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ALGEBRA
NUMBERS
Natural Numbers- Counting Numbers (1,2,3,4…)
Integers- Positive or Negative Whole Numbers,
set Z = {0,1,-1,2,-2,3}
Integers can be represented by equally spaced
points in a line which is called the number
line. All points on the number line are
called real numbers.
Whole Numbers- Non Decimal or Fraction
Numbers/ Natural Numbers and 0
Rational Numbers- have integers and fractions
and decimals/ may have repeating decimals.
Ratio of two integers (3/2, ½…)
Irrational numbers- integers and fractions
and decimals/ have decimals that go on
forever. Ratio that cannot be represented by
fractions (√3, ∏…)
4. Multiply and express your answer in
cubic meters: 3cm x 5mm x 2m.
5. One nautical mile is equivalent to:
6. The numbers of board feet in a plank 4
inches thick, 2 foot wide, and 20 feet long
is:
7. A road has an angle of inclination of
42°. What is the angle of inclination in
mils?
8. Find the absolute temperature of the
freezing point of water in degree Rankine?
9. Prove that 423 a Prime Number?
10. Express 3763 in Roman numerals:
11. Express 3239 in Roman numerals:
RULES OF ARITHMETIC
the commutative law of addition
a+b=b+a
the commutative law of multiplication
a×b=b×a

Whole numbers- non fraction numbers the associative law of addition

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Fraction- portion of a whole
the associative law of multiplication
Proper Fraction- When the denominator is (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
greater than the numerator. (1/2, 2/3…) the distributive law of multiplication over
Improper Fraction- When the denominator is addition and subtraction
less than the numerator (4/3, 5/2…) (a+b)×c=(a×c)+(b×c)
Prime Number- is a natural number greater (a−b)×c=(a×c)−(b×c)
than 1 that has no positive divisors other the distributive law of division over
than 1 and itself.
addition and subtraction
Real Numbers- include all of the above and (a+b)÷c=(a÷c)+(b÷c)
fractions and integers
(a−b)÷c=(a÷c)−(b÷c)
Roman Numerals- Expressed by I = 1, X = 10,
L=50, C = 100, D = 500 and M = 1000. BASIC ALGEBRA TERMS

CONVERSION OF UNITS Constants

A fixed quantity that does not change. For
Temperature example: 3, –6, π,
Celcius to Farenheight C = (F-32)x5/9
Celcius to Kelvin K = C + 273.15 Variables
Farenheight to Rankine R = F + 460 A variable is a symbol that we assign to an
Absolute Zero 0 K unknown value. It is usually represented by
letters such as x, y, or t.
Scientific Notation and Prefixes
Kilo - 1000 Coefficients
Hecto - 100 The coefficient of a variable is the number
Deca - 10 that is placed in front of a variable.
Deci - .1
Centi - .01 Terms
Milli - .001 A term can be any of the following:
a constant: e.g. 3, 10, π,
Examples: the product of a number (coefficient) and a
1. Convert is the temperature in degree variable: e.g. –3x, 11y,
the product of two or more variables: e.g.
Celsius of absolute zero?
x2, xy, 2y2, 7xy
2. What temperature will the °C and °F
readings be equal? Expressions
3. This is an angular unit equivalent to An expression is made up of one or more
1/400 of the circumference of a circle is terms.
called:
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Equations 1. A line on a map was drawn at a scale of
An equation consists of two expressions 4:100,000. If a line in the map is 300 mm
separated by an equal sign. The expression on long, the actual length of the line is:
one side of the equal sign has the same value 2. When rounded-off to four significant
as the expression on the other side. figures, 103.68886 become:
3. MCMXCIV is equivalent to:
Quadratic Equations 4. Convert 0.2272727… to a common fraction.
A Quadratic Equation is an equation of the 5. The scale on the map is 1:x. A lot having
form: an area of
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are 720 sqm is represented by an area of 30.6 cm
numbers and a ≠0 on the map. What is the value of x?
6. If x*y+z is odd and x,y and z are
integers, then y + z Is odd or even?
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 7. If x<0 and y and z are not equal to 0,
Specifically, the rules for identifying what is the sign of x4y3 z2?
significant figures when writing or 8. A line is divided into 10 equal parts. If
interpreting numbers are as follows:[2] the measure of each part of the line is a
prime integer, what is the possible length of
All non-zero digits are considered the line?
significant. 9. If a negative number is divided by a
positive number, what is the sign of the
For example, 91 has two significant quotient?
figures (9 and 1), while 123.45 has five 10. Which of the following numbers can be a
significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). product of an even prime number and odd prime
number?
Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero a. 4 b.12 c.6 d.8
digits are significant. 11. What is sign of the product of 3 negative
numbers?
Example: 101.1203 have seven 12. A car has a mass of 1200 kg. A model of a
significant figures: 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0 and 3. car is made to a scale of 1:60. Determine the
Leading zeros are not significant. For mass of the model if the car and its model
example, 0.00052 has two significant figures: are made of the same material.
5 and 2. 13. The area of a lot on the map is 500 mm².
If the scale of the map is 1:40,000 determine
Trailing zeros in a number containing a the true area of the lot in hectares.
decimal point are significant.
EQUALITY
For example, 12.2300 have six significant
figures: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number Properties of Equality
0.000122300 still has only six Reflexive x=x
significant figures (the zeros before Symmetric if x=y, then y=x
the 1 are not significant). Transitive if x=y and y=z, then x=z
In addition, 120.00 have five Sum x=y and z=w, then x+z=y+w
significant figures since it has three Product x=y and z=w, then xz=yw
trailing zeros.
INEQUALITIES
SCALE
An inequality is a relationship between two
Scale factor is the factor by which all quantities that are not equal.
the components of an object are multiplied in We can represent s linear inequality in one
order to create a proportional variable on a number line. We use the
enlargement or reduction. following symbol in representation
(<,>,≤,≥,≠)
So to say 1:4 or scale/actual measurement,
that means that the actual is 1/4 of the
scale. Solving Inequalities
When the scale factor is larger than 1 it
means it gets bigger and smaller when it’s To solve an inequality, we can use the same
less than 1. But they will always remain method we use in solving for equality.
proportional. So you could also use ratio
and proportion. We can represent a linear inequality in one
variable on a number line.
For relationships of ratios: We can use the following symbols in the
representation.
Ratio of lengths = ratio of sides = scale
factor A small circle is used for < and > to
Ratio of surface areas = (ratio of sides)2 = indicate that the number is not included
(scale factor)2 A filled in circle is for ≤ and ≥ to
Ratio of volume = (ratio of sides)3 = (scale indicate that the number is included.
factor)3

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A line with an arrow indicates that the negative value. We can then solve the two
line continues to infinity in the direction equations to obtain two possible solutions.
of the arrow
x = x if x ≤ 0 or -x if x<0

