Deep Foundation

Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edition Das/Sivakugan
Chapter 18
Pile
Foundations
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
18.1 Introduction
Piles are structural members made of steel, concrete, and timber.
Pile foundations are considered to be deep foundations and are

thus costlier than shallow foundations.
The use of piles is often necessary to ensure structural safety.
2
18.2 Need for Pile Foundations

Pile foundations are needed for various reasons, some of which are listed
below:
1. When the upper soil layer(s) is (are) highly compressible and too weak
to support the transmitted load.
These piles transmit the load to underlying bedrock or a stronger soil

layer.
These are known as point bearing piles.
3

When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth below the
ground surface, piles are used to transmit the structural load to the soil
gradually.
The resistance to the applied structural load is derived mainly from the
frictional resistance developed at the soil-pile interface.
These piles are called friction piles.
4

2. When subjected to horizontal forces, pile foundations resist by
bending while still supporting the vertical load transmitted by the
super structure.
5

3. Sometimes the soils at the site of a proposed structure may be
expansive and collapsible.
Pile foundations may be considered as an alternative when piles are

extended beyond the active zone, which shrinks and swells.
6

4. The foundations of some structures are subjected to uplifting
forces.
Piles are sometimes used for these foundations to resist the

uplifting force.
7

5. Bridge abutments and piers are usually constructed over pile
foundations to avoid loss of bearing capacity that a shallow
foundation might suffer because of soil erosion at the ground
surface.
8
18.3 Types of Piles and Their Structural

Characteristics
Different types of piles are used in construction work, depending on the
type of load to be carried, the subsoil conditions, and the water table.
Steel Piles: Either pipe piles or rolled steel H-section piles that are
installed by driving.
Concrete Piles: Generally divided into two basic types:
- Precast Piles: Can be prepared using ordinary reinforcement and can be

square or octagonal in cross section.
- Cast-in-situ Piles: Built by making a hole in the ground and then filling
it with concrete.
Cased Piles: Made by driving a steel casing into the ground with the help
of a mandrel placed inside the casing.
9

Characteristics
Timber Piles: Tree trunks that have had their branches and bark
carefully trimmed off.
Timber piles cannot withstand hard driving stress. Steel

shoes may be used to avoid damage at the pile tip.
The crushing of the wooden fibers caused by the impact of the

hammer is called brooming.
Timber piles can stay undamaged indefinitely if they are

surrounded by saturated soil.
10

Characteristics
Composite Piles: Consist of upper and lower portions made of
different types of materials.
Ex. Timber and concrete.
Currently fiber-reinforced polymeric composite piles are widely

used in waterfront structures.
11
18.4 Estimation of Pile Length

Selecting the type of pile to be used and estimating its necessary
length are fairly difficult tasks that require good judgment.
Piles can be divided into two major categories depending on their

lengths and the mechanisms of load transfer to the soil:
- Point Bearing Piles
- Friction Piles
12

Point Bearing Piles
If bedrock or rocklike material is established at a reasonable depth at a
site, then piles can be extended to the rock surface.
For this situation, the ultimate capacity of the piles depends entirely on
the load-bearing capacity of the underlying material and these piles are
point bearing piles.
If a fairly compact and hard stratum of soil is encountered at a

reasonable depth, piles can be extended a few meters into the hard
stratum.
13

Piles with pedestals can be constructed on the bed of the hard
stratum, and the ultimate pile load may be expressed as
Qu = QP +Qs
Where
Qp = load carried at the pile point
Qs = load carried by skin friction developed at the side of the pile
14

Friction Piles
When no layer of rock or rocklike material is present at a reasonable
depth at a site, point bearing piles become very long and uneconomical.
For this type of subsoil condition, piles are driven through the softer
material to specified depths.
15

These piles are called friction piles.
The length of friction piles depends on the shear strength of the

soil, the applied load, and the pile size.
16
18.5 Installation of Piles

Most piles are driven into the ground by hammers and vibratory
drivers.
In certain situations, piles can also be inserted by jetting of partial

augering.
The types of hammer used for pile driving include the drop
hammer, single-acting air or steam hammer, double-acting and
differential air or steam hammer, and diesel hammer.
17

