AFFECTIVE DOMAIN ASSESSMENT REPORT

Department of Chemical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

WATER PURIFICATION

CH-410

GROUP MEMBERS SEAT NO.

ABDUL SUBHAN CH-19035

MUHAMMAD HAMZA CH-19042

FEROZ AHMED KHAN CH-19043

Approved by

………………………………………………………………………………...

Sir Rizwan Ahmed Qamar

Lecturer
 Statement of Contributions

Group Members Contributions

Muhammad Hamza Lead the project, communicate with
stakeholders, Monitor the installation
Feroz Ahmed Khan Develop feasibility plan, managing
money,
Abdul Subhan

Abstract
The substandard quality of drinking water supplied to households by state utilities, along
with a significant reliance on brackish ground water resources in certain urban areas of
Pakistan, has led to the adoption of in-home water treatment solutions. Currently, the
only available in-home water treatment solution capable of desalination is reverse
osmosis (RO). However, existing RO products can only recover 25-50% of the supplied
feed water as usable product water. This study presents an alternative solution based on
electrodialysis (ED), which has been designed and experimentally demonstrated to
achieve an 80% recovery rate. The proposed system can produce 12 L/h of water at a
desired salinity of 350 ppm from a feed salinity of 3000 ppm (assuming the salinity of
Manora island). According to Furthermore, the cost and size of the suggested
system were found to be comparable to existing in-home RO systems. In-home ED water
treatment systems have the potential to compete with current RO products, offering the
added advantage of improved water conservation in water-stressed Pakistan.

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 Table of Contents

Statement of Contributions..................................................................................................1

Abstract................................................................................................................................2

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................3

List of figures.......................................................................................................................5

List of tables........................................................................................................................6

Introduction..........................................................................................................................7

1.1 Background Information.......................................................................................7

1.2 Team Members.....................................................................................................7

1.3 Objective....................................................................................................................7

SUITABLE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS...............................................................8

(ELECTRO DIALYSIS).....................................................................................................8

3.1 GENERAL MECHANISM.......................................................................................8

3.2 STACK OPERATION...............................................................................................8

3.3 ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYSTEM.....................................................................8

3.3.1 BATCH PROCESS............................................................................................9

3.3.2 CONTINUOUS PROCESS................................................................................9

MODEL DESIGNING AND OPTIMIZATION...............................................................10

3.1 CELL PAIR VOLTAGE.........................................................................................10

3.2 Rate of change of diluate concentration..................................................................11

3.3 Optimization of model.............................................................................................11

3.4 Power Consumption.................................................................................................13

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Validation and product conceptualization........................................................................13

4.1 Experimental Setup..................................................................................................13

4.2 Results......................................................................................................................14

4.3 Sources of error........................................................................................................14

4.4 Relevance of performance results to other water compositions..............................14

COST ANALYSIS............................................................................................................16

Project Progress & Stakeholders.......................................................................................18

Progress from Gantt Chart:............................................................................................18

Stakeholders:..................................................................................................................19

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 List of figures
Figure 2.1: Characteristics of a particular room temperature curing epoxy adhesive under
different cure time and temperature conditions(Petrie & Edward M, 2005).......................9

Figure 2.2 : Structure of Epoxy Group(Pizzi & Mittal, 2003)...........................................11

Figure 2.3 Classification of Curing Agents.......................................................................14

Fig 3.1: Structure of Epoxy Resin (Pizzi & Mittal, 2003).................................................19

Fig 3.2: Chemical Reaction Equation of DGEBA Resin(Pizzi & Mittal, 2003)...............21

Fig 3.3: Chemical Reaction Equation of Epoxy Novalac Resin.(Delano & Mcleod, 1979)
...........................................................................................................................................22

Figure 3.4 Process Flow Diagram.....................................................................................24

Figure 3.5 P&ID................................................................................................................25

Fig 3.6: Global Bisphenol A Type Epoxy Resin Market Share By Region(HDIN
Research, 2022).................................................................................................................26

Figure 4.1 Tensile testing machine....................................................................................31

Figure 4.2 Test specimen types(ASTM International, 2014)............................................33

Figure 6.1 Experimental Setup..........................................................................................50

Figure 6.2 Specimen for ASTM D638 (Tensile Test).......................................................52

Figure 6.3 Samples............................................................................................................54

Figure 6.4 Stress vs Strain Diagram..................................................................................56

Figure 6.5 Two Bonded Concrete......................................................................................57

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 List of tables
Table 2.1: Criteria Used to Classify Structural Adhesives..................................................6

Table 2.2 Different Types of Epoxy Resins with different applications(Pham & Marks,
2005)..................................................................................................................................12

