NDT Trends: Uncovering The Untold Narrative of Titan Submersible

July 2023 | Issue 76
Uncovering the Untold Narrative of
Titan
Submersible
Innovation Cover Story
Stingray - Your Subsea Uncovering the Untold
Inspection Companion Narrative of Titan Submersible
DRS Magnetic Crawler Submersibles have played a vital role in
deep-sea exploration. Their use…

The Stingray is a low-profile, ‘high
strength’ magnetic scanner used for…
Product Spotlight
Insights
Dive into the Future
Decoding NDT Engineers Cygnus Underwater Gauge - Unleashing
Astonishing Transformation
Exploring the Role and Specializations of
NDT Engineers in Subsea Inspections Last month at Seawork and IMX
exhibitions, Cygnus offered an exclusive

To begin, the term "engineer" appears to
introduction to…
have become…
Case Study
Expert Talk
Exploring the Depths

Innovation Beneath the Waves
SPECTA , TSC Subsea’s latest technology,

Lizard NDE's Journey in Revolutionary
identifies what lies beneath

Subsea Inspection Technology
Subsea Pulsed Eddy Current Testing

Paul, as the Director of Lizard NDE, we're
Array…
eager to learn about your company's...
Article
Unleashing the Power of
Remotely Operated Vehicles in
Subsea Component Inspections
Remotely Operated Vehicles, or ROVs
were developed in the 1960s to retrieve
underwater missiles, mines, and other…

Dive into the Depths
Dear readers,
Prepare for an emotional odyssey, awakening curiosity about hidden wonders

beneath the waves.
We bring you the captivating cover story covering the Titan Submersible Fiasco.
Kaddy B However, as we unveil the details of the Titan Submersible's tragic journey, we
Editor
must also reflect on the lessons learned and the implications for future sub-sea
expeditions. Through this cautionary tale, we gain a deeper understanding of the
risks involved in pushing the limits of exploration and the crucial role of NDT
Engineers in ensuring the safety and reliability of underwater vehicles.
Feel the exhilaration of exploration as we reveal the remarkable advancements

that redefine the realm of sub-sea inspections. Witness the astonishing
transformation brought by the Cygnus Underwater Gauge, empowering
inspectors with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. Discover the
revolutionary technology of SPECTA, developed by TSC Sub-sea, as it uncovers
the hidden secrets of the depths, illuminating what lies beneath and safeguarding
the integrity of sub-sea structures.
So, embrace the emotions, the wonders, and the undeniable beauty that awaits
us below the surface.
Join us on social media

www.onestopndt.com
LinkedIn - @OSNDT Instagram - one_stop_ndt Facebook - @One Stop NDT
Twitter - OneStopNDT Youtube - @onestopndt3281

Editor-in-chief
Santosh Gavankar
Marketing Director
Ravindra Warang
Design
Paul Bentley Joshua de Grant Hosie Designer
Director at Lizard Monbrun Principal Subsea and Bhavesh Sawant
NDE Ltd CEng | Technical Pipeline Engineer at
Authority at SEA
MISTRAS Group, Inc.
Editorial
Copyeditor
Abhishek Sawant
Researcher
Sakshi Shriyan
Sales & Marketing

Chiemela Victor Ahmed Reda
Corporate Communications
Amaechi Under-graduate
Refining &
Govind W
PhD Researcher/
Associate Lecturer at Petrochemical
Lancaster University Engineer | Aspen
Certified User in
Aspen HYSYS
A heartfelt thank you to all the contributors for
their valuable contributions to this month's edition

The Main Reason
of Titan Implosion
and Its
Seaworthiness
When assessing the "seaworthiness" of a marine vessel,
the experts essentially evaluate its suitability for the
intended purpose, its operational safety, and its
compliance with environmental protection measures. In

Communicat
the case of the Titan, being fit for purpose means having
the capability to launch safely from a surface-based
mothership, operate autonomously at depths of ion was lost

approximately 4,000 meters corresponding to the Titanic
during dive
shipwreck, and resurface for recovery by the mothership
after a dive lasting several hours.
off Canada's
coast after 1
hr 45 mins.
One day after the United States Coast Guard officially
confirmed the implosion of the missing Titan submersible,
officials then faced the daunting task of navigating. The
www.onestopndt.com | July 2023 | Issue 76 05

submersible, which was operated by the private US potential injuries or worse. Moreover, protecting the
company OceanGate Expeditions, had embarked on a environment means that the submersible should not cause
mission to explore the wreckage of the Titanic from 1912. any significant adverse impact on its surroundings, such as
pollution or disturbance to the ecosystem. However, it's
Ongoing Suspicions on Safety Overhauls Raised

important to note that this ideal scenario exists in theory.
about the Sub Deep-sea submersibles operate in a challenging and
unforgiving environment, where unforeseen

The tragic implosion of the Titan submersible has raised
circumstances can occur.

concerns regarding the vessel's potential for disaster due
to its unconventional design and the creator's refusal to

The Titan, measuring 22 feet (6.7 meters) in length and
undergo independent checks, which are standard in the

weighing 23,000 pounds (10,432 kilograms), had a larger
industry. According to U.S. Coast Guard Rear Adm. John

internal volume than its counterparts. However, even with
Mauger, all five individuals aboard the Titan lost their lives
a maximum capacity of five seated individuals, the
when the submersible was crushed near the renowned

increased size meant that it faced higher external pressure.
Titanic wreckage. The incident marked the conclusion of a

Jasper Graham-Jones, an associate professor of
large-scale international search.

mechanical and marine engineering at the University of
Ensuring safety during operation entails the absence of Plymouth in the United Kingdom, explained that
equipment damage & the prevention of harm to elongating the cabin space in a submersible leads to
passengers, ensuring their well-being and avoiding any increased pressure loads in the midsections.
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Non-destructive testing: a technique for the
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NDT is a technique used to inspect & assess the quality of

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The Group therefore called on internal and external

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Safran Engineering Services has been involved in the

research phases of these projects from the outset, and it
has developed a software suite, a veritable toolbox that
can be adapted to different testing projects.
The SMV2 software suite
This software suite, known as SMV2, has been designed for

the Group’s various use cases, from the different
Safran Nacelles' Burnley site is synonymous with the manufacture of nacelle acquisition methods - thermography, tomography,
systems and thrust reversers. In recent years, the site had been primarily
radiography and digital cameras - to the geometric
associated with the Airbus A330, but is now embarking on new programmes
such as the Airbus A320neo and Comac C919. specificities of each part & the types of peculiarities to be
investigated. The Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) have

been the subject of extensive ergonomic research to help
inspectors in their work.
Integrated into a robotized cell, the software suite
performs multiple functions. “In the case of nacelle parts, it
T
communicates with the robotized cell and controls the
infra-red camera built into the cell, as well as the flash
which heats the surface of the part. It allows images to be
his is an analyzed by an operator to detect any defects. It
supervises the entire process in real time, and stores
innovative method. information in a database which can then be used by data
scientists or production managers,” continues Marc Garas.
Others use digital An inspection report, which is used to validate the part, can
then be generated automatically.
tomography, 2D “We must also aim to constantly improve the software’s
algorithms, in close collaboration with Safran Tech, to
digital radiography obtain the best detection & characterization performance,
reduce the system’s learning time, and continue to work on
or visual inspection simplified ergonomics that facilitate analysis.”
To facilitate the deployment of NDT projects within Safran,
with high-definition an initial consortium agreement was signed at the Paris Air
Show between Safran Engineering Services, Axiome and
digital cameras Groupe ADF (LATESYS), manufacturers of the robotized
cell & integrators. “This agreement demonstrates Safran’s
confidence in our product, which is part of the
digitalization of the Group’s processes, which is known as
Manufacturing 4.0. Whether in maintenance, repair or
operations (MRO), the potential applications to be
addressed are enormous. This will enable us, by 2024, to
provide a global, high-performance, tailor-made NDT
solution, with a robotized cell and secure integrated

Marc Garas
software suite, within the Group and even beyond -– in
Application Software Service Manager

short, a major step towards digital continuity!” concludes
Safran Engineering Services Marc Garas.

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The Stingray is a low-profile, ‘high strength’ magnetic

communication
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structures such as caissons/conductors. It weighs a mere

feeds from the
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The scanner has a short umbilical, enabling deployment in
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The Technology used for Stingray

In a recent application, the system was deployed with
both conventional ultrasonics, and a bespoke technology
DRS, however, uses lower-frequency ultrasound to make
called Dynamic Response Spectroscopy (DRS), an
accurate measurements of steel WT as low frequencies
innovative ultrasonic inspection technique for corrosion
penetrate coatings more easily. Low frequencies cause
mapping through challenging coatings such as Neoprene,
the steel to vibrate at its natural frequencies (usually < 1
Polypropylene/Polyethylene, GSPU, Composite Wrap
MHz) and these vibration frequencies are used to
repairs, and Thermotite.
calculate steel WT.
A custom DRS probe mounted on the Stingray scanner,
Steel WT measurement accuracy is typically ±0.5 mm
rasters across the coating surface to construct a map of
(80% tolerance).
the underlying steel thickness. The probe is positioned
several millimetres above the inspection surface, and WT variations of <1 mm can be measured.
ultrasound is transmitted through the seawater and Steel WT measurement accuracy is typically ±0.5 mm
coating. (80% tolerance).
The probe excites the steel with a range of low ultrasonic Max steel WT = 22 mm (currently). However ongoing
frequencies and the steel responds, vibrating at natural validation for 58 mm thick steel with 3-4 mm internal
frequencies related to its thickness and the local variation cladding.
in thickness. Using advanced signal processing algorithms,
Min measurable steel WT = 3 mm (coating dependent)
these frequencies are extracted from the returning signals
and used to determine the steel thickness at each Applications of the product in the industry
location. A corrosion map is constructed using the One particular application required external inspection of
frequency content of multiple A-scans. a deepwater subsea pipeline. The challenge was that the
Where delamination type flaws exist in the coating, the pipeline had a 5mm 3-Layer Polypropylene (3LPP)
signals cannot travel into the steel. DRS can identify external coating, and an injection moulded polyurethane
disbondment or delamination of the coating. (IMPU) coating (9 mm thick) over the field joint locations,
which also required inspection. The coating was not to be
Conventional UT offers accurate measurements of steel
removed.
thickness based on reflections using high frequencies (5 –
10 MHz) signals and speed, distance, & time calculations. Onshore ‘blind’ validation trials were conducted on a
However, many coatings attenuate high-frequency signals client provided sample with numerous internal machined
rendering conventional UT often not possible. holes at varying depths/diameters to represent

differing levels of corrosion that were anticipated to be
found in the pipeline. DRS located 56, out of 60 machined
defects.
On successful completion of the onshore validations, an
offshore campaign commenced. In a bid to support the
clients’ needs to further reduce their carbon footprint,
and increased productivity, 2 scanners were deployed
simultaneously, one collecting data on the 3LPP, and the
2nd scanner inspecting through the IMPU coatings at the
field joints.
F Benefits of Stingray to the industry and NDT
professionals
There are several key benefits the Stingray scanner and
DRS offer the industry:
{ Lightweight for use with smaller Observation/
inspection class ROV’s

W e strive to lead
{ Live data collection

the way with innovative
{ Strong magnetic adhesion for use on thicker coatings
solutions, encouraging
{ Ability to conduct cleaning and deploy several
techniques simultaneously.
positive challenges and
DRS provided a solution for the client to inspect the
pipeline, without having to consider the need to remove change. So, we are
the external coating, resulting in a lower carbon footprint,
due to fewer resources required offshore.

pleased to see the
progression of our
subsea equipment
continually being
adapted to support our
clients.

The Ultimate go-to-market strategy client’s needs. We bring innovative bespoke inspection
For this job, a client we had worked for previously, solutions to the market through in-house development of
reached out to us as they were impressed with the service equipment, software, and robotics.
Sonomatic provided on that project. They asked if we had Sonomatic resides as the global market leader for ROV-
the capacity to support this new project and conduct deployed subsea inspection and Non-Intrusive Inspection
onshore validations. One of our core values is quality, we (NII) technologies. Our team is committed to providing
strive for continuous improvement to exceed accurate, proactive inspection and engineering solutions
expectations and to be known for excellence in that enable clients to make informed decisions crucial to
everything we do. Practicing this on every project helps the safe continued operation of mature assets and to
to build a good and lasting impression on our clients. manage the integrity of newly constructed ones.
In recent years, we have also updated our marketing

Other innovative products
materials and website to help build our brand presence
We have developed and adapted multiple technologies
and credibility, using the platform to educate new, old,
and techniques over the years. One example includes
and prospective clients about our business, technology, &
Sonomatic adapting existing subsea inspection
services to reach and form a good impression on them.
equipment (MAG-Rover), to enable simultaneous water
History of the company jet cleaning and ultrasonic PA data collection on a subsea
Sonomatic specialises in the design, development, and structure. A new challenge for Sonomatic with an intense
application of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) inspections. development process due to vessel operational
Since the company’s formation in the 1980s, we have timeframes. We completed the task in hand, successfully
combined these NDT processes with cutting-edge with all stakeholders very satisfied with the outcome.
integrity engineering capabilities to provide fully

integrated inspection packages that directly meet the Visit Now
Decoding NDT
Keywords: NDT, engineer, undersea, inspection, asset
integrity, subsea, commercial diving, ROV are some of the
terms used.
Engineers TECHNICAL INTRODUCTION
What exactly is a Subsea NDT Engineer?
To begin, the term "engineer" appears to have become

Exploring the Role and Specializations of
abused in the industry in recent years. As such, an
NDT Engineers in Subsea Inspections "engineer" can be a person who operates a train, works on
ship engines, designs software or programs computers,
connects networks or operates a broadcast, and now also
providing custodial services. The majority of these
occupations are technical positions that do not necessitate
a formal, validated degree in a typical engineering
Joshua de Monbrun, CEng discipline. For the purposes of this paper, engineers, as
practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent,

Technical Authority – MISTRAS Group, Inc.
design, analyze, build, & test machines, systems,
Subsea Engineer & ASNT Level III
structures, & materials to meet objectives & requirements
ABSTRACT while considering practicality, regulation, safety, and cost
constraints. In addition, we will take into account

The phrase "NDE/NDT Engineer" is becoming more
graduation from an accredited engineering program, as
common across all sectors of our industry, with little
well as membership and accreditation with a recognized
overlap in description. The goal of this presentation is to
engineering council.
describe what an NDT Engineer is, emphasize the
educational and experience backgrounds required to What exactly is a Subsea NDT Engineer?
become an NDT Engineer, and then go into detail about
It is someone who has a BSc or higher in Engineering (or a
specializing as a Subsea NDT Engineer. Most current
Science related to engineering), has significant inspection
definitions of an NDE Engineer are a combination of an
experience with offshore oil and gas and other maritime
engineer and a qualified NDT Level III, or are misapplied
infrastructure, is proficient in most NDT methods and
to jobs such as an NDT Level II Technician in some
techniques while also being a subject matter expert in
situations. This document intends to not only describe
more than one, is accredited by an engineering council and
what or who an NDT Engineer is, but also to outline the
is a member of an internationally recognized organization
roles and responsibilities of such, as well as the minimal
-
such as the American Society of Non Destructive Testing
educational and experience qualifications, as well as
(ASNT), the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing
advanced subsea industry specialty areas in which an
(BINDT), the Engineering Council (EC), the National
NDE Engineer can specialize.

Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), the American Testing, Acoustic Emission, Cathodic Protection
Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC), the Order of systems,Computed & Digital Radiography, Guided Wave,
the Engineer (OE), the American Society of Mechanical and Pipe Inspection Gauge systems (ILI; in-line-inspection)
Engineers (ASME), or the American Society of Civil are necessary. Professional certificates such as NDT Level
Engineers (ASCE). III from the American Society of Non-Destructive Testing
(ASNT) or PCN Level III from the British Institute of Non-
Occupational Understanding
Destructive Testing (BINDT) will be required. A Subsea
In addition to the above fundamental technical

NDT Engineer must also be well-versed in regulatory and
knowledge, years of experience and "Occupational

international standards requirements imposed by
Knowledge" are required as a basis for becoming an NDT

organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical
Engineer. This means that an NDT Engineer cannot

Engineers (ASME), the American Petroleum Institute (API),
simply graduate from a university. It necessitates a blend

the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
of formal education and on-the-job training.

the American Welding Society (AWS), Det Norske Veritas
(DNV GL), and others. Professional certifications in
welding and pipeline inspection from these organizations
are also highly desirable.
An NDT Engineer's job includes knowing both engineering
tasks as well as having technical NDT training, on-the-job
experience (OJT), and certification. Certification is a
documented attestation to one's practical qualifications. A
NDT Engineer's primary responsibilities include the
interaction of NDT with other engineering activities, the
This practical field experience will include extensive implications of failure, and the contribution of NDT to
knowledge and familiarity with topside and underwater asset management and life extension. Most system
systems, procedures, damage mechanisms, inspection engineers understand why and where their components
techniques, and deployment vehicles. Deployment must be inspected, but not necessarily "how" the
vehicles are merely a means of transporting the tools inspection should take place or the best potential
required to complete a task to the region of interest. technique to apply to find the damage mechanisms of
Commercial divers, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), interest. That's where the Subject Matter Expert (SME)
and autonomous vehicles are examples of underwater comes in, and as a fully educated and qualified NDT
deployment vehicles. It is not necessary to have formal Technician, you should know how to examine a component
training as a commercial diver or even a ROV pilot, properly, but not necessarily why. NDT Engineers are able
although it certainly helps! A formal education in material to bridge the gap between being a competent engineer and
properties, electronic principles, mathematics, chemistry, a subject matter expert. They can use design procedures,
and corrosion analysis, as well as technical project such as material selection, to fulfill NDT and construction
management, should be required of the Subsea NDT requirements, as well as undertake root cause analysis,
Engineer. Experience and training in Advanced NDT fracture mechanics, and failure analysis, and learn from
methods such as Electromagnetic Testing, Ultrasonic experience (LFE).

Acquiring experience is essential, but so is putting that more confined and less accessible environment. The
experience to use. An NDT Engineer must critically apply majority of underwater work occurs in uncomfortable
knowledge of concepts, principles, and theories of environments, with little to no visibility, rather than in nice,
developing technology relevant to the interdisciplinary clear, warm, tropical locales. A Subsea NDT Engineer must
fields of NDT. An NDT Engineer must have advanced skills be skilled both above and below the waterline.
in NDT methods substantiating their lead competency role
Offshore
within the subsea sector, but also be able to work in ALL
sectors, such as aerospace, nuclear, etc. Analyze When thinking of NDT inspection of subsea or underwater
engineering challenges by selecting and using assets, offshore oil platforms and pipelines appear to be
mathematical and theoretical data to deliver appropriate the first things that come to mind. It is a massive industry,
NDT solutions while keeping the complete inspection cycle with the Gulf of Mexico alone accounting for more than
in mind. Finally, apply engineering knowledge to the 80% of all billable underwater commercial diving hours
development, operation, maintenance, and advancement worldwide. The inspections covered by it are not your
of NDT technology. standard NDT methods. Yes, there are many Visual and
Ultrasonic Thickness measurements being performed, as
APPLICATIONS well as underwater Magnetic Particle inspections
Topside/Inland (although ACFM is taking over), but in these remote

locations, particularly in low-visibility or difficult-to-access
Yes, Subsea NDT Engineers also work topside. The great
environments, Advanced NDT methods are gradually
bulk of education, training, and practical experience is
taking over. This is also true for the usage of ROVs, where
gained on land before being adapted for use in underwater
technology is being deployed to eliminate the human
or subsea conditions. We know that most of the
aspect, not only for enhanced trust in data collecting, but
technology we use in the field of NDT, notably the
also for reduced human exposure to risky conditions.
Ultrasonic and Radiographic methods, initially emerged
Technology is advancing quickly these days, so we are
and were utilized by the medical field before being
seeing an increase in the use of Advanced NDT techniques
appropriated and adapted for use in the industrial
used underwater such as Automated Ultrasonic Testing
applications we are more familiar with. The same is true
(AUT), Shear wave and Phased Array Ultrasonic (PAUT) for
about these technologies being further modified for usage
full volumetric weld inspections as well as corrosion
in underwater environments. Most assets in subsea or
mapping or crack detection and sizing, Electromagnetic
underwater environments have or are linked to topside
Testing techniques such as Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) and
components in some way, so complete inspections require
Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM),
the use of both topside and underwater techniques.
Computed and Digital Radiography (CR/DR), Cathodic
Offshore platforms, ships, barges, risers, pipes, bridges,
Protection and potential readings (CP), Computed and
docks, berths, above ground storage tanks, water towers,
Digital Radiography (CR/DR), just to name a few.
water intake facilities, amusement parks, hydroelectric
dams, and, yes, nuclear reactor pools. The list is endless. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SUBSEA SECTOR
Most importantly, one must first understand the
Over the last few decades, there has been a rising need to
technologies and techniques available to them on the
change the "status quo" of how underwater or subsea
surface before attempting to employ them effectively in a

assets have been inspected. Underwater assets are "out of inspections are more difficult to execute, they are always
sight, and out of mind" for most industries. This is not in a "confined space" (underwater), on components whose
always the case, but it was for many years. Today, we can failure would be catastrophic, wouldn't it seem logical to
see that a shift has begun. Unfortunately, this drive is require inspections by specialists who are proficient in the
fuelled in part by large disasters that frequently make use of those techniques and technologies?
headlines. However, we will not go into depth about those
here.
Subsea assets, by definition, operate in a more invasive and
hostile environment, and their failure can have a
substantial impact not just on a company's bottom line, but
also on the environment in which they operate. This would
naturally lead to more frequent monitoring of those assets,
as their failure is more costly. Because these assets are in a
more hazardous environment, one would assume that such
inspections would require a more competent and
experienced specialist. This is not always the case; in fact, Figure 1: Diver with UTT scope and A-Scan.
most of these inspections are assigned to commercial
diving organizations, who send out a "jack-of-all-trades" Case Study:
diver to carry out whatever NDT task the Owner requests. This is a simple example, chosen since it has proven to be
Normally, no one would hand an ultrasonic thickness scope the most commonly abused the past 40 years. Most codes
to a rock climber and have them climb up their flare tower state that ultrasonic thickness measurements cannot be
to take UT thickness readings on a pipeline. Not without accepted by a unit that only has a digital thickness
the necessary training, documented experience hours, readout, but must be performed with either a flaw
validated qualifications, and current certifications. In detector or a machine capable of producing an ultrasonic
contrast, the industry should not put a UT scope in the A-Scan in addition to a digital readout (Figure 1).
hands of a diver to do the same thing underwater. Diving, However, until recently, the technology available for hand-
ROV piloting, and rope access certifications are not held, underwater UT thickness scopes was designed to be
qualifications that enable effective inspections. They are confined to a digital thickness display (Figure 2). From a
simply vehicles that transport the qualified and certified fundamental standpoint, this need makes perfect sense, as
inspector to the location of the work. Inspections carried all interpretation and sizing must occur from the A-Scan
out in this manner are frequently insufficient, and do not data and interpreting the waveform. We have no means of
provide the type of quality data required to accurately knowing if the digital thickness reading is accurate and
assess a system's current condition. Unfortunately, a reproducible without an A-Scan display. Is this reading the
culture and history of allowing divers with minimal or no ID connected remaining wall thickness of the material or a
NDT training to conduct underwater inspections has mid-wall inclusion or lamination? The majority of asset
developed over the years, without holding them to the owners would also rely on the contractor providing the
same qualification and certification practices required for service to ensure that the individuals operating the
the same inspection of a topside asset. As subsea
equipment were properly trained and certified. Routinely, these schemes. Although this is a good start, these courses
this meant simply familiarizing themselves with the UT only cover the practical use of standard NDT methods such
system, perhaps with a short training course, rather than a as visual/tactile, ultrasonic thickness, magnetic
full-fledged internal company NDT program complete with particle,video/still photography, and cathodic potential
written practice, procedures, training, written certification readings. Unfortunately, these are not recognized NDT
exams, practical demonstrations, etc., proctored by a certifications the same as our topside counterparts are
qualified NDT Level III. Other times, they may invite a required. The transition is underway, & numerous
topside NDT technician to wave a wand over the diver, companies are now requiring individuals with these
magically transforming them into a "NDT Trainee," and qualifications to perform asset inspections. This pattern
then walking them through manipulating the tool while on will continue, as will the demand for more qualified
site. In this way, the actual certified technician can observe underwater inspection personnel with advanced
the diver on a video monitor, directing them through the inspection training & experience, who hold internationally
inspection procedures, and then sign off on a "job well recognized professional certificates, preferably from a
done". No owner/operator would tolerate such activity on central certification scheme of some kind.
any of their topside assets, so why has it been tolerated for

Over the last few years, there have also been more
so long underwater?
reference guides written and used in an attempt to develop
norms for specific sectors of the industry. In 1999, the
International Institute of Welding (TIIW) issued a paper
titled "Non-Destructive Examination of Underwater
Welded Steel Structures" (1).
Despite its simplicity, the information was able to
introduce people to the idea that many classic NDT
methods may be utilized underwater for the examination
of welded steel structures. Many additional papers have
since been released with updated information and
technologies that we see being used today. To mention a
few, "Subsea Pipeline Integrity and Risk Management" (2),

Figure 2: Diver employing solely the UTT digital readout.
"Subsea Inspection Controller" (3), and "Image-Based
CHANGE-MAKING ORGANIZATIONS Damage Assessment for Underwater Inspections" (4).
Aside from privately published guidelines or internal

There are no ASNT or BINDT/PCN guidelines or
procedures drafted by subject matter experts, institutions
recommendations for underwater NDT inspection
such as the American Society of Civil Engineers have
personnel training & certification at this time. The
begun to issue publications such as their "Waterfront
Certification Scheme for Weldment Inspection Personnel
Facilities Inspection and Assessment" (5).
(CSWIP) is the only organization that currently offers
training and certification. Underwater training for Diver

CONCLUSION
Inspectors (3.1u, 3.2u), ROV Inspectors (3.3u), &
So, why are specialized NDT engineers required? The
Underwater Inspection Controllers (3.4u) is included in

expected answer in today's world is always "SAFETY"! Yes, REFERENCES
safety is a factor, but as with most industries, it all boils
Davey, V S, 1999, Non-destructive Examination of
down to the economic benefits. Hire one individual who
Underwater Welded Steel Structures, Cambridge,
can perform the duties of multiple individuals. NDT
England: Abington
Engineers bridge the gap between what has to be done and
Bai, Yong and Qiang, 2014, “Subsea Pipeline Assessment

knowing the most feasible and cost-effective approaches
for Underwater Inspections,” Gulf Publishing

to accomplish what's required. Because of their technical
understanding of codes and regulations, as well as their Clancy, A, 2017. “Subsea Inspection Controller”,
experience and competence in advanced inspection #inspector2U
technologies and techniques, NDT Engineers can impact

