2nd IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2018)
9ROWDJHURILOHQKDQFHPHQWIRU,(((
XV\VWHPXVLQJ83)&7&6&DQG666&
Gurudutt Bagha
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
NIT Kurukshetra
Haryana, India
gdbagha@gmail.com
Abstract–Due to rapid growth in industrialization and
urbanization much more capable transmission and distribution
system is required to overcome the growing demand of
electricity. So to meet up the demand of increasing power recent
new technology, i.e., FACTS devices, has been developed in
recent decades. The goal of this paper is to enhance the voltage
profile of a test system using some FACTS devices, like UPFC,
TCSC and SSSC. In this paper we have used an IEEE 14 bus as a
test system and built it using PSAT software. First we find the
critical bus having a minimum voltage profile and then by trial
and error method we searched for appropriate FACTS device at
appropriate location for maximum voltage enhancement of that
critical bus.
Keywords: -IEEE-14 bus, UPFC, TCSC, SSSC, PSAT
I. INTRODUCTION
A major concern of a power engineer is the instability in
the power system due to voltage collapse. Voltage fluctuation
is a serious issue which is undesirable at the customer end. For
enhancing voltage in a network stability analysis is very
important. Voltage profile of a network is getting affected day
by day due to increment in load demand. Load flow analysis is
very important to tackle this problem. Some of the modern
advanced devices like FACTS are very handful in voltage
profile improvement of a system [1].
Continuous attention is required in the issued related to
power quality. Due to the increment in the number of load
which are sensitive to power quality it has created a problem
in power quality in recent years. So the changes in user
requirements and equipment have made a new goal for an
electrical engineer to work in the area for providing a good
power quality [1]. When the demand of reactive power is not
met up then the problems related to voltage instability and
collapse occurs in our power system. Continuous changes and
restruction of transmission system is happening worldwide to
make the transmission system much more flexible to load
patterns and diverse power generation. For the purpose of
generating employment and to support industry in developing
industries, the investments over the transmission must be
required to be used in optimized manner [2].
Operation and control of power system network is getting
much more complex with the increment of power demand.
The control of existing network is mostly mechanical. In
recent times some devices like computers and high-speed
communication devices have come into picture to be used for
control and protection of transmission system. Although the
978-1-5386-6625-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
267
Amit Kumar
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
NIT Kurukshetra
Haryana, India
amitkumar357@gmail.com
control signal is sent from these electronic devices but still the
final switching action is done from mechanical devise only.
Since these mechanical devices are slow in action so a
frequent control cannot be obtained from these mechanical
devices. These slow action causes quick wear out of these
devices as compare to static devices. Because of such reasons
FACTS technology was developed. Introduction of Flexible
AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices around three
decades ago has led to a revolutionized power flow
improvement in a transmission system [3-4].
Some of the FACTS devices which have been running in
operation are TCSC, SSSC and UPFC comes under series and
series-shunt family, respectively. Meikandasivam et. al [5]
referred a brief study of a TCSC device about the operation,
reactance characteristic and resonance and also degree of
series compensation (K) brings an idea of selecting the TCSC
capacitor. A controllable series compensation can be obtained
using SSSC which is immune to network resonance [3]. Power
flow reversement is possible in SSSC as mentioned in [6].
Resistive component of a line impedance can have its voltage
drop be compensated in the presence of an external DC supply
by SSSC [7]. System parameters like impedance, voltage and
phase angle are controlled either simultaneously or
individually by UPFC [8-9].
One of the open source software used in this paper is
Matlab based PSAT. Some of the operations like power flow,
continuation power flow etc. can be performed over a power
system network in PSAT [10]. IEEE 14 bus used in this paper
consists of five generators and four PV generators. Line,
generator and PV generator data of IEEE 14 bus system used
in this paper is given in [11].
The main aim of this paper is to analyze such FACTS
device on an IEEE-14 bus system and there results are
analyzed. The FACTS devices which are used for
enhancement analysis are UPFC, TCSC and SSSC.
II. FACTS DEVICES
With the recent day by day increment in industrialization
and modern urbanization of life style has led to major
transformation in electricity industry worldwide. This huge
transformation has led to a high complexity in existing power
system. With this modernization it has created a huge task for
a power engineer to come up with efficient ways to control the
voltage and power profile in an efficient and economic
manner. One of the methods is by installation of new
transmission lines. But installing a new line is a very difficult
task and high complexible. It is not economically and
environmentally considered beneficial to install new
transmission lines.
For much more economical and efficient transmission of
power over a line a new technology called FACTS (Flexible
Alternating Current Transmission System) devices have been
introduced [5]. For the increment of controllability and
transfer capability FACTS devices uses power electronic
devices and controllers. With the introduction of FACTS it has
become very easy to regulate phase angle, voltage, series
impedance, current, shunt impedance and series impedance of
a transmission line for voltage and power flow profile
improvement [2].
For the voltage profile study of an IEEE-14 bus system
following FACTS devices are used in this paper:
• Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor(TCSC)
• Static Synchronous Series Capacitor(SSSC)
• Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC) Fig 2. Characteristic curve of TCSC[5]