Table 3.1 Properties Of Different Chemicals Used in Epoxy Adhesives:.........................27

Table 5.1 Effects of Exposure Associated with Epoxy Resin Systems.............................38

Table 5.2 Hazop Analysis around batch reactor................................................................40

Table 5.3 Hazop Analysis While Handling Chemicals.....................................................41

Table 6.1 Results of Tensile Strength Test.......................................................................55

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 Introduction
1.1 Background Information
Local government is planning to provide fresh water to 10000 residents of Manora Island
by treating sea water. We have been assigned a task to install a water purification plant
nearby Manora Island. In this report we have discussed a feasibility plan for this project
to propose to the local government along with the financial resources required to build
this project successfully.

1.2 Team Members

Our team members include following members

• Mohammad Hamza (Project Manager)

• Abdul Subhan (Technical Expert)

• Feroz Ahmed Khan (Financial Analyst)

1.3 Objective
By incorporating essential pre- and post-treatment processes, electrodialysis (ED) holds
promise in meeting an unmet consumer demand for an affordable and efficient in-home
desalination and water treatment system with high recovery rates. This study focuses on
examining the design prerequisites for an in-home water desalination system suitable for
urban households nearby Manora Island. Moreover, it evaluates the technical design and
economic viability of implementing a simplified ED configuration to cater to this specific
application. The objectives of this project include

 A cost-competitive, high recovery desalination and water treatment system is

needed by consumers.
 Observe project progress and set timelines by using scheduling techniques
 Sort out any problem that develop throughout the process.
 To optimize an experimental design that could meet the actual design
requirements, an analytical process model was applied.
 Manage project finances effectively
 Ensure stakeholder satisfaction throughout the process
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 SUITABLE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

(ELECTRO DIALYSIS)
3.1 GENERAL MECHANISM
Electrodialysis (ED) is a desalination technique that utilizes ion-exchange membranes
and an electric field to remove salt and ions from water. By applying an electric field,
positively charged ions (cations) move towards the negative electrode through cation-
exchange membranes, while negatively charged ions (anions) move towards the positive
electrode through anion-exchange membranes. This selective ion transport enables the
separation of ions from the feed solution, resulting in a desalinated product stream and a
concentrate stream

3.2 STACK OPERATION

Platinum-coated titanium electrodes are used in modern ED stacks. Additional thought is
needed before using these electrodes in a small-scale, in-home system. Water molecules
split apart at the cathode to create the hydroxide (OH-) ion and hydrogen gas (H2) when a
voltage potential is introduced across the electrodes. Chlorine gas (Cl2), oxygen (O2),
and hydrogen ions (H+) are all created at the anode.

Gas buildup at the electrodes raises the stack's electrical resistance and the anode stream's
acidity, which might cause scaling on that electrode. An electrolyte solution containing
Na2SO4 is washed over the electrodes to stop this from happening and the production of
Cl2. Because the usage of Na2SO4 needs physical isolation from the other flow pathways
in the stack

3.3 ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYSTEM

The two different architectures for implementation of Electro Dialysis are batch and
continuous. Both batch and continuous electrodialysis stacks have their respective
advantages and limitations, and the choice between them depends on the specific
requirements of the desalination process and the desired level of automation and
throughput

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3.3.1 BATCH PROCESS

The batch process is

although less complex but only suitable for small scale architect , it requires a small size
ED stack In the batch process of electrodialysis, both the diluate and concentrate streams
are continuously circulated through the stack until the desired level of salt concentration
is achieved in the diluate tank. This recirculation process allows for effective salt removal
Now referring to the figure we have,

3.3.2 CONTINUOUS PROCESS

Based on the input

water salinity present in the user's home, the continuous process would regulate stack

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parameters like voltage and flow rate to generate the correct salinity in the diluate stream
within a single pass. At the stack outflow, a tiny portion of the diluate is injected to the
concentrate stream to prevent saturation. Figure shows that

Now a table is shown below for architecture comparisons

Design Batch Continuous

Considerations
Diluate Flow Recirculation Single pass
Concentrate Flow Recirculation Recirculation

Transfer pumps 2 2

Voltage applied Can remain Variable for

fixed for varying varying feed
feed salinity salinity

Flow Control Simple Complex

Treatment capacity Flexible Fixed

MODEL DESIGNING AND OPTIMIZATION

A thorough analytical model first created by Ortiz et al., 2005 and further refined by
(Wright and Winter V, 2014) was used to simulate the performance of the batch ED
process with regard to stream concentrations, time to desalinate, and power consumption.