O’Byrne, M, 2018, “Image-Based Damage Assessment for
greater production output with decreased program costs.
Underwater Inspections”, CRC Press
Overall inspection durations are reduced by using the most
Waterfront Inspection Task Committee, 2015,
appropriate and efficient inspection techniques to collect
“Waterfront Facilities Inspection and Assessment”,
the most relevant data. As a result, probability of detection
American Society of Civil Engineers
and the data's dependability and usability improve.
Integrating all of the above will boost not only safety but
also revenue. More efficient "bottom-time" = maximized
"bottom-line"!
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Innovation Beneath
the Waves
? Paul, as the Director of Lizard NDE, subsea array for nodal joints & the
we're eager to learn about your LP184SR high lift off flat array for flat
company's fascinating involvement in plate and they both performed
subsea inspection technology. Could
perfectly, far exceeding the
you walk us through the pivotal
expectations required. That was when
moments or breakthroughs that have
we knew as a company that we should
shaped your journey?
seriously re-visit what was the original
Paul Bentley Thank you for inviting me. It really has
home of the Lizard innovation, the
Director - Lizard NDE Ltd been quite a journey. Lizard
subsea market, & apply the knowledge
technology had become directed
we had gleaned over the many
towards topside operations, rail &
preceding years of topside
infrastructure in particular, for many
development towards this new
years and following company
direction. In fact, many of our recent
restructure decided to re-enter the
topside innovations have been the
subsea arena after invitation from
direct result of our developments
Aker Solutions & Oceanscan of
towards offshore applications so the
Norway and Oceaneering to
new approach has really benefited us.
participate in projects for robotic
Lizard NDE's inspection. These were my first

One of our strengths is that the Lizard
technology has always had the

projects where I was both fully
Journey in responsible from design through to

advantage of both Bx & Bz responses
in impedance format, giving the user a

delivery & applying the Lizard
Revolutionary technology to, what was for me at

secondary data output that as well as
a detection & advanced analysis data-

least as my background was nearly all
Subsea topside until this point, an entirely

stream in itself also provides for lift
off (distance of sensor to conductive

new arena of subsea & all the
Inspection challenges involved with such a

piece) and therefore position
understanding of the array during

difficult environment. The result was
Technology the Lizard LP180SR 12 channel

operation. Lizard’s breakthrough
moment was to better incorporate

that output to enable the array to have been extremely successful in the arrays being triple insulated from
transmit what is essentially distance continuing evolution of the Lizard seawater ingress for example. Of
feedback to the operator & methodology and resulting products. course, the main advantage is we
manipulation controller. By providing ensure the Lizard array does not
this output the robotic probe sweep
? Additionally, why do you believe require physical contact with the
subsea inspection technology plays a
can be far easier controlled than by contact piece to operate, therefore
crucial role in the broader industry
camera’s alone, giving an almost zero highly reducing the chance of wear
landscape?
latency out-put per Bx sensor and full and damage to the array face. The
control of each array sensor response It is vital that the subsea inspection Lizard Dive system uses and ultra-low
down to an individual level if required. technology keeps pace with the AC power and as such is far safer than
requirements of the industry as assets DC with an instant alert for power/
worldwide reach operational life. comms failures (another subsea
Early detection of what may initially regular occurrence) although the
be unnoticeable events using Lizard Dive can also be battery
traditional NDT methods could powered in such an event.
prevent expensive failure in the
LP100S – Quad Array (4Bx/4Bz) Handheld Weld future. In today’s environment it is
Probe
vital that existing assets are properly
There are some maintained to enable the needed

worldwide supply, especially with
extremely interesting many reaching or exceeding original
operational life. Lizard M8XL Topside System with LP184T in
and innovative carriage mount
In addition, as I have already
solutions coming soon, mentioned, the offshore industry Other examples of offshore support is
the issuance via download of
requirements drive innovation that
I’ll make sure your can be applied for other sectors.
replacement Lizard software for our
customers with no additional fee or
readers have the ? What are the key challenges license cost. Use of the software for
exclusive when the associated with subsea inspections, subsea or topside operations is
and how does Lizard NDE address virtually the same, allowing users to
timing is correct! them through its advanced NDT easily transfer to differing
In addition, our decision to work technologies? applications as needed. In addition, for
together with Oceanscan of Aberdeen many offshore operations deep water
If something can go wrong offshore, it
to enable the rental of Lizard products functionality is not required, for this
generally does! To list all of the
for the first time in the UK has been instance we enable the topside Lizard
operational challenges associated
another major step. That plus our M8 XL to operate a probe senor
with offshore works would take an
continued works with Dr Alessandro extension cable of up to 200M in
extremely long answer! We try to
Demma of Xcel Inspection, here we length to allow for subsea data
mitigate as much as we can, all subsea
www.onestopndt.com | J uly 2023 | Issue 76 28

23
collection through the topside unit, liaise with the client at every step to requirements & making life far easier
vastly extending the range of ensure the array configuration will be for the operator. Knowing for certain
inspection capabilities with the simple correct according to the manipulation that the region you have just
inclusion of a cable and subsea Lizard requirements, with 3D printed mock inspected has actually been correctly
probe type. ups used to guarantee agreement of addressed ensures a far more
final design specification. It is by confident & relaxed inspection

As an even simpler example, due to
working in such close collaboration environment for all involved.

the connectivity of the Lizard M8XL,
with our clients, partners and friends

the user can operate many standard
that we have learnt so much along our

eddy current probe types for many ET
journey, I must here say thank you to

based tasks & even Conductivity
all on the LP180SR, LP184SR, and

Measurement as an option within a
LP170SR projects, again I’m sure I’m

drop down menu of the software. Our
under confidentiality somewhere but

approach is to make the Lizard the go
you know who you are!

LP180SR In Use – Oceantech Manipulation System
to for electromagnetic based tasks, an
The brother of the LP180SR, the

electro-magnetic toolbox approach if The LP180SR and LP184 are perhaps
LP184SR, is designed as a flat array,

you will. our best recent examples of the Lizard
designed to operate at a great

innovation towards offshore and how
? Could you highlight some of the

distance from the conductive piece,
we approach the task differently to
innovative subsea inspection
such as to enable the inspection of a
others. Both probe types utilise the
technologies developed by Lizard
weld cap in a floor plate in a single
Lizard Field Gradient Imaging sensor
NDE and how they have improved the
pass. Again, due to the FGI technology

efficiency and accuracy of technology which has proved
employed the contact of field to the

inspections? incredibly effective in real world
conductive piece can be monitored

operations for speed & accuracy of
We work closely with our clients to
and as such enabling a very quick and
detection plus ease of use. Complex
design the array with the intended
confident inspection with zero contact
geometries are catered for by the
application in mind from day rom the
of the array. Many customers have
LP180SR, having 6 independent
outset we must understand the
found that the FGI output can replace
sensor pairs of Bx & Bz fitted to 3
application itself (geometry, material
cameras & associated lighting & power
flanks of the array face. By angling the
type, thickness coating, physical
requirements from crawler use of the
array to the weld or structure the
hindrances & tolerances to name just a
Lizard technology and when combined
array operates 4 of these 6 pairs,
few) and the restrictions imposed by
with the FGI C-Scan Colour Imaging
software selectable, to address the
the manipulation and deployment
Mode within the Lizard software
geometric variability of the piece
method. Each case can be wildly
results in extremely quick & confident
without requirement to turn the array
different and it’s with this knowledge
inspection of many applications.
manipulation system 180 degrees.
we can begin to approach the senor
Data collection speed can be varied & Again, remember that Lizard is
design requirement and work with our
later corrected for in simple software, providing Bx and Bz as a pure

client to find the most suitable array
reducing the difficulties once again of impedance output which can be

type & a working operational
the manipulation system altered both physically (drop down

procedure of use. We use can then
www.onestopndt.com |J 22 |
uly 0 3 Issue 76 24
frequency and gain change) and via software is extremely good at data involved. Here we worked together to
software (Lizard Adjustment menu). analysis, allowing for length and depth provide an array in line with the
Therefore, all responses can be interpretation using the easy to use requirements of the Bluestream
tailored, per channel, to differing Sizing menu. Since we have the pure Gobiesox Subsea Manipulation
output configurations with respective impedance of each event and full system, a truly remarkable innovation
sensitivities and various display control of each of these outputs that utilises downward thrust to
modes. That is an incredibly powerful throughout the suite Lizard can make maintain grip and deployment of the
‘all in one’ and again displays our a far clear assessment of each and array without the requirement of
‘electromagnetic toolbox’ approach. every event. The output from Lizard magnets.
? How does Lizard NDE's subsea campaigns & close monitoring of The resulting LP170SR array (our
inspection technology contribute to known events over time have allowed latest subsea array type) provides for
enhancing the safety and integrity of many clients to investigate and a 7 channel pair of Bx/Bz, again
underwater structures and resolve say, design flaws with a whole switchable like the LP180SR. Housed
equipment? swathe of clear information. in a very small enclosure, the LP170SR
By increasing the level of Field Our innovations towards ROV based is the perfect fit to the Gobiesox.
Coupling (Lift Off), our technology is diver-less campaigns are also a good
capable of ensuring that most example of how Lizard is helping to
standard structures can be catered for reduce the risk to human personal
without coating removal. That is a through the requirements of offshore
huge benefit for many operations, the data acquisition at depth or other
complete non-invasiveness of the dangerous locations. ROV’s & robots
Lizard. No couplant or similar is are very unlikely to replace divers in
Original Gobiesox with LP170SR Lizard Array
required and so the Lizard is the wider sense however enabling a Fitted
incredibly environmentally friendly. robot activity that can stay at depth
? What are the major advancements
for longer duration yet still accurately
or trends you foresee in subsea
acquire the required scan collection inspection using NDT in the near
activity is a real step forward. future?
? Can you share some success stories Increase in crawler innovations,

or case studies where Lizard NDE's smaller, smarter and more responsive
subsea inspection technology made a manipulation systems. I’ve seen some
Lizard Dive – 2023 Small Housing Version significant impact on the operational great examples out there of clever
performance or maintenance innovations in the robotic
A simple example is that we use nickel
strategies of clients?
metal hydride (NiMH) batteries for manipulation and control that only a
our Lizard products rather than Our works with Bluestream Offshore few years ago would have been nigh
lithium, a safer alternative and easy to in the Netherlands is a true example of on impossible. I also see the increased
transport offshore. our collaboration approach with our use of offshore ROV based campaigns
clients, a great success story for all being run from onshore operations
Of course, the powerful Lizard Sizing

sites via internet and more than likely understand the causes of failure such We mostly receive requests for tools
AI having some involvement that sometimes a very small for inspection of locations where
somewhere! engineering change can then address. human intervention would be nigh on
impossible and as such these assets

Actually, Lizard has a long history of
? How does Lizard NDE ensure the
now requiring inspection will always
reliability and quality of data supporting the offshore industry with
need clever innovations to achieve the

obtained through subsea inspections, our technology, one of our highlights
required confidence of operation.

and how is this data utilized by clients was the extension of the lifetime of
to make informed decisions? Therefore it is very common for us to

HMS Fearless for the UK Ministry of
have to work within very tight

Each Lizard data file contains the Defence (now finally decommissioned
tolerances and in very close contact

individual Gain responses of each Bx so I can tell you!). There the Lizard
with our clients to ensure the best

and Bz channel, plus visual read out of technology was influential in an
outcome of the application. In addition

interrogating field to conductive piece extension for some 5 years past
there is a large move towards use of

and timestamped as a basic function operational life following Lizards work
ROV’s or other automated means of

of the Lizard software. Our proven for corrosion monitoring and
data collection where accurate scan

procedure ensures reference data is detection of the fuel tanks where steel
acquisition is paramount, a task that is

collected in addition such that plate had been corroded by a
simple for a human diver’s hand is

comparison of data output against biological agent within the diesel fuel.
incredibly difficult to replicate by a

known piece is always available, with There are many many examples I could
robot, at depth, however I am still

data packets being incredibly small share with you however it’s highly
surprised at just how good the recent

and easily shareable to others for likely I’m under a confidentiality
innovations in crawler and

further action or comment for agreement but at least I can share this
manipulation control has become in

example. The powerful sizing tool example!
such a short time and Lizard are

within Lizard allows clients to monitor
? Could you discuss the role of absolutely committed to keeping pace
events for example, returning to
automation and robotics in subsea
with our own innovations and helping
known stress points at measure
inspection, and how Lizard NDE
our clients world wide.
growth (or not) of known events and incorporates these technologies to
by extension enabling clients to enhance inspection capabilities?
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Fundamentals
Fundamentals Months-Long
of NDT for Oil Released!
Subsea and Deepwater
Horizon Spill,
Off-shore
Introduction
Known as the
The vast expanse of oceans & seas, where subsea &
offshore structures stand tall, is also the grounds of the

Macondo Blowout,
Ravaged the Sea
battle between man-made ingenuity & the unyielding
forces of nature in marine environments. Structures like oil
rigs, pipelines, & underwater cables, are exposed to various
environmental factors that can harm their integrity.

The Deepwater Horizon spill, also called the Macondo
The consequences faced by operating in the dynamic & blowout, released oil into the sea for approximately a
ruthless realm of marine environments are severe & period of three months. Multiple fire containment and
factors like extreme weather events, seabed conditions, remedial efforts were made, however, the rig collapsed
corrosion, wave and current forces, & subsea geohazards into the Gulf of Mexico.
can cause failure or damage to these structures.

