Professional Documents
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Current Situation of Planning and Construction of Dams in Japan
Current Situation of Planning and Construction of Dams in Japan
SITUATION OF PLANNING
AND CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS IN JAPAN
Kenji SAKATA, Dr. Eng.,
Professor Emeritus at Okayama University
Contents
1. Present Condition of Planning and Construction of
Dams in Japan
2. Effective Use Technologies for Dams
3. New Construction Technology of Dams
4. Seismic Safety Evaluation of Dams Against Large
Earthquake Motions
1. Present Condition of Planning and
Construction of Dams in Japan
Comparison of river slopes in Japan
and other countries
Utilization of national land
Flood damage in Japan
(1980‐1998)
Drought in Japan
(1979‐1998)
Precipitation around the world
Variation in annual precipitation
in Japan
Note: This datum is based on the average of 51 major cities in Japan
Change in number of
completed dams in Japan
Yearly data Cumulative data
50 3000
-1944
1945
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
2000
1945
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
2000
15 150
10 100
5 50
0 0
1955
2000
2025
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
05
10
15
20
1955
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
2000
05
10
15
20
2025
Year of operational commencement Year of operational commencement
Courtesy of Japan Commission on Large Dams in Japan (2004)
2. Effective Use Technologies
for Dams
Storage capacity expansion
A case in which storage capacity is expanded by means of raising
the height of an existing dam, constructing a new dam in a
downstream site which submerges an upstream existing facility, or
dredging/excavating the sediment in a reservoir.
49 cases / total of 227 cases
60
1-(1)-1
Cumulative number
50
40
of cases
30
20
10
0
1955
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
2000
05
10
15
20
2025
Year of operational commencement
Storage capacity expansion
‐ Heightening case (rockfill dam) ‐
Sannoukai dam (Dam type: R)
•Heightening : 37.4m ‐> 61.4m
•To increase of irrigation water
Storage capacity expansion
‐ Heightening case (gravity dam) ‐
Kayaze dam (Dam type: G)
•Dam height: 51m ‐> 65.5m
•Enhancing of flood capacity
Old conduit gates were used during
heightening execution.
And conduit were plugged after completion.
Situation of execution
of heightening of Kayaze Dam
Existing Dam
New Dam
Storage capacity expansion
‐ Construction of new dam downstream
of existing dam‐
Shin‐Maruyama Dam
Height : 98m ‐> 122m
Storage capacity expansion
‐ Constructing new dam downstream of
existing dam ‐
Yubari‐shuparo dam (Dam type: G)
•Construction of new dam 155m‐downstream of old dam
•Dam height: 67.5m ‐> 107m
•Purposes of dam : Irrigation ‐> +Flood control
155m
New Dam
Original Dam
(Oh‐yubari Dam)
Storage capacity expansion
‐ Sediment excavation ‐
Muddy flow
Check dam
Diversion weir
Intake facility
Reservoir
Miwa Dam Dam
•Excavation of Sediment Sediment bypass
tunnel
•Bypass System
Improvement of river environment
A case in which an existing dam is effectively utilized to improve the river
environment by enhancing the maintenance flow, by building a
surface/selective intake facility or by taking various sediment control
measures such as transporting sediment to the downstream of river.
58 cases / total of 227 cases
60
1-(6)-5
Cumulative number
50
40
of cases
30
20
10
0
1955
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
2000
05
10
15
20
2025
Year of operational commencement
Improvement of river environment
‐ New installation of selective intake tower ‐
Sameura dam (Dam height:106m,Dam type: G)
•Conversion of the surface intake tower
into the selective intake tower
•Improvement of water quality (turbidity) after flooding Front view Side view
Selective intake tower
Improvement of dam management situation
A case in which an outlet structure to control flooding is added, in which
gates are eliminated or in which an emergency flood spillway is remodeled
so that the dam management situation is improved.
20 cases / total of 227 cases
60
1-(6)-7
Cumulative number
50
40
of cases
30
20
10
0
1955
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
2000
05
10
15
20
2025
Year of operational commencement
Improvement of dam management situation
‐ Installation of new conduit ‐
Ikari dam (Dam height:112m, Dam type: G)
•Outlet capacity : 100 ‐> 500 m3/sec
•Excavation of dam body,
and addition of 2 conduits
Improvement of dam management situation
‐ Enhancement of flood capacity ‐
Tsuruda Dam (Dam Height:117.5m, G)
•Flood Capacity 70 million cubic meters ‐> 98 million cubic meters
Addition of Conduit Pipes
Change of Pipes for
Hydro‐electrics
Addition of New Energy
Dissipator Fixed‐up of Existing
Energy Dissipator
Examples of coffer structure
for excavating of existing dam
堤体掘削機械
(MRH-S125)
4,400
1,609
②
3,000
591
Cross Section of Tunnel in Dam
堤体掘削標準断面
(Unit: mm)
(貫通後に②を掘削した)
Improvement of dam management situation
‐ Spillway ability enhancement case ‐
Kasabori dam (Dam height:74.5m,Dam type: G)
•Flood control capacity: 640 m3/sec -> 1400 m3/sec
•Addition of flood discharge facility on the crest
Dam networking system sequence
Seismic retrofit
Yamaguchi Dam
3. New Construction Technology
of Dams
•3.1 Trapezoidal CSG Dam
•3.2 New Advance of RCD Construction Method
‐ Cruising RCD Construction Method ‐
3.1 Trapezoidal CSG Dam
Trapezoidal CSG Dam
Protection concrete
Protection concrete
CSG
Structural concrete
Gallery
Seepage control concrete
Seepage control concrete
Rich mix CSG
Foundation drain hole
Auxiliary curtain grouting
Curtain grouting
Concept of Trapezoidal CSG Dam
CSG Construction Methods Trapezoidal Dam
(Construction Aspect) (Design Aspect)
・Use of material that can be easily obtained ・Low required strength
at near the construction site ・Low Fluctuation of Stress in dam body
・Rapid Execution using Simple and General ・High Stability for Static and Dynamic
Purpose Equipment Loading)
Manufacturing and construction process
in CSG construction method
Material easily Simplified Equipment General Purpose Equipment
obtained near the (newly developed)
construction site
CSG Mixing devices Spreading and
Raw Material CSG Material (new type mixers) Compaction
Raw Material CSG Material
Riverbed gravel, (Rock based material Fresh CSG CSG
Excavated rock etc. used for CSG )
No grading, no cleaning of raw material
= necessity to deal with wide gradation range of material in design and construction
Advantageous stress distribution
of Trapezoidal Dam
Distribution of Maximum Stresses Required Compressive Strength
The height of both dams is 50 m.
Right‐angled triangular dam Trapezoidal dam
(traditional gravity dam)
10 Required compressive
Required compressive strength (MPa)
Tensile stress Unit: MPa
strength calculated from
Right‐angled maximum tensile stress
distribution
triangular dam
- Required compressive
+ (traditional strength (maximum
gravity dam) compressive stress)
5
- +
- 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.04
Trapezoidal dam
1.08 0.15
Max. tensile stress Max. tensile stress
最大引張応力 最大引張応力
2003‐2004
First Structure using design theory of Trapezoidal CSG
Dam
‐ Seepage control structure for Taiho Dam
‐ Height: 30.0m, Length: 110.5m
‐ Raw material : waste material from quarry for main dam
Tobetsu Dam Trapezoidal CSG Dam
2009‐2010 : Sub dam at Kasegawa dam
Height : 29.3m, Length : 115.2m
2009‐2010 : Tobetsu Dam
Height : 52.0m, Length : 432.0m
2010‐2011 : Okukubi Dam
Height : 39.0m, Length : 400.0m
(Year Period: Period for CSG part construction)
8 dam under design stage, now
Tobetsu Dam
Owner : Hokkaido Prefecture
Project Completion: 2012
Dam Height : 52.4m
Crest Length : 432m
Dam Volume : 0.8 million m3 Riverbed gravel (layer thickness : 20m) at dam site had
Reservoir Volume : 76 million m3 been effectively used for raw material of CSG.