In pile driving, when the pile needs to penetrate a thin layer of
hard soil overlying a softer soil layer, a technique called jetting is
used.
In jetting, water is discharged at the pile point by a pipe 50 to 75

mm in diameter to wash and loosen the sand and gravel.
18

Based on the nature of their placement, piles may be divided into
the categories of displacement piles and nondisplacement piles.
Displacement Piles
-These piles include driven piles because they move some soil
laterally and cause densification of soil surrounding them.
Nondisplacement Piles
-These piles include bored piles because their placement causes

very little change in the state of stress in the soil.
19
18.6 Load Transfer Mechanism

The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the soil is complicated
and will be explained here.
Consider a pile of length L, as shown in the figure below.
20

The load on the pile is gradually increased from 0 to Q(z=0) at the ground
surface.
Part of this load will be resisted by the side friction developed along the
shaft, Q1, and the rest by the soil below the tip of the pile, Q2.
If measurements are made to obtain the load carried by the pile shaft,
Q(z), at any depth z, the nature of variation will be like curve 1 in the
figure below.
21

The frictional resistance per unit area, f(z), at any depth z may be
determined as
DQ(z )
f(z ) =
p(Dz)
Where p = perimeter of the pile cross section.
Noting that the pile load Q(z) decreases with depth, the previous
equation can be written as
1 dQ( z )
f( z ) = −
p dz
22

If the load Q(z=0) at the ground surface is gradually increased,
maximum frictional resistance along the pile shaft can be fully
mobilized.
Full mobilization can occur when the relative displacement

between the soil and the pile is about 5 to 10 mm, irrespective of
pile size and length L.
The maximum point resistance Q2 = Qp will not be mobilized until

the pile tip has moved about 10% to 25% of the pile width.
23

The lower limit applies to driven piles and the upper limit to bored
piles.
At ultimate load Q(z=0) = Qu
Thus
Q1 = Qs
Q2 = Qp
24
18.7 Equations for Estimation of Pile Capacity

The ultimate load-carrying capacity of a pile, Qu, is given by the
load carried at the pile point plus the total frictional resistance
derived from the soil-pile interface.
Qu = Qp + Qs
Qp = load-carrying capacity of the pile point

Qs = frictional resistance
25

The general bearing capacity of shallow foundations was given in
a previous chapter as
1
qu = c'Nc Fcs Fcd + qNqFqs Fqd + g BNg Fg s Fg d
2
Thus the ultimate bearing capacity for piles may be expressed as
qu = c ' N + qN +  BN
*
c
*
q
*
* * *
With Nc , Nq , N as the bearing capacity factors that include the
necessary shape and depth factors.
26

Given the previous equations we now have
Q = A q = A (c'N + q'N )
P p p p
*
c q
*
Ap = area of the pile tip
c’ = cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip
qp = unit point resistance or ultimate bearing capacity of pile point
q’ = effective vertical stress at the level of the pile tip
Nc* ,Nq* = bearing capacity factors for the piles
27
18.8 Load Carrying Capacity of Pile Point, Qp

In sand, the cohesion c’ is equal to 0.
Thus
Qp = Apqp = Apq'Nq*
Qp should not exceed the limiting value, or Apql , so
Qp = Apq'Nq* £ Apql
The limiting point resistance

is ql (kN / m2 ) = 50Nq* tan  '
f ' = effective soil friction angle in the bearing stratum

28
18.8 Load Carrying Capacity of Pile Point, Qp

Meyerhof suggested that the ultimate point resistance, qp, in a
homogeneous granular soil may be obtained from standard
penetration numbers
L
qp (kN /m ) = 40N60 £ 400N60
2
D
N60 = average standard penetration number near the pile point
For piles in saturated clays in undrained conditions we have N * = 9

c
for deep foundations with square or circular cross-sections and L/D > 5.
Thus Qp = N c Ap = 9cu Ap
*
c u
cu = undrained cohesion of the soil pile below the pile tip
29
18.9 Frictional Resistance, Qs

The frictional resistance or skin resistance of a pile may be written
as
Qs = å pDLf
Where
p = perimeter of the pile section

DL= incremental pile length over which p and f are taken constant
f = unit friction resistance at any depth z
30

For frictional resistance in sand the unit frictional resistance at any
depth for a pile is
f = Ks tand ''
o
Where
K = earth pressure coefficient

s '
o
= effective vertical stress at the depth under consideration
d ' = soil-pile friction angle
31

Based on presently available results, the following average values
of K are recommended for use in the previous equation:
Pile type K
Bored or jetted  K o = 1 − sin  '

Low-displacement driven  K
o = 1 − sin ' to 1.4K o = 1.4(1 − sin ')
High-displacement driven  K o = 1 − sin ' to 1.8K o = 1.8(1 − sin ')
32

The effective vertical stress for use in the previous equation
increases with pile depth to a maximum limit at a depth of 15 to
20 pile diameters and remains constant thereafter.
The critical depth, L’, depends on several factors, such as the soil
friction angle and compressibility and relative density.
A conservative estimate is to assume that L'= 15D
33

Meyerhof also noted that the average unit frictional resistance, fav,
for high-displacement driven piles may be obtained from average
standard penetration resistance values as
fav (kN /m2 ) = 2N 60

With = average value of standard penetration resistance.
For low-displacement driven piles

fav (kN /m2 ) = N 60
Thus
Qs = pLfav
34

A correlation for estimating Qs using the frictional resistance (fc)
obtained during cone penetration tests is f = a ' fc .
We also have Qs = å p(DL)f = å p(DL)a ' fc
35

There are several methods available for obtaining the unit frictional
resistance of piles in clay.
Three of the presently accepted procedures are described here.
1. l Method: Proposed by Vijayvergiya and Focht

- We assume that the displacement of soil caused by pile driving results
in a passive lateral pressure at any depth and that the average unit
skin resistance is
- æ ' ö where
fav = l ç s o + 2cu ÷
'
è ø
s
- = mean effective vertical stress for the entire embedment length
0
cu= mean undrained shear strength( = 0 concept ) .

-
36

The value of l
changes with the depth of pile penetration. Thus,
the total frictional resistance may be calculated as
Qs = pLfav
The mean effective stress is
' A1 + A2 + A3 +...
so =
L
A1, A2, A3 … = areas of the vertical effective stress diagrams
37

The American Petroleum Institute suggests that the average unit
skin resistance f av can be taken as the larger of
'
fav = 0.5c (s o )0.5
0.5
u
'
fav = 0.5c 0.75
u
(s o )0.25
With
'
 o = average vertical effective stress
38

2. a Method: According to this method, the unit skin resistance
in clayey soils can be represented by the equation
f = a cu
a = empirical adhesion factor
The approximate variation of the value of a is shown in the

following slide and thus
Qs = å fpDL = åa cu pDL
39
40

3. b Method: When piles are driven into saturated clays, the pore water
pressure in the soil around the piles increases.
Within a month, the pressure gradually dissipates.
The unit frictional resistance for the pile can be determined on the basis
of the effective stress parameters of the clay in a remolded state.
Thus, at any depth f = bs o'

s o' = vertical effective stress
b' = K tanfR'
fR= drained friction angle of the remolded clay
K= earth pressure coefficient
41

Conservatively, we can calculate the magnitude of K as the earth
pressure coefficient at rest, or
K = 1- sinfR' (for normally consolidated clays)

And
K = (1- sinfR' ) OCR (for overconsolidated clays)
Where OCR = overconsolidation ratio
42

Combining the previous equations for normally consolidated clays
yields
f = (1- sinfR' )tanfR' s o'

And for overconsolidated clays,
f = (1- sinfR' )tanfR' OCRs o'
With the value of f determined, the total frictional resistance may

be evaluated as
Qs = å fpDL
43
18.10 Allowable Pile Capacity

After the total ultimate load-carrying capacity of a pile is
determined, a factor of safety should be used to obtain the total
allowable load for each pile, or
Qall = Qu /FS
Where
Qall = allowable load-carrying capacity for each pile

FS = factor of safety
The factor of safety generally used ranges from 2 to 3.
44
18.13 Pile Load Tests

Due to the unreliability of prediction methods, a specific number of load
tests must be conducted on piles in most large projects.
The vertical and lateral load-bearing capacity of a pile can be tested in

the field.
The figure below shows a schematic diagram of the pile load arrangement
for testing axial compression in the field.
45

The load is applied to the pile by a hydraulic jack.
Step loads are applied to the pile, and sufficient time is allowed to
elapse after each load so that a small amount of settlement
occurs.
The load test should be carried out to at least a total load of two
times the proposed working load.
After the desired pile load is reached, the pile is gradually

unloaded.
46

The settlement of the pile head or butt (St) has two components.
One is the elastic shortening of the pile (Se), and the other is the
settlement of the pile point (Snet).
At any stage of loading, St = Se + Snet
The figure below shows a load-settlement diagram obtained from field

loading and unloading.
47

For any load Q, the net pile settlement can be calculated as
follows:
When Q = Q1, Net settlement, Snet(1) = St(1) – Se(1)
When Q = Q2, Net settlement, Snet(2) = St(2) – Se(2)
Where
Snet = net settlement

Se = elastic shortening of the pile itself
St = total settlement
48

The values of Q can be plotted in a graph against the
corresponding net settlement, Snet, as shown in the figure below.
The ultimate load of the pile can then be determined from the
graph.
49

Pile settlement may increase with load to a certain point, beyond
which the load-settlement curve becomes vertical.
The load corresponding to the point where the curve of Q versus

Snet becomes vertical is the ultimate load, Qu, for the pile, which is
shown by curve 1 in the previous figure.
Frequently, the latter stage of the load-settlement curve is almost

linear, showing a large degree of settlement for a small increment
of load. This is shown by curve 2 in the previous figure.
The ultimate load, Qu, for such a case is determined from the
point of the curve of Q versus Snet where this steep linear portion
starts.
50

One method used to obtain the ultimate load Qu from the load-
settlement plot is the Davisson method.
For the method on the following slide we must refer to the figure
below.
51

The ultimate load occurs at a total settlement level (Su) of
D(mm) QuL
Su (mm) = 4 + +
120 ApE p
Q is in kN
D is in mm
L = pile length (mm)
Ap = area of pile cross section (mm2)
Ep = Young’s modulus of pile material (kN/mm2)
52

In order to conduct a load test on piles, it is important to consider
the time lapse after the end of driving (EOD).
When piles are driven into soft clay, a certain zone surrounding
the clay becomes remolded or compressed.
This results in a reduction of undrained shear strength, cu.
With time, the load of undrained shear strength is partially or fully

regained.
The time lapse may range from 30 to 60 days.
53
18.14 Pile-Driving Formulas

To develop the desired load-carrying capacity, a point bearing pile
must penetrate the dense soil layer sufficiently or have sufficient
contact with a layer of rock.
However, this requirement cannot always be satisfied by driving a

pile to a predetermined depth because soil profiles vary.
Several equations have been developed to calculate the ultimate

capacity of a pile during driving.
54

One of the earliest methods is the Engineering New Record formula,
which is derived from the the work-energy theory; that is,
Energy imparted by the hammer per blow = (pile resistance)(penetration

per hammer blow)
According to the ENR formula, the pile resistance is the ultimate load, Qu,
expressed as
WR = weight of the ram h = height of fall of the ram

WRh
Qu = S = penetration of the pile per hammer blow, known as
S +C set
C = a constant
55

The pile penetration, S, is usually based on the average value
obtained from the last few driving blows.
In the previous equation’s original form, the following values of C

were recommended:
For drop hammers: C = 2.54 cm (if the units of S and h are in

centimeters)
For steam hammers: C = 0.254 cm (if the unit of S and h are in

centimeters)
56

A factor of safety of FS = 6 was recommended to estimate the
allowable pile capacity.
For single- and double-acting hammers, the term WRh can be

replaced by EHE.
Thus
EHE
Qu =
S +C
57

The ENR pile-driving formula has been revised several times. A
recent form known as the modified ENR formula is
EWRh WR + n Wp
2
Qu =
S + C WR +Wp
E = hammer efficiency
C = 0.254 cm if the units of S and h are in centimeters
Wp = weight of the pile
n = coefficient of restitution between the ram and the pile cap
58

Another equation, referred to as the Danish formula, also yields
results as reliable as any other equation:
EHE
Qu =
EHE L
S+
2ApE p
Where
E = hammer efficiency
HE = rated hammer energy
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
L = length of the pile
Ap = area of the pile cross section
59
18.15 Negative Skin Friction

Negative skin friction is a downward drag force exerted on the pile by the
soil surrounding it.
This can occur under the following conditions:
1. If a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer into which a pile
is driven, the fill will gradually consolidate.
This consolidation process will exert a downward drag force on the pile
during the period of consolidation.
60

2. If a fill of granular soil is placed over a layer of soft clay, it will
induce the process of consolidation in the clay layer and thus
exert a downward drag on the pile.
61

3. Lowering of the water table will increase the vertical effective
stress on the soil at any depth, which will induce consolidation
settlement in clay.
If a pile is located in the clay layer, it will be subjected to a

downward drag force.
62

The negative skin stress on the pile is
fn = K 's o' tand '
K’ = earth pressure coefficient = Ko = 1- sinf '
s '
o
= vertical effective stress at any depth z = g 'f z
g '
f
= effective unit weight of fill
d ' = soil-pile friction angle » 0.5f '-0.7f '
63