xy = x y
x ≤ a if -a ≤ x ≤ a

Properties of Inequality
x ≥ a if and only if x≥a or x≤-a

< less than

x+ y = x+y = x + y -a b = a b
> Greater than
≤ less than or equal 1. If the absolute value of x is greater than
≥ greater than or equal the absolute value of y, which of the
following is always true?
Theorems a. x-y>0 b. x2>y2
x>y only if -x<-y (3>2; -3<-2) 2. Find the interval of real numbers which
If x>0 then -x<0 (2>0; -2<0) contains x, if x satisfies the condition |2x-
If x>y and z<0 then xz < yz (multiplied by a 5|<3.
negative) 3. How close must the number x be to 4 if
If x>y and z>w then x+z > y+w |3x-2|<5?
If x>y and z>w and x,y,z,w > 0 then xz > yw 4. Find the absolute value of x if |4+4x| =
If x>0, y>0, x>y then 1/x < 1/y 12.
5. Find the area of the curve enclosed by
1. If 1/x=a+b and 1/y=a-b then x-y is equal |x|=|y|=1
to: 6. If it is given that f(x) = |x| + 10, then
2. If 3x=4y then (3x2)/(4y2) is equal to: which of the following values of x make f(x)
3. If 1/a:1/b:1/c = 2 : 3 : 4, then (a+b+c) : equal to f(-x)? a) all real x
(b+c) is equal to: 7. Determine all possible values of x that
4. Given the following equations: a*b = 8, will satisfy the equation |x-1| = 5- 2x.
a*c=3 and b*c=6. What is the product of a, b 8. Which of the following expressions is
and c? equal to |x-y|
5. If xyz = 8 and y2z=12, what is the value for all real numbers x and y? a) |y-x|
of x/y? 9. Find -6|d|; given that d is not equal to
6. If abc-de is positive, which of the 0.
following is always correct? a. abc-de>0
b. abc≥de EXPONENTS, RADICALS and
7. Given the inequalities;-3<a<3,x2<9 and LOGARITHMS
1/a<1/3. Is -3<a<0 a common value of a?
8. Let a and b be ranges of numbers in a LAWS OF EXPONENTS (INDEX LAW)
number line such that -1 ≤ a ≤ 5 and 6 ≤ b ≤ xn x is base and n is exponent
10. If a is shifted 6 units to the right and xn = x*x*x to n factors
b is shifted 2 units to the right, how many
common units will the shifted a and b share?
(xm)(xn) = x m+ n
9. Solve for a from the following equations: xm
4a-2b+c=12, a+4b-2c=-9, 3a+b-7c=-6 = x m-n
10. Given the inequality expressions: 3<x<1 xn
mn
and 6>x>2. What are the probable values of x? (xm)n = x
11. If the domain of y = 2x + 1 is (x| - 2 ≤x (xyz)n = xnynxn
≤3). n
Which of the following is not in the range? æxö xn
12. rst/w, given that 4<s<0<w<t. What is the çç ÷÷ =
sign of rst/w è yø yn
13. A number line is divided by 10 evenly m
spaced thick marks. The length between each
tick mark equals x, and x is a prime number.
x n =
n
xm
What is the total length of the line number? 1
x-m =
ABSOLUTE VALUE xm
x0 = 1
xm = xn then m = n if x ≠ 0
This is the distance of a number from 0
If xm+1 = xn+2 then m+1 = n+2
regardless of direction or its location in
the number line.
PROPERTIES OF RADICALS
When solving an equation with absolute
values, it is necessary to split the equation
into two equations, one resulting in a
positive value and the other resulting in a

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1 19. An earthquake is usually
ax = x a measured by the magnitude of M on the
Richter scale. The intensity I of an
x earthquake and the magnitude M are related by
y
a y
= ax the formula: M = log (I/Io) where Io is the

( a) x intensity of an arbitrary chosen earthquake.

x
=a The earthquake that hit Kobe, Japan, measured
5.7 on the Richter scale. The earthquake that
x
a • x b = x ab hit Texas measured 7.8. The earthquake that
hit Texas measured 7.8. How many times
x
a x a stronger is the earthquake that hit Texas?
= 20. Which of the following is a factor of
x
b b 3x³+2x²-32?
Provided that b≠0 21. Reduce to lowest terms [(b²-4b+16)(b²-
16)]/(b³+64)
22. If log (9!) = 5.5598, what is the log of
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS 10!?
23. Express tanh-1(-4/5) in terms of natural
logaMN = logaM + logaN logarithm
loga M = logaM - logaN
N
loga Mn = nlogaM FACTORING AND EXPANSION
loga a = 1
loga aa = a Expanding Brackets - multiplying all terms of
loga 1 = 0 each bracket by the other.
If loga M = N, then aN = M (x+y+z)(a+b) =ax + ay + az + bx + by + bz
If loga M = loga N, the M=N
logeM = ln M Factoring- opposite of expanding. Simplify an
e = 2.71828…. (Naperian logarithm ) expression to a shorter expression by use of
log10M = log M (Common Logarithm) brackets.
logn M = log M / log n = ln M/ ln n
logb x = a then x = antilogb a Special Products and Factoring
ax = antiloga x
log10 4751 = log10 (1000 * 4.751) Common Factors
= log 1000 + log 4.751 x(a+b) + y(a+b) = (x+y)(a+b)
=3 + 0.6768
=3.6768 Difference of two Square
3 is the integral part or the characteristic, a2-b2 = (a+b)(a-b)
0.6768, a non-negative decimal fraction part,
is called the mantissa Perfect Square Trinomial
(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
1. Solve for b in the equation: b = 64x4y. (a-b)2 = a2 - 2ab - b2
2. Simplify (x-2 y3)2/(x2y-1).
3. Solve for C if C = √(1-√(1-√(1-... Sum of two cubes
4. If 10ax+b = P, what is the value of x? (a3+b3) = (a+b)(a2-ab+b2)
5. The logarithm of negative number is:
6. The logarithms of the quotient and the Difference of two cubes
product of two numbers are 0.362182518 and (a3-b3) = (a-b)(a2+ab+b2)
1.79630250, respectively. Find the first
number Trinomials
7. What is the natural logarithm of e to the acx2 + (ad+bc) + bdy2 = (ax + by)(cx + dy)
xy power?
8. Solve for y: y= ln(ex/ex-2) Factoring by Grouping
9. Factor the expression x2 + 6x + 8 2x+2y+ax+ay = (2+a)(x+y)
completely.
10. Factor the expression(x4–y4) completely. Division of Polynomials
11. If 10ax+b= P, what is the value of x?
12. Log of the nth root of x equals log of x Long Division
to the 1/n power and also equate to:
13. What expression is equivalent to log x – x3-2x+4 divided by x-2
log(y+x)?
a. Log x + log y + log z b.
log[x/(y+z)] x 2 + 2 x + 2 Remainder 8
14. If 10x = 4 find the value of 102x+1 x - 2 x - 0x2 - 2x + 4
3
15. Solve for x if 8x = 2y+2 and 163x-y =4y
16. Rationalize the denominator and determine x3 - 2 x 2
the transformed fraction (a1/2)/(a1/2–a1/2b1/2)
17. Transform the fraction by rationalizing
2x2 - 2x
the denominator (4x)/(x-(√x²-4))
18. Find the value of x if (ex+e-x)/(ex–e-x) =
2x2 - 4x
2 2x + 4
x-4
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15. By synthetic division, compute the
remainder if we divide 2x³+x²-18x+7 by x-2.
16. A polynomial has an equation x5 – 5x4 +
5x³
Synthetic Division + 15x² - 36x +20. How many are its rational
roots?
1 0 -2 4 2 17. Determine how many positive real roots
2 4 4 are there for the polynomial 7x2 + 5x5 +3x³ +
1 2 2 8 x.
x2+2x+2 remainder 8
MATHEMATICAL SEQUENCE AND MATHEMATICAL
If no remainder then assumed number is a INDUCTION and SIGMA NOTATION
factor.
Sigma ∑ means to sum up or to add so we just
add up terms in a series. Adding up rth terms
When resulting numbers on the third are all
from the lower limit up to the upper limit.
positive, root is upper bound. When they are
4

alternating from positive to negative, it is
lower bound.
Depressed Equation - equation formed after 1
synthetic division.
Descartes’ Rule - used to determined zeroes
in a polynomial
FACTOR THEOREM
Given a function f(x). f(1) = 0 then x-1 is a
factor of f(x)
REMAINDER THEOREM
If a function f(x) is divided by (x-r) until
a remainder free of x is obtained, the
remainder is f(r). If f(r) = 0 then x-r is a
factor of f(x).
1. If f(x) = x2+x+1, then f(x)-f(x-1) =
2. Find k in the equation 4x2+kx+1=0 so that
it will only have one real root.
3. When (x+3)(x-4)+4 is divided by x-k, the
remainder is k. Determine the value of k.
4. The quotient of (x2+32) by (x+2) is:
å x +1
x =1
Means that the terms of the sequence is
solved by x + 1 or the 1st term is 2, 2nd
term is 3 and 3rd is 4 and 4th is 5. So to
get the sum of all terms from 1 to 4 we need
to add them up. SIgma Notation will be
helpful for complicated sequences which will
require summation of terms that is more than
3 or 4.
Mathematical Sequence
nth term = Sn+1 - Sn
Mathematical Induction
1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...n = n(n + 1)
2
2. 2 + 4 + 6 + ...2n = n(n + 1)
3. 12 + 32 + 52 + ...(2n - 1)2 = n(2n - 1)(2n + 1)
3

