services
Transportation systems
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Automotive Industries
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Emergency response as mitigation services
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Building controls – smart buildings/cities/hospitals/homes
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Military and Defense systems
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Energy Systems
 Potentials of CSPs
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US National Science Foundation has marked it as an area of intense
applied research. China and Japan notably have programs investing huge
sums in its developments. In Germany it is emerging as interdisciplinary
science & technology research for industrial automation. Major
Investments being made are in smart manufacturing empowered by
clouds. It is leading next computing revolution from mainframe computing
to desk top computing to edge computing and ubiquitous computing.
The economic and social potential of CPS is adjudged to be vastly
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greater than what has been realized so far.

 Challenges with CPS

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Design principles of software and mechanical engineering are vastly different
due to difference in architecture- spatial & temporal scales. Their integration,
therefore, poses a challenge.
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Building trust in CPS is a major societal challenge as a full scale
implementation of CPS is still to give sufficient experiential data.
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Prevention of accidents in physical systems is an important aspect- some of the
past examples of famous accidents being Patriot, Ariene, Pathfinder, Airport
Baggage handling, London Ambulance.
Security and privacy are the relevant issues as a significant amount
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of data is exchanged across multiple system elements in CPS.

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Challenges in smart cities implementation - data heterogeneity, data
cleaning/management, security and safety, privacy and trust are the
major issues being faced.
Integration of social, physical, enterprise & biological systems, as the
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main sub sets of the emerging standard Industrie 4.0, continues to be

a challenge.
 Research efforts are underway to deal with
these and related challenges
Unified architecture of integrated mechanical & computational system.
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Data analytics and deep learning, security and information

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management, building useable autonomous devices, IoT connected to

clouds and the like.
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Information intensive transformation of manufacturing in a connected
environment of data, processes, people, services, systems with a
targeted improvement in productivity, minimization of failures and
savings in costs.
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Principles of AI applied to CPS in a way to reap the benefits of both the
fields.
 Benefits with CPS
Increasing productivity and efficiency by as much as 30%.
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Upto 10% savings through early detection of faults.

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Reduction in pilferage, as for example, in petroleum products
distribution.
Optimizing on assets, particularly with the organizations having
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multiple layers of business activities.

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Implementation is within reach as software constitutes upto 70 % of
the development cost.
 Raspberry-pi
Raspberry pi is the name of the “credit card-sized computer board”
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developed by the Raspberry pi foundation, based in the U.K. It gets

plugged in a TV or monitor and provides a fully functional computer
capability.
It is aimed at imparting knowledge about computing to even younger
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students at the cheapest possible price.

Although it is aimed at teaching computing to kids, but can be used by
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everyone willing to learn programming, the basics of computing, and

building different projects by utilizing its versatility.
https://youtu.be/VhtFv6TtWBo
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https://youtu.be/vVeyePVg8cI
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https://youtu.be/3c1uL8P3hgg
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https://youtu.be/ZA--rzs6Mx4
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