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which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues. Any disease that results
from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity is
often caused by a lack of germ development of a target body and as such the immune
response acts against its own cells and tissues. Prominent examples include Celiac disease,
diabetes mellitus type 1 (IDDM), Sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's
syndrome, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and allergies.
Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with steroids[citation needed].
The misconception that an individual's immune system is totally incapable of recognizing self
antigens is not new. Paul Ehrlich, at the beginning of the twentieth century, proposed the
concept of horror autotoxicus, wherein a 'normal' body does not mount an immune response
against its own tissues. Thus, any autoimmune response was perceived to be abnormal and
postulated to be connected with human disease. Now, it is accepted that autoimmune
responses are an integral part of vertebrate immune systems[citation needed] (sometimes termed
'natural autoimmunity'), normally prevented from causing disease by the phenomenon of
immunological tolerance to self-antigens[citation needed]. Autoimmunity should not be confused
with alloimmunity.
Low-level autoimmunity
While a high level of autoimmunity is unhealthy, a low level of autoimmunity may actually
be beneficial. First, low-level autoimmunity might aid in the recognition of neoplastic cells
by CD8+ T cells, and thus reduce the incidence of cancer.
Second, autoimmunity may have a role in allowing a rapid immune response in the early
stages of an infection when the availability of foreign antigens limits the response (i.e., when
there are few pathogens present). In their study, Stefanova et al. (2002) injected an anti-MHC
Class II antibody into mice expressing a single type of MHC Class II molecule (H-2b) to
temporarily prevent CD4+ T cell-MHC interaction. Naive CD4+ T cells (those that have not
encountered any antigens before) recovered from these mice 36 hours post-anti-MHC
administration showed decreased responsiveness to the antigen pigeon cytochrome C peptide,
as determined by Zap-70 phosphorylation, proliferation, and Interleukin-2 production. Thus
Stefanova et al. (2002) demonstrated that self-MHC recognition (which, if too strong may
contribute to autoimmune disease) maintains the responsiveness of CD4+ T cells when
foreign antigens are absent.[1] This idea of autoimmunity is conceptually similar to play-
fighting. The play-fighting of young cubs (TCR and self-MHC) may result in a few scratches
or scars (low-level-autoimmunity), but is beneficial in the long-term as it primes the young
cub for proper fights in the future.
Immunological tolerance
Pioneering work by Noel Rose and Ernst Witebsky in New York, and Roitt and Doniach at
University College London provided clear evidence that, at least in terms of antibody-
producing B lymphocytes, diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and thyrotoxicosis are
associated with loss of immunological tolerance, which is the ability of an individual to
ignore 'self', while reacting to 'non-self'. This breakage leads to the immune system's
mounting an effective and specific immune response against self determinants. The exact
genesis of immunological tolerance is still elusive, but several theories have been proposed
since the mid-twentieth century to explain its origin.
Clonal Ignorance theory, according to which autoreactive T cells that are not
represented in the thymus will mature and migrate to the periphery, where they will
not encounter the appropriate antigen because it is inaccessible tissues. Consequently,
auto-reactive B cells, that escape deletion, cannot find the antigen or the specific
helper T-cell.[4]
Suppressor population or Regulatory T cell theory, wherein regulatory T-
lymphocytes (commonly CD4+FoxP3+ cells, among others) function to prevent,
downregulate, or limit autoaggressive immune responses in the immune system.
Tolerance can also be differentiated into 'Central' and 'Peripheral' tolerance, on whether or not
the above-stated checking mechanisms operate in the central lymphoid organs (Thymus and
Bone Marrow) or the peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph node, spleen, etc., where self-
reactive B-cells may be destroyed). It must be emphasised that these theories are not mutually
exclusive, and evidence has been mounting suggesting that all of these mechanisms may
actively contribute to vertebrate immunological tolerance.
Genetic Factors
Certain individuals are genetically susceptible to developing autoimmune diseases. This
susceptibility is associated with multiple genes plus other risk factors. Genetically
predisposed individuals do not always develop autoimmune diseases.
Three main sets of genes are suspected in many autoimmune diseases. These genes are
related to:
Immunoglobulins
T-cell receptors
The major histocompatibility complexes (MHC).
