REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER

 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
`
ALGEBRA
NUMBERS
Natural Numbers- Counting Numbers (1,2,3,4…)
Integers- Positive or Negative Whole Numbers,
set Z = {0,1,-1,2,-2,3}
Integers can be represented by equally spaced
points in a line which is called the number
line. All points on the number line are
called real numbers.
Whole Numbers- Non Decimal or Fraction
Numbers/ Natural Numbers and 0
Rational Numbers- have integers and fractions
and decimals/ may have repeating decimals.
Ratio of two integers (3/2, ½…)
Irrational numbers- integers and fractions
and decimals/ have decimals that go on
forever. Ratio that cannot be represented by
fractions (√3, ∏…)
4. Multiply and express your answer in
cubic meters: 3cm x 5mm x 2m.
5. One nautical mile is equivalent to:
6. The numbers of board feet in a plank 4
inches thick, 2 foot wide, and 20 feet long
is:
7. A road has an angle of inclination of
42°. What is the angle of inclination in
mils?
8. Find the absolute temperature of the
freezing point of water in degree Rankine?
9. Prove that 423 a Prime Number?
10. Express 3763 in Roman numerals:
11. Express 3239 in Roman numerals:
RULES OF ARITHMETIC
the commutative law of addition
a+b=b+a
the commutative law of multiplication
a×b=b×a

Whole numbers- non fraction numbers the associative law of addition

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Fraction- portion of a whole
the associative law of multiplication
Proper Fraction- When the denominator is (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
greater than the numerator. (1/2, 2/3…) the distributive law of multiplication over
Improper Fraction- When the denominator is addition and subtraction
less than the numerator (4/3, 5/2…) (a+b)×c=(a×c)+(b×c)
Prime Number- is a natural number greater (a−b)×c=(a×c)−(b×c)
than 1 that has no positive divisors other the distributive law of division over
than 1 and itself.
addition and subtraction
Real Numbers- include all of the above and (a+b)÷c=(a÷c)+(b÷c)
fractions and integers
(a−b)÷c=(a÷c)−(b÷c)
Roman Numerals- Expressed by I = 1, X = 10,
L=50, C = 100, D = 500 and M = 1000. BASIC ALGEBRA TERMS

