Wind Energy Technology

Global Trends and Current State of Art

Lecture 1

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Factor 4 Energy
Projects GmbH

Dipl.-
Dipl.-Ing.
Benjamin Jargstorf
Factor 4 Energy Projects GmbH

charged by
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit
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(GTZ) GmbH (Renewable

(Renewable Energies,
Energies, Mexico)
Mexico)

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Wind Energy Technology
Global Trends and Current State of Art
Lecture 1: Introduction to Wind Energy Technology

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Contents

starting point: world energy situation

global environment

introduction to RE Technology

wind energy physics

aerodynamic basics (lift and drag)

the power in the wind (Betz Optimum)
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 Introduction

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Who am I?
Introduction

Benjamin Jargstorf (Dip.-Ing. equals M.Sc.)

electrical engineer, sociologist

studied at

Technische Universität Braunschweig (Technical
University of Braunschweig/ Brunswig, Germany)

Free University of Berlin (Institute of Sociology)

University of Cambridge (King’s College, UK)

University of Nairobi (Environmental Science)

working experience in more than 40 countries

specialising in RE since 1985
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 Factor 4 Energy Projects GmbH

limited company registered at Schwerin
(Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany)
Introduction

office in Wismar on the Baltic Sea

founded 1996 – report of Club of Rome:
„Factor Four: Doubling Wealth - Halving
Resource Use”

… industrial society can only survive, when
half the natural resources is used with twice
the efficiency … thus, a factor 4 is needed.

renewable energy and energy efficiency: wind
energy, solar energy, biomass use, energy

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planning (master plans), financing of RE etc.
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World-Wide Experiences
Introduction

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 The Importance of Energy

Mankind’s development has always been strongly
Introduction
influenced by energy availability

With the fossil fuel age we got the illusion of
limitless supply of cheap fuel

The oil price crisis 1973 started a new way of
thinking - a shift towards energy conservation and
renewable energies

The next big energy development will create the
solar age: Renewable energy will be used more
than fossil fuels

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Ecological Footprint of Mankind …

Introduction

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 … and the Countries responsible
Introduction

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World Electricity Demand

Introduction

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 Sources of Electricity - World
Introduction

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Consumption Patterns
Introduction

For comparison: 1,526 kWh/cap Latin America p.a.

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1,930 kWh/cap Mexico p.a.

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 Environmental Impact
Introduction

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Space Requirements
Introduction

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 Fossil Age - the End is near
Introduction Given today’s consumption patterns, our fossil
fuel deposits will finish soon

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The Energies of the Future

Development of energy sources - a global prognosis
The share of old and new energy sources
Introduction

Traditional
Biomass,
Fuelwood
etc.

Coal

Petroleum,
Gas

Future technologies:
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Nuclear power Renewable

energies Hydrogen-technology
Solar, Wind, Hydro power Nuclear fusion etc.

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 Fossil & Nuclear Energy ...
based on rational use of energy
Introduction
Energy Services

based on fossil & nuclear energy

based on solar energy

Year 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

... are only a blink of the eye

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in man‘s energy history.
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Global Environment Issues

CO2 Emissions world-wide cause climate change
Introduction

Environmental and social changes cannot be

predicted – but will be extreme

Generally a three-fold strategy:

energy saving

rational use of energy

renewable energy

Industrialized countries cause by far more CO2
emissions than developing countries

20 % of world population cause 85 % of pollution!
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 Global Greenhouse = Warming

Greenhouse Gases

Infr
ar e
dR
ad i
atio
n
Solar
Radia
tion

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The Heat is on, globally

Calculated and measured

Introduction

Temperature
CO2 only
Rise

verified increase (measured) CO2 and

aerosols
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 Effects of Fossil Fuel Usage
Introduction
Ambient temperatures get higher

Warmer air can absorb more water

Larger amounts of water are transported

More rain in shorter periods of time

Central Europe 1999, 2002, China 1997, 2000, 2002,
India 1998, 2000

El Niño, La Niña phenomena in South America

Wind speeds increase (hurricanes, blizzards)

Longer dry seasons in Southern Countries

Monsoon rains more erratic than ever

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 Natural Desasters increase world-wide
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Major Natural Desasters ...

others
Introduction

inundations
hurricanes
earth quakes
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 ... and the Damage caused
Introduction
total damage
insured damage
trend total damage
trend insured damage

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RE Overview
• all energy comes from the sun
• fossil fuel is captured solar energy from
Introduction

approx. 290 million years ago

• the sun today sends about 10,000 as much
energy to the earth than is consumed here
• solar energy is direct sun energy
• all other forms of RE are indirect energy
from the sun

wind energy

biomass energy
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wave energy etc.

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Introduction
the fossil fuels burned in
one year ….

