Bahria University Research Journal of Earth Sciences Vol.

1, Issue 1, June 2016

Sedimentology and Petrographic study of B-sand of Upper Sands of

Lower Goru Formation, based Well cuttings and Wireline logs from wells
of Southern Sindh Monocline, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
Sarfraz H. Solangi1, Adeel Nazeer4, Shabeer Ahmed Abbasi3, Latif Dino Napar2, Parveen A. Usmani1, Ali G. Sahito1
1
Center for Pure and Applied Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
2
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi
3
Oil and Gas Development Company Limited, Islamabad.
4
Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Islamabad.

Abstract – This study investigates the depositional followed by indigenous company OGDCL with discoveries
environments of B-sand of Upper sands of Early Cretaceous (Copestake et al., 1995). According to Ahmed et.al (2004) ,
Lower Goru Formation in the subsurface of the Southern Sindh the Lower Goru play discoveries are mostly located within
Monocline, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. The B-sand is being
the platform parts of the Middle and Lower Indus Basin,
investigated essentially by various sediment logical, mineralogical
extends from Mari High in north to the Badin area, Sindh
and wireline log techniques. These included subsurface facies
analysis, which is based on 62 well cutting samples of five wells of Monocline in South (Ahmed, et al., 2004) as shown in
Badin block. The cumulative frequency curves constructed B-sand Figure-1.
is medium grained sandstone (1.9º to 2.03º), moderately to well
sorted (0.48-1.42º
skewed. The microscopic study reveals that the sandstones are
predominantly composed of quartz particles of fine, medium to
coarse grained, moderately well sorted sub-angular to well
rounded in shape. Petrographic study indicates that the B-sands
are mature as the samples comprise of 75 to 85% quartz with small
amount of feldspar, muscovite and iron oxide. The XRD analysis
indicates that the sandstone samples contain 75 to 85% quartz as
the major mineral constituent while the cementing material is
calcite. Within the B-sand a number of distinct coarsening and
fining upward sequences found during the study indicates
frequent changes in the sedimentary depositional facies and
characterization of log response. The B-sand gamma ray log
calibrate with the well cuttings samples that shows serrate funnel
shape at the base and followed by one or more cycles of a cylinder
(blocky) or bell shape. The results indicates that the B-sand of
Lower Goru formation were deposited as barrier bar and
transgressive facies in deltaic to shallow marine conditions due to
the fluctuations in sea level and greater sediment supply. The
study proved the B-sand facies as reservoir in the Lower Goru
Formation.

Keyword: Lower Goru Formation, B-Sandstone,

Transgressive facies, Reservoir quality, Badin block, Sindh,
Pakistan

I. INTRODUCTION
Exploration for petroleum was started in Southern Sindh
Monocline by Union Texas Pakistan (UTP) group in 1977
and first discovery of oil in Upper sands of Lower Goru
Formation was made at Khaskheli in 1981 by UTP. This Fig.1 Map Showing Location of Southern Sindh Monocline
discovery was made in Lower Cretaceous Goru Formation with Prolific Discoveries Lower Goru Sand Play (Modified after
sandstone play (Ahmad, et al, 1998, Abbasi et.al, 2015). By Nazeer et al., 2012-2013)
1997 UTP group as an operator had made a total of 49 Sembar - Goru Formation is most important stratigraphic
discoveries in the Lower Goru Sandstone Play and similarly package of study area (IEDS (1985), Abbasi et.al. (2015))

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 Bahria University Research Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 1, Issue 1, June 2016

which consist seven members namely; youngest Upper

Sands , Upper Shale, Middle Sands, Lower Shale, Upper
Basal Sands, Talhar Shale and oldest Lower Basal Sands
Study
(Siddiqui et.al, 2012) and shown in Fig 2. Upper Sand is Area
further divided into four sand bodies as A-Sand, B-Sand, C-
Sand and D-Sand with interbedded shales in Badin. Siddiqui
et al., (2013) discussed source potential in Upper Shale,
Lower Shale and Talhar Shale. Sembar is proved as source
rock of study area (Wandrey 1995) and overlay the Goru
Formation. Chiltan formation underlie the Sembar
Formation with unconformable contact. This paper is based
on sedimentological studies of B sand which is considered as
Badin Block N
prolific reservoir in study area.