A. TCSC TABLE I. TCSC FIRING ANGLE () RANGE

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor is used as a series
compensator which is useful in governing the power flow in a Range of firing angle () Region
transmission line by compensating the line reactance of the Llim  Clim Resonance region
90  Llim Inductive region
transmission line. In 1986, Vithayathil with others proposed Clim  180 Capacitive region
the basic scheme of TCSC [3]. Fault current can also be
limited by adjusting its impedance.
TCSC basically consists of three parts: series capacitor C,
a bypass inductor L and a bi-direction thyristor SCR. TCSC B. SSSC
can be made to act as an inductor or capacitor by modifying SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator) being a
the reactance of TCSC. FACTS device is a voltage source converter based device. The
Fig. 1 shows the basic circuit diagram of a TCSC which schematic diagram of SSSC is shown in Fig. 3. It is able to
consists of a Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) shunting a provide inductive and capacitive compensation which are
series compensating capacitor (C). Inductive reactance of a independent of line current magnitudes [3].
TCR is a function of firing angle (). Thus the value of Availability of any external energy source is not required
TCSC can be varied by changing the value of . The for the operation of SSSC. Thus it is fully controllable and
formula for XL as a function of  is [5]:- independent of transmission line current. Thus it is able to
increase or decrease the overall voltage drop across the
ߨ transmission line and thereby controlling the power flow in the
ܺ௅ ሺȽሻ ൌ ܺ௅ (1)
ߨെ•‹ ʹߙെʹߙ transmission line.

XL=L =2fL (2)

Fig 3. Schematic diagram of SSSC [6]

Fig 1. Schematic diagram of TCSC [5]
Depending upon the range of  TCSC can be made to work
under inductive, capacitive and resonance region as shown in
Fig. 2 and Table 1.
SSSC has got the capability to exchange both active and
reactive power with the transmission line. Fig. 4 represents the
performance curve of a SSSC.

268

Fig 4. Power vs Angle curve of SSSC [7]
Power transmitted through the SSSC is given by:-
௏ మ ୱ୧୬ ఋ ௏Ǥ௏௤ ୡ୭ୱ ఋȀଶ
Pq = + These analyses are:-
௑ ௑
Pq = Power transmitted through transmission line
V= magnitude of voltage
ߜ = angular difference between the voltage ends of a
transmission line
C. UPFC
In 1991, GyuGyi proposed the idea of UPFC (Unified
Power Flow Controller) [3]. On high-voltage transmission
system UPFC can easily provide fast paced reactive power
compensation. Many of the parameters (i.e. phase angle,
voltage and impedance can be controlled with help of UPFC.
Thus its capability to control all these parameters has got it the
term “unified”.
It is the latest in the FACTS technology. Features of two
other FACTS device are being combined for the working of
UPFC. Those two devices are STATCOM (Static
Synchronous Compensator) and SSSC (Static Synchronous
Series Compensator). These two FACTS devices are linked
via a common DC voltage link. Transient stability of a power
system network can be obtained with the help of UPFC, since;
it is able to suppress the oscillation in power system network
[8].
Fig. 5 represents the circuit diagram of UPFC. In this
figure shunt converter corresponds to STATCOM and series
converter corresponds to SSSC and they are linked by a
common DC voltage link Vdc.
269
Fig 5. Circuit diagram of UPFC [9]
III. PSAT (POWER ANALYSIS AND TOOLBOX)
For the purpose of control and analysis of electrical power
system MATLAB toolbox which is helpful is PSAT [10]. It is
portable and open source. PSAT can run on some of the most
common most operating system like Windows, Unix etc.
Small signal stability, optimal power flow, power flow and
continuous power flow are included in PSAT.
Most important in the PSAT is power flow algorithm.
Once it is completed the user can perform further analysis.
• Optimal power flow
• Continuation power flow
• Small-signal stability analysis
• Time domain simulations
Some of the other features which are included in PSAT:
• Simulink library to form a network
• User defined model installation and construction
• Filters for converting data
• Command logs
IV. POWER FLOW ANALYSIS OF IEEE-14 BUS SYTEM
For the purpose of load flow analysis we have taken a
IEEE-14 bus system and simulated it in PSAT toolbox. This
modified model was then compared with reference model as
given in [10]. It was observed to follow the reference model.
Block diagram of IEEE-14 bus in shown in Fig 6. Simulation
model of IEEE-14bus system made in PSAT is shown in Fig
7.And also, all the input data ,i.e., PQ load data , branch data,
generation data, PV generator data and transformer tap setting
data, to the IEEE-14 bus PSAT simulink model are given in
Tables 2 to 6 respectively [12].
Results of the IEEE-14 bus when run in PSAT are shown
in Table 7.
 10 0.09 0.058
11 0.035 0.018
12 0.061 0.016
13 0.135 0.058
14 0.149 0.05

TABLE 3. BRANCH DATA [11]