5. Determine the remainder when (x12+2) is

divided by (x-√3) 4. 13 + 23 + 33 + ...n3 = n
2
(n + 1) 2
6. When the expression x4+ax3+5x2+bx+6 is 4
divided by (x-2), the remainder is 18. When
it is divided by (x+1) the remainder is 14. 5. 22 + 42 + 62 + ...(2n) 2 = 2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Find the value of constant a? 3
7. How many rational roots have the following
function? 6. 13 + 33 + 53 + ...(2n)3 = n 2 (2n 2 - 1)
F(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x³ + 15x² - 36x + 20
8. If (x²+9x+14)/(9x²-49) is divided by
(3x+6)/(x²+x-56), the quotient is: 1 1 1 1 n
9. Determine the upper bounds for the real 7. + + + ... =
1´ 2 2 ´ 3 3 ´ 4 n(n + 1) n + 1
roots of equation 2x³-5x²-7x+4=0
10. Solve for the lower bound of the real 1 1 1 1
roots of the polynomial equation x³+3x²-5x- 8. + + + ...
1´ 3 3 ´ 5 5 ´ 7 (2n - 1)(2n + 1)
6=0
11. If 1 and -2 are rational roots of the
n
equation x4+x³+4x²+6x-12=0. Find the second 9. a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ...a(n - 1)d = (2a + (n - 1)d )
2
depressed equation?
12. What are the rational roots of the n -1
equation x4+x³+4x²+6x-12=0 10.a + ar + ar 2 + ...ar n-1 = a - ar
13. Given f(x) = (x-4)(x+3) / 4, when f(x) is 1- r
divided by (x-k), the remainder is k.
Determine the value of k. Stacked Balls
14. If x4-2x³-3x²-4x-8 is divided by (x-2),
the remainder is: Equilateral Triangle

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n(n + 1)(n + 2)
S=
6 (a + b) n = å ç ÷(a n - k )(b k )
Rectangular Base
n(n + 1)(3m - n + 1)
S=
6 Number of Terms = n+1
m=long side
n= Shorter side
Problems:
1. Find x if x+3x+5x+7x+….+49x=625
2. Find the sum of all numbers between 0 and
10,000 which is exactly divisible by 77.
3. What is the sum of the following finite
sequence of terms? 18,25,32,39, … 67.
4. If equal balls are piled in the form of a
complete pyramid with an equilateral triangle
as its base, find the number of balls in a
pile, if each side contains 4 balls.
5. Balls of the same radius are piled in the
form of a pyramid with a square base until
there is just one sphere at the top layer. If
there are 4 balls on each side of the square,
find the total number of balls in the pile
6. If equal spheres are piled in the form of
a complete pyramid with a rectangular base,
find the total number of spheres if the long
side is 6 and that of the short side is 4
until the top layer consists of a single row
of 3 spheres.
7. What is the value of “n” in the equation
90nP5 =nP7?
8. The sum of the first “n” terms of a series
is 3n+2 – 6. What is the 6th term.
9. What follows logically in these series of
numbers 2,3,5,9,17…
10. In the given series of numbers
1,1,1/2,1/6,1/24…….What is the 6th term.
11. Find the value of x if 1+2+3+4+…x=36.
Using 1+2+3….n = [n(n+1)]/2
12. Find the value of a in the sequence of
numbers shown: a+2a+3a+4a+…..8a=72
13. Determine the sum to first 7 terms of the
series 0.25, 0.75, .2.25, 6.75.
14. What is the 12th term of the series:
5,10,20,40?
BINOMIAL THEOREM
A binomial is a polynomial with two terms. We
raise it to an exponent and our goal is to
get the rth term of the binomial raised to
the nth power.
You should be familiar with Pascal's
Triangle. The rth term of a binomial is
simplified as:
n!
rth term of (a+b)n =
(n - r + 1)!(r - 1)!
n
For the middle term r = +1
2
Or all the terms by:
n
ænö
k =0 è k ø
Where k = r-1
1st Term = an Last Term = bn
Exponents a descends from 0 and b ascends
from n.
Coefficient of Next Term
C = (Cprevious Term)(e of x)/(e of y)-1
Sum of Coefficient of Variables
Substitute 1 in all variables but subtract
the constant term.
Sum of Exponents
S = (n+1)n
Problems:
1. Find the 8th term of the expansion (1/2a -
3)12
2. In the expansion of (a+4b)12, the
numerical coefficient of the 5th term is
3. The middle term of the expansion of (a2-
3)8 is:
4. The term involving a9 in the expansion of
(a2 + (2/a))11 is:
5. The constant term in the expansion of
(a+(1/a3/2))14 is:
6. Find the sum of the coefficients in the
expansion of (a+4b-c)8.
7. Find the coefficient of (a+b)10 containing
the term a8b2.
8. For the expression of (6x-3)8
What is the value of the 4th term What is the
sum of the coefficients. What is the sum of
the exponents?
9. In the expansion of (2x-1/x)12
Find the term independent of x. Find the 6th
term. Find the coefficient of the 9th term
10. In the binomial expansion (a+b)n .
Determine the value of “n” if the
coefficients of the 4th and the 13th terms are
equal to each other. Determine the
coefficient of the 8th term of the expansion.
Determine the 10th term of the expansion.
11. Find the 8th term of the expression (4a-
b²)10
12. Expand the expression (a/2 – 7/2 )²
a n -r +1b r -1
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Special Products Binomial Expansion
𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 rth Term 𝑛C𝑟−1 (𝑎𝑥)𝑛−(𝑟−1) (𝑏𝑦)𝑟−1
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 Middle Term 2
+1
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
Sum of Exponents 𝑆𝑂𝐸 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 Sum of Coefficients
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 𝐹𝑜𝑟 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)𝑛 𝑆𝑂𝐶 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 3 𝐹𝑜𝑟 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑆𝑂𝐶 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 − (𝑏)𝑛
(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3
Multinomial Expansion
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧
(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧)𝑛 involving 𝑥𝑎 𝑦𝑏𝑧𝑐
Quadratic Formula 𝑛!
(𝐴𝑥)𝑎 (𝐵𝑦)𝑏 (𝐶𝑧)𝑐
−𝐵 ± √𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐!
𝑥=
2𝐴
Discriminant 𝐷 = 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 Clock Problem
60
𝑀= [𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ± 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝜃 ]
Nature of Roots 11
𝐷 > 0 ; roots are real and distinct
𝐷 = 0 ; roots are real and equal
𝐷 < 0 ; roots are complex conjugates
 ALGEBRA
Vieta’s Formula Arithmetic Progression
Quadratic Equation: 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −𝐵/𝐴 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑚 + (𝑛 − 𝑚)𝑑
𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝐶/𝐴 𝑛
Sum of Terms 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝐴1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
Cubic Equation: 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 = 0 𝑛
[𝐴1
𝑆𝑛 = + 𝐴𝑛 ]
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = − 𝐵⁄𝐴 2

𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 𝑥3 = 𝐶/𝐴 Common Difference 𝑑 = 𝐴2 − 𝐴1 = 𝐴𝑛 − 𝐴𝑛−1