This incident caused around 4.9 million barrels of crude oil
Failure or damage of such structures may cause major oil to be released into the Gulf, causing harm to the marine life
spills, interruption of energy supplies, contamination of and animal life that depended on the water source. This
the environment, and risk to human health and life. also affected the livelihoods of fishermen and the coaster
The need for increased safety measures, environmental community and affected tourism in the region.
preservation, or stricter regulations was realized as This event also highlighted the dire need to employ
recently as 2010. The phenomenon that caused it was the thorough inspection and maintenance of subsea and
blowout in the Deepwater Horizon rig, induced by the offshore vehicles & infrastructure. NDT caught on as a
failure of its safety systems, which also included the failure crucial methodology to evaluate the condition of the
of the blowout preventer (BOP). components or infrastructures under study and aided in
identifying potential points of failure or defects.

The tragic implosion of the Titan submersible built by the c NDT methods do not cause damage to the subject
American company OceanGate in the North Atlantic under test; hence they can be used to test subsea and
Ocean on 18th June 2023, is a testament to the necessity offshore components and structures without affecting
of responsible testing and quality control practices in their integrity or operability.
industries. Numerous safety concerns were dismissed by c NDT methods can obtain data on potential defects,
CEO Mr. Stockton Rush, who asserted that emphasizing fl aws, and degradation in structures, pipelines, and
safety impedes innovation. As a result of his disregard for equipment, consequently contributing to the overall
safety and testing procedures, Mr. Rush met his untimely safety of subsea and offshore applications. Premature
demise in the submersible disaster. detection of defects enables timely remedial actions
and reduces the probability of accidents, damage to the
TYPES OF NDT METHODS FOR SUBSEA AND
environment, and loss of revenue due to downtime.
OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS
Some of the key Non-destructive testing methods c NDT techniques can provide economical solutions for
employed in subsea and offshore applications are: maintenance and inspection programs for subsea and
offshore applications. Identification of areas of concern
c Visual Inspection (VI)
can enable industries to resources and efforts towards
c Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT) vital elements. This reduces unnecessary maintenance
c Radiographic Testing (RT) and repair processes.
c Ultrasonic Testing (UT) c NDT permits meticulous analyses of large sections or

lengths of subsea pipelines and structures. Advanced
c Eddy Current Testing (ECT)
techniques like PAUT and GWT, enable faster data
The selection of Non-destructive testing methods depends
acquisition and provide data on defects and
on the properties of the material under inspection, the
deformities.
accessibility of the test area, and the type of defect being
c NDT techniques are versatile and apply to a variety of
targeted for detection.
materials that include metals, composites, and non-
metals. This versatility permits the inspection of a
variety of test subjects.
The disadvantages of NDT techniques in subsea and

offshore applications are as follows:
c Smaller or hidden defects are often hard to detect using

NDT. The sensitivity of the method and operators’
(Image credits: ndtinspect.com) knowledge and skill can affect the detection
capabilities. This may lead to errors or
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF NDT
misinterpretation of defects.
TECHNIQUES IN SUBSEA AND OFFSHORE
c NDT methods require skilled and trained operators.
APPLICATIONS
Operating the equipment, acquiring data, and making
The advantages of NDT techniques in subsea and offshore
correct inferences are of utmost priority.
applications are as follows:

Some NDT techniques require specific surface Subsea pipelines: NDT techniques like Magnetic
conditions (e.g., Ultrasonic Testing) to obtain optimal Particle Inspection (MPI) and ultrasonic testing are
results. Subsea and offshore environments may cause used to assess subsea pipelines for the presence of
corrosion and marine growth on test subjects, and prior defects and corrosion. These methods can also be used
surface preparation may be required to conduct tests. to check the pipeline wall thickness. Potential leaks and
failures can be anticipated using these methods.

Equipment limitations hinder the testing process.
Depth restrictions, Inaccessibility, and Environmental Subsea risers: Subsea risers connect subsea wellheads
factors contribute to the ability of the test apparatus to the surface facilities. Methods like Ultrasonic Testing
to operate. (UT), Visual Inspection (VI), etc. are used to check for
any defects, deterioration, or cracks. This helps
Skilled interpretation of results is essential to
determine the extent and significance of damage on

’
evaluate any potential risks to the risers integrity.
test subjects, as well as remedial actions. Test outcomes Subsea s tructures: Subsea structures (e.g., platform
may vary between operators, leading to inconsistencies jackets or subsea manifolds) are often inspected using
in data. techniques like Visual Inspection (VI) and Acoustic

Emission Testing (AET). These assessments aid with the
detection of fatigue cracks, damage, or corrosion that
may cause failure in the structural integrity of such
structures.
Bl owout preventers (BOP): BOPs are safety devices

that help control oil and gas well blowouts. BOP
components (e.g., shear rams and hydraulic systems)
are assessed using techniques like Ultrasonic Testing
It is imperative to consider the advantages and (UT) and Radiographic Testing (RT).
disadvantages of NDT methods while implementing them Weld Inspection: NDT techniques such as Magnetic
in subsea and offshore applications. Thorough Particle Testing (MPT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and
comprehension, planning, and training are essential to Radiographic Testing (RT) are used to test for weld
maximize the benefits of Non-destructive testing. defects such as cracks, porosity, or insufficient fusion.
Welds in subsea pipelines, offshore platforms, and

APPLICATIONS OF NDT METHODS IN SUBSEA
structural components.
AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES
De e t cting corrosion: Corrosion-related deterioration

Non-destructive testing has numerous applications in the
may be tested using NDT techniques such as Ultrasonic
subsea and offshore industries. Non-destructive testing
Testing (UT), Radiographic Testing (RT), and visual
methods are employed to gauge the quality, safety, and
inspection ( VI). Subsea and offshore industries depend
structural integrity of subsea and offshore equipment,
on NDT techniques to evaluate the state of corrosion in
components, and structures.
structures, equipment, and pipelines.
Some key applications of NDT methods in subsea and
Thi ckness Measurement: Electromagnetic Testing
offshore industries include:

techniques such as Eddy Current Testing (ECT) & Eddy testing methodologies are of priority to meet modern-day
Current Array Testing (ECA) aid in the thickness technological demands.
measurement of structural components, pipelines, and
vessels. Apart from the structural integrity, thickness
measurement helps gauge the thinning due to
corrosion or erosion and helps assess the lifetime of
the subject.
Material Composition: The quality and properties of
materials used in offshore and subsea applications can
be evaluated using NDT methods like Ultrasonic Testing
(UT), Radiographic Testing (RT), and Magnetic Particle Some of the emerging techniques in Non-destructive
Testing (MPT). This helps verify the materials’ testing for subsea and offshore industries are:
adherence to the industry specification, standards, and

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT): Phased Array
regulatory requirements.
Ultrasonic Testing uses multiple transducers to induce
Condition Monitoring: NDT methods like Acoustic and receive ultrasonic waves. The transducer elements
Emission Testing (AET) AND Vibration Analysis are can be controlled and their properties like amplitude
used to analyze the acoustic or vibration signals etc. can be adjusted to electronically scan a component
emitted from the structure under inspection. This or structure. PAUT can be used to inspect weld defects,
ensures the detection of degradation, deformities, and pipelines, & other vital elements in a subsea & offshore
defects, ensuring thorough maintenance and structure.
prevention of structural failure.

Digital Radiography: This technique employs the use of
Offshore Platform Inspection: The structural integrity, digital detectors instead of radiographic films to obtain
presence of weld defects, corrosion, etc. of an offshore X-ray and Gamma-ray images. Difficult-to-access areas
platform are detected using NDT techniques like Visual in subsea & offshore structures can be tested using this
Inspection (VI), Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT), NDT method as it provides real-time image
Radiographic Testing (RT), and Ultrasonic Testing (UT). manipulation & analysis, faster image acquisition, &
sharper images.
Regulatory requirements, test subject characteristics,
working environment, and other factors play an important Eddy Current Array Testing (ECA): Eddy Current Array
role in the testing procedures, frequency, and modus Testing is an advanced method of Eddy Current Testing
operandi. NDT methods have great potential in the subsea that can be used on conductive materials to check for
and offshore industry and are critical to their smooth surface and near-surface defects. ECA uses an array of
operation. sensors to provide a quick and thorough inspection of
non-ferromagnetic elements of subsea and offshore
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN NDT FOR

structures and components.
SUBSEA AND OFFSHORE
Remote Visual Inspection (RVI): This method uses
Technological advancements have led to an evolution in

remotely operated cameras and robotic mechanisms to
the field of Non-destructive Testing. Efficient and accurate

inspect hard-to-access areas. RVI can conduct visual equipment & their reaction to their environment with time
inspections using mobility mechanisms, lighting, and Detection of defects, anomalies and degradation using
advanced cameras to assess subsea structures, NDT methodologies ensures timely maintenance, repair,
equipment, and pipelines. and replacement of damaged or vital elements. This
safeguards industries from untoward incidents and
; Time-of-flight Diffraction (TOFD): This NDT method
hazards to human life.
utilized diffracted signals to detect defects in welds and
The domain of Non-destructive testing methods is ever
other elements. This method provides depth sizing and
expanding due its to demand and relevance to modern
imaging, making it an efficient choice to assess welds in
engineering, and methods like Phased Array Ultrasonic
subsea and offshore structures and elements.
Testing, Guide Wave Testing, and Radiographic Testing
; Guide Wave Testing (GWT): GWT employs the use of provide vital data on a large variety of subjects, which
low-frequency guided ultrasonic waves to evaluate long helps elevate the quality of human engineering
lengths of structures or pipelines from a single access capabilities.
point. This method is useful in detecting variations in
The amalgamation of Artificial Intelligence and Machine
wall thickness along the length of the test subject,
Learning with NDT technology has kick-started the
corrosion, and erosion. The test area covered from a
possibility of automated operations and testing. Efficient
single access point is large in the case of GWT, hence
maintenance strategies can be planned with these
making it a viable testing option for large-scale
methods, which in turn increases their reliability.
structures and machinery.
Researchers, industries, and governing bodies need to
; Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Artificial collaborate to keep up with NDT methods with the
Intelligence and Machine Learning are being used to constant evolution of the subsea and offshore industries.
automate NDT testing processes using data analysis, Non-destructive testing is a vital element of risk
predictive analytics, and pattern recognition. The mitigation, quality assurance, and asset integrity
transition of the field of NDT into Industry 4.0 uses management. By efficiently utilizing the principles of Non-
such techniques to enable efficient evaluations in destructive testing and newer technology, we can navigate
subsea and offshore environments. the complex challenges of subsea and offshore operations
and build a culture of safety, reliability, and responsibility
The future of NDT is bright and illustrated with newer
towards the environment.
technologies that provide improvements in speed,
accuracy, inspection, and data analysis which help ensure
the longevity and safety of essential components and
structures in the offshore and subsea industry.
CONCLUSION
The fundamental concepts of NDT, which include
techniques like Ultrasonic Testing, Radiographic Testing,
Visual Inspection, & Magnetic Particle Testing provide a
deeper perspective into the state of offshore and subsea .

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Unleashing the Power of
Remotely Operated Vehicles
(ROVs) in Subsea Component
Inspections
Introduction of nature, enabling researchers, engineers, and those
curious in accessing otherwise inaccessible locations of

Remotely Operated Vehicles, or ROVs were developed in
experimentation and research, further broadening

the 1960s to retrieve underwater missiles, mines, and
mankind’s perspective of the world we operate in.

other naval weapons. ROVs have hence become a
successful tool for various industries and are often used in

The Evolution of Subsea Component
deep-sea research, retrieval, and rescue missions.
Inspections
Similar technology, operated by Jean-Louis Michel and

ROVs are generally used in subsea component inspection
Robert Ballard aboard the French research vehicle RV Le

in various industries like oil and gas, offshore renewable
Suroît, named Argo/Jason was used in the hunt for the

energy, underwater research, and marine salvage
RMS Titanic debris that sunk after a collision with an

operations. Quality testing and structural health
iceberg on its doomed maiden voyage. Argo is a remotely

assessments of subsea infrastructure depend heavily on
operated deep-sea vehicle, that used SONARs and cameras

the abilities of ROVs.
to map out the ocean floor and locate the position of the
test subjects. The Argo is towed behind a ship that
transports the ROV to the search location and has a two-
body ROV called Jason, developed by the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Former prototypes of
the ROV named Jason Jr. (1991), Hercules (2021), and
Argus (2021) were lost at sea, however, Jason managed to
recover the latter two ROVs as they were less than 200
miles away from its location.
Image of a Remotely Operated Vehicle (Image credits: ScienceDirect.com)

ROVs bridge the gap between human ability and the forces

The evolution of subsea components has been accelerated G The evolution of subsea components has also led to
by the rapid advancements in technology, industry advancements in intervention and maintenance
demands, and the need to operate in increasingly techniques. ROVs and Autonomous Underwater
challenging subsea terrain. Significant developments in Vehicles (AUVs) are extensively used for inspections,
materials, design, manufacturing techniques, and repairs, and maintenance activities on subsea
monitoring systems for subsea technology and infrastructure. This has greatly improved the
infrastructure over the past few decades have further accessibility and serviceability of subsea components,
expedited the process. reducing the need for expensive and laborious
Some notable aspects of the evolution of subsea interventions.
components are: G Subsea control systems have also evolved with the
G Advancements in material science have led to the facilitation of remote monitoring and control
utilization of more resilient materials, which can components. This technology enables operators to
withstand the unforgiving conditions in deep-sea, remotely operate valves, actuators, and other subsea
including high pressures, corrosive seawater, and equipment. Advances in control systems have led to the
extreme temperatures. Carbon steel which was the development of subsea control modules, umbilicals, and
traditionally preferred material has now been replaced master control stations that improve their efficiency
or supplemented by corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) and reliability.
which include stainless steel, nickel-based alloys, etc. G Instrumentation and monitoring systems in the deep
Coatings such as epoxy or polyethylene are also sea have become progressively sophisticated. Sensors
applied to protect the material from corrosion. and data acquisition systems monitor different
G Structural analysis techniques like finite element parameters, including pressure, temperature, flow
analysis (FEM) have helped evolve the design of subsea rates, corrosion rates, and structural integrity.
components to ensure structural integrity and Continuous monitoring and early detection of potential
optimized designs for various loading conditions. issues are now possible because of real-time data
Components are designed to withstand extreme transmission and communication systems. These
external pressures, internal stress, and various features enhance safety and operational efficiency.
external factors. Rigorous testing procedures such as The evolution of subsea components has been focused on
pressure and fatigue testing are also carried out to increasing their durability, reliability, and performance in
assess their performance. demanding subsea environments. The development of
G Robust and watertight connections in challenging material sciences and materials, advanced designs,
subsea environments are ensured with the use of augmented sealing systems, enhanced control systems,
specialized connectors and hydraulic couplings. and monitoring technologies have significantly
Sealings and connector systems have undergone contributed to the safe and efficient operation of subsea
massive improvements with the use of elastomeric infrastructure.
materials, metal-to-metal seals, and composite gaskets Continuous improvement drives the evolution of subsea
to ensure long-term sealing integrity. components, focusing on sustainability, cost-effectiveness,
and environmental consciousness.

