Calculus of Residues

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Calculus of Residues
1st part
Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202)
Physics Departement
Universitas Airlangga
April 25, 2018
Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Outline
1 Review
2 Contour integral
Cauchy’s theorem
Cauchy’s integral formula
3 Singularities
Removable singularity
Simple pole
Multipole
Essential singularity; Laurent Series
4 Laurent series
5 The residue theorem
6 Appendix
Taylor series
L’Hospital’s rule
Outline
Review
Contour integral
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Analytic functions
If a function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is analytic in some region R,

then :
the Cauchy-Riemann conditions :
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
= , =− (1)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
are satisfied.
its derivative is uniquely defined at every point inside R.
the derivative itself is an analytic function.
the function has derivatives of all orders and they all are
analytic functions.

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Cauchy’s theorem
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
How about integral?

If f (z) is analytic in some region R, then the integral of this
function from z1 to z2 along some given line turn out to be
independent of the actual path we choose, as long as it is still a
connected path from z1 to z2 and never leaves the region of
analyticity.
Integral of an analytic function
R z2
z1f (z)dz is independent
of the actual path from z1
to z2 .

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Cauchy’s theorem
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Similarity with physical application

Conservative field
For any conservative vector field u(r), there is a scalar field φ(r) in
which
u(r) = ∇φ(r)
and
Zr2
∇φ(r) · dr = φ(r2 ) − φ(r1 )
r1
An integration along any path is independent of the actual path, it
depends only at the end points oh the path.
An immediate consequence of this is that

I
∇φ(r) · dr = 0
Outline
Review
Contour integral
Cauchy’s theorem
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Cauchy’s theorem
The same thing is true for f (z).
Z Z
f (z)dz + f (z)dz = 0
C1 C2
It implies that an integral of an

analytic function over a closed
contour in identically zero. It is
called Cauchy’s theorem.
Cauchy’s theorem
I
f (z)dz = 0 (2)
C
for any closed contour inside R.
Outline
Review
Contour integral
Cauchy’s theorem
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix

If f (z) is analytic on and inside a simple closed curve C , the value
of f (z) at a point z = a inside C is given by the following contour
integral along C :
I
1 f (z)
f (a) = dz (3)
2πi z −a

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Removable singularities are those singularities in which look like
the function is singular, but if we define the function appropriately,
it is not singular.
Example :
sin z
z
As z → 0, this function becomes indeterminate. But, it has a
finite limit. The limiting value is lim sinz z = 1. So, we could
z→0
define this function as
sin z sin z
f (z) = , for z 6= 0 and f (z) = = 1, for z = 0.
z z
Then, the singularity at z = 0 doesn’t exist at all.
Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Simple pole
If f (z) is analytic at z = a, then f (z) can be expanded in a series
of the form
∞
X
f (z) = cn (z − a)n (4)
n=0
which is convergent inside some circle of convergence about the

point z = a.
To this regular part, we could add a portion which has a specific
singularity. The simplest form is
∞
c−1 X
f (z) = + cn (z − a)n (5)
z −a
n=0

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Simple pole (cont.)
If in the neighborhood of a, f (z) has this kind of behavior, most of

it is a Taylor series which is analytic at z = a, but there is a
portion in which it diverges (blows up at z = a) and it has
1
behavior which goes like z−a .
Then this function is said to have a simple pole at z = a and the
residue at this pole is c−1 .
Example : Find the singular point and the residue of
sin z
z2

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Simple pole (cont.)
If we have
g (z)
f (z) =
h(z)
in which g (z) and h(z) both are analytic, then
(
g (a) g (a) = finite const. 6= 0,
R(a) = 0 , if (6)
h (a) h(a) = 0, h0 (a) 6= 0

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Simple pole (cont.)
In more general circumstances, if f (z) has a simple pole in z = a,

then
R(a) = lim (z − a)f (z) (7)
z→a
Example : Find the singular point and the residue of
1
sin πz

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Multipole
If f (z) has the form

