ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF 1ST YEAR PHINMA-UI STUDENTS: DISTANCE LEARNING VS.

TRADITIONAL LEARNING

An Undergraduate Research Presented to

Renefrid T. Tejero

College of Arts and Sciences-Social Department

University of Iloilo

In PartialFulfillment

of the Requirements for the Subject

Gen005- Contemporary World

Alarilla, Jessa Mae J.

Angelitud, Kaye Janamy A.

Antonio, Justine Gremond P.

Beso, Charlene E.

Da-anton, Kyle A.

April 2022
 Chapter 1
Introduction

a. Background of the Study

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented disruptions in the lives of
people all over the world. It came unexpectedly where no one was ready enough to brace its impact to
society. The Philippines in particular, faced a critical situation due to the rise of said health crisis. For
higher education institutions, avoiding and limiting the risks of infection of the academic community has
become a primordial concern. The conduct of classes needed to be immediately suspended
(CHED,2020).

COVID-19 pandemic has resulted drastic changes in education. Part of it is the shift from face to
face classes to different learning modalities which include distance learning. Since education is
believed to continue despite the circumstances, teachers started to prepare for modular and online
distance learning (De Villa & Manalo, 2020). Most tertiary institutions have adopted distance learning.
The adoption of distance learning is not without its limitations and challenges which includes limited
network coverage and lack of gadgets among the students (Gurajena, Mbunge & Fashoto, 2021).

Distance learning programs are generally designed to serve an off-campus population. These
programs provide access to higher education for students who cannot attend traditional courses due to
employment, marital status, family responsibilities, distance, and expenses incurred with traditional
education (Knezek et al, 2006) .These factors are represented in the management of online courses
that require a lot of time. In addition, the problems cited with the use of technology, as well as the lack
of communication between students and remote instructors. According to De(2018), traditional classes
are more suitable for young children, teenagers, and young adolescents who are yet to join the
workforce. Regular attendance in classes helps them interact with other individuals of their own age, be
better disciplined, follow a regular schedule, and improve their physical fitness and mental alertness.
Also in traditional classroom, students can directly share their views and clarify their own queries with
the teacher, thus getting their questions answered right away.

In Iloilo, especially in the school of PHINMA University of Iloilo has also affected to this
pandemic and trying to cope up their education. And that is why the researchers want to conduct their
study since there are enough information to be gathered to support this study. In official Facebook
page of PHINMA-University of Iloilo. They state that are also adopted the distance learning. Where
they had Remote and Distance or RAD Learning and Flex Learning that both of it is a completely
home-based program. The classes will not be conducted online but teacher support will be provided
virtually via mobile calls, texts or social media. And learning materials will be printed and distributed at
the start of classes. The RAD Learning will be available for students who live in far-flung areas and
need to travel for hours to get to school. While the Flex Learning, students will be studying from home.
Thus, there will be no face-to-face classes until it is safe to do so, and the government allows students
to leave their homes.

b.Theoretical Framework

One of the theories that relates to our study is the Walberg's Theory of Educational Productivity
of Herbert J. Walberg. Where his theory tackles about the influences on learning that affects the
academic performance of a student tackles about the influences on learning that affects the academic
performance of a student. It is an exploration of academic achievement wherein Walberg used a variety
of methods on how to identify the factors that affects the academic performance of a student. In his
theory, he classified 11 influential domains of variables, one of them that were affected by student-
teacher interactions. He explained that these variables have a certain effects that might cause
problems with the academic performance of students (Greenberg et al., 2003). Researchers anchor
their study on this theory to support the main objectives of this study which is to know the academic
performance of students to the traditional and distance learning. Researchers aim to test if the theory
coincides with the result of study, that if there is interaction of students and teachers, the academic
performance of students has a greater chance to improve.

In the light of above mention theory, the researcher conducted the study to compare if there is
significant difference in academic performance of 1st year PHINMA-UI students in traditional and
distance learning.
 Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 Distance Learning
 Traditional Learning  Academic Performance

Figure 1. The Research Paradigm of study.

Figure 1 shows the two variables the study. These are the independent and dependent
variables. Under the independent variable are distance learning and traditional learning; while under
the dependent variable is academic performance.

d. Statement of the Problem

The objective of this study was to determine the academic performance of 1st year
PHIMNA-UI students in distance learning and to the traditional learning. And what learning is
most suitable to them.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. Academic performance of 1st year PHIMNA-UI students in distance learning?

2. Academic performance of 1st year PHIMNA-UI students in traditional learning?

3. Is there a significant difference in the academic performance of 1st year PHIMNA-UI students
among those different learning?
e. Definition of Terms

For the purpose of clarity and precision, important terms that were used in this study were
conceptually and operationally defined:

Academic performance - is the measurement of student achievement across various

academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure achievement using
classroom performance, graduation rates and results from standardized tests (Ballotpedia,
2014).

In this study, it referred to the basis of researchers for their study, whether students learn
easily and improve their intellect performance in those different ways of learning.

Distance Learning- form of education in which the main elements include physical separation
of teachers and students during instruction and the use of various technologies to facilitate
student-teacher and student-student communication (Berg, 2016).