ROVs in Action: Examining Subsea Components and Eddy current testing. These methods enable the
Thorough inspection, assessment, and analysis of various assessment of critical parameters such as wall
elements of underwater infrastructure are imperative in thickness, material properties, and the presence of
the examination of subsea components. This ensures their cracks or deformities.
integrity, performance, and adherence to safety and
t Subsea components are susceptible to corrosion due to
regulatory standards.
the corrosive nature of seawater. Monitoring the
corrosion in subsea components involves studying the
corrosion rate, extent, and potential impact on the
component’s structural integrity. A variety of methods
like corrosion coupons, corrosion probes, and cathodic
protection systems are employed to monitor and
mitigate corrosion risks.
t Integrity assessments are conducted to determine the

fitness of subsea components for service. The
component’s design, structure, operational history, and
maintenance records are analyzed in an integrity
assessment. The analysis may also include testing
(Image credits: wevolver.com)
stress and fatigue levels, gauging the remaining life of
Examining subsea components includes the following
the components, & determining repair or replacement
aspects:
requirements.
t Visual inspection is the primary method for examining
t Subsea components undergo testing to ensure their
subsea components. ROVs are primarily used in this
applicability in the harsh subsea work environment.
process and are equipped with cameras to capture
This is done by evaluating the mechanical properties,
real-time visual footage of the components. The visual
corrosion resistance, and fatigue behaviour of the
feed hence obtained helps the operator to identify any
material used. Material testing methods such as tensile
signs of damage, corrosion, leaks, etc. High-definition
tests, hardness tests, and chemical analyses are
cameras and lighting systems aid in providing clear
employed to analyze the material’s performance and
visibility in the deep-sea environment for better
adherence to industry codes.
footage.
t The data generated during the analysis of subsea
t Non-destructive techniques are preferred for a
components (inspection reports, NDT results, and
detailed assessment of the structural integrity of
environmental parameters) is vast & data analysis
subsea components and to detect hidden defects
techniques such as statistical analysis and trend
present. Non-destructive testing methods commonly
monitoring are used to identify patterns, defects, &
used for deep sea applications include Ultrasonic
potential problem areas. A report is hence prepared,
testing, Magnetic particle testing, Radiographic testing,
summarizing the inferences & providing
recommendations for further actions such as
maintenance and repair.
" Compliance with industry codes and standards is Some key breakthroughs in the use of ROVs are as follows:
critical during the assessment of the structural " Developments in pressure-resistant housings, buoyant
integrity of subsea components. Organizations like the materials, and thruster technology have permitted
American Petroleum Institute (API), International ROVs to access and operate deeper in the ocean,
Organization for Standardization (ISO), and relevant accessing thousands of meters below what was earlier
government organizations provide guidelines and possible. Access to these regions is practically
criteria to adhere to for the employment of subsea impossible for human divers due to the pressure and
equipment, their testing, and maintenance. temperature changes. An improved understanding of
Verification of the compliance of these subsea components the ocean, due to the benefits of ROVs has made deep-
requires the amalgamation of visual inspections, non- sea exploration, offshore energy development, and
destructive testing, integrity assessments, material subsea infrastructure a reality for modern engineering.
testing, and data analysis. These examination activities aid " Former versions of ROVs were limited in power and
in the assessment of the condition, operational abilities, endurance, as they relied on surface power and were
and safety of the components, enabling informed decision- connected via a tether. Advancements in battery
making regarding maintenance, repairs, and asset technology and the use of hybrid power systems have
management in subsea environments. significantly increased the duration of operation of
modern ROVs. This reduces the issue of recharging and
obtaining power from surface vessels repeatedly and
enables longer missions.
" Progress in thruster design, control algorithms, and

feedback systems have improved the responsiveness
and stability of ROVs. Advanced navigation and
positioning technology such as Doppler velocity logs,
inertial navigation, and acoustic positioning systems,
has improved the accuracy and reliability of ROV
operations.
(Image credits: wevolver.com)
" Underwater communication technology has been
Overcoming Challenges and Advancements upgraded in present times with the use of acoustic
The exponential growth in the use of Remotely Operated modems and fiber-optic solutions. The reliability and
Vehicles has significantly aided the exploration and rate of data transfer have significantly improved.
inspection of the challenges in underwater environments. Operators receive high-resolution visual feed, sensor
The technology used in ROVs has been developed after data, and control commands in real-time, facilitating
numerous losses and challenges and has greatly benefitted efficient decision-making and remote access.
from technological growth, hence enhancing the abilities of " M anipulator s arms are often installed on ROVs to
’
ROVs, and broadening their range of applications. enable them to perform tasks such as the operation of
valves, collection of samples, and deployment of tools.
Progress in robotics has created improved manipulator

arm designs and dexterity. Control systems are also not only improves productivity but also the efficiency
progressing in terms of their effectiveness and of the operations.
accuracy. Newer ROVs can perform more nuanced and
D Accessibility is a major benefit provided using ROVs.
complex tasks, eliminating the need to risk human life
They can access challenging environments enabling
in hazardous working environments.
inspections, testing, repair, etc in such conditions.
D Modern ROVs are also equipped with autonomous
D ROVs can be equipped with data collection equipment
abilities and artificial intelligence (AI) to perform
like sensors, cameras, etc. This data can be crucial for
autonomous tasks and further reduce human
risk assessment, optimization, and decision-making.
intervention. AI algorithms aid the ROV in avoiding
They also transmit data back to the control center for
obstructions, planning its path of motion, and enabling
remote access to data and processes.
autonomous inspection processes. This reduces the
D Rescue and salvage missions, like that of the implosion
workload of an operator and increases the efficiency of
of the Titan submersible, are often assisted by ROVs to
a mission. The complexity of operations can be
map the ocean and help locate debris or other objects.
increased in this regard.
ROVs were also used in prior expeditions to the original
These challenges and advancements in the operation,
Titanic wreckage, aiding in the study of the remains of
testing, and design of ROVs have made them efficient tools
the ship. Their mobility and ability to potentially
for multiple industries, and progress in technologies
manipulate and recover objects provide better access
continues to enhance the versatility of ROVs in
to search sites and provide crucial data to operators.
underwater operations.
The cost efficiency and abilities of ROVs make them
ROVs: Enablers of Cost Efficiency and Risk indispensable for multiple applications and their risk
Mitigation mitigation capabilities have saved millions of dollars and

multiple human lives.
ROVs have emerged as a facilitator of cost efficiency and
risk mitigation in a variety of industries. Some ways that
Conclusion
ROVs promote cost efficiency and risk mitigation are:
The world of Remotely Operated Vehicles is captivating,
D The offshore oil and gas industry, renewable energy,
and its capabilities evoke amazement at the potential for
and underwater infrastructure industries use ROVs in
noteworthy discoveries. ROVs are a testament to the
multiple applications. They can carry out visual
capabilities of modern technology that transcend human
inspections, data collection, and conduct non-
limitations, allowing us to venture into unfamiliar
destructive tests while eliminating the need for human
territories and unravel the mysteries that lie beneath. It is
interference and risk to human life. Inspection costs are
evidence of human resourcefulness and our unending
hence lowered, and hazardous working conditions can
pursuit of knowledge.
be avoided.
Mankind will continue to be fascinated by the wealth of
D Unlike human beings, ROVs can operate without the
data that ROVs bring forth as they propel us onward in our
limitations that are caused by human physiology and
relentless pursuit of knowledge and comprehension.
they do not need to take breaks or get fatigued. This

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Uncovering the
and enthusiasts since the successful journey of DSV Alvin.
DSV stands for deep submergence vehicle, and its
expeditions to the wreckage site provided crucial data and
documentation of the condition and wear of the remnants
Untold Narrative of the ship on the ocean floor.
OceanGate Inc. is a private organization, specializing in
of Titan
oceanic exploration and manned submersible technology.
The company owns a fleet of manually operated
submersibles that permit deep-sea exploration and are
Submersible
often utilized for marine research, environmental studies,
deep-sea or underwater inspections, and the exploration
of historically significant shipwrecks.
Submersibles have played a vital role in deep-sea OceanGate Inc. recently made headlines in the news for
exploration. Their use has enabled us to make the unforeseen implosion of its submersible, Titan,
extraordinary revelations, such as that of the Titanic formerly called Cyclops 2, which led to the demise of the
wreckage. Having met its unfortunate end in 1912, the five passengers onboard, including the CEO of the
remains of the legendary ship had remained undiscovered organization, Stockton Rush.
for around 70 years before submersibles made it possible
for mankind to venture deeper into the abyss of the ocean. Overview of the Titan Submarine and its
Purpose
The Titan submersible was a remarkable submersible
developed and engineered by OceanGate Inc. in
conjunction with NASA, Boeing, and the University of

Washington. This was the world’s only carbon-fiber
submersible that could carry five people to depths of 4000
meters (13,123 feet). Specifically used in deep-sea
exploration, the Titan played a significant role in the annual
Titanic expeditions for surveying the wreck of the R MS

Titanic.
Representation of the Cyclops 1, produced by OceanGate (Image credit:
https://washington.edu/news/2013/10/08/uw-local-company-building- One of the distinctive attributes of the Titan was its ability
innovative-deep-sea-manned-submarine/)
to carry a larger crew, allowing for the participation of
Submersibles have created opportunities to unravel the multiple mission specialists, scientists, and content experts
mysteries of the deep, dark, and cold oceans. The Titanic to embark on a rare and memorable deep-ocean diving
wreckage has been frequented by researchers, scientists, experience.

The Titan debuted in 2018, displaying cutting-edge ¥ The propulsion of the submersible was powered by four
technology and employing advanced materials, such as 1002 series electric thrusters made by Innerspace
carbon fiber, resulting in a lighter weight than other deep- Corporation. This included two vertical and two
diving submersibles. This approach to its construction horizontal thrusters.
permitted a more spacious and comfortable interior, that
enhanced the overall diving experience for its passengers.
The Titan submersible was furnished with high-tech

lighting and SONAR navigation systems. It was also
equipped with 4K video and photography gear, mounted
both internally and externally. The interiors were said to
have sufficient space for extra monitoring, inspection, and
data collection equipment. This facilitated direct
observation, inspection, and exploration of the deep
recesses of the sea.

https://washington.edu/news/2013/10/08/uw-local-company-building-
https://washington.edu/news/2013/10/08/uw-local-company-building-
¥ The life support provided by the Titan submersible
The salient features of the Titan build and design, as
could last for 96 hours for a crew of five members.
specified by the specification sheet issued by OceanGate
Inc. include the following: ¥ The navigation technology included the BlueView 2D
SONAR, built by Teledyne Marine, as well as the
¥ The dimensions of the Titan submersible spanned 22ft
Teledyne 6000m RDI phased array Pioneer Doppler
x 9.2ft x 8.3 ft, offering restricted room to the
passengers. The crew would include one pilot and up to
Velocity Log (DVL), with XRT extended tracking and
four crew members.
Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) internal navigation
systems (INS).
¥ Weighing 9,525 kgs or 21,000 lbs, the Titan could carry
¥ The lighting systems consisted of four LED Sealites
a payload of up to 685 kgs or 1,510 lbs and has a speed
manufactured by DeepSea Power and Light that
of 3 knots.
provide a total output of 40,000 Lumens.