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 = −𝐷/𝐴

Quartic Equation: 𝐴𝑥 4 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸 = 0
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = −𝐵/𝐴 Geometric Progression
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥3 𝑥4 = 𝐶/𝐴 𝐺𝑛 = 𝐺1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥4 = −𝐷/𝐴 𝐺𝑛 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 = 𝐸/𝐴 1−𝑟 𝑛
Sum of Terms 𝑆𝑛 = 𝐺1 [ 1−𝑟 ]
Types of Mean
1𝐺
Arithmetic Mean Geometric Mean Infinite Progression 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟
𝛴𝑥
𝐴𝑀 = 𝑛 𝐺𝑀 = 𝑛√𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺3 … 𝐺𝑛
𝐺𝑛
Common Ratio 𝑟=𝐺
𝑛−1
Harmonic Mean Quadratic Mean (RMS)
𝐻𝑀 = 𝑛⁄Σ(1⁄𝑥 ) 𝑄𝑀 = √Σ𝑥 2 ⁄𝑛
 PLANE GEOMETRY
Area of a Triangle Circle
1 𝜋
Right Triangle 𝐴= 𝑎𝑏 Area 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 4 𝑑2
2
Circumference 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑
SSS 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
Arc Length 𝐴𝑟𝑐 = 𝑟𝜃
1 1
SAS 𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 Area of Sector 𝐴 = 2 𝑟2𝜃

Inscribed in Circle 𝐴=
𝑎𝑏𝑐 Chord Length 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 = 2√(𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )
4𝑟
Where 𝑙 = ⊥ distance from center to chord
Circumscribed Circle 𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
𝜃 = central angle in radians
Escribed Circle 𝐴 = 𝑟(𝑠 − 𝑎)
Regular Polygon
1
Where 𝑠 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) Interior Angle 𝐼𝑛𝑡 ∠ =
180° (𝑛−2)
𝑛
360°
Median of a Triangle Exterior Angle 𝐸𝑥𝑡∠ =
𝑛
1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = √2(𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 ) − 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 Diagonals 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 = 𝑛𝐶2−𝑛
2

a = apothem
x = length of one side
Five-Pointed Star 𝐴 = 1.123𝑟 2
R = circumradius
Where r = radius of circumscribing circle
𝛼 = 180°⁄𝑛
 PLANE GEOMETRY
1 General Quadrilateral
Trapezoid 𝐴 = 2 (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )ℎ
Bretschneider’s Formula
1
Kite 𝐴 = 2 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos 2 𝜃
𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷
Where 𝜃 = =
Parallelogram 2 2

Given base and altitude

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ Bramaguptha’s Formula (for cyclic quadrilateral)
𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
Given diagonals and angle of intersection √(𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐)
1 Where 𝑟 =
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜙 4𝐴
2

Given adjacent side and included angle Ptolemy’s Formula (for cyclic quadrilateral)
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑

Rhombus Circumscribing a Circle

Given one side and altitude
𝐴 = √𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑟 = 𝐴 ⁄𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑥ℎ 1
Where 𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)
2
Given one side and interior angle
𝐴 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Given Diagonals and Angle of Intersection
1
Given length of diagonals 𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜙
1 2
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2
 SOLID GEOMETRY
Prism Frustum Zone
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ 1 𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑅ℎ
𝑉 = ℎ(𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + √𝐵1 𝐵2 )
3
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐵 + 𝑃ℎ 1
𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + (𝑃1 + 𝑃2 )𝑙 Spherical Segment (1 Base)
2
ℎ2
Cylinder 𝑉=𝜋 (3𝑅 − ℎ)
3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ Prismatoid 𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝑍
𝐿
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝐶ℎ 𝑉 = 6 (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
Spherical Segment (2 Bases)
ℎ
Cone Truncated Prism 𝑉 = 𝜋 (3𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + ℎ2 )
6
1
𝑉 = 3 𝜋 2ℎ ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + 𝑍
𝑉 = 𝐴[ ]
𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 3
Spherical Sector/Cone
1
Sphere 𝑉 = 3 𝑍𝑅
Pyramid
1 4
𝑉 = 3 𝐵ℎ 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 Spherical Wedge
3 2
1
𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝑃𝑙 𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑉 = 𝑟3𝜃 𝜃 in radians
2 3

Spherical Lune
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜃 in radians
 SOLID GEOMETRY
POLYHEDRON
Property
Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron
Faces 4 6 8 12 20

Vertices 6 8 6 20 12

Edges 12 12 12 30 30

Surface Area 4𝐴 𝑇 = √3𝑠 2 4𝐴𝑠 = 6𝑠 2 8𝐴 𝑇 = 2√3𝑠 2 12𝐴𝑝 = 20.56𝑠 2 20𝐴 𝑇 = 5√3𝑠 2

√2 3 √2 3
Volume 𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠 7.66𝑠 3 2.18𝑠 3
12 3
Radius of √6 𝑠 √6
𝑠 𝑠 1.11𝑠 0.76𝑠
Inscribed Sphere 12 2 6

Euler’s Formula (for any polyhedron that does not intersect itself)
𝐹 + 𝑉– 𝐸 = 2
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Equations of Lines Angle of Inclination
General Equation 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 tan 𝜃 = 𝑚
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦−𝑦
Two-Point Form = 𝑥−𝑥1
𝑥2 −𝑥1 1 Triangle by Coordinates
𝑦2 −𝑦1 Area
Point-Slope Form 𝑚=
𝑥2 −𝑥1 Basket Method
𝑥 𝑦
Intercept Form 𝑎
+𝑏 =1 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1
𝐴 = |𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 | 𝑦1
2 1
Slope-Intercept Form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Matrix Method
𝑥 𝑦 1
Determinant Form [𝑥1 𝑦1 1] = 0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑥2 𝑦2 1 Let 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 = [𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 ]
1 1 1
Distance 1
𝐴 = det (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝐴)
Between Points 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 Centroid
Midpoint 𝑥𝑚 = 2
𝑦𝑚 = 2 𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
𝑥𝑐 = 1 32 3 𝑦𝑐 = 3
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶
Point and Line 𝑑=
√𝐴2 +𝐵2
|𝐶2 −𝐶1 |
Parallel Lines 𝑑=
√𝐴2 +𝐵2
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Conic Sections
If 𝐵 ≠ 0, using discriminant
General Form
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 Parabola
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0 Circle if 𝐴 = 𝐶
If 𝐵 = 0, then by the general equation Ellipse if 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 Hyperbola

Case 1: If 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐶 = 0, then parabola

Case 2: If 𝐴 = 𝐶 = 1, then circle
Circle
Case 3: If 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 & same sign, then ellipse
Case 4: If 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 & different sign, then hyperbola General Equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Eccentricity
distance from focus Center-Radius Form
𝑒= (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
distance from directrix
𝑒=1 Parabola Given Ends of Diameter
0<𝑒<1 Ellipse (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
𝑒>1 Hyperbola
𝑒=0 Circle
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Ellipse Hyperbola
Standard Equation Standard Equation
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
Parallel to x-axis 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
=1 Parallel to x-axis 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
=1
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
Parallel to y-axis + =1 Parallel to y-axis − =1
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏2

2𝑏2 2𝑏2
Latus Rectum 𝐿𝑅 = Latus Rectum 𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎>𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑒, 𝑐𝑒𝑎 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑒, 𝑐𝑒𝑎

𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒
𝑐 = 𝑒𝑎 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 = 𝑒𝑎 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
a = semi-major axis a = semi-transverse axis
b = semi-minor axis b = semi-conjugate axis
c = focal distance
d = distance from center to directrix Equations of Asymptote
e = eccentricity (𝑦 − 𝑘) = ±𝑚(𝑥 − ℎ)
Where 𝑚 = 𝑎/𝑏 if axis is vertical
𝑚 = 𝑏/𝑎 if axis is horizontal
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Parabola Polar Coordinate System
Standard Equation Cartesian to Polar 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
Parallel to y-axis 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = ±4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)
𝑝(+) : opens upward Polar to Cartesian 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦
𝑝(−) : opens downward 𝜃 = arctan 𝑥