CONVERSION OF UNITS Constants

A fixed quantity that does not change. For
Temperature example: 3, –6, π,
Celcius to Farenheight C = (F-32)x5/9
Celcius to Kelvin K = C + 273.15 Variables
Farenheight to Rankine R = F + 460 A variable is a symbol that we assign to an
Absolute Zero 0 K unknown value. It is usually represented by
letters such as x, y, or t.
Scientific Notation and Prefixes
Kilo - 1000 Coefficients
Hecto - 100 The coefficient of a variable is the number
Deca - 10 that is placed in front of a variable.
Deci - .1
Centi - .01 Terms
Milli - .001 A term can be any of the following:
a constant: e.g. 3, 10, π,
Examples: the product of a number (coefficient) and a
1. Convert is the temperature in degree variable: e.g. –3x, 11y,
the product of two or more variables: e.g.
Celsius of absolute zero?
x2, xy, 2y2, 7xy
2. What temperature will the °C and °F
readings be equal? Expressions
3. This is an angular unit equivalent to An expression is made up of one or more
1/400 of the circumference of a circle is terms.
called:
INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER
 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
`
Equations 1. A line on a map was drawn at a scale of
An equation consists of two expressions 4:100,000. If a line in the map is 300 mm
separated by an equal sign. The expression on long, the actual length of the line is:
one side of the equal sign has the same value 2. When rounded-off to four significant
as the expression on the other side. figures, 103.68886 become:
3. MCMXCIV is equivalent to:
Quadratic Equations 4. Convert 0.2272727… to a common fraction.
A Quadratic Equation is an equation of the 5. The scale on the map is 1:x. A lot having
form: an area of
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are 720 sqm is represented by an area of 30.6 cm
numbers and a ≠0 on the map. What is the value of x?
6. If x*y+z is odd and x,y and z are
integers, then y + z Is odd or even?
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 7. If x<0 and y and z are not equal to 0,
Specifically, the rules for identifying what is the sign of x4y3 z2?
significant figures when writing or 8. A line is divided into 10 equal parts. If
interpreting numbers are as follows:[2] the measure of each part of the line is a
prime integer, what is the possible length of
All non-zero digits are considered the line?
significant. 9. If a negative number is divided by a
positive number, what is the sign of the
For example, 91 has two significant quotient?
figures (9 and 1), while 123.45 has five 10. Which of the following numbers can be a
significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). product of an even prime number and odd prime
number?
Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero a. 4 b.12 c.6 d.8
digits are significant. 11. What is sign of the product of 3 negative
numbers?
Example: 101.1203 have seven 12. A car has a mass of 1200 kg. A model of a
significant figures: 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0 and 3. car is made to a scale of 1:60. Determine the
Leading zeros are not significant. For mass of the model if the car and its model
example, 0.00052 has two significant figures: are made of the same material.
5 and 2. 13. The area of a lot on the map is 500 mm².
If the scale of the map is 1:40,000 determine
Trailing zeros in a number containing a the true area of the lot in hectares.
decimal point are significant.
EQUALITY
For example, 12.2300 have six significant
figures: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number Properties of Equality
0.000122300 still has only six Reflexive x=x
significant figures (the zeros before Symmetric if x=y, then y=x
the 1 are not significant). Transitive if x=y and y=z, then x=z
In addition, 120.00 have five Sum x=y and z=w, then x+z=y+w
significant figures since it has three Product x=y and z=w, then xz=yw
trailing zeros.
INEQUALITIES
SCALE
An inequality is a relationship between two
Scale factor is the factor by which all quantities that are not equal.
the components of an object are multiplied in We can represent s linear inequality in one
order to create a proportional variable on a number line. We use the
enlargement or reduction. following symbol in representation
(<,>,≤,≥,≠)
So to say 1:4 or scale/actual measurement,
that means that the actual is 1/4 of the
scale. Solving Inequalities
When the scale factor is larger than 1 it
means it gets bigger and smaller when it’s To solve an inequality, we can use the same
less than 1. But they will always remain method we use in solving for equality.
proportional. So you could also use ratio
and proportion. We can represent a linear inequality in one
variable on a number line.
For relationships of ratios: We can use the following symbols in the
representation.
Ratio of lengths = ratio of sides = scale
factor A small circle is used for < and > to
Ratio of surface areas = (ratio of sides)2 = indicate that the number is not included
(scale factor)2 A filled in circle is for ≤ and ≥ to
Ratio of volume = (ratio of sides)3 = (scale indicate that the number is included.
factor)3

INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER

 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
`
A line with an arrow indicates that the negative value. We can then solve the two
line continues to infinity in the direction equations to obtain two possible solutions.
of the arrow
x = x if x ≤ 0 or -x if x<0

xy = x y
x ≤ a if -a ≤ x ≤ a

Properties of Inequality
x ≥ a if and only if x≥a or x≤-a

< less than

x+ y = x+y = x + y -a b = a b
> Greater than
≤ less than or equal 1. If the absolute value of x is greater than
≥ greater than or equal the absolute value of y, which of the
following is always true?
Theorems a. x-y>0 b. x2>y2
x>y only if -x<-y (3>2; -3<-2) 2. Find the interval of real numbers which
If x>0 then -x<0 (2>0; -2<0) contains x, if x satisfies the condition |2x-
If x>y and z<0 then xz < yz (multiplied by a 5|<3.
negative) 3. How close must the number x be to 4 if
If x>y and z>w then x+z > y+w |3x-2|<5?
If x>y and z>w and x,y,z,w > 0 then xz > yw 4. Find the absolute value of x if |4+4x| =
If x>0, y>0, x>y then 1/x < 1/y 12.
5. Find the area of the curve enclosed by
1. If 1/x=a+b and 1/y=a-b then x-y is equal |x|=|y|=1
to: 6. If it is given that f(x) = |x| + 10, then
2. If 3x=4y then (3x2)/(4y2) is equal to: which of the following values of x make f(x)
3. If 1/a:1/b:1/c = 2 : 3 : 4, then (a+b+c) : equal to f(-x)? a) all real x
(b+c) is equal to: 7. Determine all possible values of x that
4. Given the following equations: a*b = 8, will satisfy the equation |x-1| = 5- 2x.
a*c=3 and b*c=6. What is the product of a, b 8. Which of the following expressions is
and c? equal to |x-y|
5. If xyz = 8 and y2z=12, what is the value for all real numbers x and y? a) |y-x|
of x/y? 9. Find -6|d|; given that d is not equal to
6. If abc-de is positive, which of the 0.
following is always correct? a. abc-de>0
b. abc≥de EXPONENTS, RADICALS and
7. Given the inequalities;-3<a<3,x2<9 and LOGARITHMS
1/a<1/3. Is -3<a<0 a common value of a?
8. Let a and b be ranges of numbers in a LAWS OF EXPONENTS (INDEX LAW)
number line such that -1 ≤ a ≤ 5 and 6 ≤ b ≤ xn x is base and n is exponent
10. If a is shifted 6 units to the right and xn = x*x*x to n factors
b is shifted 2 units to the right, how many
common units will the shifted a and b share?
(xm)(xn) = x m+ n
9. Solve for a from the following equations: xm
4a-2b+c=12, a+4b-2c=-9, 3a+b-7c=-6 = x m-n
10. Given the inequality expressions: 3<x<1 xn
mn
and 6>x>2. What are the probable values of x? (xm)n = x
11. If the domain of y = 2x + 1 is (x| - 2 ≤x (xyz)n = xnynxn
≤3). n
Which of the following is not in the range? æxö xn
12. rst/w, given that 4<s<0<w<t. What is the çç ÷÷ =
sign of rst/w è yø yn
13. A number line is divided by 10 evenly m
spaced thick marks. The length between each
tick mark equals x, and x is a prime number.
x n =
n
xm
What is the total length of the line number? 1
x-m =
ABSOLUTE VALUE xm
x0 = 1
xm = xn then m = n if x ≠ 0
This is the distance of a number from 0
If xm+1 = xn+2 then m+1 = n+2
regardless of direction or its location in
the number line.
PROPERTIES OF RADICALS
When solving an equation with absolute
values, it is necessary to split the equation
into two equations, one resulting in a
positive value and the other resulting in a

INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER

 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
`
1 19. An earthquake is usually
ax = x a measured by the magnitude of M on the
Richter scale. The intensity I of an
x earthquake and the magnitude M are related by
y
a y
= ax the formula: M = log (I/Io) where Io is the

( a) x intensity of an arbitrary chosen earthquake.

x
=a The earthquake that hit Kobe, Japan, measured
5.7 on the Richter scale. The earthquake that
x
a • x b = x ab hit Texas measured 7.8. The earthquake that
hit Texas measured 7.8. How many times
x
a x a stronger is the earthquake that hit Texas?
= 20. Which of the following is a factor of
x
b b 3x³+2x²-32?
Provided that b≠0 21. Reduce to lowest terms [(b²-4b+16)(b²-
16)]/(b³+64)
22. If log (9!) = 5.5598, what is the log of
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS 10!?
23. Express tanh-1(-4/5) in terms of natural
logaMN = logaM + logaN logarithm
loga M = logaM - logaN
N
loga Mn = nlogaM FACTORING AND EXPANSION
loga a = 1
loga aa = a Expanding Brackets - multiplying all terms of
loga 1 = 0 each bracket by the other.
If loga M = N, then aN = M (x+y+z)(a+b) =ax + ay + az + bx + by + bz
If loga M = loga N, the M=N
logeM = ln M Factoring- opposite of expanding. Simplify an
e = 2.71828…. (Naperian logarithm ) expression to a shorter expression by use of
log10M = log M (Common Logarithm) brackets.
logn M = log M / log n = ln M/ ln n
logb x = a then x = antilogb a Special Products and Factoring
ax = antiloga x
log10 4751 = log10 (1000 * 4.751) Common Factors
= log 1000 + log 4.751 x(a+b) + y(a+b) = (x+y)(a+b)
=3 + 0.6768
=3.6768 Difference of two Square
3 is the integral part or the characteristic, a2-b2 = (a+b)(a-b)
0.6768, a non-negative decimal fraction part,
is called the mantissa Perfect Square Trinomial
(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
1. Solve for b in the equation: b = 64x4y. (a-b)2 = a2 - 2ab - b2
2. Simplify (x-2 y3)2/(x2y-1).
3. Solve for C if C = √(1-√(1-√(1-... Sum of two cubes
4. If 10ax+b = P, what is the value of x? (a3+b3) = (a+b)(a2-ab+b2)
5. The logarithm of negative number is:
6. The logarithms of the quotient and the Difference of two cubes
product of two numbers are 0.362182518 and (a3-b3) = (a-b)(a2+ab+b2)
1.79630250, respectively. Find the first
number Trinomials
7. What is the natural logarithm of e to the acx2 + (ad+bc) + bdy2 = (ax + by)(cx + dy)
xy power?
8. Solve for y: y= ln(ex/ex-2) Factoring by Grouping
9. Factor the expression x2 + 6x + 8 2x+2y+ax+ay = (2+a)(x+y)
completely.
10. Factor the expression(x4–y4) completely. Division of Polynomials
11. If 10ax+b= P, what is the value of x?
12. Log of the nth root of x equals log of x Long Division
to the 1/n power and also equate to:
13. What expression is equivalent to log x – x3-2x+4 divided by x-2
log(y+x)?
a. Log x + log y + log z b.
log[x/(y+z)] x 2 + 2 x + 2 Remainder 8
14. If 10x = 4 find the value of 102x+1 x - 2 x - 0x2 - 2x + 4
3
15. Solve for x if 8x = 2y+2 and 163x-y =4y
16. Rationalize the denominator and determine x3 - 2 x 2
the transformed fraction (a1/2)/(a1/2–a1/2b1/2)
17. Transform the fraction by rationalizing
2x2 - 2x
the denominator (4x)/(x-(√x²-4))
18. Find the value of x if (ex+e-x)/(ex–e-x) =
2x2 - 4x
2 2x + 4
x-4
2INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER
8
 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
`
15. By synthetic division, compute the
remainder if we divide 2x³+x²-18x+7 by x-2.
16. A polynomial has an equation x5 – 5x4 +
5x³
Synthetic Division + 15x² - 36x +20. How many are its rational
roots?
1 0 -2 4 2 17. Determine how many positive real roots
2 4 4 are there for the polynomial 7x2 + 5x5 +3x³ +
1 2 2 8 x.
x2+2x+2 remainder 8
MATHEMATICAL SEQUENCE AND MATHEMATICAL
If no remainder then assumed number is a INDUCTION and SIGMA NOTATION
factor.
Sigma ∑ means to sum up or to add so we just
add up terms in a series. Adding up rth terms
When resulting numbers on the third are all
from the lower limit up to the upper limit.
positive, root is upper bound. When they are
4