The Titan was fitted with a 380-mm acrylic viewport, Mission 1: Scheduled for May 11-19th, 2023, was
said to be double that of any competing submersible, unsuccessful due to poor weather conditions.
providing unparalleled views to the passengers. Mission 2: Scheduled for May 20-28th, 2023, was also
The visual data collection mechanism involved the use unsuccessful due to poor weather conditions.
of the Rayfin Subsea 4K camera (produced by SubC A dive attempt was made on 23rd May 2023 but failed
imaging) and three axis-cameras. due to technical issues with the launch platform.
The Titan submersible was also equipped with the Mission 3: Scheduled for May 29-June 6th, 2023, but to
ULS-500 PRO, produced by 2G Robotics, which is a laser no success as the test dive had to be aborted due to
scanner that can help provide information for high- computer systems troubles and poor weather
tolerance subsea metrology, damage detection and conditions.
assessment, installation repair and maintenance, and as-
Mission 4: Scheduled for June 7-15th, 2023, was
built surveying.
unsuccessful due to poor weather conditions.
Mission 5: Scheduled for June 16-24th, 2023.
The dive was attempted on 18th June 2023.
8:00 ET- Titan is scheduled to start descent but was

delayed.
12:00- Titan dive began.
13:45- Communication was lost between Titan and

the Polar Prince, the Titan’s support vessel.
Acoustic anomaly is detected by the US Navy

(Image credit: https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2023/06/21/titanic-
submarine-missing-titan-submersible/70340478007/) 15:00- The Titan was expected to resurface,
however, it failed to appear.
Despite the numerous technical redundancies in place,
catastrophes can seldom be prevented when faced with 17:40- The Coast Guard was notified of the delay by
unforeseen environmental and logistical variables that the Polar Prince.
may have yet to be accounted for. To understand and B y June 19th, search and rescue missions were
solidify measures to prevent incidents such as the operational, and planes and ships from the USA and
implosion of the Titan submersible, there should be a Canada were scouting the area for signs of the Titan. It
chronological evaluation of the events which led to the was announced that the submersible may be left with
subsequent implosion is imperative. approximately 70-96 hours of oxygen.
Detailed timeline of the incident, from initial June 20th- France joined the search efforts by
reports to the implosion deploying the Atalante, a deep-sea diving vessel.
The series of events that led to the catastrophic implosion The Canadian Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft detected
are speculated to be as follows: sounds over a period.

The sounds were said to have been detected at 30- A thorough analysis of the debris retrieved will be the only
minute intervals. way to confirm the cause of the unfortunate incident,
shining a light on the reason for the failure of the vehicle.

Many international ships, underwater vessels, and
aircraft joined the mission. Many questions had been raised before the incident,
regarding the safety of the Titan submersible. The carbon

June 21st- A unified command of the US Coast Guard,
fiber composite cylinder, consisting of titanium end caps

Canadian Coast Guard, US Navy, and OceanGate set
was a matter of concern to many experts. The external

out to handle the search.
pressure of the working environment of the Titan was
It was announced that the Canadian P-3 aircraft

bound to deteriorate the integrity of the vessel with every
detected noises underwater and ROVs were being

dive.
utilized to scope the area. The data obtained was
sent to the US Navy for analysis.
June 22nd- As per, US Coast Guard estimates, the
oxygen in the submersible was expected to run out.
A debris field containing pieces of the submersible
was found near the Titanic wreckage in the North
Atlantic Ocean.
The debris field indicated the loss of the pressure
chamber and there was evidence of an implosion.
The crew of the missing Titanic submersible was hence

(Image credit: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-safety-
believed to be dead. features-should-subs-titan-be-equipped-with/)
Carbon-fiber composites are stiffer and less elastic than
Explanation of the implosion of the Titan

Titanium, which can adapt to pressure forces by shrinking.
submersible
The differences in materials may have caused a loss of
The destruction of the Titan submersible was said to have integrity, causing delamination of the composite material.
been caused by a ‘catastrophic implosion’. This would entail Delamination may result in the separation of the layers of
destruction under tremendous power and swiftness, reinforcement.
considering the immense water pressure of the ocean

The delamination of the composite may have led to defect
floor.
formation, causing an instant failure and subsequent
The wreckage of the Titanic rests approximately 12,400 ft implosion due to the high environmental pressures. The
deep on the seabed of the North Atlantic. While the newer design and hull material exacerbated the need for
atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 14.7 psi, the extensive testing.
water pressure at the Titanic's location reaches an

It was also revealed that the submersible had not followed
immense 6,000 psi (equivalent to 400 atmospheres).

certain safety codes and had not undergone certification.
It is postulated that the implosion was caused due to a Experts in the industry had issued warnings to OceanGate
defect in the hull. In such a scenario, the Titan would have

about the safety of the vehicle, which was disregarded by Testing, Pulsed Thermography, Laser Shearography, etc.
the organization. may also be employed to detect hidden fl aws or material
defects that may negatively impact the submersibles'
How NDT could have prevented the incident

integrity.
Ocean Gate’s former Director of Marine Operations, David
Implementing responsible engineering practices, such as
Lochridge filed an OSHA complaint in 2018, stating that
thorough and timely inspections, non-destructive testing,
the testing of the hull was insufficient to determine the
pressure testing of components, functionality and
defects and deformities present. He noted that this
performance testing, and validation of design
inadequate testing could potentially cause a disaster.
modifications, can enhance the future of deep-sea vehicles
Lochridge emphasized the use of Non-destructive testing

and reduce the likelihood of a similar incident happening
methods, calling them critical in ensuring a stable and safe

again.
vehicle for the safety of the crew onboard. Lochridge was
Multiple experts and ex-passengers of the Titan

E g n ineerin g L ss s L
e on earned
submersible raised concerns about its safety. Despite The Titan submersible may ha ve been one of the most
these concerns, OceanGate proceeded to transport si g fi

ni cant en g ineerin g failures of 2023, but it tau g ht us
passengers without addressing the importance of some sombre but v ital lessons to pay heed to in the
comprehensive non-destructive testing and analysis for a future:
vital vehicle such as the Titan submersible. Regrettably, the

Ê The implosion of the Titan submersible emphasizes the
passengers remained unaware of the company's

need to give precedence to the safety and execution of
negligence in this regard.

reliable risk-management methods. The field of deep-
By omitting NDT in the manufacturing process of a sea research and engineering is laden with hazards,
submersible, the chances of undetected defects rise, hence, stringent safety measures, meticulous and
leading to compromised structural integrity and timely inspection of equipment, and emergency plans
substantial risks to the submersible's safety, performance, need to be ensured.
and longevity.
Ê Equipment and vehicles used in harsh environments
NDT methods that are commonly used in the production need to undergo precise engineering design, testing,
and assessment of submersibles include: and manufacturing. Detailed testing, using destructive
and non-destructive testing methods should be carried

Ê Visual Inspection
out at various points of the design and manufacturing
Ê Ultrasonic Testing
process to ensure their reliability in extreme operating
Ê Magnetic Particle Testing

conditions.
Ê Dye Penetrant Testing

Ê K aizen or continuous improvement should be
Ê Radiographic Testing implemented, and notes should be taken from failures.
F ailure assessment and investigations should be

Ê Eddy Current Testing
conducted to gather data from the Titan’s debris to
Ê Pressure Testing
improve equipment, safety considerations, and
Advanced NDT methods like Phased Array Ultrasonic operating procedures for future missions.
www.onestopndt.com | J uly 202 3| Issue 76 47

Prompt emergency response in the event of such
incidents should be pre-determined. Incidents such as
the Titan implosion highlight the limitations in
technology, communication systems, and accessibility.
Emergency measures should be well planned to curb
losses and potentially avoid disasters of this magnitude.
The implosion of the Titan submersible underscores the
need to improve cooperation between researchers,
engineers, deep-sea industries, and various other
experts. Sharing the lessons learned from failures,
(Image credit: https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/titan-submersible-what-is-a-
technology, and optimal approaches can lead to catastrophic-implosion-likely-cause-of-titan-subs-destruction-4145349)
collective growth and consequentially overall progress Emphasis has been made on the need to avoid bypassing
in deep-sea exploration. standards and compromising safety due to the
The fatal implosion of the Titan submersible has raised apprehension of hindering innovation. OceanGate could
important questions about the reliability and future of have evaded this tragically unfortunate event by paying
deep-sea vehicles. The need for regulations and adherence heed to the concerns of the multiple experts, engineers,
to safety codes and design principles such as that of the US and employees who raised concerns about the design,
Navy known as SUBSAFE were highlighted. safety, and operation of the Titan submersible.
Armed with this knowledge, we can ensure that future
Conclusion
calamities of this nature are averted. This wisdom secures
The fatal implosion of the Titan submersible has raised the safety of those who traverse the oceans and seas.
important questions about the reliability and future of
The past must be honoured by paving the way for a future
deep-sea vehicles. The need for regulations and adherence
where every voyage comes with a promise of the welfare
to safety codes and design principles such as that of the US
and security of all.
Navy known as SUBSAFE were highlighted.
In the aftermath of the Titan submersible disaster, the
lessons learned will reverberate through time. This
incident will remind us of the significance of safety,
effective information exchange, oversight, and
advancement of technology.

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Research Paper inspection & monitoring techniques to provide essential
Review on
integrity management data such as product chemistry,
cathodic protection, electrical resistance probes and
coupons, etc. However, translating such essential integrity
Subsea Pipeline
management data into meaningful information to make
crucial integrity-based decisions can be challenging. This
paper presents a holistic approach that implements the
required pipeline integrity management tools to facilitate
Integrity the safe operation and maintenance of pipeline systems

going forward. This paper also provides a review of the
integrity of the ageing pipelines & underlines the practical
Management: pipeline integrity management steps & systems that

maintain the condition of the subsea assets going forward.
An Operator’s
Keywords: marine hose; subsea pipeline; pipeline
integrity management
1. Introduction
Perspective Globally, a significant number of offshore pipeline systems

are operated beyond their nominal design lives. With
today’s state-of-the-art integrity management processes,
this is being done in a safe & efficient manner with careful
Chiemela Victor Amaechi 1,2,* , Grant Hosie 3 and Ahmed
consideration for Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS)
Reda 4,*
regulations, international codes and standards, & operator
Abstract: For operators of oil and gas to save the cost of integrity management standards. In addition, many aging
unforeseen events and risks, and to avoid unnecessary pipeline systems have no permanent pigging facilities,
shutdowns, there is a need to have an effective subsea otherwise classified as “unpiggable”, which introduces
pipeline integrity management system. Currently a large integrity management challenges, particularly for subsea
number of subsea pipelines around the globe have already pipelines.
exceeded their design lives; nevertheless, they are still
Different operators have presented some challenges of
being operated safely, effectively and with diligent
pigging from pipeline integrity management of unpiggable
consideration towards Environmental, Health and Safety
pipelines, dead legs and pipe sections [1,2]. The physical
regulations, as well as international standards and best
integrity of the pipeline system is typically assessed
practices. In addition, many older flowlines have no
principally by three methods:
permanent pigging facilities due to various design and
Inspection (including ILI, monitoring, and surveillance)
operational limitations. For the unpiggable pipeline, the
if the pipeline is piggable.
vast majority of the oil and gas operators use different

Pressure testing (unpiggable pipeline). cause by deposits, are all factors for concern of pipeline
integrity. The challenge in managing the integrity of

Direct assessment (unpiggable pipeline). Pipelines that
pipelines, flowlines, and gathering systems, is to

cannot be pigged are the most likely candidates for
accurately predict the rate of internal corrosion, to

integrity assessment by direct assessment.
identify the size, and location of the potential corrosion
Other integrity assessment methods (i.e., Visual

threat and perform the required assessments to
Inspection).
understand the fitness for service (FFS) status. A FFS
Subsea pipeline integrity is defined by DNV-ST-F101 [3] (as assessment is a current methodology used to determine a
“the ability of the submarine pipeline system to operate pipeline’s capacity to operate with known defects, and to
safely and withstand the loads imposed during the pipeline facilitate any necessary corrective action for maintaining
life cycle”. Other relevant codes and standards describe safe pipeline operation while maximizing the pipeline’s life
pipeline integrity and integrity management framework cycle performance [15–21], however, there are other
from different perspectives, and indeed pipeline operators industry developments and philosophies on subsea
around the world have developed their own-pipeline pipeline integrity management currently taken into
integrity management definitions and practices. In light of consideration as industry best practice [22–33].
that, the Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) is Therefore, there is benefit in presenting an operator’s
defined as a collection of preventative measures that work perspective on this subject area which is important in
together to retain the integrity of the pipeline system. developing industry guidelines.
A number of recent studies on subsea pipelines and risers

Oil and gas is a crucial component of global energy demand
have addressed guidelines for their integrity management
and will continue to play an important role contributing to
to ensure their safe operation in line with industry best
rising energy needs globally, as well as facilitating emerging
practices [4–6]. For example, Trojette et al. [7] presented
and developing technologies as part of the future energy
an oil operator’s integrity approach operating in the UAE,
transition. While fossil fuels continue to have a high
called the Zakum Development Company (ZADCO)’s
demand, the importance of having safe and sustainable
approach. Due to the gas fields producing past their
operations in the oil and gas industry have never been
intended lifespan, the integrity evaluation in ageing
more important [34–38]. Subsea pipelines, due to their
exploration and production infrastructures, such as
strong track-record and otherwise necessary function in
flowlines, collection and gathering systems, is quickly
subsea gathering systems, will continue to be relied on
growing to be a source of concern [8,9]. Ragbu et al. [10]
heavily to realize energy production from oil and gas
conducted an integrity assessment for a gas production
reserves. It is because of their importance that there is a
pipeline with internal corrosion in a mature field. Rincón
need to understand the research state-of-the-art with
and González [11] presented a pipeline life extension using
respect to their integrity management. Where there is a
Integrity Management Practices with some case studies.
substantial quantity of research published each year, there
Pipeline integrity may be severely impacted by the gradual is a there is a risk that knowledge gaps develop amongst
decrease in production flow rate over time which can operators, and those companies on which they rely.
amplify internal corrosion issues [12–14]. Oxidation,
The purpose of this paper is to present an operator’s

bacterial activity, and localised corrosion, including those
perspective on the review of subsea pipeline integrity

management systems. This research also presents a describe, however, in the early development stages it is
holistic approach for implementing the necessary integrity important to ensure that a sound understanding of
management tools which have been successfully executed industry codes and standards is prioritized. A considerable
to facilitate the safe and sustainable operation and suite of industry references exists, with the following
maintenance of the pipelines. The paper also provides a typically used by most operators:
review of mature pipeline integrity management and

l ASME B31.8S-2004 Managing System Integrity of Gas
underlines the practical steps and systems required to
Pipelines [39].
maintain the condition of aging assets. This work aims to
l API RP 1160-2019 Managing System Integrity for
present a comprehensive understanding of pipeline
Hazardous Liquid Pipelines [40].
integrity management, including those which are being
operated towards or beyond their original design life, and The requirements detailed in these industry standards
those that do not include the facilities for performing with respect to pipeline integrity management are related
pigging and typical in-line inspection activities. principally to the following:
l Gathering, reviewing and integrating data.