… took ca. 1 million years

to be generated

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Practical Reasons for RE

Introduction

• RE are indigenous energies – money spent

on them stays in the country
• RE generally labour-intensive energies –
they create more jobs than non-RE
• RE allow the decentralization of
application
• RE help to combat the man-made global
climate change
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 Why Renewable Energy ?
Introduction

RE are pollution free = zero impact on
the environment

RE are generally not marketable on a
world-scale – thus they have an in-built
"anti-monopolistic" tendency

RE are directly associated with
sustainability (thus RE = durable energy)

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Specific Investment Cost

EUR
ECU/kWper kW
Introduction

10,000

Hydro
8,000

6,000
Solar (PV)
4,000

2,000
Wind
0
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1 10 100 1,000 10,000

Size of Plant in kW

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 Specific Operation Cost
EUR per kWh
ECU/kW/year
250
Introduction
200

150
Hydro
100

Solar (PV)
50

Wind
0
1 10 100 1,000 10,000

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Size of Plant in kW

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Investment vs. Running Cost

100%
Introduction

90%

80%
Running Costs
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20% Investment Costs

10%

0%
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Conventional Renewable
Energy Energy
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 Wind Physics

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World wind speed distribution

Wind Physics

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 Wind Mapping – Wind Atlas

such global maps generally not meaningful
Wind Physics
even country-wide so-called “Wind Atlases”
normally not useful for site selection or project
identification

reasons:

input wind data predominantly from meteorological
stations

wind flow models developed for moderate climates
(Europe) and non-complex terrain situations

models not sufficiently validated through wind
measuring stations for wind energy application

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Global Circulation
Wind Physics

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 Local Winds – Sea-Land Breezes
Wind Physics

Sea-
Sea-land breeze

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Local Wind Speed Amplification

Wind Physics

Local Wind Speed Amplification on Mountains

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 Steep Hills
Wind Physics

Local Wind Speed Amplification on Mountains

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height above ground

60

50
Wind
Speed
Wind Physics

40

Increase
30
Hub Height
with
20
Height
Reference Height
10 ln( z / zo )
V ( z ) = V ( zR )
ln( zR / zo )
0
z: hub height in m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
V(z): wind speed at hub height in m/s
Wind Speed in m/s
zo: surface roughness in m
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Class 0 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 zR: reference height

(height of anemometer) in m

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 How much Power in the Wind?

Wind Physics kinetic energy E

mass flow rate through area A

ρ:: air density

Pwind ~ v3 IMPORTANT!

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Wind Power ~ Air Density

Wind Physics

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 Consequences of Pwind ~ v3
Wind Physics

little wind = no power
medium wind = little power

strong winds = too much power

wind measurements very important

± 10 % variation in speed: + 30, - 20 % output power

Mean wind speed not sufficient (speed distribution)

Double wind speed means 8 times power output!

output Reduction at nominal wind speed

survival wind speeds

reduction of power output ~ altitude:

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per 100 m ~ 1 % less energy (< 3.000 m)
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Theoretical Power in the Wind

Wind Physics

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 Drag Devices

Wind Physics They utilize the force that acts on an

area perpendicular to the wind
direction

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Tip Speed Ratio λ < 1

Wind Physics

Persian wind wheel Simplified model

Ratio between blade tip

λ = u/v
speed u and wind speed v IMPORTANT!
is called „tip speed ratio“ λ
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 Power Coefficient cp - Drag
Wind Physics

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Power Coefficient of Persian Wind Wheel

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Lift Devices (aerodynamic λ > 1)

Wind Physics

Lift force L and drag force D Corresponding lift and drag

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of an air foil coefficients cL and cD

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 Power Coefficient cp - Lift
Wind Physics

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Assumptions according to Betz

Wind Physics

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 Maximum Power acc. to Betz
The kinetic energy extracted is upstream
Wind Physics energy minus downstream energy (1)

(m: mass flow)

mass flow m at the rotor plane (2)

plausible assumption (3)

(1) in (2) in (3)

Power Power
in the coefficient cP

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wind

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Maximum Power: Result

Wind Physics

Result of calculation: 59 %
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 Practical Power Coefficient
Wind Physics 0,50
Power C oefficient cp [ - ]
ideal turbine

0,45

0,40

0,35

0,30

0,25

0,20

0,15

0,10

0,05

0,00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Wind Speed [m /s ]

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Summary Lecture 1
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 Summary - Introduction

ecological footprint of mankind too large for
the planet earth

~ 2030 we would two planets to be sustainable
Summary

global warming causing more damages every
day

not doing anything is more costly than
measures against it would cost (STERN report
UK)

developing countries far more affected by
global climate change than industrial countries

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(the cause)
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Summary – Renewable Energies

due to declining fossil fuels, the switch to

renewable energies is inevitable

wind energy (and hydro power) currently the
Summary

most economic RE application

all RE technologies need financing, as typically
80 % of life time (=overall) project costs are for
investment (fossil fuel less than 20 %)

solar energy delivers ~ 10,000 times the total
energy consumed by mankind
wind energy indirect solar energy
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 Summary – Wind Physics

wind results from pressure and temperature
differences on the earth‘s surface as well as from
the rotation of the earth
Summary

highly site-specific – local wind speed amplification
(hill tops, land-sea breezes etc.) important

energy continuum allows to calculate the theoretical
maximum of usable wind power – Betz optimum 59%

power in the wind ~ wind speed to the power of 3
Pwind ~ v3

important implications on the wind technology

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The End.
Contact:
Dipl.-Ing. Benjamin Jargstorf
Factor 4 Energy Projects GmbH
Hinter dem Chor 8
23 966 Wismar GERMANY
+49-3841-40420/21
+49-151-1490 4208 mobile

Office in Chile:
Glamis 3404, Las Condes
Santiago de Chile
+56-2-4927 464
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benjamin@factor-4.com

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