UNIT 1 PHYSICS

Real numbers

 Real numbers are values that represent any quantity along a number line.
 Real numbers include the following:
o whole numbers (like 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …)
o rational numbers (like ½, 0.125, 0.333, …)
o irrational numbers (like π, √ 2 2, etc)
 The number line has a point which is the origin, the points on the right are
positive then the points on the left are negative.

 Mathematical Operations on Real Numbers

o Addition (5+7=125+7=12)
o Subtraction (28−12=1628−12=16)
o Multiplication (15×3=4515×3=45)
o Division (255=5255=5)

Rational Numbers

 A rational number can be made by dividing two integers.

o Integers are numbers that have no fractional part. They can be either
positive, negative, or zero. Integers include all whole numbers and their
negative counterpart.
o This can be formed as a/b, where a and b are integers but b is not equal to
zero.
 Expressing rational numbers from fractions to decimals and vice
versa

o If the given is in fraction, divide the numerator by the denominator.

Example: The given number is ½, if you divide 1 by 2, it will be equal
to 0.5.
o If the given number is in decimal, you just need to divide the decimal by 1,
then multiply both the numerator and the denominator by 10 if there is
 only one number after the decimal point, by 100 if there are two numbers
after the decimal point, and by 1000 if there are three numbers.
Afterwhich, simplify the fraction.
Example: 0.75=0.751×100=75100=340.75=0.751×100=75100=34

Mathematical Operations on Real Numbers

 Addition and Subtraction

o To add or substract rational numbers, a common denominator must be

first determined in order for the numbers to have the same denominator.
To find the common denominator, we multiply both parts of the rational
number by the bottom part of the other number.
Example: 12+14=(12∙44)+(14∙22)12+14=(12∙44)+(14∙22) =4+28=68=34=4+28=
68=34
 Multiplication

o In multiplying rational numbers, just multiply the numerators and

denominators separately. Example: 12∙34=1∙32∙4=3812∙34=1∙32∙4=38
 Division

o To divide the rational numbers, you need to get the reciprocal of the

second number, which means you have to flip it over. Then, change the
operation from division to multiplication.
Example: 14÷25=14∙52=5814÷25=14∙52=58

Note: The final answer should always be in the simplest form.

Finding the Slope of a Line

 Slope is defined as the ratio of the vertical change between two points, which is
the ‘rise’, and the horizontal change between the same two points, which is the
‘run’.

 Measurement is a process of assigning a quantity to describe a property of an

object by comparing it with a standard.
 A standard system of measurement is important in providing a fundamental,
stable, and universal reference for units of measurement.
 The seven SI base units are second, meter, kilogram, ampere, kelvin mole, and
candela.
 Derived quantities are based on the seven fundamental quantities and are
expressed from the product of two or more base units.
 Conversion of units is essential to make the units within an equation consistent.
A given quantity is multiplied by a conversion factor, arranged accordingly to
cancel the unwanted unit and to get the desired one.

 finding the slope of a line given two points:

o Step 1: Identify the two points on the line. In this example, we are given
two points, (2, 2) and (8, 6).
o Step 2: Assign one point to be (x1,y1)(x1,y1) and the other point to
be (x2,y2)(x2,y2). Since either of the two may come first, if (2, 2) is to
be (x1,y1)(x1,y1) then, (8, 6) to be the point (x2,y2)(x2,y2).
o Step 3: Use the equation to calculate slope. m=(y2−y1)
(x2−x1)=6−28−2=46=23m=(y2−y1)(x2−x1)=6−28−2=46=23
 Finding the slope given the equation of the line:

o The line equation is written as y=mx+by=mx+b where m is the slope and

b is the y-intercept.
o If we are given the equation y=43x−3y=43x−3, we know that the slope
is 4343.
  Finding the slope given a graph needs only to follow the rise and run.

o The rise is 6 and run is 8, so the slope is 68=3468=34.