The first two, which are involved in the recognition of antigens, are inherently variable and
susceptible to recombination. These variations enable the immune system to respond to a
very wide variety of invaders, but may also give rise to lymphocytes capable of self-
reactivity.
Scientists such as H. McDevitt, G. Nepom, J. Bell and J. Todd have also provided strong
evidence to suggest that certain MHC class II allotypes are strongly correlated with
Fewer correlations exist with MHC class I molecules. The most notable and consistent is the
association between HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis. Correlations may exist between
polymorphisms within class II MHC promoters and autoimmune disease.
The contributions of genes outside the MHC complex remain the subject of research, in
animal models of disease (Linda Wicker's extensive genetic studies of diabetes in the NOD
mouse), and in patients (Brian Kotzin's linkage analysis of susceptibility to SLE).
Recently, PTPN22 has been associated with multiple autoimmune diseases including Type I
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’
disease, Addison’s disease, Myasthenia Gravis, vitiligo, systemic sclerosis juvenile idiopathic
arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis.
Sex
Ratio of female/male incidence
of autoimmune diseases
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 10/1[8]
Graves' disease 7/1[8]
Multiple sclerosis (MS) 2/1[8]
Myasthenia gravis 2/1[8]
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 9/1[8]
Rheumatoid arthritis 5/2[8]
Primary sclerosing cholangitis 1/2
A person's sex also seems to have some role in the development of autoimmunity, classifying
most autoimmune diseases as sex-related diseases. Nearly 75%[8] of the more than 23.5
million Americans who suffer from autoimmune disease are women, although it is less-
frequently acknowledged that millions of men also suffer from these diseases. According to
the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA), autoimmune diseases
that develop in men tend to be more severe. A few autoimmune diseases that men are just as
or more likely to develop as women, include: ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus,
Wegener's granulomatosis, Crohn's disease, Primary sclerosing cholangitis and psoriasis.
The reasons for the sex role in autoimmunity are unclear. Women appear to generally mount
larger inflammatory responses than men when their immune systems are triggered, increasing
the risk of autoimmunity.[8] Involvement of sex steroids is indicated by that many
autoimmune diseases tend to fluctuate in accordance with hormonal changes, for example,
during pregnancy, in the menstrual cycle, or when using oral contraception.[8] A history of
pregnancy also appears to leave a persistent increased risk for autoimmune disease.[8] It has
been suggested that the slight exchange of cells between mothers and their children during
pregnancy may induce autoimmunity.[9] This would tip the gender balance in the direction of
the female.
Another theory suggests the female high tendency to get autoimmunity is due to an
imbalanced X chromosome inactivation.[10] The X-inactivation skew theory, proposed by
Princeton University's Jeff Stewart, has recently been confirmed experimentally in
scleroderma and autoimmune thyroiditis.[11] Other complex X-linked genetic susceptibility
mechanisms are proposed and under investigation.[8]
Environmental Factors
An interesting inverse relationship exists between infectious diseases and autoimmune
diseases. In areas where multiple infectious diseases are endemic, autoimmune diseases are
quite rarely seen. The reverse, to some extent, seems to hold true. The hygiene hypothesis
attributes these correlations to the immune manipulating strategies of pathogens. Whilst such
an observation has been variously termed as spurious and ineffective, according to some
studies, parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.[12][13][14]
The putative mechanism is that the parasite attenuates the host immune response in order to
protect itself. This may provide a serendipitous benefit to a host that also suffers from
autoimmune disease. The details of parasite immune modulation are not yet known, but may
include secretion of anti-inflammatory agents or interference with the host immune signaling.
A paradoxical observation has been the strong association of certain microbial organisms
with autoimmune diseases. For example, Klebsiella pneumoniae and coxsackievirus B have
been strongly correlated with ankylosing spondylitis and diabetes mellitus type 1,
respectively. This has been explained by the tendency of the infecting organism to produce
super-antigens that are capable of polyclonal activation of B-lymphocytes, and production of
large amounts of antibodies of varying specificities, some of which may be self-reactive (see
below).