Upstream Side
Material for CSG
CSG specimen
Okukubi Dam
Actual excavated
Owner : OGB (Okinawa General Bureau, area for CSG
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan)
Project Completion : 2012
Dam Height : 39.0m
Crest Length : 461.5m
Dam Volume : 0.3 million m3 Planned area for excavation
Reservoir Volume : 8.6 million m3 to get aggregates for
original gravity dam
Materials for CSG CSG Specimen
3.2 New Advance of RCD Construction Method
‐ Cruising RCD Construction Method ‐
RCD construction method
•RCD (Roller Compacted Dam concrete) construction
method is a rationalized construction method for
concrete dams which was developed by the Ministry of
Construction, Japan in 1970’s, as the first roller‐
compacted concrete construction method prior to RCC
(Roller Compacted Concrete).
•Through many RCD dam’s experiences, RCD
construction method has achieved reduction of the
construction period, the labor cost, the environmental
issue, and the hazard in safety for the constructor.
Outline of the rationalized construction
method in concrete dams
Construction method in concrete dams
Placing area Conventional concrete
Compaction
Block Conventional dam construction
Immersion
type method: Placing by block
vibrator
Extended Layer Construction
Method (ELCM)
RCD (Roller‐ Thin layer spreading
Compacted and higher lift
Dam‐concrete) compaction
Features of RCD concrete and RCD
construction method
• RCD concrete is extremely dry and lean concrete in
order to improve transportability and reduce
hydrated heat. The Ministry of Construction made
up RCD concrete under a new mixture concept to
keep the same quality in strength and density as
the conventional concrete has.
• Further, Japan established RCD construction
method to manage this RCD concrete. In this
method, the concrete is spread in several thin
layers over the entire dam surface and is
compacted by vibratory rollers
Procedures of RCD concrete works
Downstream Downstream
Concrete
hopper
1. Dry and
2.The
4.The
5.The
6.Lift lean concrete
concrete
3.Transverse
7.The mortar
concrete
surfaces is is
joints
spread
ofis are
then
the is
transported
spread
compacted
made
out beforeout
using from
using
the
using the
vibratory
next
cured
concrete
concrete for 24
should
plant ~48
to thebe
bulldozers
vibratory
joint
concrete
cutters by
rollers
isby thin
unloaded
in theafter
hours
treated
placing
layers. in wet
by
site and
green
dump cut. Bulldozer
Vibratory
all
above
in the
concrete
trucks
stable placing
ortime.
otherspread. area.
means
environment. blade
and the concrete is External Internal machine
zone of
unloaded.
concrete Vibratory
RCD roller
concrete
Unloading
Compaction
Wetby
green
Spreading concrete
vibrating
cut
Spreading machine
by
curing roller
bulldozer
mortar
⑤Curing
24~48hrs
①Unloading ⑥Green cut and
②Spreading ③Transverse ④Compaction by
dump trucks cleaning
by bulldozers joints by cutters vibratory rollers
⑦Mortar spreading
Concrete plant
Concrete work cycle of RCD construction method
Philosophy of RCD construction method
The philosophy of RCD is to keep the same performance as
conventional concrete dams and to satisfy the same design
criteria as conventional concrete dams , while to pursue the
improvement of economy, safety, and environment.
Therefore, RCD is a construction method to rationalize the dam
construction works and the required functions of RCD dams are
the same as those of conventional concrete dams.
For example;
a. Transverse construction joints are installed every 15 m in
order to prevent temperature cracks in the dams.
b. Conventional concrete with high quality is placed at the
upstream and the downstream surfaces of the dams in order
to obtain water‐tightness and high durability.
c. Lift joints (horizontal surfaces) are treated in the same way as
the conventional concrete dams in order to assure good bond
and water‐tightness between the lifts.
Conceptual position of RCC & RCD concrete
The relationship between RCC and RCD concretes from the view of
paste contents and density or strength of concrete.
High
RCD
Density or strength of
concrete High paste RCC
concrete
Medium paste RCC
Low paste RCC
CSG
RCC concrete
→ High paste
Content of cement and fly ash
CSG: Cemented Sand and Gravel, new material for dams
History of RCD dams in Japan
The first applied RCD dams were Shimajigawa dam and Ohkawa dam. The both
dams were completed in l980. Then, RCD construction method was applied to
Tamagawa Dam with height of 89m.