In this study, it referred to the new way of learning which is applicable today and that is
because of the pandemic.

Traditional Learning- Is usually classroom instruction that includes an instructor and students,
characterized by interactive activities, socializing, writing lecture notes, receiving homework,
and taking exams (Yongo, 2022).

In this study, it referred to the old or the common way of learning where the students and
teachers interact personally or it is called the face-to-face learning.

f. Significance of the Study

The result of the study will be beneficial to certain groups and sectors, specifically,

People in community. This study may give them information about, education is also affected
and trying to cope up in this pandemic. And this study may help them to understand why education
shifts their new way of learning.

Teachers. The result of this study may help them to understand that they are students that has
different level of academic performance in different ways of learning.
 Learners. They may give them knowledge about their academic performance is also based on
the way of learning they prefer.

Researchers. The result of this study may give them new information about what happens to
the academic performance of students in the different ways of learning.

Future researchers. The result of this study may serve as their reference for their future
studies that related to this topic.

d. Scope and Delimitation

This study was limited only in comparing the academic performance of student in different ways
of learning. The study utilized a qualitative research method using comparative approach. Researcher
will collected the data from the 1st year PHINMA-UI students. And this study will tackle their
experiences, struggles and actions that they do in order to adopt the new way of learning and how it
affects in their academic performance. The researcher will interview the participants to know the
academic performance of students and how they learn in that different way of learning.
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

a. Related Literature

A sound research needs a literature review to give more background information about the
study. This chapter contains the review of related literature. Literatures presented in this chapter are
from research databases such as online libraries to find credible scholarly books, online journals,
websites, and others. It is divided into several topics. These are (1) Academic performance, (2)
Traditional Learning, (3) Distance Learning, (4) Related Studies, and (5) Summary.

Part One, Academic Performance, sites its descriptions of academic performance of student
and its significance.

Part Two, Traditional Learning, cites the description and what level of academic performance
of students in this kind of learning.

Part Three, Distance Learning, discusses about its definition and what level of academic
performance of students in this kind of learning.

Part Four, Related Studies, introduces the related studies from local and foreign that serves as
the foundation of the study.

Part Five, Summary, sums up and reiterates the each concept in the review of related literature.

Academic performance

Academic performance is affected by many factors including parents’ education levels and
income, teachers’ knowledge of the subject, truancy, textbooks availability and accessibility, libraries,
practical laboratory, meals provision and many other factors
(Chinyoka, K. & Naidu, N.,2013).
 There is no doubt that education is the only tool to become successful. It gives us the
opportunity to become a full-fledged member of a society we belong, by gaining all the necessary
abilities. Nowadays there are several options to get knowledge. Students have the opportunity to attend
traditional classroom classes or chose online learning. Both models of learning are created for
providing educational requirements in order to obtain a college degree or diploma and both models are
effective. The final decision is up to students which type of learning is suitable and acceptable for them.
Several factors play an enormous role while making a decision, time management, communication,
costs, and convenience (Natalie et al., 2020).

Traditional Learning

Traditional classes give more than education. It gives the culture of communication, interaction,
friendship, collaboration, teaches relationships. Based on practical examples we can conclude that
students learn more interesting things in class while listening to their classmates, rather than studying
alone. In-class learning, there is constant communication between students with each other and the
teacher. In this case, face to face communication develop many important skills for the students, such
as public speaking, social skills, and presentation abilities. It is proved that social communication
among the students creates many useful links, they can exchange with their experiences, involvements,
practices, and understandings. Online learning is unable to develop these abilities, which are important
for modern students in their future activities and profession. Traditional schools offer any other facility
rather than teaching only academic subjects. There is all kind of interesting activities for students: sport,
amateur, dancing, charity, and various programs. Campuses answer the demands of all types of
students, which makes student life more interesting and attractive. So students study not only academic
subjects, they study how to use the knowledge in their future career (Natalie et al., 2020).

Learning at school ensures students study efficiency. In other words, schools create a learning
atmosphere which can help students to concentrate on their study. Besides, teachers can communicate
with students and try to make sure each student can understand what they said. Compared with learning
at school, distance learning could divert attention from learning for students to focus on computer games.
In addition, students’ teamwork spirit can be cultivated by schooling. It means students can share their
own opinions in group which can help them make a deeper impression of what they are learning.
Moreover, students will participate in some activities to learn how to cooperate with each other (National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018).
Distance Learning

Online learning students have to be more organized, disciplined and self-demanding. These
students have to reserve time to fulfil the requirements. Modern technology connects students from all
over the world. They have the advantage to get accustomed to each other’s traditions and culture. The
Internet gives huge possibilities to save time, use search engines efficiently, have numerous online
books and researches on hand. But not all students have the possibility to attend online classes due to
no internet. In this case, they have no other option but to be friendly with books at the library. Also,
Students can save on transport, materials, and others. There are many useful online courses for adults.
It is very affordable for doing an additional degree or some pieces of training. All these courses demand
less money and time (Natalie et al., 2020).

b. Related Studies

Local study. According to the study of Rosario et al., (2021), entitled “Students’ online learning
challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines” stated that
the online learning challenges of college students varied in terms of type and extent. Their greatest
challenge was linked to their learning environment at home, while their least challenge was
technological literacy and competency. Also, in this study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic had
the greatest impact on the quality of the learning experience and students’ mental health. In terms of
strategies employed by students, the most frequently used were resource management and utilization,
help-seeking, technical aptitude enhancement, time management, and learning environment control.

