"Planning Wind Energy Projects in LA

and the Carribbean - General

Approach and Practical Examples

pre-conference
Draft

Dipl.-
Dipl.-Ing.
Benjamin Jargstorf
Factor 4 Energy Projects GmbH
Factor 4 Energy
Projects GmbH

Dipl.-
Dipl.-Ing.
Benjamin Jargstorf
Factor 4 Energy Projects GmbH

charged by
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit
(GTZ) GmbH (Renewable
(Renewable Energies,
Energies, Mexico)
Mexico)

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Projects GmbH

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 Contents

Introduction

Planning Procedures

Project Examples

Ribishi Point, St. Vincent

Sugar Mill, St. Lucia

Galápagos

Antarctica

Summary

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Introduction

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 Who am I?
Introduction
Benjamin Jargstorf (Dip.-Ing. equals M.Sc.)

electrical engineer, sociologist

studied at

Technische Universität Braunschweig (Technical
University of Braunschweig/ Brunswig, Germany)

Free University of Berlin (Institute of Sociology)

University of Cambridge (King’s College, UK)

University of Nairobi (Environmental Science)

working experience in more than 40 countries

specialising in RE since 1985

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Factor 4 Energy Projects GmbH

limited company registered at Schwerin
(Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany)
Introduction

office in Wismar on the Baltic Sea

founded 1996 – report of Club of Rome:
„Factor Four: Doubling Wealth - Halving
Resource Use”

… industrial society can only survive, when
half the natural resources is used with twice
the efficiency … thus, a factor 4 is needed.

renewable energy and energy efficiency: wind
energy, solar energy, biomass use, energy
planning (master plans), financing of RE etc.
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 World-Wide Experiences
Introduction

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Historical
Introduction

Energy Growth

EJ:
1 Exajoule
= 1018 J =
227.8 mill.
MWh

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 Fossil Age - the End is near
Introduction Given today’s consumption patterns, our fossil
fuel deposits will finish soon

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The Energies of the Future

Development of energy sources - a global prognosis
The share of old and new energy sources
Introduction

Traditional
Biomass,
Fuelwood
etc.

Coal

Petroleum,
Gas

Nuclear power Renewable Future technologies:

energies Hydrogen-technology
Solar, Wind, Hydro power Nuclear fusion etc.

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 Waves of Innovation …
Introduction

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… and their Energy Sources

Introduction

Hydro & Wind Power Peat & Coal Oil and Natural Gas Wind and Solar
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 Fossil & Nuclear Energy ...
based on rational use of energy
Introduction
Energy Services

based on fossil & nuclear energy

based on solar energy

Year 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

... is only a Blink of the Eye

in Man‘s Energy History.
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Global Environment Issues

CO2 Emissions world-wide cause climate change

Introduction

Environmental and social changes cannot be

predicted – but will be extreme

Generally a three-fold strategy:

energy saving

rational use of energy

renewable energy

Industrialized countries cause by far more CO2
emissions than developing countries

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 Global Greenhouse = Warming

Greenhouse Gases

Inf
rar
ed
R adi
ati on

S o la r
Radia
tion

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The Heat is on, globally...

Calculated and measured

Introduction

Temperature
CO2 only
Rise

verified increase (measured) CO2 and

aerosols

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 Oil Price (in US$ per Barrel) …
Introduction

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… and the Prediction of the Experts

Introduction

95

2007
Source: Energy Information Agency of the Department of Energy, US Government, “World Energy
Outlook 2007”, May 2007

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 Peak Oil Production: today!
Introduction

Source: ASPO – Association for the Study of Peak Oil (http://www.peakoil.net/)

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Practical Reasons for RE

Introduction

RE are indigenous energies – money spent

on them stays in the country

RE generally labour-intensive energies –
they create more jobs than non-RE

RE allow the decentralization of application

RE help to combat the man-made global
climate change

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 Why Renewable Energy ?
Introduction

RE are pollution free = zero impact on
the environment – if used correctly

RE are generally not marketable on a
world-scale – thus they have an in-built
"anti-monopolistic" tendency

RE are directly associated with
sustainability (thus RE = durable energy)

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Investment vs. Running Cost

100%

90%
Introduction

80%
Running Costs
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20% Investment Costs

10%

0%

Conventional Renewable
Energy Energy

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 Consequences

investment costs high – (preferential)

Introduction

lending schemes needed for RE

RE generally require functioning banking
system and political support to spread
dynamically

RE need high energy prices to become
competitive

local, regional or national energy subsidies
greatest barrier to dissemination of RE

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Current Crisis – three levels

connected
Introduction

environmental crisis – global warming,

extinction of whole species etc.

dependence on fossil fuel leads to political
instabilities

world-wide crisis of financial systems can
have detrimental effect on RE-projects

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 Planning Process

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Planning Process

Basic Procedure
equal for private investors, government, utility
iterative procedure with several loops

starts with (preliminary) site selection

assessment of wind resources

design and feasibility of grid connection

land availability (lease etc.)

feed in tariffs, IPP contract etc.

building permission

environmental impact assessment

installation and commissioning

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Planning Process
Complete
Decision
Tree

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Planning Process

Part 1

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Planning Process
Part 2

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Planning Process

Basic Steps of Wind Park Planning

wind data

get data for the region

measure yourself

make wind flow analysis

evaluation of wind data (frequency analysis)

calculate with different wind turbines

optimise micro-location

grid connection

grid reinforcement

plan special substation for wind park (> 10 MW)

application for building permission

environmental impact assessment

noise, visual impact etc.
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Planning Process
Methodology for Site Selection

empirical or least efforts approach

no measurements, no resource assessment

just look for signs of wind speed in vegetation or from
hearsay

and install the turbine
only suitable for small projects in known wind regions

scientific approach

3-D Modelling, meso-scale models, etc.

