Hindawi

Journal of Engineering
Volume 2019, Article ID 2163908, 14 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2163908

Research Article
Subsynchronous Resonance and FACTS-Novel
Control Strategy for Its Mitigation

Doan Duc Tung ,1 Le Van Dai ,2 and Le Cao Quyen 3,4

1
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Quy Nhon University, Binh Dinh, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
4
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Correspondence should be addressed to Le Cao Quyen; lecaoquyen@tdtu.edu.vn

Received 23 February 2019; Revised 12 May 2019; Accepted 11 June 2019; Published 14 July 2019

Academic Editor: Wei-Qiang Zhang

Copyright © 2019 Doan Duc Tung et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The subsynchronous resonance (SSR) is an important problem in the power system, and especially the series compensated
transmission lines may cause SSR in the turbine generators, such that it leads to the electrical instability at subsynchronous
frequencies and potential turbine-generator shaft failures. Taking the Vietnamese Vungang thermal plants as an example, a shaft
failure of Vungang I thermal power unit has occurred on November 24, 2015, due to SSR. The main cause for this failure is a
resonance caused by the series capacitors on the 500 kV grid. This paper analyzes the SSR based on the location of shaft cracks
and turbine generator mode shape for Vungang I and II thermal power plants. On the basis of that, it develops a novel control
strategy for each Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS) device as the thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static
VAR compensator (SVC), and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). Then they are comparable to one another in order
to choose a feasible solution for mitigating the SSR. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified via time domain
simulation of the Vietnamese 500/220 kV transmission system using EMTP-RV and PSS/E programs. The obtained results show
that the proposed strategy for SVC can be applied to immediately solve the difficulties encountering in the Vietnamese power
system.

1. Introduction connection of SSR is the possibility of breaking the generator

As known, the series capacitor compensation has been widely
used in the AC transmission systems as an economical
alternative for different purposes such as bringing many
benefits for the economy, increasing the capability of trans-
ferring power and the stability of the transmission line,
sharing the load between the parallel transmission lines, and
insuring the power system stability [1, 2]. However, the use
of series compensation may cause some new problems to
power system operation. One of these problems is potentiality
of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) that may lead to the
torsional oscillations of turbine generator shaft system. The
failure on the generator turbine shaft and the instability of
the power system at oscillation frequencies lower than the
normal system frequency result from SSR [3]. The main
turbine shaft due to the torsional stress. This destruction
could be an outcome, which is an accumulative process of
the torsional oscillation for either a long time having slow
amplitude or a short time having high amplitude. The shaft
failures at Vungang I thermal power plant (TPP) led to the
advancements in understanding the SSR phenomenon as well
as explaining the interaction between series capacitor com-
pensated lines and the torsion mode of turbine-generators.
Vungang I TPP is located in the Vungang industrial zone,
Kyloi commune, Kyanh district, Hatinh province in Vietnam,
consisting of two turbines with a total capacity of 1,200 MW;
the first unit is operated on December 31, 2014, and the
second unit is operated on May 12, 2015, respectively. As has
been shown by Toshiba engineers’ inspection, the first unit
turbine and generator rotors showed large vibrations due to
2 Journal of Engineering
HIP LPA
#1 #2 #3 #4
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00
No.1 bearing vibration
No.2 bearing vibration
No.3 bearing vibration
Figure 1: The first unit turbine of Vungang I: (a) Rotor shaft system of turbine generator rotor. (b) Operation data record on 24th to 25th,
Nov. 2015.
SSR that occurred on November, 24, 2015. Figure 1 shows
the operation data of the first unit turbine from 24th to 25th
November 2015. The behavior of the vibration was unstable,
and in particular the vibration of No. 8 bearing (red line)
exceeded 100 𝜇mp− p. The large vibration of No. 8 bearing
was reproduced and H2 gas leakage from generator at No. 7
bearing was observed, and the result shows that several heavy
cracks were observed on generator No. 7 journal of the first
unit generator; it can be shown in Figure 2. According to this
result, the subsynchronous resonance (SSR) is judged as the
root cause.
In 1937, the slow frequency oscillation phenomenon was
presented for discussion for the first time. However, the
torsional oscillation phenomenon in the turbine shaft has
been recognized until 1970 at the Mohave power plant of
southern Nevada of the USA [4, 5]. In this year, a little before
the event at Mohave plant, Rustebakke, Concordia published
yet another paper drawing attention to the problem of self-
excited oscillations in series compensated transmission lines,
but SSR was again missed. Finally, in 1973 a sound analysis of
the self-excited torsional oscillations was present and founda-
tions for the more advanced analysis methods of today were
laid. Since then, a multitude of papers have been published
in various journals and conference proceedings by applying
many techniques such as bypass switch, passive filter, and
Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS) devices, in which
FACTS technologies pose rival solutions to the modern
power system in some terms such as increasing the power
flow transfer capability, improving the continuous control
LPB Generatpr
#5 #6 #7 #8 #9
(a)
18:00 21:00 00:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00
No.4 bearing vibration No.7 bearing vibration
No.5 bearing vibration No.8 bearing vibration
No.6 bearing vibration
(b)
over the voltage profile, enhancing the system damping,
misnaming the losses, and specially mitigating SSR [6–10]
In order to mitigate SSR in the power system, the
FACTS devices can be enhanced with auxiliary controller
that provides the damping signal used as a best way. As
yet, many countermoves have been employed as the shunt
connected dynamic reactive power compensators introduced
in [8, 9, 11, 12]; the static VAR compensator (SVC) proposed
in [8, 13]; the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)
presented in [14]; the thyristor controlled series compen-
sator (TCSC) applied in [10]; the static synchronous series
compensator (SSSC) used in [15–18]; and the unified power
flow controller (UPFC) proposed in [18]. However, SSSC’s
cost and complexity are very high; UPFC has a series and
shunt converter so that it is more expensive and complex.
Therefore, FACTS devices as TCSC, SVC, and STATCOM are
an inevitable choice for mitigating the SSR.
The analysis performed for this study shows that the
generator units of Vungang I are exposed to high SSR risk. The
analysis shows the 2nd torsional mode to be unstable at low
load under normal conditions, particularly when both units
are online. In addition, according to the analysis of General
Electric International, Inc., Energy Consulting Group, it
recommends that the torsional protection be installed on
both units as soon as possible to help prevent further failures.
The generator units of Vungang I of Vietnamese power system
are facing a high difficulty for SSR currently. As a result,
the key is to propose a solution for mitigating SSR. As the
above-mentioned points, the FACTS devices are an inevitable
Journal of Engineering 3

Turbine end

No.7 bearing center

Figure 2: An example of cracks on No. 7 journal of Unit-1 generator.

choice. Therefore, this study presents the application of
STATCOM, TCSC, and SVC devices to mitigate SSR for
Vungang I and II thermal power plants, in which the used
controller was modified from control units proposed in [19–
22]. The main contributions are (i) to develop a novel control
strategy for each FACTS device for mitigating SSR in the
power system and (ii) to propose SVC-FACTS; it is inevitable
choice to solve the difficulties encountered in the Vietnamese
power system.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:
Section 2 analyzes the subsynchronous resonance for power
system and a failure of Vungang I plant that occurred on Nov.
24, 2015, due to SSR is also carried out for analysis. Section 3
develops a control strategy for each of FACTS devices to
mitigate SSR. The case studies and conclusions are given in
Sections 4 and 5, respectively.
2. Subsynchronous Resonance Problem
2.1. Characteristics of the Vungang Plants. The Vietnamese
500/220 kV transmission system consists of 29 substations
of 500 kV, 162 substations of 220 kV, 16 double-circuit lines
and 20 single-circuit lines of 500 kV, 205 double-circuit lines
and 67 single-circuit lines of 220 kV, and 179 generator units.
The generated total power is about 42,179 MW; the peak load
demand is about 40,703 MW. The single-line diagram and the
result of load flow calculation on the 500 kV voltage level are
shown in Figure 3.
2.2. System Modeling for Analyzing
Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)
Analysis of SSR. SSR is a state in which the power system
exchanges the energy with the generator turbine at one or
more frequencies below the synchronous one where the
synchronous frequency is defined as the one corresponding
to the rotor average speed. A turbine-generator supplying
a series compensated system is considered as shown in
Figure 4.
The electrical system subsynchronous natural frequency
can be expressed as [4]
𝑋𝐶
𝑓𝑒 = 𝑓𝑜 √ (1)
𝑋󸀠󸀠 + 𝑋𝑇 + 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠
where 𝑓𝑜 is the frequency corresponding to average rotor
speed, 𝑋󸀠󸀠 is the generator subtransient reactance, 𝑋𝑇 is the
transformer reactance, 𝑋𝐿 is the transmission line reactance,
and 𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠 is the system reactance.
The frequency of armature current induced in the rotor
windings is given by
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑓𝑜 ± 𝑓𝑒 (2)
The stator frequency is generated due to the variations in
the rotor magnetic field and can be obtained as follows:
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑜 ∓ 𝑓𝑟 (3)
From (2) and (3), it can be realized that the oscillation of
the generator rotor at the frequency 𝑓𝑟 can cause modulation
of the terminal voltage, which results in a subsynchronous
voltage component at (𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑟 ) and a supersynchronous
voltage component at (𝑓𝑜 + 𝑓𝑟 ).
Combined Generator and Shaft System. As shown in Figure 4,
the mechanical system is modeled fully by a high-pressure
stage (HP), an intermediate stage (IP), two low-pressure
stages (LPA and LPB), the generator (GEN), and exciter
(EXC) separately. The linearized state equations of combined
generator and shaft system model are expressed as
Δ𝑥̇𝐺 = [𝐴 𝐺] Δ𝑥𝐺 + [𝐵𝐺] Δ𝑢𝐺
(4)
Δ𝑦𝐺 = [𝐶𝐺] Δ𝑥𝐺
where Δ𝑥𝐺 is state vector and can be expressed in the
following form:

Δ𝑥𝑡𝐺
(5)
= [Δ𝜓𝑑 Δ𝜓𝑞 Δ𝐸󸀠𝑑 Δ𝐸󸀠𝑞 Δ𝛿𝑔 Δ𝑆𝑒 Δ𝑇𝑔,𝑒 Δ𝑆𝑔 Δ𝑇𝐿𝑃𝐵,𝑔 Δ𝑆𝐿𝑃𝐵 Δ𝑇𝐿𝑃𝐴,𝐿𝑃𝐵 Δ𝑆𝐿𝑃𝐴 Δ𝑇𝐼𝑃,𝐿𝑃𝐴 Δ𝑆𝐼𝑃 Δ𝑇𝐻𝑃,𝐼𝑃 Δ𝑆𝐻𝑃 ]
4 Journal of Engineering

SonLa
522.0kV 6x(400.0+ j160.5 501.0kV
1050.0+ j63.2 619.8+ j236.4
1005.5+ j64.2

619.8+ j236.4
1326.8+ j252.7 494.8kV 225.2- j213.2
514.2kV 1389.8+ j566.9
979.6+ j12.8 840.5+ j253.5
Pitoong 721.5+ j217.7 840.5+ j253.5
MongDuong
657.3+ j30.8

521.1kV 454.2+ j112.6

150.2- j78.6 361.1+ j108.3

799.9- j97.5
HiepHoa
150.2- j78.6 Tay.HN VietTri 300.0+ j71.8
NhoQuan 748.2- j54.0 300.0+ j71.8
HoaBinh 285.8+ j72.5 925.7- j80.1 508.2kV 433.2+ j82.1
571.2+ j145.9
-293.0- j88.2 433.1+ j81.4
LaiChau

454.5+ j61.4
511.5kV
501.2kV
509.0kV
DongAnh

75.9+ j53.3

75.9+ j53.3
517.3kV -922.4- j78.1
452.8- j45.7 524.5kV
VungAng II 572.0+ j172.5
572.0+ j172.5
585.1+ j359.9 432.8- j48.5

611.6+ j162.2

1466.2+ j248.3
0.0- j0.0 452.8- j45.7
-346.0- j433.9
860.0- j240.1

HaTinh 524.5kV 539.3+ j124.2

19.7+ j101.8 539.3+ j124.2
524.5kV
19.7+ j101.8 ThuongTin 753.9+ j124.7
120.4- j60.2
120.4- j60.2 433.1- j12.9
433.1- j12.9 713.6+ j122.1 113.6- j85.0
511.8kV
518.8kV
239.8kV
NghiSon 521.8kV
433.1+ j51.6 PhoNoi
522.1kV
Cong Thanh

432.9+ j290.5
568.8+ j70.4
356.2+ j43.7
433.1- j174.6 128.0+ j31.0
-342.7+ j338.2
-342.7+ j338.2
433.1- j174.6 ThangLong 128.0+ j31.0
1045.6- j237.7
1081.5- j247.2

VungAng I
500kV VungAng 300.0+ j136.5
300.0+ j136.5
300.0+ j138.2
300.0+ j138.2
524.1kV 300.0+ j138.2
QuangNinh
NamDinh
509.9kV
433.1+ j326.1 VinhTan I, III
DaNang 600.0+ j64.9
205.5+ j67.8 600.0+ j64.9
205.5+ j67.8 600.0+ j64.9
616.2- j350.0

ThanhMy DocSoi -0.0- j0.0

1000.5- j387.1 511.6kV -0.0- j0.0
-234.2- j22.6 Yaly VinhTan IV 524.5kV
-234.2- j22.6 4x( 180.0+ j64.0 600.0+ j24.5
600.0+ j24.5 -31.5- j103.4
106.5- j19.9 600.0+ j24.5 -31.5- j103.4
106.5- j19.9
Pleiku

907.6+ j39.6
521.0kV

876.5+ j52.7
761.0- j275.5 -125.3- j52.4
-125.3- j52.4 524.5kV 673.4+ j198.3
-125.3- j52.4
673.4+ j198.3
523.1kV
TanUyen
1877.0+ j101.6 501.0kV
1080.9- j255.9
DiLinh
383.3+ j215.8 -117.0- j79.4
-301.2+ j2.6
Lao Import -301.2+ j2.6
515.3kV
729.1+ j127.0 486.2+ j227.0

519.8kV
229.3kV
505.8kV
800.3- j204.7

Pleiku 2 672.2- j163.5

SongMay
364.0+ j97.0
364.0+ j97.0
774.2+ j38.1
-612.5- j9.0

DakNong 517.0kV 503.3kV

1021.3- j27.9

1021.3- j27.9

-183.1+ j111.3

89.2- j95.8 467.2+ j159.7

833.6+ j31.7 504.8kV
467.2+ j159.7
467.2+ j159.7
Chon Thanh
-26.6- j70.9
-26.6- j70.9
CauBong TanDinh 460.3+ j113.1
552.5+ j199.4 460.3+ j113.1
308.7+ j172.9

552.3+ j121.5
504.3kV 552.5+ j199.4 LongThanh
505.4kV 387.2+ j132.2
387.2+ j132.2
-693.9- j132.3
506.0kV
NhaBe 510.5kV
410.2- j55.1

744.0+ j269.6
279.6- j18.3
647.2- j132.1

88.8- j235.9 0.0+ j0.0

144.2+ j161.7
224.5+ j53.8 100.0+ j94.4
524.5kV 3x(600.0+ j196.4
-379.8- j166.7 2x(100.0+ j55.9
2758.0+ j320.9 2x(600.0+ j164.5 100.0+ j55.9
-176.2- j83.8

504.3kV 2x(150.0+ j49.4

150.0+ j49.4
506.4kV CuChi 507.3kV PhuLam -223.6- j126.8 DuyenHai 2x(150.0+ j124.2
435.4- j19.3 578.5+ j221.7
241.5+ j352.7 PhuMy
435.4- j19.3 449.6+ j184.1 578.5+ j221.7
449.6+ j184.1
508.4kV
600.0+ j271.6
DucHoa 510.0kV 514.6kV
1252.2- j243.0 -141.4+ j126.2
600.0+ j271.6
1199.8+ j402.3
-133.6- j115.2 MyTho
460.9+ j143.9 OMon LongPhu
523.5kV 460.9+ j143.9
551.6+ j85.0
Song Hau 551.6+ j85.0
141.4- j126.2

Figure 3: The result of load flow calculation on the Vietnamese 500 kV power system 2020 for the maximum load requirement.

in which Ψ denotes the stator flux linkage, 𝐸󸀠 denotes the armature currents, applying the DQ reference frame for the
transient internal voltage in the synchronous rotating 𝑑𝑞 entire system, and can be expressed as follows, respectively:
reference frame, 𝛿 is the rotor angle, S denotes the per unit
slip, and T denotes the torque. 𝑢𝐺 is input vector containing Δ𝑢𝑡𝐺 = [Δ𝑢𝐷 Δ𝑢𝑄]
(6)
the terminal voltages and 𝑦𝐺 is output vector containing the Δ𝑦𝐺𝑡 = [Δ𝑖𝐿𝐷 Δ𝑖𝐿𝑄]
Journal of Engineering 5

Generator XT Xsys
RL
G
XL
XC

X”
Power system

EXC GEN LPA LPB IP HP

Turbine

Figure 4: Electromechanical power system.

Network. The considered network shown in Figure 3, the Vungang I consisting of two turbines with a total capacity of
linearized equation, can be expressed as follows: 1,200 MW. The first unit is expected to be operational in 2021
and the second one in 2022. Figure 5 illustrates the one-line
Δ𝑥̇𝑁1 = [𝐴 𝑁1 ] Δ𝑥𝑁1 + [𝐵𝑁1 ] Δ𝑦𝐺 diagram of the equivalent transmission system.
(7) To test Vungang I and II plants about the SSR, frequency
𝑋𝐿
Δ𝑢𝐺 = Δ𝑦𝐺̇ + [𝐹1 ] Δ𝑦𝐺 + [𝐹𝑠1 ] Δ𝑥𝑁1 + Δ𝑒1 response of the Vietnamese power system configuration to
𝜔 the year 2020 was measured at generator terminal with
where 55 percent series compensation level of the reactance of
the transmission network. The subsynchronous electrical
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿, frequency of the system is near about 28.7 Hz which is less
than the nominal frequency of 50 Hz; it can be seen in
Δ𝑥𝑡𝑁1 = [Δ𝑢𝑐𝐷 Δ𝑢𝑐𝑄] , Figure 6. Therefore, the currents will be generated which
are subsynchronous in nature at the frequency equal to
Δ𝑒𝑡1 = [Δ𝑢1𝐷 Δ𝑢1𝑄]
22.2 Hz (based on (2)) in the rotor and lead to the torque
0 −𝜔 amplification. Figure 7 is FFT analysis of the torque of the
𝐴 𝑁1 = [ ], shaft sections for the validation of resonant frequency within
𝜔 0 time interval of 4 to 5 sec of Vungang I plant. It is clear from
(8) this figure that torsional mode 26 Hz is existent.
𝜔𝑋𝐶 0
𝐵𝑁1 = [ ], To evaluate the dangerous level of SSR for the generator
0 𝜔𝑋𝐶 units of Vungang I and II plants, this study considers two
scenarios of short circuit faults that are set, respectively, at
𝑅 𝑋𝐿 two fault points as shown in Figure 5 and the following case
𝐹1 = [ ],
−𝑋𝐿 𝑅 studies:

1 0 Scenario 1. Consider a three-phase-to-ground fault at 0.1 sec

𝐹𝑠1 = [ ], on the 500 kV Vungang-Hatinh transmission line close to the
0 1
Vungang 500 kV bus, cleared after 0.1 sec.

2.3. Analysis of SSR for the Vungang Plants. The EMTP-RV
program is used to analyze SSR Vungang I and II thermal
power plants; we have to develop a linear model of the
Vietnamese 500 and 220 kV power systems based on the
approach given in [23]. Vungang I and II coal thermal
generators are modeled based on [24] and the data and
performances based on TOSHIBA manufacturer.
Vungang I thermal power plant (TPP) is located in the
Vungang industrial zone, Kyloi commune, Kyanh district,
Hatinh province, in Vietnam consisting of two turbines with
a total capacity of 1,200 MW. To improve the transferring
capability as well as system stability, the fixed series capacitor
is applied to the parallel transmission lines between Vungang
power plant and Danang substation with 55 percent compen-
sation level. The Vungang II TPP will be constructed close to
Scenario 2. Consider a three-phase-to-ground fault on the
500 kV Vungang-Hatinh transmission line close to Hatinh
500 kV bus, cleared after 0.1 sec
Case 1. The simulations were done on Scenario 1 and the
compensation level XC /XL is to 0.55. The worst-case torque
oscillations are experienced when two plants are running
parallel. The dynamic performance of the turbine-generator
shaft of Vungang I and II plants during and after clearing fault
is plotted in Figure 8. This figure shows that when the fault
is cleared, the large oscillations will be experienced between
the different sections of turbine-generator shaft, where the
torsional torque in GEN-LPB, LPB-LPA, and LPA-HIP shaft
sections is depicted. This is a typical case of SSR and it can be
readily seen that the torsional torque amplitudes between the
6 Journal of Engineering

Vungang thermal power plant

500kV 220kV 26kV

Scenario Vungang I
number 1
Scenario
number 2 220kV network

Vungang II
Connected to
Nghison Bus 26kV
Line 1 Line 1 Connected to Docsoi Bus

Line 2 Line 2
Connected to Thanhmy Bus
Hatinh Vungang Existing fixed Danang
Bus capacitors Bus
Bus

Figure 5: Connected circuit diagram of Vungang plants with 500 kV power system model.

50
X: 28.7
Y: 39.68
Impedance (Ohm)

40

30

20

10

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Frequency (Hz)
VungAng I plant
VungAng II plant

Figure 6: Frequency response of 55 percent compensated transmission network.

rotor shaft sections are very high and also their oscillations
are growing with time. Such a transient has the potential to
impair the rotor; especially if it becomes unstable leading to
the generating unit outage and can affect the power system
reliability.
Case 2. To further investigate the dangerous level of SSR
for Vungang I and II plants, the simulations were done in
this case based on Scenario 2 that a fault happened at a
distance. The worst-case torque oscillations are experienced
when two plants are running parallel. The results for the
torque oscillations and rotor speed in this case with the
compensation level XC /XL being to 0.55 are shown Figures 9
and 10, respectively. From these figures, it can be clearly seen
that the speed deviation in GEN, LPB, LPA, and HIP shaft
sections of Vungang I plant’s unit 1 and the torque in GEN-
LPB shaft section of Vungang I and II plant’s unit 1 during
and after clearing fault are gradually increasing because of the
presence of unstable mode in the system. Besides, according
to the catalog of the manufacturer, the critical speed zone is
a range from 800 rpm to 2,700 rpm as shown in Figure 11.
Evidently, the rotor speed of turbine-generator exceeds the
required limits. Hence, system is completely unstable leading
to the faulted Vungang I plant’s unit 1.
So, it can be concluded that even though the occurred
fault is far from Vungang I plant, the SSR can happen due
to the connection between two generator units of this plant
and the transmission lines (Vungang-Hatinh and Vungang-
Danang) through two 500/220 kV 450 MVA transformers.
These transmission lines have the compensated rate of 55%.
In addition, according to a typical S (shaft torque)/N (number
of cycles) curve in [24], a fault exists on 0.1 sec, torque
endurance magnitude between masses is 5 pu., and the
existent required time does not exceed a few seconds. Thus, it
needs a solution in order to mitigate SSR for Vungang I and
II TPPs for maintaining the power system stability.
3. The Proposed Solution
As analyzed in Section 2, it can be seen that the SSR for
Vungang’s generator units might occur even though the
occurred position of faults is distance for the connected
position of Vungang plant I. As a result, these Vungang’s
generator units were unconnected to grid, leading to the
instability of power system. In this case, there should be a
positive solution for matter. The thyristor-controlled series
capacitor (TCSC), static VAR compensator (SVC), and static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM) are chosen as a good
Journal of Engineering 7

6 X = 26 0.025
FFT Magnetude (pu)
Y = 5.51

FFT Magnetude (pu)

5 0.02 X = 26
Y = 0.0215

4 0.015
3
0.01
2
1 0.005
0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
GEN-LPB GEN
LPB-LPA LPB
LPA-HIP
(a) (b)

Figure 7: FFT analysis of shaft torque for the validation of resonant frequency: (a) GEN-LPB, LPB-LPA, and LPA-HIP shaft sections; (b)
GEN and LPB shaft sections.

10
4
5 2

Torque (pu)
Torque (pu)

0
0
−2
−5 −4
−6
−10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (s) Time (s)
GEN-LPB GEN-LPB
LPB-LPA LPB-LPA
LPA-HIP LPA-HIP
(a) (b)

Figure 8: The torsional torque in GEN-LPB, LPA-LPB, and LPA-HIP shaft sections: (a) Vungang I plant’s unit 1 during and after clearing fault
and (b) Vungang II plant’s unit 1 during and after clearing fault.

330
5
Speed (rad/sec)
Torque (pu)

0 320

−5
310
−10
300
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (s) Time (s)
GEN-LPB of Vungang I GEN LPA
GEN-LPB of Vungang II LPB HIP

Figure 9: The torsional torque in GEN-LPB shaft sections of Figure 10: The speed deviation in GEN, LPB, LPA, and HIP shaft
Vungang I and II plant’s unit 1 during and after clearing fault. sections of Vungang I plant’s unit 1 during and after clearing fault.

solution. In this section, we analyze the control strategy for reactor (TCR). When TCSC is operating in the mode without
TCSC, STATCOM, and SVC. TCR it can be considered as the fixed series capacitor. In
this case, subsynchronous behavior of TCSC is similar with
3.1. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) Device. fixed series capacitor with the same ratings. Thus, operation
The TCSC configuration is used to dampen SSR proposed in of TCR is required to change the subsynchronous behavior of
this paper as shown in Figure 12, which consists of a fixed TCSC so that the particular TCSC implementation depends
series capacitor bank C in parallel with a thyristor-controlled on various structural and control system related factors. The
8 Journal of Engineering

Trip

Vibration Amplitude
175 m

150 m ANN

125 m

GEN LPA LPB HIP

800 2700 3000 (rpm)

Low Speed Zone High Speed Zone

Figure 11: The rotating speed zone of generators.

Bus k Bus t
Zline

Ikt Vtcsc C tcsc Itk

1 -jX tcsc ()
1+sTtcsc
L tcsc
Thyristors
Calculate the
impedance TCSC
 max
ref + tcsc K itcsc 1 1+sT 2tcsc sTwtcsc  Operation mode Turn-off
X t csc − × Kp +
s 1+sT1
tcsc
1+sT 3tcsc 1+sT wtcsc selector angle unit
 min
X tcsc () 
Filter

Linearization block
Figure 12: The control strategy for TCSC.

TCSC reactance is calculated in the following function of
firing angle 𝛼:
𝑘2 𝑋 𝐶
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 (𝛼) = 𝑋𝐶tcsc −
𝜋 (𝑘2 − 1)
+ sin 2 (𝜋 − 𝛼)
4𝑘2 𝑋𝐶tscc cos2 (𝜋 − 𝛼)
+ [𝑘 tan 𝑘 (𝜋 − 𝛼)
𝜋 (𝑘2 − 1)
− tan (𝜋 − 𝛼)]
where 𝑘 = √𝑋𝐶tscc /𝑋𝐿 tscc is the degree of series compensation.
The effective reactance dependent on a parallel inductor-
capacitor (LC) at the fundamental frequency 𝑓𝑜 , containing
a fixed capacitive impedance, X𝐶tcsc = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝐶tcsc , and
an alterable inductive impedance X𝐿tcsc = 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝐿 tcsc can
be shown from (9). This variable X TCSC corresponding to
the firing angle of the thyristors can be obtained by using
the difference control strategies and feedback signal. In this
paper, the main objective is to mitigate SSR. So the signal
of the current of transmission line and voltage across TCSC
are chosen to be used. The control strategy is shown in
[2 (𝜋 − 𝛼)
Figure 12, in which the product of the impedance error
between the calculated and reference impedances and the
output impedance of linearization block are passed through a
(9) PI controller. The output is the PI controller is passed through
two lag/lead compensation blocks, a signal washout block,
and a limiter block; then this signal enters the firing angle
pulse generator. The operation mode selector block has only
one task for setting a manual constant turn-off angle. In this
paper, the TCSC controller is assumed to be operated in the
reactive region between 0.25 𝑋line and 1.2 𝑋line , where 𝑋line is
reactance of transmission line where the TCSC is placed, the
capacitor reactance at the fundamental frequency is chosen to
be 𝑋𝐶𝑡csc = 0.02 pu, and the TCSC ratio 𝑋𝐶tcsc /𝑋𝐿tcsc is 10. The
parameters for TCSC controller are listed out in Table 1 using
the genetic algorithm tool that is provided with the “optimum
run” block in PSCAD.
Journal of Engineering 9

V SVC controller

1
Transformer 1+sT1SVC
ISVC
I SVC Vref +−
−
1
X sl
a 1+sT2SVC

Thyristors
PI controller
Bmax
K iSVC +
CSVC Distribution Unit K pSVC +
B SVC  BSVC s −
Bmin
L SVC Auxiliary subsynchronous
SCV model 0.89s
damping controller
( s + 0.89s +52.4)
2
TCR
Vmax
Δ
( s 2 + 52.4) − K SVC s
+
( s 2 + 0.89s +52.4)
Vmin

Figure 13: The control strategy for SVC.

3.2. Static VAR Compensator (SVC) Device. The SVC con- Table 1: The parameters of TCSC control system.
figuration is used to dampen SSR proposed in this paper as
shown in Figure 13, in which the thyristor-controlled reactor Parameter name Value Unit
(TCR) together with a fixed capacitor (FC) is connected 𝐾𝑝tcsc 100 -
in parallel and its controller. The proposed control strategy 𝐾𝑖tcsc 46 -
for SVC contains the auxiliary subsynchronous damping 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 0.015 Sec
controller (SSDC) that is aimed using the generator rotor’s 𝑇1tcsc 0.1 Sec
angular speed deviation signal as the stabilizing signal. The 𝑇2tcsc 0.1 Sec
voltage at connected point and the SVC’s current are used 𝑇3tcsc 0.4 Sec
as the control signal. Producing the voltage error signal, 𝑇𝑤tcsc 10 Sec
the voltage values (measured direct voltage and voltage
through measured current with slope reactance) passing the
washout blocks are compared with the reference voltage, is equal to the inverse of Droop, allowing the sharing of
and then this signal is compared with the obtained voltage voltage of generators. The input signals are the connected
from the auxiliary subsynchronous damping controller. The STACOM voltage U bus , reference voltage on the connected
BSVC susceptance will be obtained by passing the voltage STATCOM bus U ref , the STATCOM internal voltage U T ,
error through the PI controller. The TCR susceptance value and the auxiliary signal. This auxiliary signal is generated
obtained as function of the firing angle 𝛼 can be presented as by SSDC. The same as SVC, the proposed control unit for
follows: STATCOM also contains the auxiliary SSDC. The generator
2 (𝜋 − 𝛼) 4 + sin (2𝛼) rotor’s angular speed deviation signal is used as the stabilizing
𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝛼) = (10) signal for the SSDC to generate the subsynchronous control
𝜋
output; this signal is passed through three separate control
where the firing angle 𝛼 is determined by passing BSVC paths, comprising a band-pass filter, an amplifier, and a unity-
through the distribution unit. The parameters for SVC con- gain phase-shifter for each one. The objective of SSDC is to
troller are listed in Table 2. mitigate the multimodal SSR. The parameters of STATCOM
are listed in Table 3 by using algorithms in [19, 25].
3.3. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) Device.
The STATCOM configuration is used to dampen SSR pro- 4. Test Simulations
posed in this paper as shown in Figure 14, which consists
of a voltage source converter (VSC), a coupling transformer, According to the analysis in Section 2, it needs a solution in
a DC capacitor, and controller unit. The objective of this order to mitigate SSR for the Vungang I and II TPPs. The
study is to investigate the SSR when the fault occurs in Vietnamese 500/220 kV transmission system is mentioned in
the system network. The control system is modified from Section 2 with TCSC, SVC, and STATCOM and the proposed
the control strategy in [19]. The whole proposed control solutions in Section 3 have been simulated for further
strategy is shown in Figure 14. It is compound of the voltage analysis. All dynamic models such as generators, excitation
regulator with transient gain and can be determined by the systems, transmission lines, and loads are modeled by using
time constants T stat and integrator 𝐾. The steady state gain PSS/E (from dynamic model library) [26] and all dynamic
10 Journal of Engineering

Bus
iStat

HV bus
Coupling
Transformer
  I Stat_Max MV bus
U ref Limit Max UT 

+ (1 + sT stat )(1 + sTstat )

− 1 2 K stat 1 Kistat  Gate pattern C
Ubus ∑ +− Kpstat +
− − (1 + sT3stat)(1 + sT4stat ) s Xt s logic

Limit Min I Stat_Min STATCOM

Droop
2
1−T5 s Low band
K 1stat
1+T5 s filter
Umax 2
1−T6 s Δ
+
Medium band
K 2stat
+
+
1+T6 s filter
Umin 2
1−T7 s K 3stat
High band
Auxiliary subsynchronous
damping controller 1+T7 s filter

Figure 14: The control strategy for STATCOM.

Table 2: The parameters of SVC control system.

Parameter name Value Unit Parameter name Value Unit

𝐾𝑝𝑠V𝑐 2 - 𝑉max 1.2 pu
𝐾𝑖𝑠V𝑐 85 - 𝑉min -1.0 pu
𝑇1𝑠V𝑐 0.1 Sec 𝐵max 1.0 pu
𝑇2𝑠V𝑐 0.178 Sec 𝐵min -1.0 pu
𝐾𝑠V𝑐 400 -

Table 3: The parameters of STATCOM control system.

Parameter Value Unit Parameter Value Unit

𝐾𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 90 - 𝑇6𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 0.005 pu
𝐾𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 2 - 𝑇7𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 0.009 pu
𝐾𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 200 - 𝑈max 1.2 sec
𝐾1𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 -312 - 𝑈min -1 sec
𝐾2𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 290 - 𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 Max 1 sec
𝐾3𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 210 - 𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 Min -1 sec
𝑇1𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 0.65 sec 𝑋𝑡 0.1 pu
𝑇2𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 0 sec Limit Max 1.2 pu
𝑇3𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 0.3 sec Limit Min -1.2 pu
𝑇4𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 0 sec Droop 0.02 -
𝑇5𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 0.03 sec

parameters are taken from [27] and the Vietnamese national
load dispatch center (NLDC). The single-line diagram and
the result of load flow calculation are given in Figure 5. All
the simulations are carried out in EMTP-RV environment for
55% compensation level.
The analysis of SSR with TCSC, SVC, and STATCOM
devices is carried out based on damping torque analysis and
transient simulation
4.1. Test Case with TCSC. In this case, the simulation was
done on pondering upon the placement of existing fixed
capacitors on the 500 kV transmission line between buses
Vungang and Danang by TCSC device. The detailed math-
ematical modeling, control strategy, and parameters of TCSC
for mitigation of SSR have been proposed in Section 3.1. The
robustness of the suggested TCSC controller as shown in
Figure 12 and suggested parameters as listed in Table 1 is
Journal of Engineering
10
5
Torque (pu)
0
−5
−10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time (s)
GEN-LPB without TCSC
GEN-LPB with TCSC
(a)
Figure 15: The effect of the TCSC on the SSR of Vungang II plant: (a) the torque oscillations in GEN-LPB shaft section of Vungang II plant’s
unit 2; (b) and the speed oscillations in HIP shaft section of Vungang II plant’s unit 1.
investigated by considering a three-phase-to-ground fault at
0.1 sec on the 500 kV Vungang-Hatinh transmission line close
to the Vungang 500 kV bus, cleared after 0.1 sec (Scenario
1 is mentioned in Section 2.3). The simulation results are
obtained and plotted in Figure 15. From this figure, it can be
clearly seen that when the fault is cleared, the torque oscil-
lations in GEN-LPB shaft section of Vungang II plant’s unit
2 and the speed oscillations in HIP shaft section of Vungang
II plant’s unit 1 are very high and also their oscillations are
growing with time in case using the fixed capacitors. This
problem happened due to the unstable mode at 26 Hz. These
oscillations have greatly decreased when TCSC is connected
to replace existing fixed capacitors. Compared with the
inhibition effect of the existing fixed capacitors, the proposed
control strategy of TCSC causes the torque and speed in shaft
sections to dampen down in a shorter period. In addition, the
maximal amplitude of the torque and speed in shaft sections
is smaller, which can quickly suppress oscillation when SSR
occurs, thus reducing damage to the generator shaft.
4.2. Test Case with SVC. For this case, the simulation was
done on consideration for building SVC substation placed
centrally on the 500 kV Vungang-Danang transmission line
and by passing the existing fixed capacitors at Vungang and
Danang buses on the 500 kV Vungang-Danang transmission
line, and it can be shown in Figure 16. The detailed mathe-
matical modeling, control strategy, and parameters of SVC
for mitigation of SSR have been proposed in Section 3.2.
In order to assess the capability of the suggested SVC
controller as shown in Figure 13 and the suggested parameters
as listed in Table 2, the considered Scenarios 1 and 2 in
Section 2.3 are utilized. The simulation results are obtained
and plotted in Figure 17. From this figure, it can be clearly seen
that when the fault is cleared, the torque oscillations in GEN-
LPB, LPB-LPA, and LPA-HIP shaft sections of Vungang II
plant’s unit 2 have greatly decreased when SVC is connected.
Thus, it could be concluded that the control strategy of SVC
proposed in Section 3.2 has enough ability to mitigate SSR
and the system becomes stable.
11
330
Speed (rad/sec)
320
310
300
3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (s)
HIP without TCSC
HIP with TCSC
(b)
4.3. Test Case with STATCOM. In order to assess the capa-
bility of the suggested STATCOM controller as detailed in
Figure 14 and the suggested parameters as listed in Table 3 for
mitigating SSR, STACOM substation is placed centrally on
the 500 kV Vungang-Danang transmission line and bypass-
ing the existing fixed capacitors at Vungang and Danang
buses on the 500 kV Vungang-Danang transmission line, and
it can be shown in Figure 16 (replacing SVC substation). The
simulation was done based on the torque oscillations in GEN-
LPB and LPB-LPA shaft sections of Vungang I plant’s unit 1
and Vungang II plant’s unit 2 under considering Scenarios 1
and 2, respectively. The simulation results are obtained and
plotted in Figure 18. It can be clearly shown that when the fault
is cleared, the torque oscillations in GEN-LPB and LPB–LPA
have greatly decreased when STATCOM is connected. Thus,
it could be concluded that the control strategy of STATCOM
proposed in Section 3.3 has enough ability to mitigate SSR
and the system becomes stable.
Based on the abovementioned analyses and the obtained
results from three test cases, it can be shown that the SSR of
Vungang PPTs is analyzed as the torque oscillation between
shaft sections of generator rotor is greatly reduced when the
three-phase short circuit fault in the power system occurs.
From such a result, it could be concluded that the proposed
solutions in Section 3 modified from the control strategies
introduced in [19–22] for TCSC, SVC, and STATCOM,
respectively, have secured mitigating SSR. As the expectation
of this paper, it has to choose a better solution. In order to
do that, a simulation was done based on the torque damped
oscillations in GEN-LPB shaft section under considering
the three-phase short circuit fault in the power system as
mentioned in Scenario 1 to find one of the three proposed
solutions that it has ability to withstand SSR better. The tested
result is obtained and plotted in Figure 19. From this figure, it
can be clearly seen that when the fault is cleared, the torque
oscillations in GEN-LPB shaft section of Vungang II plant’s
unit 1 are damped better when using the proposed control
strategy of SVC compared to one of TCSC and STATCOM.
From such a result, it could be concluded that the control
12 Journal of Engineering