Graphing of Linear Equation

 Using any two points on the line:

o If we are given the equation y=13x−2y=13x−2 and let x = 0 for the first

point, y=13(0)−2y=13(0)−2, then y=−2y=−2.
o For the second point, we let x = 3 so as the equation
becomes y=13(3)−2y=13(3)−2, and then y=−1y=−1.
o So we have the two points as (0 , -2) and (3 , -1).
o We can now plot these points on a cartesian plane and connect them using
a straight line.
 Using the x- and y-intercepts of the line:

o If we are given the equation −3x+2y=6−3x+2y=6, we can assume that y =

0. From this, we can get the value of x by −3x+2(0)=6−3x+2(0)=6. Thus,
we can get x=−2x=−2.
o Using the same equation and letting x = 0, we may get the value
of y by −3(0)+2y=6−3(0)+2y=6 that will be 2y=62y=6, so y=3y=3.
Therefore, using the given equation, we are able to get the y-intercept as (-
2,0) and the x-intercept as (0, 3).
 o We can now plot these points on a cartesian plane and connect them using
a straight line.
 Using the slope and a point on the line:

o Let us say we are given the equation y=23x+4y=23x+4, from this we can

get the slope as 2/3 and the y-intercept as 4.
o Using the slope and the y-intercept that we acquire from the given
equation, we can graph the line as follows:

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1.1
To get the derived unit for pressure, simply divide the unit of force (N or kg m s⁻²) with the unit
of area (m²). The unit m in force will be cancelled and the resulting derived unit for pressure will
be kg m⁻¹ s⁻².

In the past, the unit kilogram is equivalent to the international prototype of a specific
platinum-iridium stored at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres,
France. In 2019, it was redefined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck
constant h to be 6.62607015 ✕ 10⁻³⁴ when expressed in the unit J s.

Ampere (abbreviated as A) is the standard unit of electric current. In the past, it was defined
based on the force between two current-carrying conductors. Today, the fixed numerical value of
the elementary charge e (1.602176634 ✕ 10⁻¹⁹ C), is used to define ampere.

Before arranging the quantities, all the units should be consistent first. The following are the
conversion factors needed to answer the question: 1 mi = 1 609 m, 1 ft = 30.48 cm, 1 in = 2.54
cm, and 1 m = 100 cm.
Once all the quantities were converted into m, they can now be arranged from longest to
shortest as follows: 0.20 mi (321.87 m), 15.20 m, 8.10 ft (2.47 m), and 24.50 in (0.62 m).

The conversion factors used in the problem are the following: 1 in = 2.54 cm and 1 m =
100 cm.
Conversion from in³ to m³ is as follows:
246.54in3=(246.54in3)(2.54cm1in)3=4040cm3246.54in3=(246.54in3)
(2.54cm1in)3=4040cm3
(4040cm3)(1m100cm)3=4.04×10−3m3(4040cm3)(1m100cm)3=4.04×10−3m3
The density of “Welcome Stranger” is 4.04 ✕ 10⁻³ m³.

The standard measurement system is important because it provides a uniform reference across
all countries and all fields. It should be universal and does not change with time. It is also
essential in reporting, replicating, and reproducing experimental data in science.

1.2
 Scientific notation is used to express very small and very large numbers.
 It follows a format of N ✕ 10ᵃ, where N is any number between 1 and 10 while a
can be a negative or a positive number.
 In addition and subtraction, N are added accordingly while the powers of 10 are
factored out. Powers of ten should have similar terms before proceeding to
addition and subtraction.

 In multiplication and division, N and a are calculated separately. Ns are

multiplied or divided accordingly. Exponents a are added in multiplication, and
are subtracted in division.
  A significant figure is a reliably known digit. It is used to accurately express the
measurement values.

 During addition and subtraction, the sum and the difference should have the
same number of decimal places as the quantity with the least number of decimal
places.

 During multiplication and division, the product and the quotient should have the
same number of significant figures as the quantity with the fewest number of
significant figures.

 A significant figure is a reliably known digit and it is used to accurately report

the measurement values depending on the capability of the measuring device.
It is also characterized by the fewest number of digits without losing accuracy.

A scientific notation follows the format N ✕ 10ᵃ. N should be a number

between 1 and 10, therefore N = 3.1. The decimal point was moved 8 decimal
places to the right, so a = –8.

Area can be calculated by multiplying the length and the width of the tile. It should be converted
from in² to m² given that 1 in = 2.54 cm. In multiplication involving significant figures, the final
answer should contain the same number of significant figures as the number with the fewest
significant figures. 9.5 in has two significant figures, therefore, the final answer should also
contain two significant figures only.