Another study by Tria (2020), entitled “The COVID-19 Pandemic through the Lens of Education
in the Philippines: The New Normal” stated that during the pandemic to continue the education
process they will use distance learning. These are online learning platforms such as Google, TV
broadcasts, guidelines, resources, video lectures and online channels were introduced (UNESCO,
2020). In the higher education institutions, new normal would be virtual classrooms. The
Commission on Higher Education suggested to strengthen online platforms and blended learning
such as but not limited to Google classroom, messenger, zoom, Facebook and YouTube (CHED, 2020).
In addition, both will adopt numerous learning delivery options such as but not limited to face-to-face,
blended learnings, distance learnings, and home-schooling and other modes of delivery (CHED, 2020;
DepEd, 2020).
 Foreign Study. According to the study of Hina (2020), entitled “Relationship between Self-
Directed Learning (SDL) and Academic Achievement of University Students: A Case of Online Distance
Learning and Traditional Universities” stated that Higher education also demands that students should
aim at direct learning. Self-directed learning (SDL) always appears beneficial for the students as they
can work and study simultaneously. Self-directed learning is a method which can measure students’
learning desires, safeguard their appropriate learning, lead them towards deliberate actions and
measure their subsequent knowledge.

Another study by Elfaki et al., (2019), entitled “Impact of e-learning vs. traditional learning on
students' performance and attitude” stated E-learning or the distance learning has become an essential
method and new epitome that is widely used and implemented by educational institutions across the
globe. The main objective of the current survey was to study the impact of E-learning on the students'
academic performance. The results showed that the mean of the students' overall satisfaction with the
traditional face-to-face lectures in the control group was 6.26, while the mean of the students' overall
satisfaction with E-learning in the experimental group was 8.74. The key findings of the present study
show a significant difference in learning outcomes beside positive attitudes between online and
traditional learners which can be a viable alternative learning method for higher education.

In conclusion, as we see both different methods of learning have their advantages and
disadvantages. Both learning’s depend on individuals’ character and abilities to cope up in this different
method of learning. Some students may prefer human interaction or face to face learning is their best
solution. Others prefer individual learning and choose online courses. So it is upon students’ decision
what type of learning they prefer to take and how they will learn in those different ways of learning.
 Chapter 3

Methodology

a. Research Design

The principal purpose of the researchers was to know if there is a significant difference in the
academic performance of 1st year Phinma-UI students in distance learning and traditional learning.
This study utilized a quantitative research method using comparative research method.
The comparative method of research was used in this study. Comparative research is a type of
study that the studies to demonstrate ability to examine, compare and contrast subjects or ideas.
Comparative study shows how two subjects are similar or shows how two subjects are different
(Bukhari, 2011). In this study the researchers describe the comparison involved in the evaluation of
experiences of vegetable vendors.
This study focused on the evaluation of students about their academic performance in distance learning
and in traditional learning.
The materials and equipment that will be used in this study are recorder, cameras, paper, and
pens.
The information on academic performance of students will be gathered through interviews and
archival research, such as books and articles.

b. Respondents of the study

The respondents that researchers decided to take on the interview are 1st year students
that enrol in S.Y 2021-2022. The respondents studied in PHINMA University of Iloilo. The respondents
are in their adulthood which is typical for college students.
The researchers chose the respondent in a purposive sampling. It is a type of sampling
technique in which the researchers relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of
population to participate in the study. The researchers identified the characteristics for them to be
qualified as their respondent. The researchers took a little information about them by asking them about
the research.
 c. Instrumentation

The interview protocol contains a guide to the respondents for them to answer the
interview questions properly. The researchers provided an input to the key research questions in the
protocol for the respondents. Prior to that, we also prepared probes to follow the key questions and
transition question for a good flow of interview. The interview guide was built to conduct a qualitative
interview in which highlights the known experiences of students. The respondents may expose many
things but by using the instruction the researchers used on the experiences needed to explore. This is
the way to build a boundary around the research area. Moreover, it is very hard to record everything in
the interview therefore; the researchers used an electronic device for recording.

d. Data Gathering Procedure

In data gathering, good rapport to the students of concerned in their academic

performance. The researchers explained the instructions to the respondents for clarification. The
researchers then informed the respondents and their responses will be kept strictly confidential. The
students were interviewed unstructured. Their answered interviewed will recorded and gathered right
after they gave their answers. The information that gathered was used as a data to ascertain if there is
a difference in traditional learning and distant learning in their academic performance.

e. Data Analysis Procedure

Data will be analysed using comparative statistics such as a statement, an interview, or a theme,
and comparing it with others to identify similarities or differences. Chi-squared test will be used to
determine the difference of traditional learning and distance learning to the level of academic
performance of students.
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