Certain chemical agents and drugs can also be associated with the genesis of autoimmune
conditions, or conditions that simulate autoimmune diseases. The most striking of these is the
drug-induced lupus erythematosus. Usually, withdrawal of the offending drug cures the
symptoms in a patient.
Cigarette smoking is now established as a major risk factor for both incidence and severity of
rheumatoid arthritis. This may relate to abnormal citrullination of proteins, since the effects
of smoking correlate with the presence of antibodies to citrullinated peptides.
Pathogenesis of autoimmunity
Several mechanisms are thought to be operative in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases,
against a backdrop of genetic predisposition and environmental modulation. It is beyond the
scope of this article to discuss each of these mechanisms exhaustively, but a summary of
some of the important mechanisms have been described:
The roles of specialized immunoregulatory cell types, such as regulatory T cells, NKT cells,
γδ T-cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease are under investigation.
Classification
Autoimmune diseases can be broadly divided into systemic and organ-specific or localised
autoimmune disorders, depending on the principal clinico-pathologic features of each disease.
This has led to the recent proposal that the spectrum of autoimmunity should be viewed along
an “immunological disease continuum,” with classical autoimmune diseases at one extreme
and diseases driven by the innate immune system at the other extreme. Within this scheme,
the full spectrum of autoimmunity can be included. Many common human autoimmune
diseases can be seen to have a substantial innate immune mediated immunopathology using
this new scheme. This new classification scheme has implications for understanding disease
mechanisms and for therapy development (see PLoS Medicine article.
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030297).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of autoimmune disorders largely rests on accurate history and physical
examination of the patient, and high index of suspicion against a backdrop of certain
abnormalities in routine laboratory tests (example, elevated C-reactive protein). In several
systemic disorders, serological assays which can detect specific autoantibodies can be
employed. Localised disorders are best diagnosed by immunofluorescence of biopsy
specimens. Autoantibodies are used to diagnose many autoimmune diseases. The levels of
autoantibodies are measured to determine the progress of the disease.
Treatments
Treatments for autoimmune disease have traditionally been immunosuppressive, anti-
inflammatory (steroids), or palliative.[4] Non-immunological therapies, such as hormone
replacement in Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Type 1 diabetes mellitus treat outcomes of the
autoaggressive response, thus these are palliative treatments. Dietary manipulation limits the
severity of celiac disease. Steroidal or NSAID treatment limits inflammatory symptoms of
many diseases. IVIG is used for CIDP and GBS. Specific immunomodulatory therapies, such
as the TNFα antagonists (e.g. etanercept), the B cell depleting agent rituximab, the anti-IL-6
receptor tocilizumab and the costimulation blocker abatacept have been shown to be useful in
treating RA. Some of these immunotherapies may be associated with increased risk of
adverse effects, such as susceptibility to infection.
Helminthic therapy is an experimental approach that involves inoculation of the patient with
specific parasitic intestinal nematodes (helminths). There are currently two closely related
treatments available, inoculation with either Necator americanus, commonly known as
hookworms, or Trichuris Suis Ova, commonly known as Pig Whipworm Eggs.[19][19][20][21][22][23]
T cell vaccination is also being explored as a possible future therapy for auto-immune
disorders.
Autoimunitas adalah kegagalan organisme dalam mengenali bagian-bagian sendiri konstituen
sebagai diri, yang memungkinkan respon imun terhadap sel sendiri dan jaringan. Setiap
penyakit yang hasil dari seperti respon imun yang menyimpang disebut penyakit autoimun.
Autoimunitas sering disebabkan oleh kurangnya perkembangan kuman badan target dan
dengan demikian tindakan respon kekebalan tubuh terhadap sel sendiri dan jaringan. Contoh
menonjol termasuk penyakit Celiac, diabetes mellitus tipe 1 (IDDM), Sarkoidosis, lupus
eritematosus sistemik (SLE), Sjögren syndrome, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, tiroiditis
Hashimoto, penyakit Graves, idiopatik thrombocytopenic purpura, Penyakit Addison,
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) dan alergi. Penyakit autoimun yang sangat sering diobati dengan
steroid [rujukan?].