Line no From To bus Line impedance Half line

bus R (pu) X charging
(pu) susceptance
(pu)
1 1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.02640
2 2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.02190
3 2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.01870
4 1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.02460
5 2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.01700
Fig 6. Basic block diagram of IEEE-14 bus system [12]
6 3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.01730
7 4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0.0064
8 5 6 0.0 0.25202 0.0
9 4 7 0.0 0.20912 0.0
10 7 8 0.0 0.17615 0.0
11 4 9 0.0 0.55618 0.0
12 7 9 0.0 0.11001 0.0
13 9 10 0.03181 0.08450 0.0
14 6 11 0.09498 0.19890 0.0
15 6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0.0
16 6 13 0.06615 0.13027 0.0
17 9 14 0.12711 0.27038 0.0
18 10 11 0.08205 0.19207 0.0
19 12 13 0.22092 0.19988 0.0
20 13 14 0.01709 0.34802 0.0

TABLE 4. GENERATION DATA

Bus no Real power (pu) Reactive power (pu)

1 2.324 -0.169
2 0.4 0.424
3 0.0 0.234
4 0.0 0.0
Fig 7. PSAT model of IEEE-14 bus system 5 0.0 0.0
6 0.0 0.122
TABLE 2. PQ LOAD DATA
7 0.0 0.0
Bus no. Real power (pu) Reactive 8 0.0 0.174
power(pu) 9 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0
10 0.0 0.0
2 0.217 0.127 11 0.0 0.0
3 0.942 0.19 12 0.0 0.0
4 0.478 0.04 13 0.0 0.0
5 0.076 0.016 14 0.0 0.0
6 0.112 0.075
7 0.0 0.0
8 0.0 0.0
9 0.295 0.166

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 TABLE 5. PV GENERATOR DATA

Bus no. Voltage magnitude (pu) Reactive power limit

Minimum Maximum
MVAR (pu) MVAR
(pu)
2 1.045 -0.4 0.5
3 1.01 0.0 0.4
6 1.07 -0.06 0.24
8 1.09 -0.06 0.24

TABLE 6. TRANSFORMER TAP SETTING DATA

From bus To bus Tap setting value (pu)

4 7 0.978
4 9 0.969
5 6 0.932
Fig 9. Graphical result of IEEE-14 bus in the presence of UPFC between bus
no. 2 and 4
TABLE 7. POWER FLOW RESULT OF IEEE-14 BUS WITHOUT ANY
FACTS DEVICES
Bus no Bus voltage (pu) Phase angle(rad)
1 1.06 0
2 1.045 -0.0871
3 1.01 -0.22266
4 1.012 -0.17851
5 1.016 -0.15274
6 1.07 -0.25161
7 1.0494 -0.23092
8 1.09 -0.23092
9 1.0328 -0.25854
10 1.0318 -0.26224
11 1.0471 -0.25898
12 1.0534 -0.26645
13 1.047 -0.2671
14 1.0207 -0.28018

Voltage magnitude result of IEEE-14 bus in the absence Fig 10. Graphical result of IEEE-14 bus in the presence of SSSC between bus
no. 2 and 4
of any FACTS device is shown in Fig 8. And also the impact
of FACTS devices like UPFC, SSSC and TCSC are shown in
Fig 9 to 11 respectively.

Fig 8. Graphical result of IEEE-14 bus without any FACTS devices Fig 11. Graphical result of IEEE-14 bus in the presence of TCSC between bus
no. 2 and 4

271
In the Table 7 voltage profile at bus 4 is found to be to be [3] Hingorani, N.G. and Gyugyi, L., “Understanding FACTS”, Concepts and
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least. So in order to enhance its voltage profile all three
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FACTS devices, i.e. UPFC, SSSC and TCSC were placed at [4] Hussain Ashfaq, “Electrical Power Systems”, CBS Publications, New
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1 5 1.0191 1.0184 1.0179
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9 14 1.0118 1.0118 1.0118
10 11 1.0123 1.0123 1.0123
12 13 1.0121 1.0121 1.0121
13 14 1.0125 1.0123 1.0124

V. Conclusion

As it can be seen in Fig. 7 that IEEE-14 bus PSAT model

is shown to have PV generator at buses 2, 3, 6 and 8. So it
recorded that the voltage level at these buses won’t change
even with the addition of FACTS devices mentioned in this
paper.
Power flow result of IEEE-14 bus is observed to have a
least critical voltage of magnitude 1.012 pu at bus no. 4. So
the voltage magnitude data of bus 4 is recorded with the
addition of series compensation devices, i.e., UPFC, SSSC and
TCSC, between every branch and results recorded in table 7
shows that the addition of UPFC between bus no 2 and 4 is
giving a voltage magnitude of 1.0229 pu at bus no 4 which is
greater than the voltage magnitude in the absence of any
FACTS device.
It can also be noted that UPFC is giving much more
satisfactory result than other FACTS devices, i.e., SSSC and
TCSC. Thus it is concluded that UPFC gives much better
satisfactory results than SSSC and TCSC for the enhancement
of voltage profile in IEEE-14 bus system.

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