Parallel to x-axis Distance between points

(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑑 = √𝑟12 + 𝑟22 − 2𝑟1 𝑟2 cos(𝜃2 − 𝜃1 )
𝑝(+) : opens to the right
𝑝(−) : opens to the left
𝑝 = focal distance (focus ↔ vertex ↔ directrix)
2
Area of Parabolic Segment 𝐴 = 3 𝑏ℎ
1
Area of Spandrel 𝐴 = 3 𝑏ℎ
 TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Functions Double Angle
𝑆𝑂𝐻 − 𝐶𝐴𝐻 − 𝑇𝑂𝐴 sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Reciprocal Functions cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
1 1 1 cos(2𝑥) = { 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥
csc 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥 2 cos2 𝑥 − 1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝑥
sin 𝑥 tan(2𝑥) =
1 − tan2 𝑥
Pythagorean Relations
sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1 Half Angle
1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
sin (2) = ±√
1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 2
𝑥 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Sum/Difference of Angles cos (2) = ±√
2
sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 tan ( ) = ±√ = =
2 1+cos 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦
tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
Cosine Law Sine Law
Complementary Angles 2 2 2
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
sin 𝑥 = cos(90° − 𝑥) cos 𝑥 = sin(90° − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

sec 𝑥 = csc(90° − 𝑥) csc 𝑥 = sec(90° − 𝑥) 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵

tan 𝑥 = cot(90° − 𝑥) cot 𝑥 = tan(90° − 𝑥) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
 TRIGONOMETRY
Hyperbolic Function Identities
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = 2
cosh 𝑥 = 2

sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

1 1
sech 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 csch 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥

cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
1 − tanh2 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥
1 − coth2 𝑥 = − csch2 𝑥

sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

sinh(2𝑥) = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
cosh(2𝑥) = { 2 sinh2 𝑥 + 1
2 cosh2 𝑥 − 1
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Rules on Differentiation Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑘𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑘𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 log 𝑎 𝑥=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑘𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥 ln 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥) Trigonometric Functions
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔2 (𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 ′ (𝑥) ′ (𝑥) tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = − csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔 + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 −𝑛 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
sin−1 𝑥 = cos−1 𝑥 =
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 =
2√𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
𝑑𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
cot −1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)^𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥) ln 𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
sec −1 𝑥 = csc −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Hyperbolic Functions Mean Value Theorem
𝑑 𝑑 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
𝑑 𝑑
tanh 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥 coth 𝑥 = − csch2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Rolle’s Theorem
𝑑
sech 𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) → [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
If 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏), then there exists 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥
csch 𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏

Seven Indeterminate Forms

Radius of Curvature Curvature
0 ±∞
∞−∞ 0⋅∞ 0 0
1 ∞ 0
∞ [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]3⁄2 1 𝑦"
0 ±∞ 𝑅= 𝑘= =
|𝑦"| 𝑅 [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]3⁄2
Parametric Equations
Let 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) Center of Curvature
2 2
1+(𝑦 ′ ) 1+(𝑦 ′)
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑
𝑓(𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑
𝑔(𝑡) ℎ = 𝑥1 − 𝑦"
𝑦′ 𝑘 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦"
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑑2 𝑦 [ ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Then = and = Approximation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)∆𝑥
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Rate of Change
∆𝑓(𝑥)
Average Rate of Change =
∆𝑥
Instantaneous Rate of Change = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

Ladder Problem
𝐿2/3 = ℎ2⁄3 + 𝑥 2⁄3

Profit, Cost, Revenue

Marginal Profit/Cost = 𝑓′(𝑥1 )
Actual Profit/Cost = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) − 𝑓(𝑥1 )
Revenue = 𝑝(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥
Where 𝑝(𝑥) is the price-demand function
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Properties of the Integral Trigonometric Functions
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln|cos 𝑥| + 𝐶
∫ 𝐶𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶
∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶
Simple Power Formula ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | cos 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑛+1
+𝐶 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑛+1 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
∫ cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥 Hyperbolic Functions
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶
1 ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | cosh 𝑥 | + 𝐶
Inverse Trigonometric Functions ∫ coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sinh 𝑥 | + 𝐶
1 𝑥
∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = arcsin 𝑎 + 𝐶 ∫ sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶
√𝑎 −𝑥
∫ csch2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 𝑥 ∫ sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 arctan 𝑎 + 𝐶
∫ csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 𝑥
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 arcsec 𝑎 + 𝐶
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Secondary Formulas Area Bounded by Curves
1 Vertical Strip
∫ √𝑢2 ± 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = [𝑢√𝑢2 ± 𝑎2 ± 𝑎2 ln |𝑢 + √𝑢2 ± 𝑎2 |] + 𝐶
2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln |𝑢 + √𝑢2 ± 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
√𝑢2 ±𝑎2 𝑥1
1 𝑢
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 [𝑢√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 + 𝑎2 arcsin ( )] + 𝐶 Horizontal Strip
𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−𝑎 𝑦2
∫ 𝑢2 −𝑎2 = 2𝑎 ln |𝑢+𝑎| + 𝐶 𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢+𝑎
∫ 𝑎2 −𝑢2 = 2𝑎 ln |𝑢−𝑎| + 𝐶
Polar Coordinates
1 𝜃2
Integration by Parts (LIATE) 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝜃1
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Wallis Formula Length of Arc

𝜋⁄2 (𝑚 − 1)‼ (𝑛 − 1)‼
∫ sin𝑚 𝜃 cos 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ⋅𝑘
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
(𝑚 + 𝑛)‼ 𝐿 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥 𝑡1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑚 & 𝑛 are even, then 𝑘 = 𝜋/2 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝜃2
𝑑𝑟 2
Else, 𝑘 = 1 𝐿 = ∫ √( ) + 1 𝑑𝑦 𝐿 = ∫ √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑦1 𝑑𝑦 𝜃1 𝑑𝜃
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Centroid First Moment of Inertia
𝑥 𝑦2
∫ 𝑥̅ 𝑑𝐴 ∫𝑥 2 𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑥′ = ∫ 𝑦(𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
1
𝑥𝑐 = = 𝑥 𝑦1
∫ 𝑑𝐴 ∫𝑥 2 (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
𝑥2 2 2
∫ 𝑦̅𝑑𝐴 1 ∫𝑥1 𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑦′ = ∫ 𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑐 = = 𝑥1
∫ 𝑑𝐴 2 ∫𝑥2(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
Second Moment of Inertia
3 𝑦2
Centroid of Hemisphere, 𝑑 = 8 𝑅
𝐼𝑥′′ = ∫ 𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
ℎ
Centroid of Cone, 𝑑 = 4 𝑥2
𝐼𝑦′′ = ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
4𝑟 4𝑟 𝑥1
Centroid of Quarter Circle, (3𝜋 , 3𝜋)
Find 2nd moment unless stated otherwise
4𝑟
Centroid of Semi Circle, (0, )
3𝜋
Radius of Gyration
𝐼𝑥′′ 𝐼𝑦′′
𝑟𝑥 = √ 𝑟𝑦 = √ 𝑟 = √𝑟𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑦 2
𝐴 𝐴
Find magnitude of radius unless stated otherwise
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Volume Generated Pappus’s Theorem
1) Washer/Disk Method (⊥ to axis) 1) First Proposition
𝑥2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦𝑈2 − 𝑦𝐿2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑆 = 𝐶𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
𝑥1
𝑦2 Where S = surface area
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥𝑅2 − 𝑥𝐿2 ) 𝑑𝑦 C = circumference of curve
𝑦1
r = distance of centroid to axis of rotation
2) Cylindrical Shell Method (∥ to axis) L = length of curve
𝑥2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
2) Second Proposition
𝑦2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦(𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦 𝑉 = 𝐶𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐴
𝑦1
Where V = volume generated
A = area bounded
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Methods of Solution for First Order DE D. Linear Differential Equations
A. Variable Separable 𝑑𝑦
Standard Form + 𝑦𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Standard Form 𝑀(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
General Solution 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
General Solution ∫ 𝑀(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
E. Determination of Integrating Factor
B. Homogeneous of the Same Degree
Given a differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Standard Form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
which is not exact
General Solution 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶
Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be an integrating factor
Steps in solving
1. Replace 𝑥 with 𝑣𝑦 or 𝑦 with 𝑣𝑥 (Note: Use differential 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∫𝑁( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
multiplied to a smaller number of terms) Case 1. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑢 = 𝑒
1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
2. Simplify by dividing by a common factor and/or ∫𝑀( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
Case 2. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑢 = 𝑒
cancelling out terms
3. Variable separable method may be applied Case 3. For homogeneous functions
4. Replace 𝑣 using 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 or 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 1
𝑀𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0 𝑢 =
𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦
C. Exact Differential Equations
Standard Form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 Case 4. Equations in the form
General Solution 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 with 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0
Condition for Exactness 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 1
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑢=
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
F. Bernoulli Differential Equation Euler-Cauchy Higher Order DE
Standard Form (in y)
𝑑𝑦 𝑛
+ 𝑦𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑄(𝑥); 𝑛 ≠ 0 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 2 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 = 0
General Solution 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 (1−𝑛) 𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑛) ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 Substituting 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑚 , it follows that
𝑎𝑚(𝑚 − 1) + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐 = 0
G. Ricatti Differential Equation
𝑦 ′ = 𝑎(𝑥)𝑦 2 + 𝑏(𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑐(𝑥) Case 1. Roots are real and distinct
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 𝑚1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑚2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑚3
Higher Order Differential Equations
Case 1. Roots are real and distinct Case 2. Roots are real and repeated
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑚 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑚 ln2 𝑥