3. Industry Guidance on Pipeline Integrity
l Risk assessment.
Management
The Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) is l Integrity assessment.
intended to highlight the industry practices supplemented l Responses to integrity assessments and mitigation
by “Industry Best Practice” and thereby assist to certain oil (repair and prevention).
and gas operators to prevent loss of technical integrity,

Furthermore, specific and robust integrity management
and maximize system availability. The purpose of the PIMS
principles which are referenced therein, include:
is:
l The use of comprehensive, systematic, and integrated
l To promote high standards and continuous
processes for operation and maintenance.
improvement.
l Programs shall continuously evolve.
l To ensure safe and reliable delivery of the products to
l Programs shall be customised to meet operators’
their customers, without adverse effects on employees,
unique conditions.
the public, customers, the environment, and incident
free operation.
Pipeline “Industry Best Practice”
l To ensure that all reasonably practicable steps are

This section identifies and references the outline practices,
taken to prevent loss of technical integrity.

processes, and requirements to be considered to align the
l To establish adequate controls over relevant business PIMS of undiggable pipelines with industry best practice. A
activities with the aim of achieving incident-free background to the present-day industry best practices are
working conditions. the processes adopted in the N orth Sea post-Piper Alpha.
That is the introduction of risk management, specifically

l To ensure any future legislative compliance.
the onus is on the operator to identify the risks inherent in
A Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) is a
his pipeline system, and thereafter identify the mitigation
complex interdependent system that is often difficult to
measures to reduce those risks “to as low as reasonably
www.onestopndt.com | J uly 2023 | Issue 7 6 52

practicable”. This was a move-away from the previous safely and withstand the loads imposed during the pipeline
prescriptive measures imposed on operators through life cycle”. The standard is supported by the recommended
pipeline legislation. As a result, pipeline risk-based practice document DNV RP F116 Integrity Management of
legislation was introduced in the UK. Submarine Pipeline Systems [41] which states “Pipeline
This approach was quickly adopted within the North Sea in system integrity is defined as the pipeline system’s
general. At that time (prior to the adoption of this process structural/containment function. This is the submarine
in the USA), the implementation of pipeline (risk-based) pipeline system’s ability to operate safely and withstand
integrity management in the USA would have been the loads imposed during the pipeline lifecycle. If a system
recommended as industry best practice because there was loses this ability, a failure has occurred”. Other relevant
no legislation nor incorporation within codes of practice. codes and standards (e.g., ASME B31.8S, API RP 1160),
However, this has now been achieved in terms of national describe pipeline integrity and the integrity management
legislation and pipeline code of practice through the framework in different perspectives, and indeed, many
respective introduction of ASME B31.8S-2004 Managing pipeline operators around the world have developed their
System Integrity of Gas Pipelines and API RP 1160-2019 own pipeline integrity management standards and
Managing System Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines practices using these comprehensive industry guidance
[40]. documents.
At the same time, incorporation of risk management within The primary aim of the PIMS is to ensure the pipeline
other corporate integrated management systems, i.e., systems are suitable for the intended purpose and
internal control or systems to be followed in terms of continued service. A secondary function of the system is to
identification of the stakeholders, management roles and aid compliance with any future government regulations
responsibilities, etc., was being achieved. It was therefore governing the pipeline systems.
recognized that the pipeline industry’s best practice A Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) seeks to:
follows: H Ensure safe and reliable delivery of the products to
Implementation and (ISO, OSHAS, etc.) certification of their customers, without adverse effects on employees,
integrated management systems, in particular the adoption of the public, customers, the environment and incident
risk management and subsequent risk-based inspection and free operation.
maintenance regimes. H Ensure that all reasonably practicable steps are taken
This approach (risk-based integrity management) has been to prevent loss of technical integrity.
adopted in occidental countries by major oil and gas H Establish adequate controls over relevant business
operators, predominantly as a result of national legislation, activities with the aim of achieving incident-free
and is presently being implemented within regions of working conditions.
pipeline operation on a global basis.
H Ensure any future legislative compliance.
The DNV-ST-F101 [3] standard provides criteria and
H Promote high standards and continuous improvement.
guidance on concept development, design, construction,
operation, and abandonment of Submarine Pipeline Anomalies within the context of PIMS are defects and
Systems. The standard defines subsea pipeline integrity as damage to the pipe that could impact pipeline integrity.
“the ability of the submarine pipeline system to operate Anomalies include, but are not necessarily limited to:
External corrosion metal loss. Decommissioning.
Internal corrosion metal loss and erosion. Abandonment (Removal/Recovery).
SCC (Sulphide Corrosion Cracking) colonies. PIMS relies on the interaction between these management
systems and their interaction with the Operational and

Dents.
Maintenance activities to maximise pro-active
Gouges.
identification of condition degradation and failure modes,
Cracks and crack-like defects (principally in welds).

thereby assuring integrity of the pipeline system.
Buckles.
During operation a PIMS provides the basis for managing
Freespans. the residual risks and maintenance of the pipeline to
provide an efficient operation and verification that the

Sinkage and floatation.
pipeline is fit for continued operation. The PIMS process is
Corrosion Under Insulation

not just about the condition of the pipeline and the
The Anomaly Management System defines: integrity review it’s also about operations. Operations
personnel have a key role in maintaining pipeline integrity

The roles and responsibilities of the Assessment/
as a day-to-day operation such as pigging, etc. Integrity

Inspection Engineers, the Pipeline Integrity Engineers
review should look at the effectiveness of these activities.

(including Corrosion Engineers), and Operations in the
If the pipeline systems have not had any formal

management, administration, and progressing of
assessments for a number of years and the condition is

anomaly resolution
unknown, a baseline survey shall be required.
How anomaly registers are administered
How an anomaly’s severity is assessed

Pipeline Integrity Review
As discussed above, this paper focus on mature offshore

How the anomaly is reviewed
pipeline networks, often with multiple pipelines in service,
How remediation of the anomaly is undertaken
and having approached or exceeded their design life.
How the remediation actions are reviewed

Herein, a Pipeline Integrity Review (PIR) study on mature
The reporting and progressing and closing out of pipeline network is presented. The PIR has the following
activities arising from the resolution of anomalies objectives:
Integrity-related actions are required during all stages

To assess the likelihood and consequences of failure of
of the pipeline system life cycle.

the offshore pipeline system.
These stages are:

To identify the level of operational risk related to the
Design. offshore pipelines and to detail risk mitigation
strategies to ensure that risks are within acceptable

Construction.
industry levels.
Commissioning.
These objectives can be achieved by execution of the

Commissioning.
following key tasks:
Operation and Maintenance (including modifications).

Data gathering, review and integration of the pipeline Methanol
system data. PH
Implementation of a geographic information system Chlorides
(GIS) based Pipeline Integrity Management System
Bacteria
(PIMS) software application.
The Pipeline Integrity Reviews (PIR) should be led by
Evaluation of the condition of the offshore pipeline
system, determination of their fitness-for-purpose corporate single point of accountability for the pipeline
(FFP) and need for remedial work. with support from the “Pipeline Technical Authority” for
the pipeline & its Operations Manager. The pipeline may
Determination of the level of risk involved in extending have many different sections & components for ownership,
the design life of the offshore pipeline system. design, operation and emergency response it is best
Identification of the mitigation measures & the costs practice to address and review the pipeline as one system
required to lower the operational risks to an acceptable from the source of pressure to the point of discharge.
level in accordance with standard industry practice Incidents affecting pipeline safety, integrity or operation
levels. shall be investigated, recorded and be included in any
Preparing different study reports for each pipeline review process. The use certain “world leading” legislation
(condition, FFP, risk and integrity management plans). ascertaining to pipeline critical elements (i.e., ESDV’s)
The pipelines should be monitored routinely to track their should be best practice and part of the overall process to
condition. The following are the principal methods used, ensure these elements have been appropriately identified
but are not necessarily limited to: and that assurance processes are working effectively and
the appropriate for the identified risks.
Cathodic protection measurement
Direct wall thickness measurement 3.1. Task 1: Data Gathering, Review and Data Integration
Route and ROW surveys. For offshore pipelines this This initial stage of the PIR may involve site visits to obtain
includes ROV surveys of pipeline position, length of detailed information of the pipeline system(s). PIMS relies
unsupported spans, and the extent to which pipeline on the interaction between the pipeline integrity
are protected by trenching or burial management systems and the Operational &Maintenance
activities to maximise identification of condition status and
Corrosion Coupons/Probes and Sand Probes respective failure modes.
Product analysis. Analysis includes the following in Once the required data for the PIR is collected, data
liquid/gas phases: integration may be completed into a PIMS software.
Water Typical data to be collected includes:
CO2 Pipeline alignment sheets.
Dissolved salts Pipeline route data (centerlines) for input into a GIS
Soluble iron database.
Corrosion inhibitor chemicals Pipeline condition assessment data. Data sets are often
by multiple vendors and may include:
In-line inspection (ILI) data. via the use of data management systems and PI M S
software (pipeline condition assessment, risk assessment,

Survey data, often by Remotely Operated Vehicle
integrity management planning and activity management).

(ROV).
The pipeline integrity management system requires a
&
Direct examination/NDE (including for unpiggable
software package, as a minimum, this software will be

pipelines).
able to address all issues in relation to people, integrity
Pipeline operating chemistry/composition of

process, & any activities required to manage the pipeline
production fluids.
system. The selected software should be able to tie the
Operational and forecast production rate data.

three elements (process, people, & activities) together in a
Corrosion control data (i.e., CP readings). seamless manner. The selected computer PI M S software
should be capable of providing the user with a step-by-step

Data relating to platform lifting activities, vessel
workflow through the life cycle of pipeline integrity

movements and dropped/dragged anchor related
management.
damage was collected and evaluated to generate a
bespoke offshore probability model for failure from

3.3. Task 3: Engineering Evaluation of the Pipeline
mechanical damage incidents.
Fitness-for-Purpose (FFP)
Information on the detection/isolation/repair times,
j
This task in the PIR pro ect required a thorough
Emergency shut-down valve (ESDV’s), platform

engineering evaluation of the design basis and of the
populations, the financial losses and the environmental

condition of the offshore pipeline systems. This evaluation
impact associated with small leaks, leaks and rupture

involved the following steps:
releases was collected.

A review of historical & any ongoing inspection, repair,
Additional data elements of pipeline attributes (related

& maintenance activity records (I.e., in-line inspection
to design, operation, maintenance, threats and

(ILI), caliper, Automated U ltrasonic Testing (Auto- U T),
consequences for use in the risk assessment and FFP)

corrosion and ROV inspections). This process included:
were entered for multiple line segments per pipeline.

Providing feature & significant event summaries for
The last sub-task within this initial step is to develop a each pipeline based on the available & most recent
basis of design document for the PIR; the purpose of which Auto- U T, ROV, Caliper and ILI surveys, & accounting for
was to clearly set out the following: any remedial & intervention work conducted since the
last survey. This effort ensured that known anomalies,
&
The methodologies to be used and the outcome to be
where they exist, are catalogued as either
U
obtained.
remediated, or un-remediated anomalies. tilising this
The basic data, including assumptions.

database allowed for the following engineering
Listing of the software tools to be used. assessments to be performed:
Listing of the industry codes and standards to be used. FFP evaluation of the most recently known
3.2. Task 2: Establishment of the GIS Based PIMS condition of the pipeline, utilising industry best
practice and including.
At the core of any PI M S is the requirement to effectively
manage and to reduce any principal pipeline risks/ha z ards

Determination of the current and historical
operational parameters.
www.onestopndt.com | J 2023 |
uly Issue 76 56
Assessment of the criticality internal and external produced water, solids, bacterial contamination, leak
corrosion based on the feature dimensions as history in order to evaluate the internal corrosion threat to
reported by the most recent ILI and/or automated each of the pipelines and to estimate deterioration rates.
UT inspections.
Based on these described evaluations, the FFP of the
Assessment of the criticality of other reported pipelines can be established and the required remedial
anomalies, including dents, manufacturing defects works identified to either maintain safe operating
and girth weld anomalies, and the assessment of the condition moving forward, or to define any remediation
maximum allowed (critical) span lengths and required to reestablish a FFP pipeline.
respective limit state criteria for spanning pipelines.
3.4. Task 4: Probabilistic Assessment of Pipeline Failures,
Identification and recommendation of the necessary

Consequence Analysis and Risk Assessment
actions that should be taken to ensure the pipeline
An estimate is required of the annual failure probability for

is fit for-purpose based on the known condition.
each line segment and for each of the considered threats.
Review of external corrosion with the main objective to

Two approaches for obtaining this estimate have been
assess of the pipeline corrosion protection system,

adopted:
including a review of the external survey data of
A classical probabilistic approach (load vs. resistance)

existing Cathodic Protection Systems, and assessment
has been utilised where there is sufficient data

of sacrificial anode depletion. This scope included:
available to define probability distributions that
Assessment of the current Cathodic Protection (CP)

describe load and resistance, e.g., this approach is
levels based on data from the last CP and anode

adopted for the Internal Corrosion threat (for the lines
potential surveys.
with ILI data) and is referred to as an analytical method.
Comparison of the current potential levels against