Thus the total downward drag force, Qn, on a pile is
Hf pK ' 'f H 2f tan  '

Qn =  ( pK ' 'f tan  ')zdz =
0 2
Where Hf = height of the fill.
If the fill is above the water table, the effective unit weight, g '
f,
should be replaced by the moist unit weight.
64

For granular soil fill over clay, the evidence indicates that the
negative skin stress on the pile may exist from z = 0 to z = L1,
which is referred to as the neutral depth.
The neutral depth may be given as

L - H f æ L - H f g 'f H f ö 2g 'f H f
L1 = ç + ÷-
L1 è 2 g' ø g'
g 'f and g ' = effective unit weights of the fill and the underlying
clay layer
65

Once the value of L1 is determined, the downward drag force is
obtained in the following way:
The unit negative skin friction at any depth from z = 0 to z = L1 is

fn = K 's tand '
'
o
Where
K ' = K o = 1- sin f '

s = g H f + g 'z
'
o
'
f
d ' = 0.5f '- 0.7f '

66

We have
L2
pK 'g 'tand '
Qn = (pK 'g f H f tand ')L1 +
' 1
2
For end-bearing piles, the neutral plane may be assumed to be
located at the pile tip.
If the soil and the fill are above the water table, the effective unit
weights should be replaced by moist unit weights.
67
18.16 Group Piles—Efficiency

In most cases, piles are used in groups to transmit the structural
load to the soil.
A pile cap is constructed over group piles.
68
69
70
71

When piles are placed close to each other, a reasonable
assumption is that the stresses transmitted by the piles to the soil
will overlap.
Ideally, the piles in a group should be spaced so that the load-

bearing capacity of the group is no less than the sum of the
bearing capacity of the individual piles.
72

The efficiency of the load-bearing capacity of a group pile may be
defined as
Q g(u)
h=
åQu
h = group efficiency
Qg(u)= ultimate load-bearing capacity of the group pile
Qu= ultimate load-bearing capacity of each pile without the group
effect
73

Based on the experimental observations of the behavior of group
piles in sand to date, two general conclusions may be drawn:
1. For driven group piles in sand with d ³ 3D, Qg(u) may be taken
to be åQ , which includes the frictional and the point bearing
u
capacities of individual piles.
2. For bored group piles in sand at conventional spacings, Qg(u)

may be taken to be 2/3 to 3/4 times åQ (frictional and point
u
bearing capacities of individual piles).
74

The ultimate load-bearing capacity of group piles in clay may be
estimated with the procedure found in Section 18.16.
PAGE 695
For point bearing piles resting on rock, most building codes

specify that Qg(u) = åQu.
For H-piles and piles with square cross sections, the magnitude of
D is equal to the diagonal dimension of the pile cross section.
75
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
76
18.17 Elastic Settlement of Group Piles

The simplest relation for the settlement of group piles was given by Vesic
as
Bg
S g(e) = Se
D
Where
Sg(e) = elastic settlement of group piles
Bg = width of pile group section
D = width or diameter of each pile in the group
Se = elastic settlement of each pile at comparable working load

77

For pile groups in sand and gravel, Meyerhof suggested the
following empirical relation for elastic settlement:
0.92q B gI
S g(e) =
N60
Lg and Bg = length and width of the pile group section, respectively
N60 = average standard penetration number within the seat of settlement
L
I = influence factor = 1- ³ 0.5
(8B g )
L = length of embedment of piles
78

Similarly, the pile group settlement is related to the cone
penetration resistance as
qB gI
S g(e) =
2q c
qc = average cone penetration resistance within the seat of

settlement.
79
18.18 Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles

The consolidation settlement of a pile group can be estimated by
assuming an approximate distribution method referred to as the
2:1 method.
This process is outlined in Section 18.18 in the book.
80
18.11 Load-Carrying Capacity of Pile Point Resting

on Rock
Sometimes piles are driven to an underlying layer of rock.
The ultimate unit point resistance in rock is approximately

qp = qu-R (Nf +1)
Where
Nf = tan2(45+ f '/2)
qu-R = unconfined compression strength of rock
f '= drained angle of friction
81

on Rock
Caution should be used in obtaining the proper value of qu-R

because laboratory specimens are usually small in diameter.
As the diameter of the specimen increases, the unconfined

compression strength decreases. This is called the scale effect.
The scale effect in rock is primarily caused by randomly

distributed large and small fractures and also by progressive
ruptures along the slip lines.
For specimens larger than about 1 m in diameter, the value of qu-R

remains approximately constant.
82

on Rock
qu-R(lab)
It is always recommended that qu-R(design) =
5
A factor of safety of at least 3 should be used to determine the
allowable load-carrying capacity of the pile point.
Thus
qu−R ( N + 1) Ap
Qp( all )
FS
83
18.12 Elastic Settlement of Piles