Case 2. Roots are real and repeated Case 3. Roots are complex and distinct
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎 [𝐶1 sin(𝑏 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶2 cos(𝑏 ln 𝑥)]

Case 3. Roots are complex and distinct Case 4. Roots are complex and repeated
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎 [𝐶1 sin(𝑏 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶2 cos(𝑏 ln 𝑥)]
Root 𝑚 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖
+ 𝑥 𝑎 ln 𝑥 [𝐶3 sin(𝑏 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶4 cos(𝑏 ln 𝑥)]
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥)
Case 4. Roots are complex and repeated
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶3 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 𝑏𝑥)
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Applications of Ordinary Differential Equations
1. Growth and Decay 6. Flow of Fluid through Orifice
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑉
∝𝑄 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = −𝑘𝑆𝑜 √2𝑔𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2. Newton’s Law of Heating/Cooling 𝑧 = depth of fluid at any time t
𝑑𝑇 𝑆𝑜 = area of the hole
∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑔 = acceleration due to gravity
𝑑𝑡
𝑘 = 0.6 (sharp edged)
3. Rectilinear Motion
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 7. Dissolution
1 𝑑𝑄
𝑆 − 𝑆𝑜 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 𝑘(𝐴 − 𝑄)(𝐶𝑠 − 𝐶𝑖 )
2
𝑣𝑓2 −𝑣𝑖 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑆 − 𝑆𝑜 = 2𝑎 𝑄 = amount of substance dissolved
4. Dilution Problem 𝐴 = amount of substance supplied
𝑑𝑄 𝐶𝑠 = saturation concentration
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 − 𝑅𝑜 𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑖 = instantaneous concentration
𝑑𝑡
𝑄
𝐶𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅𝑜 )𝑡
𝑉𝑜 8. Orthogonal Trajectory
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
5. Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction ( ) = (− )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 𝐺𝐶
𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Definition of Laplace Transform Theorems on Laplace Transform
∞
1. Linearity of Laplace Transform
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) and ℒ{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝐺(𝑠), 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
constants, then ℒ{𝑎𝑓(𝑡) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝑎𝐹(𝑠) + 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)
Laplace Transform of Common Functions
𝑘 1 2. S-Shifting Theory
ℒ{𝑘} = ℒ{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } =
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎 If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
1 𝜔
ℒ{𝑡} = 𝑠2 ℒ{sin 𝜔𝑡} = 𝑠2 +𝜔2
3. T-Shifting Theorem
2} 2! 𝑠 If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then ℒ{𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
ℒ{𝑡 = ℒ{cos 𝜔𝑡} =
𝑠3 𝑠2 +𝜔2
𝑛! 𝑎 Laplace Transform of Derivatives
ℒ{𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑠𝑛+1 ℒ{sinh 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠2 −𝑎2
If ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 𝑌(𝑠), then
1 𝑠
ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = 𝑠−𝑎 ℒ{cosh 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠2 −𝑎2 ℒ{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)
ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)
Important Note ℒ{𝑦 ′′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 3 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑠𝑦 ′ (0) − 𝑦′′(0)
o 𝑛 in 𝑡 𝑛 should be a positive integer
o The 𝜔𝑡 in the sine and cosine functions is in
radians
o Recall the definition of hyperbolic functions
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 =
2 2
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion
o Mean – average o Range = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛
o Median – middle value 𝑀𝑎𝑥+𝑀𝑖𝑛
o Mode – highest frequency o Midrange =
𝟐

o Standard Deviation
Types of Mean Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Arithmetic Mean Sample, 𝑠𝑥 = √
𝑛−1
𝛴𝑥
𝐴𝑀 = 𝑛 Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Population, 𝜎𝑥 = √
𝑛
Weighted Average Note: Sample SD is the default
Σ𝑓𝑥
𝑊𝑀 = 𝑓
o Variance
Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Geometric Mean Sample, 𝑠𝑥2 =
𝑛−1
𝐺𝑀 = 𝑛√𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺3 … 𝐺𝑛 2 Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Population, 𝜎𝑥 = 𝑛
Harmonic Mean Σ|𝑥−𝑥̅ |
𝑛
o Mean Absolute Deviation, 𝑀𝐴𝐷 =
𝑛
𝐻𝑀 = Σ(1⁄𝑥)
o Interquartile Range = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
Quadratic Mean (RMS) 𝑄3 −𝑄1
o Semi-interquartile Range = 𝟐
Σ𝑥 2
𝑄𝑀 = √
𝑛
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Grouped Data Hypothesis Testing
Σ(𝐶𝑀⋅𝑓)
Mean, 𝑥̅ = Σ𝑓 o Type I Error - false positive; accept Ho
𝐶𝑀 = class mark (middle value of class) o Type II Error – false negative; reject Ho
𝑓 = frequency of class o If 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≥ 𝛼, then fail to reject Ho
𝑁 o If 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 < 𝛼, then reject Ho
−𝐶𝐹𝑚𝑒−1
Median = 𝑙𝑚𝑒 + 2 ⋅𝑤
𝑓𝑚𝑒
Confidence Level 𝐶 =1−𝛼
𝑙𝑚𝑒 = lower boundary of median class
𝑁 = total number of data
𝐶𝐹𝑚𝑒−1 = cumulative frequency before median class
𝑓𝑚𝑒 = frequency of median class
𝑤 = class width
𝑓 −𝑓
Mode = 𝑙𝑚𝑜 + 𝑓 𝑚𝑜−1+𝑓 𝑚𝑜
𝑚𝑜−1 𝑚𝑜+1

𝑙 = lower boundary of modal class

𝑓𝑚𝑜 = frequency of modal class
𝑓𝑚𝑜−1 = frequency before modal class
𝑓𝑚𝑜+1 = frequency after modal class
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Permutation Hockey Stick Identity
𝑛!
𝑟𝐶𝑟 + 𝑟+1𝐶𝑟 + 𝑟+2𝐶𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛+1𝐶𝑟+1
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
Chicken McNuggets Theorem
Permutation of Distinct Objects 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏
𝑛!
where 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑛 Derangement
𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐! 𝑛
(−1)𝑥
Circular Permutation ! 𝑛 = 𝑛! ∑
𝑃 = (𝑛 − 1)! 𝑥!
𝑥=0