∞
c−m c−1 X
f (z) = m
+ ··· + + cn (z − a)n (8)
(z − a) (z − a)
n=0
in which m is an integer greater than 1, then f (z) is said to has a

pole of order m at z = a. The coefficient c−1 is still the residue of
this kind of singularity at z = a,
1 d m−1
(z − a)m f (z)

c−1 = R(a) = lim m−1
(9)
z→a (m − 1)! dz

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
The singular part may involve all negative integral powers of

(z − a),
∞ ∞
X c−n X
f (z) = + cn (z − a)n . (10)
(z − a)n
n=1 n=0
Once again, the coefficient c−1 is the residue of f (z) at the

singularity. A representation such as the foregoing in positive as
well as negative powers of (z − a) is called a Laurent series.
The question now arises as to the region in which such a
representation is valid.

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Essential singularity; Laurent Series (cont.)
The regular part, is convergent inside some circle of convergence

centered at z = a, and of radius r1 , say.
By setting w = (z − a)1 , it follows that the singular part is
convergent inside some circle of convergence in the complex
w -plane that is centered at the origin.
In other words, it is convergent outside some circle centered at
z = a, of radius r2 , say.
Then, provided r2 < r1 , there is an annular overlap region of inner
radius r2 and outer radius r1 , in which both the infinite series are
absolutely convergent.
This annulus is the region in which the Laurent series is valid.

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Essential singularity; Laurent Series (cont.)
It may also happen, that r2 = 0. Then the Laurent series is valid in

the punctured disc of radius r1 centered at z = a, with only the
point z = a left out.
For example :
e 1/z

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Simple pole
Singularities
Multipole
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Next : The reason why the calculus of residue is very important.

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Taylor series
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
Taylor series
If f (z) is analytic at |z − z0 | < R0 (circle with center at z0 and

radius R0 ), then for every point in the circle, f (z) can be expanded
in a series of the form
∞
X
f (z) = an (z − z0 )n (11)
n=0
in which
f n (z0 )
an = n = 0, 1, 2, · · · (12)
n!

Outline
Review
Contour integral
Taylor series
Singularities
Laurent series
The residue theorem
Appendix
L’Hospital’s rule for 0/0
Suppose that in some deleted neighborhood1 of a real number c,

f 0 (x) and g 0 (x) exist and g 0 (x) 6= 0. Assume that,
lim f (x) = 0, lim g (x) = 0

x→c x→c
f 0 (x)
. If lim 0 exist or is infinite, then
x→c (x)
g
f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0 (13)
x→c g (x) x→c g (x)
1
the set formed by removing the point c from a neighborhood of c

Calculus of Residues

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Outline

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202)

April 25, 2018

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

If a function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is analytic in some region R,

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

How about integral?

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Similarity with physical application

An immediate consequence of this is that

It implies that an integral of an

Cauchy’s integral formula

Cauchy’s integral formula

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

which is convergent inside some circle of convergence about the

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Simple pole (cont.)

If in the neighborhood of a, f (z) has this kind of behavior, most of

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Simple pole (cont.)

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Simple pole (cont.)

In more general circumstances, if f (z) has a simple pole in z = a,

Example : Find the singular point and the residue of

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

If f (z) has the form

in which m is an integer greater than 1, then f (z) is said to has a

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Essential singularity; Laurent Series

The singular part may involve all negative integral powers of

Once again, the coefficient c−1 is the residue of f (z) at the

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Essential singularity; Laurent Series (cont.)

The regular part, is convergent inside some circle of convergence

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Essential singularity; Laurent Series (cont.)

It may also happen, that r2 = 0. Then the Laurent series is valid in

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

Next : The reason why the calculus of residue is very important.

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

If f (z) is analytic at |z − z0 | < R0 (circle with center at z0 and

Mathematical Physics 2 (FIT202) Calculus of Residues 1st part

L’Hospital’s rule for 0/0

Suppose that in some deleted neighborhood1 of a real number c,

lim f (x) = 0, lim g (x) = 0

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