The elastic settlement of a pile under a vertical working load, Qw,
consists of three components:
Se = Se(1) + Se(2) + Se(3)

Se = total pile settlement
Se(1) = settlement of pile shaft (or elastic shortening of the pile)

Se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile point
Se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along

the pile shaft
84

If the pile material is assumed to be elastic, the deformation of
the pile shaft can be evaluated using the fundamental principles of
mechanics of materials:
(Qwp + xQws )L
Se(1) =
ApE p
Qws = load carried by frictional (skin) resistance under working load
condition
Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
Ap = area of the pile cross section
L = length of the pile
85

Vesic proposed a semiempirical method to obtain the magnitude
of settlement, Se(2):
QwpC p
Se(2) =
Dqp
qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile
C p= an empirical coefficient
86

The settlement of a pile caused by the load carried along the pile
shaft is given by
æ Qws ö D
Se(3) = ç ÷ (1- m 2
s
)I ws
è pL ø E s
With
p = perimeter of the pile
L = embedded length of the pile
Iws = influence factor = 2 + 0.35 L / D
87

Vesic also proposed that
QwsC s
S e(3) =
Lqp
Where
Cs = an empirical constant = (0.93+0.16 L/D)C p
88

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Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edition Das/Sivakugan

Pile foundations are considered to be deep foundations and are

The use of piles is often necessary to ensure structural safety.

18.2 Need for Pile Foundations

These piles transmit the load to underlying bedrock or a stronger soil

These are known as point bearing piles.

18.2 Need for Pile Foundations

These piles are called friction piles.

18.2 Need for Pile Foundations

18.2 Need for Pile Foundations

Pile foundations may be considered as an alternative when piles are

18.2 Need for Pile Foundations

Piles are sometimes used for these foundations to resist the

18.2 Need for Pile Foundations

18.3 Types of Piles and Their Structural

Concrete Piles: Generally divided into two basic types:

- Precast Piles: Can be prepared using ordinary reinforcement and can be

18.3 Types of Piles and Their Structural

Timber piles cannot withstand hard driving stress. Steel

The crushing of the wooden fibers caused by the impact of the

Timber piles can stay undamaged indefinitely if they are

18.3 Types of Piles and Their Structural

Ex. Timber and concrete.

Currently fiber-reinforced polymeric composite piles are widely

18.4 Estimation of Pile Length

Piles can be divided into two major categories depending on their

- Point Bearing Piles

18.4 Estimation of Pile Length

If a fairly compact and hard stratum of soil is encountered at a

18.4 Estimation of Pile Length

18.4 Estimation of Pile Length

18.4 Estimation of Pile Length

The length of friction piles depends on the shear strength of the

18.5 Installation of Piles

In certain situations, piles can also be inserted by jetting of partial

18.5 Installation of Piles

In jetting, water is discharged at the pile point by a pipe 50 to 75

18.5 Installation of Piles

-These piles include bored piles because their placement causes

18.6 Load Transfer Mechanism

Consider a pile of length L, as shown in the figure below.

18.6 Load Transfer Mechanism

18.6 Load Transfer Mechanism

18.6 Load Transfer Mechanism

Full mobilization can occur when the relative displacement

The maximum point resistance Q2 = Qp will not be mobilized until

18.6 Load Transfer Mechanism

At ultimate load Q(z=0) = Qu

18.7 Equations for Estimation of Pile Capacity

Qp = load-carrying capacity of the pile point

18.7 Equations for Estimation of Pile Capacity

18.7 Equations for Estimation of Pile Capacity

Ap = area of the pile tip

c’ = cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip

qp = unit point resistance or ultimate bearing capacity of pile point

q’ = effective vertical stress at the level of the pile tip

Nc* ,Nq* = bearing capacity factors for the piles

18.8 Load Carrying Capacity of Pile Point, Qp

The limiting point resistance

f ' = effective soil friction angle in the bearing stratum

18.8 Load Carrying Capacity of Pile Point, Qp

For piles in saturated clays in undrained conditions we have N * = 9

cu = undrained cohesion of the soil pile below the pile tip

18.9 Frictional Resistance, Qs