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MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER ONE: TRIGONOMETRY

Introduction to Trigonometry
The word “Trigonometry” is derived from two greek words “trigono” means triangle and “metry” means
measurement. Greek, Persian, Hindu astronomers first developed trigonometry around 200BC, Today
Trigonometry is used by astronomers, architects, surveyors, Engineers and Navigators of both phones and
ships and so on there is many applications those need for trigonometry.

Hipparchus is credited to be the founder of trigonometry, he was greek astronomer, geographer and
mathematician.

Trigonometry: is a branch of mathematics which deals with the study of properties of triangles and
measuring their angles, sides and lengths.

Basic terminologies relating to trigonometry

Angle: is the amount of portion about a fixed position.
Positive angle: is the angle formed by a ray rotating in anti-clockwise direction.
Negative angle: is the angle formed by a rotating in clock wise direction.
Initial side of an angle: is the starting position of the ray.
Terminal side of an angle: is the position of the ray after rotating.
Notation of the angles: in trigonometry we denote an angle by any of the following greek letters

The positive angle of rotation makes an anti-clockwise

rotation.

While, the negative angle rotation makes clockwise rotation.

 An angle can be measured in two ways which are: -

1. Degrees
2. Radians.
Inter-conversion between degrees and degrees
Since 360 radians {1 revolution}, then

So, and

Trigonometric functions and ratios

In trigonometry there are six trigonometric functions and they are: -
sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan),

cosecant (csc), secant (sec), cotangent (cot).

Below you will see the ratios formed by these functions

XUSNI

You may remember a little word SOH, CAH, TOA or SOME OLD HAMS CAN’T ALWAYS HIDE
THEIR OLD AGES
Trigonometric ratios for special angles.
Special angles are .

XUSNI
The signs of trigonometric functions

All Students Take Chemistry

Q Q2 Q3 Q4
sin + sin + tan + cos +
cos + csc + cot + sec +
tan + others − others − others −

REFERENCE ANGLE OF A GENERAL ANGLE

Reference angle: an acute angle formed by the terminal side and the x-axis.
 Basic Trigonometry identities
Reciprocal identities

1. Sin ⁄ 2. Cos ⁄ 3. Tan ⁄

4. Csc = ⁄ 5. Sec = ⁄ 6. Cot = ⁄

Quotient identity

1. Tan 2. Cot

Negative angle identity

1. Cos (− ) = cos 2. Sin (− ) = − 3. Csc (− ) = −
4. Sec (− ) = sec 5. Tan (− ) = − 6. Cot (− ) = −

Other basic identities

2 2 2 2 2 2
1. 2. − 3.
2 2 2 2 2 2
4. − 5. − 6.
2 2 2 2
7. − 9. − 10. √ −
11. √ − 12. √ 13. √

Co-function identities ( − ) −

1. ( − ) 2. ( − ) 3. ( − )
2 2 2
4. (2 − ) 5. (2 − ) 6. (2 − )

Compound-angle formulas
1. ( ) − 2. ( − )
3 ( ) 4. ( − ) −
5. ( ) 6. ( − )

Double-angle formulas
2 2 2 2
1. − 2. − 3. −
2
4. 5.

Half-angle formulas

1. √ 2. √ 3. √
2 2 2 2 2
Product-to-sum formulas

1. ( ) ( )
2
2. ( − )− ( )
2
3. ( ) ( − )
2
4. ( )− ( − )
2

Sum-to-product formulas

1. ( ) ( )
2 2
2. ( ) ( )
2 2
3. − − ( ) ( )
2 2
4. ( ) ( )
2 2

Arday/ardayad fadlan xafido waraaqahaan ilaa laga gaaraayo imtixaanka wazaarada

maadaama ay muhiim tahay iskuna day ayada dhan inaad kor ka barato

Prepared and written By: Hussein Ali Mohamud “xusni”

Bachelor in mathematics and physics
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