Where sufficient defect data is not available or the
industry recommended best practices.
threat does not lend itself to the classical probabilistic
Summary listing of all anodes including comments approach, the failure probability has been estimated
on the observed condition. Assessment of the anode from baseline failure rate estimates which are then
depletion rate, determination of the remaining life adjusted to reflect the impact of pipeline specific
for each anode and the estimated time to attributes (factors which cause or resist the threat),
replacement. e.g., this approach has been adopted for the Internal
Corrosion threat for the lines which do not have ILI

Prediction of the current anode condition based on
data and is referred to as an empirical method.

the last anode inspection, and extrapolation of the
data to determine replacement timelines. Both approaches are valid, provide quantitative failure
rates and failure probability values, and are commonly

Review of internal corrosion with the main objective to
used probabilistic methodologies. The latter approach in

review the on-going risk from pipeline internal
(ii) can be adopted for ageing pipelines. The approach in (ii)

corrosion mechanisms. This included an in-depth
is referred to as an empirical method as it is based on

operational analysis of the pipelines taking into
estimating the failure probability from a baseline failure

consideration; product composition, operating
rate that is then adjusted to reflect the impact of pipeline

conditions (temperature, pressure, flowrate), inhibition,

specific attributes (factors which cause or resist the The consequence of failure values are determined for the
threat). A baseline failure rate estimate for a given threat following consequence types:
can be obtained from historical pipeline incident data @ Health and safety
(either industry published incident data or incident data
@ Environmental
pertaining to certain operator). These baseline failure rates
can be converted to line specific (and segment specific) @ Financial
estimates using modification factors which adjust the The overall risks are then determined in terms of:
baseline failure rate up or down to reflect the specific
@ Health and safety risk
pipeline conditions. The modification factors are calculated
@ Environmental risk
from specific pipeline attributes using algorithms
developed from the analysis of historical incident data and @ Financial risk
expert judgement. The resulting section specific failure @ Overall risk
rates (per km-year values) can be subsequently converted
The results of the risk assessment can be viewed at the
into corresponding failure probabilities (per year values)
overall pipeline level or drilled down to the individual
by considering the length of the corresponding pipeline or
pipeline dynamic segment level. Results can be viewed in
segment of a pipeline.
terms of failure probability (overall and by threat), by
The threats applicable to the offshore pipelines include: failure consequence (overall and by consequence type) and
@ Internal Corrosion by risk (overall and by risk type). Therefore, the number of
ways to view and evaluate the results is significant. To
@ External Corrosion
facilitate the efficient viewing of results, the PIMS
@ Mechanical Damage (sub-divided into ship impact to
software can automate the production of probability,
riser, dropped objects and anchor handling threats)
consequence and risk summary reports where the user can
@ Sour Cracking quickly see the key results and easily drill down into the
~ Fatigue key inputs to identify what is contributing to the results.
@ Weather and Outside Force 3.5. Task 5: Recommendations of the PIR Study
@ Equipment Failure This final output of the PIR is to draw up the necessary
The probability of failure (per year) is determined based on documentation and detailed scopes of services for the
threat per pipeline segment. The pipelines were required rectification and survey works as recommended
segmented as follows: in the PIR, including:
@ Start riser ~ Required rectification works
@ Safety zone 1 ~ Free span Rectifications
@ Main subsea section ~ Pipeline Stabilisation Rectifications
@ Safety zone 2 (or shore approach) ~ Pipeline Crossing Rectifications
@ End riser ~ Sacrificial Anode Retrofits
@ Anomaly repairs

Replacement of a damaged pipeline section. international standards and best practices. In addition,
Installation of pipeline protection. most older flow lines have no permanent pigging facilities
and are classified as “difficult to pig” due to various design

ESDV installation.
and operational limitations. Most pipeline operators use a
ROV, ILI and auto-UT surveys.
variety of inspection and monitoring techniques to provide
Conclusions essential integrity management data such as product
chemistry, cathodic protection, ER (Electrical Resistance)

The proposed PIR can help to identify pipelines that are
probes and coupons, etc. However, translating such data
not fit-for-purpose, or those that garner the highest risks,
into meaningful information in order to make crucial
the then focus on risk mitigation activities to where they
integrity-based decisions has proven difficult. This paper
are most needed. For oil and gas operators to save cost
establishes a holistic approach which implements the
from unforeseen events and realised risks, and to avoid
required integrity management tools and technology
unnecessary shutdowns, there is the need to have an
transfer to facilitate the safe operation and maintenance of
effective subsea pipeline integrity management system.
the pipelines going forward. This review on the integrity of
Currently, a large number of subsea pipelines around the
mature pipelines underlines the practical pipeline integrity
globe have already exceeded their design lives;
management steps, presents approaches, tasks and
nevertheless, they are still being operated safely,
benefits of management systems in order to maintain the
effectively, and with diligent consideration to
condition of these subsea assets going forward.
Environmental, Health and Safety regulations and
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Corrosion Monitoring and Flaw
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and topside processing equipment. Risers are subject to

Application
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Using the EPOCH® flaw detector with dual element
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concerning to platform managers because it can reduce

Background
the wall thickness and threaten the structural integrity of
Marine drilling risers are an area of interest when

the risers. Assessing the remaining service life of aging
discussing corrosion on offshore oil platforms. Marine

risers is often dependent on corrosion monitoring with
risers form the link between the seabed pipeline or well

NDT technologies. There are several nondestructive pits. The new corrosion software for the EPOCH 6LT flaw
testing methods used to inspect marine risers for detector utilizes the zero-cross measurement algorithm
corrosion, however conventional ultrasonic testing (UT) is typically used by corrosion gages when operating in
often the most convenient and cost-effective method. corrosion mode. This measurement algorithm measures
from the zero-crossing point of the first signal that breaks

Theory of Operation
the detection threshold, resulting in less sensitivity to
There are two primary corrosion inspection methods that fluctuations in coupling and amplitude, helping ensure
use conventional ultrasound. The first is the point greater precision when taking thickness measurements. By
measurement method, using an instrument like the combining the key functionalities of a precision thickness
Olympus 38DL PLUS® ultrasonic thickness gage. The gage and a flaw detector in one instrument, NDT
point measurement method uses precision thickness inspectors can use the EPOCH 6LT flaw detector for a wide
measurements taken in a defined pattern and repeated range of conventional UT corrosion inspections. Users can
over time to monitor remaining wall thickness. This scrub for pitting and size defects in flaw detection mode,
method is effective for periodic corrosion monitoring and and switch to corrosion mode to make reliable and
precision measurements of discrete defects but is not well- accurate measurements of remaining part thickness.
suited for identifying neighborhoods of corrosion,

The EPOCH 6LT corrosion software includes the following
corrosion-induced cracking, or other flaw mechanisms.

features: automatic probe recognition, do-zero offset
The second method uses an instrument like the EPOCH® compensation, V-path correction for dual element
650 ultrasonic flaw detector to scan a suspected corroded transducers, automatic gain control, a thickness gage
part for pits and corrosion-induced cracks and to support measurement algorithm, and a color-coded grid view for
length sizing and characterization of detected defects. saving thickness readings.
Compared to the first method, this technique is better-

Equipment
suited for finding and sizing isolated defects but is less
Offshore oil platforms pose a challenge for NDT inspectors

effective at making high-precision thickness
and their equipment. They are subject to harsh weather

measurements to aid in periodic corrosion monitoring.
conditions, and inspections often require rope access, with

The EPOCH 6LT flaw detector with corrosion software
the inspector hanging over the ocean. For offshore rope
enables the user to switch between a thickness gaging
access inspections, instrument size and weight are a key
measurement algorithm (corrosion mode) and a flaw
concern. The EPOCH 6LT portable ultrasonic flaw detector
detection measurement algorithm (flaw detection mode),
is uniquely suited for offshore corrosion inspections. This
depending on the corrosion inspection method the user
instrument is Ingress Protection (IP) rated to IP65/67,
wishes to perform. Conventional flaw detectors typically
drop tested, and engineered to strict environmental
use edge or peak gate detection modes, where the
ratings to withstand the challenging environment of an
instrument records a thickness measurement based on
offshore platform. The instrument weighs less than 2
where the edge of the echo crosses the gate or the peak of
pounds and supports software that enables it to function
the gated echo, respectively. Edge measurement accuracy
as both a conventional flaw detector and a corrosion gage.
can be affected by the echo amplitude and surface
These technical advancements enable offshore NDT
conditions, while peak detection can be insensitive to small
inspectors

to be confident in the reliability and usability of their flaw
detector, even in a challenging offshore environment.
Procedure
Once the EPOCH 6LT corrosion software is activated and
enabled, first calibrate the instrument in both corrosion
mode and flaw detection mode for the intended material,
inspection range, and general sensitivity. Pulser and
receiver settings are automatically optimized for
supported Olympus dual element transducers when
plugged into the instrument.

Once a potential defect is identified, switch to corrosion
After performing a two-point depth calibration in both

mode to measure the remaining part thickness. If grid view
corrosion mode and flaw detection mode, the user can

is enabled, thickness readings saved into the grid will be
enable grid view, select color, and set low and high range
color-coded based on the specified low and high thickness
thickness values based on the inspection requirements.

ranges.
The grid view feature is intended for use in corrosion mode
while using the point measurement method to record
precision thickness measurements and acts as a visual aid
for monitoring corrosion.
Once the instrument has been calibrated for the
inspection, select flaw detection mode and couple the
transducer to the inspection material in an area without
corrosion to determine the depth of the back wall. Once
the back wall signal has been identified, the user can scan
the part while monitoring the A-scan for a change in back
wall thickness or the appearance of an echo before the
back wall signal, which could indicate potential cracking, Modern advancements in corrosion software offer the
pitting, or corrosion. best of both worlds of corrosion inspection. By providing
key corrosion gage and flaw detector functionality, the
EPOCH 6LT flaw detector with corrosion software helps
make corrosion inspections more accurate and efficient.
Please follow the link below for more information on the
general principles of corrosion inspections with dual
element transducers, whether used with a portable
thickness gage, or with a flaw detector: www.olympus-
ims.com/en/applications/corrosion-gaging-dual-element-
transducers.

Products used for this application
EPOCH 6LT
The EPOCH 6LT portable ultrasonic flaw detector is

optimized for one-handed operation and delivers excellent
performance in rope access and high-portability
applications. Lightweight with an ergonomic design, the
instrument fits securely in a user’s hand or can be strapped
to the leg for rope access applications.
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NDT Trends: Uncovering The Untold Narrative of Titan Submersible

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NDT Trends: Uncovering The Untold Narrative of Titan Submersible

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July 2023 | Issue 76

Uncovering the Untold Narrative of

Stingray - Your Subsea Uncovering the Untold

Inspection Companion Narrative of Titan Submersible

DRS Magnetic Crawler Submersibles have played a vital role in

deep-sea exploration. Their use…

strength’ magnetic scanner used for…

Decoding NDT Engineers Cygnus Underwater Gauge - Unleashing

NDT Engineers in Subsea Inspections Last month at Seawork and IMX

exhibitions, Cygnus offered an exclusive

Exploring the Depths

SPECTA , TSC Subsea’s latest technology,

identifies what lies beneath

Subsea Pulsed Eddy Current Testing

Unleashing the Power of

Remotely Operated Vehicles in

Subsea Component Inspections

Remotely Operated Vehicles, or ROVs

were developed in the 1960s to retrieve

underwater missiles, mines, and other…

Prepare for an emotional odyssey, awakening curiosity about hidden wonders

Feel the exhilaration of exploration as we reveal the remarkable advancements

Join us on social media

LinkedIn - @OSNDT Instagram - one_stop_ndt Facebook - @One Stop NDT

Twitter - OneStopNDT Youtube - @onestopndt3281

Sales & Marketing

A heartfelt thank you to all the contributors for

their valuable contributions to this month's edition

the experts essentially evaluate its suitability for the

intended purpose, its operational safety, and its

compliance with environmental protection measures. In

the capability to launch safely from a surface-based

mothership, operate autonomously at depths of ion was lost

after a dive lasting several hours.

One day after the United States Coast Guard officially

confirmed the implosion of the missing Titan submersible,

officials then faced the daunting task of navigating. The

www.onestopndt.com | July 2023 | Issue 76 05

pollution or disturbance to the ecosystem. However, it's

Ongoing Suspicions on Safety Overhauls Raised

about the Sub Deep-sea submersibles operate in a challenging and

unforgiving environment, where unforeseen

circumstances can occur.

to its unconventional design and the creator's refusal to

undergo independent checks, which are standard in the

industry. According to U.S. Coast Guard Rear Adm. John

when the submersible was crushed near the renowned

Titanic wreckage. The incident marked the conclusion of a

large-scale international search.

Non-destructive testing: a technique for the

NDT is a technique used to inspect & assess the quality of

software suite inspect metal and composite parts, including large-scale

The Group therefore called on internal and external

Safran Engineering Services has been involved in the

The SMV2 software suite

This software suite, known as SMV2, has been designed for

www.onestopndt.com | July 2023 | Issue 76 07

inspectors in their work.

Integrated into a robotized cell, the software suite

performs multiple functions. “In the case of nacelle parts, it

infra-red camera built into the cell, as well as the flash

which heats the surface of the part. It allows images to be

his is an analyzed by an operator to detect any defects. It