Kesalahpahaman bahwa sistem kekebalan tubuh seseorang benar-benar tidak mampu
mengenali antigen diri bukanlah hal baru. Paul Ehrlich, pada awal abad kedua puluh,
mengusulkan konsep autotoxicus horor, dimana 'normal' tubuh tidak me-mount respon imun
terhadap jaringan sendiri. Dengan demikian, setiap respon autoimun dianggap menjadi
abnormal dan didalilkan untuk dihubungkan dengan penyakit manusia. Sekarang, itu diterima
bahwa respon autoimun merupakan bagian integral dari sistem kekebalan tubuh vertebrata
[rujukan?] (Kadang-kadang disebut 'autoimunitas alami'), biasanya dicegah dari
menyebabkan penyakit dengan fenomena toleransi imunologi untuk diri-antigen [rujukan?].
Autoimunitas tidak harus bingung dengan alloimmunity.
Tingkat rendah autoimunitas
Sementara tingkat tinggi autoimunitas tidak sehat, rendahnya tingkat autoimunitas
sebenarnya bisa menguntungkan. Pertama, tingkat rendah autoimunitas mungkin membantu
dalam pengakuan sel neoplastik oleh CD8 + T sel, dan dengan demikian mengurangi kejadian
kanker.
Kedua, autoimunitas mungkin memiliki peran dalam memungkinkan respon imun yang cepat
pada tahap awal dari infeksi ketika ketersediaan antigen asing membatasi respon (misalnya,
ketika ada beberapa patogen hadir). Dalam studi mereka, Stefanova et al. (2002) disuntikkan
anti-MHC Kelas II antibodi pada tikus mengungkapkan satu jenis molekul MHC II Kelas (H-
2b) untuk sementara mencegah CD4 + T cell-MHC interaksi. CD4 naif + T sel (orang-orang
yang tidak mengalami antigen sebelumnya) pulih dari tikus 36 jam pasca-anti-MHC
administrasi menunjukkan respon menurun menjadi merpati antigen sitokrom C peptida,
sebagaimana ditentukan oleh Zap-70 fosforilasi, proliferasi, dan Interleukin- 2 produksi. Jadi
Stefanova et al. (2002) menunjukkan bahwa diri-MHC pengakuan (yang, jika terlalu kuat
dapat menyebabkan penyakit autoimun) mempertahankan respon dari CD4 + sel T saat
antigen asing tidak hadir [1] Ide ini autoimunitas secara konseptual mirip dengan bermain-
pertempuran.. Drama-pertempuran muda anaknya (TCR dan self-MHC) dapat mengakibatkan
beberapa goresan atau bekas luka (low-level-autoimunitas), tetapi bermanfaat dalam jangka
panjang karena bilangan prima yang cub muda untuk perkelahian yang tepat di masa depan .
Imunologi toleransi
Pekerjaan perintis oleh Noel Rose dan Ernst Witebsky di New York, dan Roitt dan Doniach
di University College London memberikan bukti jelas bahwa, setidaknya dalam hal
memproduksi antibodi limfosit B, penyakit seperti rheumatoid arthritis dan tirotoksikosis
berhubungan dengan hilangnya toleransi imunologi , yang merupakan kemampuan seseorang
untuk mengabaikan 'diri', sedangkan bereaksi terhadap 'non-diri'. Kerusakan ini menyebabkan
sistem kekebalan tubuh yang mount respon imun yang efektif dan spesifik terhadap penentu
diri. Asal-usul yang tepat toleransi imunologi masih sulit dipahami, tetapi beberapa teori telah
diajukan sejak pertengahan abad kedua puluh untuk menjelaskan asal-usulnya.
Tiga hipotesis telah mendapat perhatian luas di kalangan immunologists:
• Teori Penghapusan klonal, diusulkan oleh Burnet, menurut yang self-reaktif sel limfoid
dihancurkan selama pengembangan sistem kekebalan tubuh dalam individu. Untuk pekerjaan
mereka Frank M. Burnet dan Peter B. Medawar diberikan tahun 1960 Penghargaan Nobel
dalam Fisiologi atau Kedokteran "untuk penemuan toleransi imunologi diperoleh".