In the latter half of 1980's, RCD construction method was also adopted at many
dams. In 1990's, RCD construction method raised technical completeness by
the large‐scale dam execution such as Ryumon dam, Miyagase dam, Urayama
dam, and Gassan dam. At the same time, RCD construction method was
adopted in many middle‐scale dams. After 2000, Takizawa dam and Nagai dam
achieved some improvements.
Today in Japan, Kasegawa dam and Yunishigawa dam have challenged to
progress to a new stage of dam technology for the sustainable future.
In order to speed up construction
and to reduce the number of lift
surface treatments, lift thickness Compaction by
had to be increased. vibratory rollers
Thick lift placement prevents the
formation of a possible weak plane
on the lift surface.
At Tamagawa Dam, lift thickness of
Spreading by
1 m was made possible by thin bulldozer
layer spreading.
The thin layer spreading method
used in RCD construction method 4 layers: 1m
Internal zone
completely differs from compaction External RCD concrete
concrete
in RCC construction which adopted
compacting concrete in a single
layer. 1 m of lift thickness was divided into four
thin layers that were spread by
bulldozers.
Compaction between different‐mix concretes
RCD concrete in the internal zone is placed
after conventional wet concrete in the
external zone.
50cm
So, the connection zone between RCD 50cm
concrete and the conventional concrete
should be compacted thoroughly by the
method like as figures.
Compaction of external concrete
Backhoe with
Immersion
vibrator
Bleeding
water
Internal
RCD concrete External
concrete
External 4 layers
concrete RCD concrete
Compaction between different concretes
Nagai dam
Cruising RCD construction method
New advance of RCD, Cruising RCD has been developed through the experiences at
Kasegawa Dam and Yunishigawa Dam.
1) Internal RCD and the external conventional concrete can be placed independently, and
the efficiency of concrete works is greatly increased.
2) External concrete will be compacted efficiently because of the firm binding between
internal RCD concrete and installed external forms.
Cruising RCD:
Internal RCD followed by external
RCD construction method concrete continuously
5
5
6
3
4 3 1
2 2
1 2
1
1m Lift
Lift thickness:
h=100cm
Well compacted internal
RCD concrete end using a
special machine
Efficiency of RCD concrete
works is greatly increased.
External concrete zone
Internal RCD concrete
Internal RCD was placed independently earlier than outer conventional concrete
Yunishigawa Dam
Situation of construction by Cruising RCD
Stop of RCD placement was conducted anywhere as necessary the special machine.
Yunishigawa Dam
4. Seismic safety evaluation of dams
against large earthquake motions
Guidelines for seismic safety
evaluation of dams (Draft)
Chapter 1 Basic matters
1.1 Intent of these guidelines
1.2 Definitions of terms
1.3 Scope of application
1.4 Basics of seismic safety evaluation
1.5 Required seismic safety
1.6 Stored water levels to be considered in seismic safety evaluation
Chapter 2 Earthquake motions used for seismic safety evaluation
2.1 Selection of assumed earthquakes
2.2 Setting of level 2 earthquake motions used for seismic safety evaluation
Chapter 3 Evaluation of seismic safety of dam bodies
3.1 Policy for evaluation of seismic safety of dam bodies
3.2 Seismic safety evaluation of concrete dam bodies
3.3 Seismic safety evaluation of embankment dam bodies
Chapter 4 Evaluation of seismic safety of appurtenant structures
4.1 Appurtenant structures to be subjected to seismic safety evaluation
Earthquake motions
for seismic safety evaluation
An earthquake that is considered to have the greatest effect on a dam site is selected as
an “assumed earthquake.”
Acceleration response spectra at the Original waveforms with type and magnitude of
Investigation are made of past
target dam site generated by past assumed earthquake taken into account
earthquakes, as well as of distributions
of active faults and plate boundaries. earthquakes, active faults and plate
boundaries are estimated and compared.
Damping ratio = 5%
Damping ratio = 5%
Seismic safety evaluation of
concrete gravity dams
600
400
Acceleration(gal)
200
-200
-400
-600
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
Item Set value
Tensile softening formula Approximated with single straight line
Uniaxial tensile strength, ft (Uniaxial
Element where tensile tensile softening initiation stress) (MPa)
2.5
crack occurred Fracture energy, Gf (N/m) 300
Conclusion
Conservation of Environment
Flood Control
Water Shortage Water Supply