Thuongtin
NhoQuang

18.83Ohm

Nghison
21.5Ohm

Hatinh Vungang I and II

43Ohm

SVC

30.5Ohm
Dangnang
18.83Ohm

Thanhmy
21.5Ohm
Docsoi

Figure 16: The location of placed SVC substation.

4
2
2
Torque (pu)

Torque (pu)

0
0

−2 −2

−4 −4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (s) Time (s)
GEN-LPB GEN-LPB
LPB-LPA LPB-LPA
LPA-HIP LPA-HIP
(a) (b)

Figure 17: The effect of the SVC on the SSR of Vungang II plant: (a) the torque oscillations in GEN-LPB, LPB-LPA, and LPA-HIP shaft
sections of Vungang II plant’s unit 2 under considering Scenario 1; (b) the torque oscillations in GEN-LPB, LPB-LPA, and LPA-HIP shaft
sections of Vungang II plant’s unit 2 under considering Scenario 2.

strategy of SVC proposed in Section 3.2 has enough ability
to mitigate SSR and the system becomes stable.
5. Conclusions
In this paper, the subsynchronous resonance (SSR) phe-
nomenon for the power system has been analyzed. On the
basis of that, this study analyzed an actual SSR event that
has occurred in the Vietnamese Vungang I and II thermal
plants on November 24, 2015. As a result, a shaft failure of
Vietnamese Vungang I plant’s unit 1 has occurred because
of the series capacitors on the 500 kV Vungang-Danang and
Hatinh-Danang transmission lines. In order to solve the
difficulties encountered in the Vietnamese power system,
we have proposed the three difference control strategies
by modifying the proposed control strategy in [19–22]
for three FACTS devices as the thyristor-controlled series
capacitor (TCSC), static VAR compensator (SVC), and static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The time-domain
simulation results on the transient analysis show that the SSR
of Vungang PPTs is analyzed through the torque oscillation
between shaft sections of generator rotor which is greatly
Journal of Engineering 13

0.5
1
0
0
Torque (pu)

−0.5

Torques (pu)
−1 −1
−2 −1.5
−2
−3
−2.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (s) Time (s)
GEN-LPB of Vungang II
LPB-LPA Vungang II
GEN-LPB of Vungang I LPB-LPA Vungang I
(a) (b)

Figure 18: The effect of the STATCOM on the SSR of Vungang I and II plants: (a) The torque oscillation in LPA-LPB shaft section of Vungang
I plant’s unit 1 and Vungang I plant’s unit 2 under considering Scenario 1. (b) The torque oscillation in LPA-LPB shaft section of Vungang II
plant’s unit 1 and Vungang I plant’s unit 2 under considering Scenario 2.

1 Acknowledgments
0 The authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support
Torque (pu)

−1 provided by Ton Duc Thang and Industrial University of Ho

−0.6 Chi Minh City, Vietnam, for carrying out this work.
−2 −0.8

−3 −1
References
8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5

0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s)
GEN-LPB of Vungang II with STATCOM
GEN-LPB of Vungang II with SVC
GEN-LPB of Vungang II with TCSC
Figure 19: Comparison of the three proposed solutions.
reduced under the three-phase short circuit fault in the power
system when using the proposed control strategies (three
solutions). However, from the point of view of the power
system stability, the control strategy has been proposed and
designed for SVC device which has ability to mitigate SSR
better than one for TCSC and STATCOM for the power
system, particularly the Vietnamese power system.
In addition, for this study, the applied network is the Viet-
namese 500/220 kV power system and SSR event of Vungang
I plant’s unit 1, the fixed series capacitor at Vungang, and
Danang buses on the 500 kV Vungang-Danang transmission
line have been passed or revoked.
Data Availability
No data were used to support the study and all data are
provided in full in the Results section of this paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
regarding the publication of this paper.
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