• Teori anergi klonal, diusulkan oleh Nossal, di mana diri-reaktif T-atau B-sel menjadi tidak
aktif pada individu normal dan tidak dapat memperkuat respon imun. [2]
• idiotype Jaringan teori, diusulkan oleh Jerne, dimana sebuah jaringan antibodi yang mampu
menetralkan diri reaktif antibodi secara alami ada di dalam tubuh. [3]
Selain itu, dua teori lainnya berada di bawah penyelidikan intensif:
• Teori Ignorance klonal, yang menurut sel T autoreaktif yang tidak terwakili dalam timus
akan jatuh tempo dan bermigrasi ke pinggiran, di mana mereka tidak akan menghadapi
antigen yang tepat karena jaringan tidak dapat diakses. Akibatnya, sel B auto-reaktif, bahwa
penghapusan melarikan diri, tidak dapat menemukan antigen atau penolong yang spesifik T-
sel. [4]
• Suppressor populasi atau teori sel T peraturan, dimana peraturan T-limfosit (biasanya CD4
+ + FoxP3 sel, antara lain) berfungsi untuk mencegah, downregulate, atau membatasi respon
imun autoaggressive dalam sistem kekebalan tubuh.
Toleransi juga dapat dibedakan menjadi 'Pusat' dan 'Peripheral' toleransi, pada apakah atau
tidak yang disebutkan di atas mekanisme memeriksa beroperasi di organ limfoid pusat
(Thymus dan Bone Marrow) atau organ limfoid perifer (limpa kelenjar getah bening,, dll , di
mana diri-reaktif B-sel mungkin dihancurkan). Harus ditekankan bahwa teori ini tidak saling
eksklusif, dan bukti telah meningkat menunjukkan bahwa semua mekanisme aktif dapat
menyebabkan vertebrata toleransi imunologi.
Sebuah fitur membingungkan dari hilangnya toleransi didokumentasikan terlihat pada
autoimunitas spontan manusia adalah bahwa hal itu hampir seluruhnya terbatas pada
tanggapan autoantibody diproduksi oleh limfosit B. Hilangnya toleransi oleh sel T telah
sangat sulit untuk menunjukkan, dan di mana ada bukti untuk respon sel T normal biasanya
tidak terhadap antigen diakui oleh autoantibodi. Dengan demikian, pada rheumatoid arthritis
ada autoantibodi untuk IgG Fc tetapi tampaknya tidak ada respon sel T yang sesuai. Dalam
lupus sistemik ada autoantibodies untuk DNA, yang tidak dapat membangkitkan respon sel T,
dan bukti terbatas untuk tanggapan sel T antigen berimplikasi nukleoprotein. Pada penyakit
Celiac ada autoantibodies untuk transglutaminase jaringan tetapi respon sel T adalah untuk
gliadin protein asing. Kesenjangan ini telah menyebabkan gagasan bahwa penyakit autoimun
manusia dalam kebanyakan kasus (dengan pengecualian kemungkinan termasuk diabetes tipe
I) didasarkan pada hilangnya toleransi sel B yang membuat penggunaan normal respon sel T
terhadap antigen asing dalam berbagai cara menyimpang. [5]
Immunodeficiency dan autoimunitas
Ada sejumlah besar sindrom imunodefisiensi yang menyajikan karakteristik klinis dan
laboratorium autoimunitas. Kemampuan penurunan sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk
membersihkan infeksi pada pasien ini mungkin bertanggung jawab untuk menyebabkan
autoimunitas melalui aktivasi sistem kekebalan yang terus-menerus. [6]
Salah satu contoh umum variabel immunodeficiency (CVID) di mana penyakit autoimun
mulptiple terlihat, misalnya Penyakit radang usus, trombositopenia autoimun dan penyakit
tiroid autoimun. Lymphohistiocytosis hemophagocytic familial, suatu immunodeficiency
autosom resesif utama, adalah contoh lain. Pansitopenia, ruam, limfadenopati dan
hepatosplenomegali biasanya terlihat pada pasien tersebut. Kehadiran beberapa infeksi virus
tidak jelas karena kurangnya perforin dianggap bertanggung jawab. Selain infeksi kronis