Circular Permutation in Space Probability Theory

(𝑛 − 1)! Mutually Exclusive Events
𝑃= 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
2
Combination
Dependent/Independent Events
𝑛! 𝑛𝑃𝑟 𝑃 = 𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟! 𝑟!
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion
Stars and Bars Method 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
For positive integers 𝑠−1𝐶𝑟−1
For non-negative integers 𝑠+𝑟−1𝐶𝑟−1
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Conditional Probability Normal Distribution
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑥𝑠 − 𝑥̅
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = 𝑧=
𝑃(𝐴) 𝜎
𝑃(𝑥 < 𝑥𝑠 ) = 𝑃(𝑧)
Binomial Distribution 𝑃(𝑥 > 𝑥𝑠 ) = 𝑅(𝑧)
𝑃 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 ⋅ 𝑝𝑟 ⋅ 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟 𝑃(𝑥𝑠 < 𝑥 < 𝑥̅ ) = 𝑄(𝑧)
Where 𝑛 = number of trials
𝑟 = number of successful trials z-Score of Sample Mean
𝑝 = probability of success 𝑥𝑠 − 𝑥̅
𝑧=
𝑞 = probability of failure 𝜎/√𝑛

Multinomial Distribution Poisson Distribution

𝑛! 𝑒 −𝜆 ⋅ 𝜆𝑛
𝑃= ⋅ (𝑃1 )𝑎 (𝑃2 )𝑏 (𝑃3 )𝑐 𝑃=
𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐! 𝑛!
Where 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = 1 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑛
Mathematical Expectation
𝐸 = Σ𝑝 ⋅ 𝑊 − Σ𝑞 ⋅ 𝐿
Hypergeometric Distribution
𝑚𝐶𝑎 ⋅ 𝑛𝐶𝑏 Odds
𝑃=
𝑃 1−𝑃
𝑚+𝑛𝐶𝑎+𝑏 Odds happening = Odds not happening =
1−𝑃 𝑃
 ENGG DATA ANALYSIS
Fundamental Principle of Coun�ng Combina�on Formula
4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑛𝑛!
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁 = = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑛𝑛 ∙ (𝑛𝑛 − 1) ∙ (𝑛𝑛 − 2) ∙ (𝑛𝑛 − 3) … = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁)! 𝑁𝑁!
Combina�on Where 1 or More are Considered Formula
𝑛𝑛
Fundamental Principle of Coun�ng if Objects are to be Together
𝑛𝑛
Formula 2 − 1 = � 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑥𝑥=1

Hockey S�ck Principle

𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁 + (𝑁𝑁 + 1)𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁 = (𝑛𝑛 + 1)𝑛𝑛(𝑁𝑁 + 1)

Principle of Exclusion and Inclusion Formula (For 2 Sets)

𝑁𝑁. 𝑔𝑔. 5! ∙ 2! = 240 𝑤𝑤𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 − 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵

𝑛𝑛! ∙ 𝑥𝑥! = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 Principle of Exclusion and Inclusion Formula (For 3 Sets)
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑊𝑊 𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑤𝑤 𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝑛𝑛 − 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 − 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝑛𝑛 − 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝑛𝑛 + 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊 𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑁𝑁 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛
Chicken McNuggets’ Theorem
Permuta�on Formula 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁 − 𝑊𝑊 − 𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛!
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊, 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐
(𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁)!

Permuta�on of Dis�nct Objects Formula Derangement Formula

𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛! (−1)𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛!
= 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ! 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛! � ≈� �
𝑊𝑊! 𝑁𝑁! 𝑠𝑠! 𝑥𝑥! 𝑁𝑁
𝑥𝑥=0

Circular Permuta�on Formula

(𝑛𝑛 − 1)! = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 Pigeonhole Principle Formula
𝑛𝑛 + 1 = 𝐺𝐺𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Circular Permuta�on Formula in Space Formula
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑁𝑁 𝑊𝑊𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐
= 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
2
 ENGG DATA ANALYSIS
Probability Formula Hypergeometric Distribu�on Formula
𝐸𝐸 𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑊𝑊 ∙ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 =
𝑆𝑆 (𝑁𝑁 + 𝑛𝑛)𝑛𝑛(𝑊𝑊 + 𝑁𝑁)

𝐸𝐸 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑁𝑁 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁, 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆𝑙𝑙𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁 𝑊𝑊, 𝑁𝑁 = 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛

Probability with Different number of Possible Scenarios Formula Mul�nomial Distribu�on Formula
𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 𝑛𝑛!
𝑛𝑛 = � � + � � + � � + ⋯ 𝑛𝑛 = ∙ (𝑆𝑆1 )𝑎𝑎 ∙ (𝑆𝑆2 )𝑏𝑏 ∙ (𝑆𝑆3 )𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆 1 𝑆𝑆 2 𝑆𝑆 3 𝑊𝑊! 𝑁𝑁! 𝑠𝑠!
𝑆𝑆1 + 𝑆𝑆2 + 𝑆𝑆3 = 1
Probability where it is Achieved on nth Time Formula 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑁𝑁 + 𝑠𝑠 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 1 − 𝑄𝑄1𝑛𝑛−1
𝑄𝑄1 = 1 − 𝑛𝑛1

𝑄𝑄1 = 𝑈𝑈𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊

𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐

Probability with Mul�ple Par�cipants Formula

𝑛𝑛 = 1 − 𝑄𝑄
(1
𝑄𝑄 = − 𝑛𝑛1 𝑎𝑎 ∙ (1 − 𝑛𝑛1 )𝑏𝑏 ∙ (1 − 𝑛𝑛1 )𝑐𝑐
)

Probability in Considera�on of a Shape Formula

𝐸𝐸 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐
𝑛𝑛 = =
𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁

Binomial Distribu�on Formula

𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑆𝑆𝑟𝑟 ∙ 𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛−𝑟𝑟

𝑛𝑛 = 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊 𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁

𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊 𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁 𝑂𝑂𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁
𝑞𝑞 = 𝑈𝑈𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁 𝑂𝑂𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁
 ENGG DATA ANALYSIS
Z-score Formula Posi�on of Median in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number)
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 − 𝑥𝑥 31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85, 95
𝑍𝑍 =
𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥
Probability Above a Z-score Formula Posi�on of 1st Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number)
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑅𝑅(𝑍𝑍) 31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85, 95

Probability Below a Z-score Formula Posi�on of 2nd Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number)
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛(𝑍𝑍) 31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85, 95

Probability on the Median of a Z-score Formula Posi�on of 3rd Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number)
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑍𝑍) 31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85, 95

Probability Between 2 Values Given Two Z-scores Formula
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑅𝑅(𝑍𝑍1 ) − 𝑅𝑅(𝑍𝑍2 )
Poisson Distribu�on Formula
𝑁𝑁 −𝜆𝜆 ∙ 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 =
𝑛𝑛!
𝜆𝜆 = 𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑔𝑔𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
Posi�on of Lower Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Even Total
Number)
31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85
Posi�on of Upper Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Even Total
Number)
31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85

Poisson Distribu�on Given Restric�ons on Amount to be

Posi�on of Median in a Set of Numbers (Even Total Number)
Considered Formula
𝑥𝑥 31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85
𝑁𝑁 −𝜆𝜆 ∙ 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛 = �
𝑥𝑥! 60 + 62
𝑥𝑥=𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 = = 61
𝜆𝜆 = 𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑔𝑔𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 2

Posi�on of Lower Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number) Posi�on of 1st Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number)
31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85, 95 31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85

Posi�on of Upper Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number)

31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85, 95
 ENGG DATA ANALYSIS
Posi�on of 2nd Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number) Standard Devia�on
31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85 Sample Standard Devia�on Formula
(∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 − 𝑥𝑥)2
60 + 62 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 (𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜) = �
𝑥𝑥 = = 61 𝑛𝑛 − 1
2

Posi�on of 3rd Quar�le in a Set of Numbers (Odd Total Number) Popula�on Standard Devia�on
31, 51, 58, 60, 60, 62, 66, 70, 73, 85
(∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 − 𝑥𝑥)2
𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 = 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 (𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜) = �
𝑛𝑛
Interquar�le Range Formula
𝐼𝐼𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 = 𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1 Variance
Sample Variance Formula
Mean Formula (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 − 𝑥𝑥)2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = (𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥)2 (𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜) =
∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑥𝑥 =
𝑛𝑛
Popula�on Variance Formula
Formula for New Mean from Previous Mean (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 − 𝑥𝑥)2
𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 = (𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥)2 (𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜) =
(𝑛𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛+1 = 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 + 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠,𝑛𝑛+1 𝑛𝑛