topographic data, surface roughness

wind atlas methods (WAsP)
only where a wind data basis exists, data needed for validation

pragmatic or reduction approach

measurements at selected sites

only where good prospects exist
applicable especially where not many wind turbines exist

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Planning Process

Example of Measured Wind Speeds

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Planning Process
Example of Monthly Average Wind Speeds

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Planning Process

Diurnal Variation - thermal Winds

Average Wind Speed in m/s

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Planning Process
Diurnal Variation – no thermal Winds
Average Wind Speed in m/s

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Planning Process

Example of
Wind Flow
Modelling

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Planning Process
Limits of Wind Flow Modelling

especially in a wind regime with stable wind
direction

results of wind flow modelling trivial

basically a topographic map with other colours

the higher, the better the wind speeds

a model without validation has no accuracy

for validation, however, other on-site wind measurements
are needed

often these measurements are only from meteorological
stations

bad exposure of met. stations to prevailing wind (towns)

no free air flow etc. leads to underestimation of wind regime

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Planning Process

Pragmatic or Reduction Approach

ideal for new countries or region, where little
knowledge about the wind regime is present

get an idea about wind direction and speed from
meteorological station

check on both sides of (majors) transmission
lines ~ 10 km

look for easy to access sites which are exposed
to the prevailing winds

step 1 measurements: on 10 m above ground
(pre-select some 10 different stations)

evaluation after 6 months: select 3 best sites

step 2 measurements: 30 to 50 m measurements
for determination of available wind energy
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Planning Process
Using Utility Poles for Site Selection …

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Planning Process

… and 50 m Poles for

output determination

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Project Examples

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Overview
Project Examples

practical wind projects in the planning:

in the Caribbean (St. Vincent, St. Lucia,
Barbados) – CAWEI – Caribbean Wind Energy
Initiative CREDP (GTZ): wind energy pool of up to
30 MW

on Galapagos – Santa Cruz/Baltra – planning the
100 % renewable energy island (‘Cero
Combustibles fossiles’) – 3 to 30 MW in three
phases

in Antarctica – wind/diesel project Base Eduardo
Frei – Fuerza Aera de Chile – 1 MW at 12 m/s
average annual wind speed
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 Caribbean Wind Energy Initiative
Project Examples practical wind projects in the planning:

Barbados Light and Power – 10 MW

St. Lucia Utility – Lucelec: 12 MW

St Vincent Utility Services – Vinlec: 8 MW

planning joint tender procedure under the

umbrella of CARILEC, the Caribbean Association
of Electric Utilities

supported by the Caribbean Renewable Energy
Project CREDP (GTZ)

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Wind Speeds at St. Vincent

Project Examples

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 Micro Locations St. Lucia
Project Examples

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Project Examples

Wind Park Santa Cruz/Baltra

(planned)

Wind Park San Cristóbal

(in operation)

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 Wind Resources Galápagos Islands
Project Examples

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Output Prediction
Project Examples

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 Santa Cruz/Baltra Wind Project
Project Examples
type:

high-penetration (phase 1~ 3 MW)

wind/diesel (diesel-off mode, phase 2 ~ 8 MW)

wind/diesel with large industrial battery (phase 3 ~ 30
MW)

3 phases to limit technical and operational risks

penetration 25 % for phase 1, 50 % for phase 2
and > 100 % for phase 3 (electricity for
transport sector: electric vehicles)

target:

no low-load operation of diesel generators

always sufficient spinning reserve to avoid black-outs

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Programa Cero Combustibles Fósiles

Project Examples

Source: Ministerio de Energía y Minas, “Cero Combustibles Fósiles en Galápagos”, Proyecto

Energías Renovables para Galápagos - ERGAL

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 Electric Scooters – Electric Boats
Project Examples

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Base Eduardo Frei, Antarctica

Project Examples

(Chile)

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 Antarctica

Project Examples
3900 km
2900 km

1200 km

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Wind Project in 3 Phases

Project Examples

planning by Commisión Nacional de Energía

(CNE) and Chilean Air Force since Jan. 2008

wind measurements since April 2008

proposed measures

electrical connection of two diesel power stations
(airport and Las Estrellas) – phase 1 (2008)

installation of 200 – 300 kW of wind power – phase 2
(2009)

modernization of the infrastructure and the buildings of
the Base, introduction of co-generation

installation of another 200 – 300 kW (2011) – wind/diesel
operation with diesel-off mode

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 Villa Las Estrellas

Project Examples

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Installation of Measuring Equipment

Project Examples

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 Expected Wind Speeds
Project Examples

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Summary

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 Site Selection – Planning Processes

wind measurements indispensable for site
selection

wind flow modelling often not very helpful
Summary

2 step approach:

10/20 m “low cost” measurements for site selection

hub height measurements (50 m +) for output estimation

smaller projects (like on Caribbean islands) need
pooling to get attraction from major wind turbine
manufacturers (CAWEI – CARILEC)

several “special projects” exist in LA & Caribbean
(example 100 % RE islands, Antarctica)

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The End.
Contact:
Dipl.-Ing. Benjamin Jargstorf
Factor 4 Energy Projects GmbH
Hinter dem Chor 8
23 966 Wismar GERMANY
+49-3841-40420/21
+49-151-1490 4208 mobile

Office in Chile:
Glamis 3404, Las Condes
Santiago de Chile
+56-2-4927 464

benjamin@factor-4.com

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