dan / atau berulang banyak penyakit autoimun termasuk radang sendi, anemia hemolitik
autoimun, skleroderma dan diabetes tipe 1 juga terlihat pada X-linked agammaglobulinemia
(XLA). Infeksi bakteri dan jamur berulang dan peradangan kronis dari usus dan paru-paru
yang terlihat pada penyakit granulomatosa kronis (CGD) juga. CGD adalah disebabkan oleh
penurunan produksi dinukleotida nicotinamide adenin oksidase fosfat (NADPH) oleh
neutrofil. Mutasi RAG hypomorphic terlihat pada pasien dengan penyakit granulomatosa
garis tengah, sebuah gangguan autoimun yang sering terlihat pada pasien dengan
granulomatosis dengan polyangiitis (penyakit Wegenr) dan NK / T limfoma sel. Wiskott-
Aldrich syndrome (WAS) pasien juga hadir dengan eksim, manifestasi autoimun, infeksi
bakteri berulang dan limfoma. Dalam distrofi polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal
autoimun (APECED) juga autoimunitas dan infeksi hidup berdampingan: organ-spesifik
manifestasi autoimun (misalnya Hipoparatiroidisme dan kegagalan adrenokortikal) dan
kandidiasis mukokutan kronis. Akhirnya, IgA kekurangan juga kadang-kadang dikaitkan
dengan perkembangan fenomena autoimun dan atopik.
Faktor Genetik
Orang-orang tertentu secara genetik rentan untuk mengembangkan penyakit autoimun.
Kerentanan ini dikaitkan dengan beberapa gen ditambah faktor risiko lainnya. Genetik
individu cenderung tidak selalu mengembangkan penyakit autoimun.
Tiga set utama dari gen yang diduga dalam penyakit autoimun banyak. Gen ini terkait
dengan:
• Imunoglobulin
• T-sel reseptor
• Kompleks major histocompatibility (MHC).
Dua yang pertama, yang terlibat dalam pengakuan antigen, secara inheren variabel dan rentan
terhadap rekombinasi. Variasi ini memungkinkan sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk merespon
berbagai sangat luas penjajah, tetapi juga dapat menimbulkan limfosit mampu diri reaktivitas.
Para ilmuwan seperti H. McDevitt, G. Nepom, J. Bell dan J. Todd juga telah memberikan
bukti kuat yang menunjukkan bahwa MHC kelas II tertentu allotypes yang sangat berkorelasi
dengan
• HLA DR2 sangat berkorelasi positif dengan Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, narkolepsi [7]
dan multiple sclerosis, dan berkorelasi negatif dengan DM Tipe 1.
• HLA DR3 berkorelasi kuat dengan sindrom Sjögren, myasthenia gravis, SLE, dan DM Tipe
1.
• HLA DR4 berkorelasi dengan asal-usul rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus tipe 1, dan
pemfigus vulgaris.
Korelasi sedikit ada dengan molekul MHC kelas I. Yang paling menonjol dan konsisten
adalah hubungan antara HLA B27 dan ankylosing spondylitis. Korelasi mungkin ada di
antara polimorfisme dalam kelas MHC promotor II dan penyakit autoimun.
Kontribusi gen di luar kompleks MHC tetap subyek penelitian, pada hewan model penyakit
(studi ekstensif Linda Wicker genetik diabetes pada tikus NOD), dan pada pasien (analisis
linkage Brian Kotzin tentang kerentanan terhadap SLE).
Baru-baru ini, PTPN22 telah dikaitkan dengan penyakit autoimun multiple termasuk Tipe I
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, tiroiditis Hashimoto, penyakit
Graves, penyakit Addison, Myasthenia Gravis, vitiligo, sistemik sclerosis juvenile idiopathic
arthritis, dan arthritis psoriatis.
Seks
Rasio perempuan / laki-laki kejadian
penyakit autoimun
Hashimoto tiroiditis
10/1 [8]
Graves 'penyakit
7/1 [8]
Myasthenia gravis
2/1 [8]
Rheumatoid arthritis
5/2 [8]