Fig. 3 Location Map of Study Area & Relevant Oil / Gas wells

II. TECTONIC OVERVIEW

Sindh Monocline is characterized by extensional
tectonics (Memon et al., 1999, Zaigham et al., 2012, Ahmed,
et al., 2014) showing horst and graben structures on seismic
interpretation. Nagar Parker uplift is present in the southeast
of Southern Sindh Monocline, most important structural
feature as structural high. Zaigham (2012) interpreted this
structural feature as Thar basement, the onoclonal basement
structural feature dipping with low angle toward west. Sahito
et al., (2013) interpret it as Badin Platform. While Nazeer et
al., 2012 -2013 called it as Sindh Platform. According to
Copestake et al., (1995), deposition of the reservoir
sandstones and interbedded source rocks took place in a
passive margin region formed during the rifting of the Indian
plate from the eastern margin of Africa during the break up
Fig.2 Generalized Stratigraphy of Southern Sindh Monocline
of Gondwanaland.
(After Abbasi et al., 2015)

III. METHODOLOGY
The study area consist of five wells drilled in Badin Area
Total sixty two (62) B-sandstone samples were washed and
belongs to Southern Sindh Monocline. These well are
preserved for analysis Table-1. The well cutting samples
Junathi South-1, Zaur-5, Sonoro-1, Jarir-3 and Jagir-4. Mud
have been taken at an average interval of 10 feet, which were
cutting samples were donated by BP Pakistan which
investigated for their textural characteristics (size, sorting,
formerly known as Union Texas Pakistan. Location Map is
skewness), and mineral composition. Zoom stereo
shown in Fig-3. The B-sand is being investigated essentially
microscope were used for textural, and lithological
by various sedimentological, mineralogical and wireline log
characteristics. A set of British standard sieves with an
techniques. These included subsurface facies analysis, which
aperture interval of 0.25 was used. Ultimately cumulative
is based on 62 well cutting samples of five wells of Badin
weight percentage is plotted against the grain size in phi.
block.
Textural parameters were calculated by Folk and Ward,
1957, techniques. The cumulative frequency curves were
prepared by Microsoft Excel.

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No. of well used for the correlation and interpretation of B-sand

S. No. Name of Well
Cuttings Samples lithofacies and environment of deposition of Lower Goru
1 Jagir-4 30 Formation.
2 Jagir-3 6 Well Sample
S. No. Depth Feet Sands
3 Sonro-4 7 Name ID.
4 Zaur-5 10 1 Jagir-4 70 7390-7400 B-sand
5 Junathi-South-1 9 2 Jagir-3 34 7210-7220 B-sand
Total 62 3 Sonro-4 24 3990-3400 B-sand
4 Zaur-5 53 6460-6470 B-sand
Table 1. Well cuttings samples of five wells of Badin Block Junathi
5 66 5190-5200 B-sand
South-1
The Thin sections of five chip cuttings samples were
Table 3. Samples Chip Cuttings of five (5) Wells are selected for
prepared by traditional procedures including cuttings,
XRD Analysis.
lapping and polishing. The thin sections were studied under
Leica DM2500P, Plorarizing microscope. Details of thin IV. RESULTS
sections and Photographs of the chip cuttings are shown in Interactive wireline correlation was carried out and
Table-2. The identification of minerals in thin sections - shown in Fig.4. Results shows that (Gamma Ray) GR Log
follows the scheme of Scholle, 1979. motif of B-Sand has sharp contact with upper lying Turk
Photographs Shale and under lying Badin Shale. Lithocurves of Sand B is
S. Well Sample Depth
No. Name ID. Feet
Sands of chip consist of Shoreface sand facies with consistent GR value on
cuttings lower side with Cylindrical / Box Shaped trend. Samples
were selected for sedimentological studies and were selected
7390 - B- from Cylindrical / Box Shaped trend showing good reservoir
1 Jagir-4 70
7400 sand
facies. Overall B-Sand is showing R-T trend with deposition
of reservoir sands as discussed by various workers (I.E.D.S.
1995, Copestake et al., 1995. Ahmed et al., 2004, Nazeer et
2 Jagir-3 34
7210 - B- al., 2012-2013 and Abassi et al., 2015). As sequence
7220 sand stratigraphy is not scope of this paper, therefore this
correlation has been used to select the best part of reservior
using wireline log mottif.
3990 - B-
3 Sonro-4 24
3400 sand