alternating from positive to negative, it is
lower bound.
Depressed Equation - equation formed after 1
synthetic division.
Descartes’ Rule - used to determined zeroes
in a polynomial
FACTOR THEOREM
Given a function f(x). f(1) = 0 then x-1 is a
factor of f(x)
REMAINDER THEOREM
If a function f(x) is divided by (x-r) until
a remainder free of x is obtained, the
remainder is f(r). If f(r) = 0 then x-r is a
factor of f(x).
1. If f(x) = x2+x+1, then f(x)-f(x-1) =
2. Find k in the equation 4x2+kx+1=0 so that
it will only have one real root.
3. When (x+3)(x-4)+4 is divided by x-k, the
remainder is k. Determine the value of k.
4. The quotient of (x2+32) by (x+2) is:
å x +1
x =1
Means that the terms of the sequence is
solved by x + 1 or the 1st term is 2, 2nd
term is 3 and 3rd is 4 and 4th is 5. So to
get the sum of all terms from 1 to 4 we need
to add them up. SIgma Notation will be
helpful for complicated sequences which will
require summation of terms that is more than
3 or 4.
Mathematical Sequence
nth term = Sn+1 - Sn
Mathematical Induction
1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...n = n(n + 1)
2
2. 2 + 4 + 6 + ...2n = n(n + 1)
3. 12 + 32 + 52 + ...(2n - 1)2 = n(2n - 1)(2n + 1)
3

5. Determine the remainder when (x12+2) is

divided by (x-√3) 4. 13 + 23 + 33 + ...n3 = n
2
(n + 1) 2
6. When the expression x4+ax3+5x2+bx+6 is 4
divided by (x-2), the remainder is 18. When
it is divided by (x+1) the remainder is 14. 5. 22 + 42 + 62 + ...(2n) 2 = 2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Find the value of constant a? 3
7. How many rational roots have the following
function? 6. 13 + 33 + 53 + ...(2n)3 = n 2 (2n 2 - 1)
F(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x³ + 15x² - 36x + 20
8. If (x²+9x+14)/(9x²-49) is divided by
(3x+6)/(x²+x-56), the quotient is: 1 1 1 1 n
9. Determine the upper bounds for the real 7. + + + ... =
1´ 2 2 ´ 3 3 ´ 4 n(n + 1) n + 1
roots of equation 2x³-5x²-7x+4=0
10. Solve for the lower bound of the real 1 1 1 1
roots of the polynomial equation x³+3x²-5x- 8. + + + ...
1´ 3 3 ´ 5 5 ´ 7 (2n - 1)(2n + 1)
6=0
11. If 1 and -2 are rational roots of the
n
equation x4+x³+4x²+6x-12=0. Find the second 9. a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ...a(n - 1)d = (2a + (n - 1)d )
2
depressed equation?
12. What are the rational roots of the n -1
equation x4+x³+4x²+6x-12=0 10.a + ar + ar 2 + ...ar n-1 = a - ar
13. Given f(x) = (x-4)(x+3) / 4, when f(x) is 1- r
divided by (x-k), the remainder is k.
Determine the value of k. Stacked Balls
14. If x4-2x³-3x²-4x-8 is divided by (x-2),
the remainder is: Equilateral Triangle

INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER

 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
`
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
S=
6 (a + b) n = å ç ÷(a n - k )(b k )
Rectangular Base
n(n + 1)(3m - n + 1)
S=
6 Number of Terms = n+1
m=long side
n= Shorter side
Problems:
1. Find x if x+3x+5x+7x+….+49x=625
2. Find the sum of all numbers between 0 and
10,000 which is exactly divisible by 77.
3. What is the sum of the following finite
sequence of terms? 18,25,32,39, … 67.
4. If equal balls are piled in the form of a
complete pyramid with an equilateral triangle
as its base, find the number of balls in a
pile, if each side contains 4 balls.
5. Balls of the same radius are piled in the
form of a pyramid with a square base until
there is just one sphere at the top layer. If
there are 4 balls on each side of the square,
find the total number of balls in the pile
6. If equal spheres are piled in the form of
a complete pyramid with a rectangular base,
find the total number of spheres if the long
side is 6 and that of the short side is 4
until the top layer consists of a single row
of 3 spheres.
7. What is the value of “n” in the equation
90nP5 =nP7?
8. The sum of the first “n” terms of a series
is 3n+2 – 6. What is the 6th term.
9. What follows logically in these series of
numbers 2,3,5,9,17…
10. In the given series of numbers
1,1,1/2,1/6,1/24…….What is the 6th term.
11. Find the value of x if 1+2+3+4+…x=36.
Using 1+2+3….n = [n(n+1)]/2
12. Find the value of a in the sequence of
numbers shown: a+2a+3a+4a+…..8a=72
13. Determine the sum to first 7 terms of the
series 0.25, 0.75, .2.25, 6.75.
14. What is the 12th term of the series:
5,10,20,40?
BINOMIAL THEOREM
A binomial is a polynomial with two terms. We
raise it to an exponent and our goal is to
get the rth term of the binomial raised to
the nth power.
You should be familiar with Pascal's
Triangle. The rth term of a binomial is
simplified as:
n!
rth term of (a+b)n =
(n - r + 1)!(r - 1)!
n
For the middle term r = +1
2
Or all the terms by:
n
ænö
k =0 è k ø
Where k = r-1
1st Term = an Last Term = bn
Exponents a descends from 0 and b ascends
from n.
Coefficient of Next Term
C = (Cprevious Term)(e of x)/(e of y)-1
Sum of Coefficient of Variables
Substitute 1 in all variables but subtract
the constant term.
Sum of Exponents
S = (n+1)n
Problems:
1. Find the 8th term of the expansion (1/2a -
3)12
2. In the expansion of (a+4b)12, the
numerical coefficient of the 5th term is
3. The middle term of the expansion of (a2-
3)8 is:
4. The term involving a9 in the expansion of
(a2 + (2/a))11 is:
5. The constant term in the expansion of
(a+(1/a3/2))14 is:
6. Find the sum of the coefficients in the
expansion of (a+4b-c)8.
7. Find the coefficient of (a+b)10 containing
the term a8b2.
8. For the expression of (6x-3)8
What is the value of the 4th term What is the
sum of the coefficients. What is the sum of
the exponents?
9. In the expansion of (2x-1/x)12
Find the term independent of x. Find the 6th
term. Find the coefficient of the 9th term
10. In the binomial expansion (a+b)n .
Determine the value of “n” if the
coefficients of the 4th and the 13th terms are
equal to each other. Determine the
coefficient of the 8th term of the expansion.
Determine the 10th term of the expansion.
11. Find the 8th term of the expression (4a-
b²)10
12. Expand the expression (a/2 – 7/2 )²
a n -r +1b r -1
INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER