Germ Layer Derivatives

&
Folding of Embryo
Germ Layer Derivatives
 Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm
Derivatives of Ectoderm
Derivatives of Somites
• Muscles of head,
• Striated skeletal muscle (trunk, limbs),
• Skeleton except cranium,
• Dermis of skin, and connective tissue
Derivatives of Head mesoderm
• Cranium
• Connective tissue of head
• Dentin
Derivatives of intermediate Mesoderm
• Urogenital system,
• Gonads, ducts, and accessory glands
 Somatic Mesoderm
• Serous membranes of
pleura, pericardium, and
peritoneum

Visceral Mesoderm
• Connective tissue and muscle of viscera
• Visceral layer of pleura, pericardium and
pertonium
• Primordial heart
• Blood and lymphatic cells
• Spleen
• Suprarenal (adrenal) cortex
Derivatives of
Endoderm
• Epithelial parts of
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Pharynx
• Thyroid gland
• Tympanic cavity
• Pharyngotympanic
(Auditory/Eustachian)
tube
• Tonsils
• Parathyroid glands
• Sublingual and
submandibular gland
• Soft palate
Derivatives of
Endoderm
• Epithelial of
• Gastrointestinal tract,
• Liver,
• Pancreas,
• Urinary bladder,
• Urachus
• Vagina and vestibule
• Urethra and glands
Folding of Embryo
Folding of
Embryo in
the
Horizontal Plane
Folding of
Embryo in
the
Median Plane
Day 21
Day 22
Day 26
Day 28
 Formation of Head Fold

Day 21
Day 26
Formation of Tail Fold
Folding of Embryo
• The folding of an embryo is a significant event in establishment of the
primitive form of the human body.
• As a result of folding, the flat embryonic disc becomes somewhat
cylindrical embryo.
• The folding occurs in both median and horizontal planes due to rapid
growth of the embryo.
Folding of Embryo in the Median Plane
Occurs as follows
• There is a progressive increase in the length of embryo (embryonic disc),
but its head and tail ends remain relatively close together.
• Consequently, the embryonic disc bends producing a convexity dorsally
and bulges upward into the amniotic cavity.
• With further increase in the length of embryonic disc, the head and tail
ends also get folded on itself to form head fold and tail fold, respectively.
• As a result of formation of head and tail folds, the head and tail ends of
embryo move ventrally.
• Due to the formation of head and tail folds, the part of yolk sac becomes
enclosed within the embryo to form a long tubular structure called
primitive gut. The primitive gut forms most of the gastrointestinal tract
(GIT).
• The primitive gut is divisible into three parts: foregut, midgut, and
hindgut.
• The midgut is in wide communication with the yolk sac through a
wide channel—the primordium of vitellointestinal duct (yolk stalk).
• A small diverticulum arises from the caudal part of the yolk sac and
grows into the connecting stalk attached to the caudal end of the
embryo called allantois (allantoic diverticulum).
Folding of Embryo in the Horizontal Plane
• The folding of sides of the embryo forms right and left lateral folds.
• The lateral folds move medially and fuse to each other to form the
anterior abdominal wall.
• However, in the center of the anterior abdominal wall a somewhat
circular aperture remains, which represents the future umbilicus.
• As the embryo folds on itself, the amniotic cavity expands
enormously and completely surrounds the embryo.
Thank You