3.1 CELL PAIR VOLTAGE

The cell pair voltage plays a crucial role in driving the migration of ions through the ion-
exchange membranes. This model treats the ED stack as a collection of identical
functional unit known as cell pair

Vt −Vel
V cp=
N

Vt = Total applied voltage

Vel = Voltage drop across the electrodes

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N = No. of cell pairs in the stack

Although current density and Resistance can also be used to express the cell pair voltage:

V cp=iR−Emem

The current density (i) in the stack, the resistance (R) and the voltage (Emem) across the
membranes, which are all functions of the salt concentration in the dilute (Cdil) and
concentrate (Ccon) channels

3.2 Rate of change of diluate concentration

Rate of change of diluate concentration is related to current by

NVolch ( dCdil
dt ) =Qdil ( Cdil ,∈−Cdil )−
N ∅ I NADa ( Ccon , a , w−Cdil ,a , w ) NADa ( Ccon, a , w−Cdil ,
zF
+
la
+
la

where Volch is the volume of each channel, Cdil, in is the concentration of dilute
entering the channel, Qdil is the volumetric flow rate of the dilute being recirculated, is
the current efficiency, I is current in Ampere, z is the charge number of the ion, l is the
membrane thickness, F is the Faraday constant, D is the diffusion coefficient of the
exchange membrane, A is membrane area (Cconc, a,w - Cdil, a,w) and (Cconc,c,w -
Cdil,c,w) are the concentration differences of ions across the AEM and CEM
respectively.

Experimental stack conditions such as stack voltage , number of cell pairs, initial diluate
and concentrate salinity were given as inputs to the model and values of constants used
are known as well

3.3 Optimization of model

In order to reduce the time needed to desalinate a stream with an influent salinity of 3000
ppm, which was determined to be at the upper end of the groundwater salinity range in
Manora, to the target salinity of 350 ppm at a rate that exceeds the minimum target of
12L/hr, the model described above was used to optimize the ED stack parameters.

According to Eqs. (2) and (3), the stack current, membrane area, and recirculation rate are
all proportional to the rate of change of concentration in the dilute or concentrate

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channels. The sensitivity of each of these parameters to the rate of concentration change
was examined in an effort to shorten the desalination time.

With the initial setting of 25

modelled cell pairs (N), the voltage
of the cell pair was first optimised.
With an increase in cell pair
voltage, the desalination process
took less time (Fig. 5). To prevent
membrane deterioration, the
manufacturer advised that the
voltage across each cell pair not go
above 2 V.

As a result, a suitable factor of safety accounting for voltage variations led to the
selection of a 1.6 V optimal cell pair voltage (Vcp).

Given the geometry of the PC Cell ED 640002 stack that was available for testing, the
effective area for each individual membrane was fixed to 8 cmx8 cm. As a result, raising
the total number of
cell pairs increased
the membrane area
in the ED stack. To
keep the flow
velocity in the
channels at a
constant 2.78 cm/s,
the recirculation rate
was also
proportionally

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increased. The experimental stack was discovered to be able to maintain this velocity at
its highest level without significantly changing the exit pressure. Fig. 6 shows how
desalination time decreases as the number of cell pairs increases.

3.4 Power Consumption

The total voltage in electrodialysis accounts for a 3 V loss across the electrodes, with a
recommended maximum stack voltage of 33 V. This limits the lab stack's performance to
18 cell pairs, resulting in a desalination time of under 5 minutes for a 1 L solution. This
design point meets the system's requirements and was chosen for experimentation. With a
cell pair voltage of 1.6 V, the power usage for 18 cell pairs was 40 W. Increasing the
number of cell pairs to 40 would result in a 90 W increase in stack power consumption,
along with an additional 118 W for running pumps. The anticipated yearly energy cost
for meeting household drinking needs is less than $12, and the design is not constrained
by power consumption but rather by construction expenditures and operating margins in a
commercial unit.

Validation and product conceptualization

4.1 Experimental Setup

One PCCell ED 64002 lab-scale test unit outfitted with 18 anion and cation exchange
membrane pairs (PCA-Polymerchemie Altmeier, 2014) that effectively measure 8 cm x 8
cm each, associated spacers, and titanium electrodes with platinum-iridium alloy coating
were used in an experimental test configuration to validate the predicted performance of
the ED system

An experimental test setup was used to confirm the expected performance of the ED
system using one PCCell ED 64002 lab-scale test unit outfitted with 18 anion and cation
exchange membrane pairs (PCA-Polymerchemie Altmeier, 2014) that effectively
measure 8 cm x 8 cm each, associated spacers, and titanium electrodes with platinum-
iridium alloy coating.