Measures of Central Tendency Mean Absolute Devia�on Formula

Mode (Defini�on) 𝑥𝑥� : Most Frequent ∑|𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 − 𝑥𝑥|
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐷 =
𝑛𝑛
Mean (Defini�on) 𝑥𝑥 : Average
Coefficient of Varia�on Formula
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥
Median (Defini�on) 𝑥𝑥� : Middle 𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑆𝑆 = = =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
Measure of Dispersion
Quadra�c Mean Formula
Range Formula 𝑅𝑅𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 − 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠2
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚+𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚
𝑄𝑄𝑀𝑀 = �
Midrange Formula 𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑅𝑅𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑁𝑁 = 𝑛𝑛
2
 ENGG DATA ANALYSIS
Geometric Mean Formula
𝐺𝐺𝑀𝑀 = 𝑛𝑛�𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠1 ∙ 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠2 ∙ 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠3 ∙ … 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 Basis for Modal Class
- Highest Number in Frequency
Mean Formula for Class Marks
∑ 𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚 Mode Formula for Class Marks
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥� − 𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥−1
�
∑ 𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥� = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑥𝑥� + ∙ 𝑤𝑤
𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥� −𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥−1
� +𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥� − 𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥+1
�
Mean Formula for Class Marks (CalTec)
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑥𝑥� = 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑤𝑤𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥� = 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
� = 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥+1
1.) Turn on frequency in [SETUP][4:STAT]and input values in � = 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥−1
[MODE][STAT]. 𝑤𝑤 = 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊
2.) Obtain mean through [SHIFT][STAT][4:VAR][2:𝑚𝑚]
Width of Data Formula
𝑤𝑤 = 𝑈𝑈𝐿𝐿 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
Basis for Median Class
- Closest Number obtained in the Median Class Formula
𝑈𝑈𝐿𝐿 = 𝑈𝑈𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊
in Cumula�ve Frequency
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑤𝑤𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊

Median Class Formula

𝑛𝑛 Expected Value Formula
∞
2 𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥) = � 𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑜𝑜(𝑥𝑥)𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥
−∞
Median Formula for Class Marks
𝑛𝑛 Formula of Variance with Expected Value Formula
− 𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚,𝑥𝑥−1
�
𝑥𝑥� = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑥𝑥� + 2
∞
𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥� 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥) = � [𝑥𝑥 − 𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥)]2 (𝑥𝑥)𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥
−∞

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑥𝑥� = 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑤𝑤𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

Error Types
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑊𝑊
Type I Error (Defini�on) Type II Error (Defini�on)
𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁 𝐿𝐿𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊
- False Posi�ve - False Nega�ve
𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚,𝑥𝑥−1
� = 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
- Ho is Rejected - Ho is Accepted
𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥� = 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑙𝑙𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
 ENGG DATA ANALYSIS
Level of Significance
𝑛𝑛 − 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ≥ 𝛼𝛼 ∴ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁 𝐹𝐹𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜
𝑛𝑛 − 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 < 𝛼𝛼 ∴ 𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜

Confidence Level (c) Formula

𝛼𝛼 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠

Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝑯𝑶𝑶 ) and Alternate Hypothesis Analysis (𝑯𝑯𝑨𝑨 )

𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂 𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 < 𝑛𝑛

∴ 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛𝑔𝑔 𝑍𝑍 − 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑨𝑨𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂 𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 > 𝑛𝑛

∴ 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛𝑔𝑔 𝑍𝑍 − 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑷𝑷𝑶𝑶𝑷𝑷𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂 𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 = 𝑛𝑛

∴ 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛𝑔𝑔 𝑍𝑍 − 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑷𝑷𝑵𝑵𝑷𝑷𝑵𝑵 𝑵𝑵𝑶𝑶 𝒁𝒁𝑵𝑵𝒁𝒁𝑶𝑶
 ENGG ECON
Simple Interest Compound Factors
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝑛𝑛
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑃𝑃(1 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) Single Payment Present Amount Factor
Compound Interest 𝑃𝑃 1 𝑃𝑃
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑃𝑃(1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑛𝑛 � , 𝑖𝑖%, 𝑛𝑛� = ∴
𝐹𝐹 (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹
𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 Single Payment Future Amount Factor
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑃𝑃 �1 + �
𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹
𝑟𝑟 � , 𝑖𝑖%, 𝑛𝑛� = (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑛𝑛 ∴
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
𝑚𝑚
Mode of Compounding
Annuity Factors
Annually 1
Semi-annually 2 Uniform Series Present Worth Factor
Quarterly 4 𝑃𝑃 1 − (1 + 𝑖𝑖)−𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃
Monthly 12 � , 𝑖𝑖%, 𝑛𝑛� = ∴
𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴
Bimonthly 6 Capital Recovery Factor
𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴
Effective Rate Interest � , 𝑖𝑖%, 𝑛𝑛� = −𝑛𝑛
∴
𝑃𝑃 1 − (1 + 𝑖𝑖) 𝑃𝑃
𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 Uniform Series Compound Amount Factor
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = �1 + � −1
𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝐹 (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝐹𝐹
� , 𝑖𝑖%, 𝑛𝑛� = ∴
𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴
Continuous Compounding Sinking Fund Factor
𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴
(1 + 𝑖𝑖) = �1 + � = 𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟 � , 𝑖𝑖%, 𝑛𝑛� = ∴
𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝐹 𝑛𝑛
(1 + 𝑖𝑖) − 1 𝐹𝐹
 ENGG ECON
Annuity Arithmetic Gradient end year
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+𝑛𝑛−1 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+𝑛𝑛−1 y int slope
1 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐴𝐴 � 𝑃𝑃 = �
(1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑥𝑥 (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥=𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑥𝑥=𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
starting year
pag walang sinabing start
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 1 (𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 1 (𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0 (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0 (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

Geometric Gradient
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+𝑛𝑛−1 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+𝑛𝑛−1
𝐹𝐹 = 𝐴𝐴 � (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑃𝑃 = �
𝑥𝑥=𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥=𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 1 (𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0 (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0 (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

Bonds
𝑛𝑛
Perpetuity / Annuity pero Infinity 1 1
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 � 𝑥𝑥
+ 𝐶𝐶 � �
𝑃𝑃 = (1 + 𝑖𝑖) (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥=1

Deferred Perpetuity 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

𝐴𝐴 1 𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑃𝑃 = � � 𝑟𝑟 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑖𝑖 (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑧𝑧 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
 ENGG ECON
Capitalized Cost Depreciation
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 + + +
𝑖𝑖 (1 + 𝑖𝑖) − 1 (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑚𝑚 − 1
𝑙𝑙 Straight Line Method (SLM)

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑚𝑚 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

Rate of Capitalized Cost per year

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝑖𝑖

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 Book Value at year specified for SLM

Relationship of Bond Value (BV), Fixed Cost (FC), and Rate of Depreciation of SLM
Depreciation (D) Formula
𝐵𝐵𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 − 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐵𝐵𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Depreciation Change at specified year for SLM
 ENGG ECON
Declining Balance Method (DBM) Double Declining Balance Method (DDBM)

Book Value at year specified for DBM Book Value at specified year for DBM

Rate of Depreciation for DBM Rate of Depreciation for DDBM

Depreciation Change at specified year for DBM Depreciation Change at specified year for DDBM
 ENGG ECON
Sum of the Year’s Digit Method Sinking Fund Method (SFM)
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑙𝑙−1
∑𝑥𝑥=0(1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑥𝑥
𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)

𝑚𝑚−1

𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 � (1 + 𝑖𝑖)𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥=0
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Book Value at specified year for SYDM Depletion

Unit Depletion Method

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Depreciation Change at specified year for SYDM

Percentage Depletion Method

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∙ ∙ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎%
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
 ENGG ECON
Benefits
𝐵𝐵 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵
=
𝐶𝐶 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 + 𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼−𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼−𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

Net Benefits
𝐵𝐵 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 − 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶
� �=
𝐶𝐶 𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

Break Even analysis

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