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valves were used to adjust the rate of flow through the stack, and manual-read pressure
gauges were added to track pressure in the dilute and concentrate streams upstream and
downstream of the stack.

For the electrode rinse stream, a different solution containing deionized water and sodium
sulphate (0.2 M) was created. Approximately 2.5 lpm was used by an MD-20RZ
centrifugal pump to circulate it throughout each test.

4.2 Results
3.0 L in total, with a salinity of 3000 ppm, were produced. 2.41 L of this total volume
were handled as the dilute and the remaining 0.55 L as the concentrate in order to achieve
a recovery ratio of 80%. At a volumetric flow rate of 72 L/h, the solutions were
circulated. The stack was flushed with new 3000 ppm salinity solution for around 5
minutes in between each test, which were conducted back-to-back. 88 W of peak power
were used in the experiments, with 53 W going to the three pumps and 35 W to the ED
stack. This produced the 12 L/h of drinkable water that the model projected.

4.3 Sources of error

. A total uncertainty of 6-8% was present in the concentration measurements due to
fluctuations in the probe readings, gradients in the beakers, and measurement variation
over the 10-15 s interval between each reading. uncertainties surrounding the creation of
solutions, such as In contrast, measurements of voltage and current were minuscule
( 0.1%).

4.4 Relevance of performance results to other water compositions

Here, we investigated whether employing ED for in-home water desalination was
technically feasible. Our model and studies used sodium chloride as the basis for the
water composition. Practically speaking, sodium chloride is not the only ion present in
the water used in Indian homes. Calcium, sulphates, nitrates, fluoride, and other
contaminants may be present depending on the water source and the local topography.
However, an aqueous sodium chloride model solution accurately approximates the
physics of charged ion separation in the ED process to a first degree. We anticipate that
the ED concept described here will be practical for all water compositions at the salinity

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level of 3000 ppm, even though the stack may need to be slightly redesigned to
accommodate for slight changes in transport properties amongst ions.

Electrodialysis offers low energy consumption, high recovery rates, and requires
optimization of process parameters for efficient operation. However, pre-treatment of the
feed water may be necessary to maintain membrane performance

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 COST ANALYSIS
To provide a cost analysis for installing a desalination Electrodialysis plant in Manora
Island, it is necessary to consider several factors .Here is a breakdown of the cost analysis
for installing an Electrodialysis desalination plant:

 Plant Capacity: Determine the desired plant capacity in terms of gallons per day
(GPD) or cubic meters per day (m³/day).
 Capital Costs: Consider the capital costs involved, including land acquisition,
plant infrastructure, equipment, and construction.
 Operating Costs: Evaluate the ongoing operational expenses such as energy costs,
maintenance, chemicals, labor, and miscellaneous costs.
 Maintenance Costs: Plan for regular maintenance expenses, which can vary
depending on the plant's size and complexity.
 Financing and Depreciation: If financing is involved, consider the impact of
interest rates and repayment terms on the overall cost. Also, account for
depreciation costs based on the expected lifespan of the plant.
 Project-Specific Factors: Take into account any site-specific factors such as
environmental impact assessments, permits and licenses, water intake and
discharge systems, and pre-treatment requirements.

The following chart indicates the costing of our project of electrodialysis:

ED Stack Components Unit Cost Cost Estimate

(USD) (USD)

Cation Exchange Membranes $25/m2 $11.50

Anion Exchange Membranes $25/m2 $11.50
Spacers $4/m2 $3.50
Platinum-Coated Titanium $5 000/m2 $64.00
Electrodes
Stack Frame $5.00 $5.00
Sub-Total $95.50

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 Additional System Components
Pumps (Diluate, Concentrate, Rinse) $14 $42.00
Sediment Filter $13 $13.00
Carbon Filter x 2 $3 $6.00
UV System $13 $13.00
Tanks x 4 $2.50 $10.00
Housing $5.00 $5.00
Float Switches x 3 $2 $6.00
Tubing $1 /m $2.00
Flow Restrictor $2.50 $2.50
Conductivity Sensor $11.00 $11.00
Sub-Total $110.50
Total Manufacturing Cost $206.00
Installation cost $200.00
Maintenace Cost $80.00
Labor Cost $500.00
30% Margin on Manufacturing Cost $61.80
Total Cost to Consumer $1,047.80

This cost is for the small-scale plant for the consumption of approximately 25 homes.
Our target is to provide the treated water to 10000 residents. Assuming the average of 4
person per house, the estimated houses will be 2500. If each unit provide water to 25
homes, then there will be the need of 100 units of this plant so the final cost will be
estimated as:

Final Cost = $1,047.80 x 100 = $104,780.00

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 Project Progress & Stakeholders
Progress from Gantt Chart:
To determine the progress of a project, including the installation of an Electrodialysis
desalination plant, we can use various project management techniques. One commonly
used tool is the Gantt chart. Here's an overview of how to determine project progress and
how a Gantt chart can help:

 Define Project Milestones: Identify key milestones or significant stages of the

project, such as securing permits, completing design and engineering,
procurement of equipment, construction, and commissioning.
 Develop a Project Schedule: Create a detailed project schedule that outlines the
activities, tasks, and their dependencies. Estimate the duration of each task and
sequence them logically to form a timeline for the project.
 Assign Resources: Determine the resources required for each task, including
personnel, equipment, and materials. Allocate the necessary resources based on
the project schedule and availability.
 Track Task Completion: Monitor the progress of each task by tracking their actual
start and end dates. This can be done by regularly updating the project schedule
with the latest information from the project team.
 Compare Planned vs. Actual Progress: Compare the planned schedule with the
actual progress to identify any variances or delays. Analyze the reasons behind
the deviations and take corrective actions if necessary.
 Use Gantt Charts: A Gantt chart is a visual representation of the project schedule,
displaying tasks as horizontal bars against a timescale. Gantt charts illustrate task
dependencies, durations, and milestones. You can update the Gantt chart regularly
to reflect the actual progress of tasks.

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  Communicate Progress: Regularly communicate the project progress to
stakeholders, team members, and other relevant parties. This helps to keep
everyone informed, manage expectations, and address any issues or concerns that
may arise.

Gantt charts are effective tools for visualizing project schedules, tracking progress, and
managing dependencies. They provide a clear overview of the project timeline and help
identify critical path tasks, resource allocation conflicts, and potential delays. Modern
project management software often includes Gantt chart features, allowing us to create
and update Gantt charts easily.

By using project management techniques like Gantt charts, one can monitor and evaluate
the progress of your Electrodialysis desalination plant project, ensuring it stays on track
and meets its milestones within the defined timeline.

The Gantt chart for this project is shown below:

2024
S. No Time Research Activities
1 Quarter
st
2 Quarter
nd
3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
1 Develop project proposal
2 Recruit project team
3 Designing Equipment
4 Optimization
5 Cost Analysis
6 Develop Prototype
7 Testing prototype on lab scale
8 Modifying by renewable resource
9 Installation of plant
10 Recommendation
11 Troubleshooting

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Stakeholders:
Stakeholder analysis is a technique used in project management to identify and
understand the individuals, groups, or organizations that have an interest in or may be
affected by a project. The purpose of stakeholder analysis is to identify stakeholders,
assess their level of influence and interest, understand their needs and expectations, and
determine the best approach to engage and manage their involvement throughout the
project lifecycle.

Here are the key steps involved in conducting a stakeholder analysis:

 Identify Stakeholders: Make a comprehensive list of all potential stakeholders

who are directly or indirectly affected by the project. This includes individuals,
groups, organizations, or communities.
 Assess Stakeholder Influence: Evaluate the level of influence or power each
stakeholder holds over the project. This can be determined by considering their
position, resources, expertise, decision-making authority, or ability to mobilize
support or opposition.
 Evaluate Stakeholder Interest: Determine the degree of interest or concern each
stakeholder has in the project's outcome. This can be assessed by considering their
motivations, potential benefits or risks, and the extent to which the project aligns
with their goals or values.
 Analyze Stakeholder Needs and Expectations: Identify the specific needs,
expectations, or requirements of each stakeholder. This includes understanding
their desired project outcomes, concerns, potential risks, and any specific requests
or constraints they may have.
 Prioritize Stakeholders: Prioritize stakeholders based on their level of influence
and interest. This helps allocate appropriate resources and attention to
stakeholders who have the greatest impact on the project's success.

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 Develop Stakeholder Engagement Strategies: Based on the analysis, develop
strategies for engaging and managing stakeholders effectively. This may involve
communication plans, stakeholder meetings, consultation processes, collaboration
opportunities, or addressing stakeholder concerns and expectations.
 Continuously Monitor and Adapt: Stakeholder analysis is an ongoing process.
Regularly review and update the stakeholder analysis as the project progresses,
and new stakeholders emerge or existing stakeholders' interests and influence
change.
 By conducting a stakeholder analysis, project managers can proactively identify
and manage potential risks, address stakeholder concerns, build relationships, and
foster support for the project. It helps ensure that stakeholders' needs and
expectations are considered, increasing the likelihood of project success and
stakeholder satisfaction.

The stakeholder analysis of our project is as follows:

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