6460 - B-
4 Zaur-5 54
6470 sand

Junathi- 5190 - B-
5 66
South-1 5200 sand

Table 2. Chip Cuttings of five (5) wells are selected for Preparation
of Thin Section Analysis. The pictures also Shows the
Morphological Features of Grains.
Among various qualitative techniques, the X-Ray
Diffraction is indispensable tool in analytical sedimentology,
especially for sandstones (Kaelble, 1967) and (Brindley and
Brown, 1980). The D8 Advance XRD by Bruker was used to
confirm the mineral phases identified during the thin section
study. Zussman (1977) and Moore and Reynolds (1997) gave
comprehensive treatment of the theoretical and practical
aspects of the XRD technique. The details of the five chip Fig. 4 Interactive wireline correlation of Oil / Gas wells Zoom stereo
cuttings samples are given in Table-3. The Gamma ray log is microscopic analysis and interpretation of well cuttings samples.

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JAGIR-4 WELL
Grain Size Analysis shows that B-sand is medium to Depth Lithofacies identified from
Sample Type
coarse grained sandstone (1.48 to 2.1 ), moderately (Feet) B-sand of Jagir-3 well
sorted and strongly negative skewed. Sandstone with 85%
Quartz, coarse grained in sizes, sub-angular to sub-rounded Light to dark grey and
brown, medium to coarse
in thin section. Lithofacies description of B-sand of Jagir – grained sandstone, well
4 well is given in Table.4. Also XRD pattern of Jagir-4 well Composite
7000-7030 sorted, angular to sub-
Cuttings
also favours petrographic study with quartz 73% (Fig. 5). rounded, 90% quartz
grained, and dark colored
Sample Depth Lithofacies identified from heavy minerals.
Type (Feet) B-sand of Jagir-4 well Off white to light grey, fine
to medium grained sand,
Light colored, medium grained Composite
7030-7070 85% quartz grains and about
Composite 7316- sandstone, 80% quartz grained, Cuttings
2% dark colored heavy
Cuttings 7330 moderately to well sorted, minerals.
angular to sub-rounded. Whitish to light grey,
medium grained sandstone,
Off white and grey, medium to Composite
7070-7100 80% quartz, moderately
7330- coarse grained sandstone Cuttings
Cuttings sorted to well sorted and
7340 contain mainly 90% quartz, sub-angular in shape.
moderately sorted and rounded. Off white to grey, fine to
Light grey, fine to medium Composite medium grained sandstone,
7100-7130
grained sandstone, moderately Cuttings well sorted, angular to sub-
Composite 7340- angular.
sorted, and sub-rounded.
Cuttings 7370 White to light brown,
Feldspar grains are also
medium to coarse grained
present. Composite sandstone, well sorted, sub-
7130-7160
Grey to light grey, medium to Cuttings angular to sub-rounded.
Composite 7370- coarse grained sandstone, Glauconite grains are also
Cuttings 7400 moderately sorted, angular to present.
sub-rounded. Light brown, grey, medium
Composite to coarse grained sandstone,
White to transparent white, fine 7160-7200
Cuttings moderately sorted, angular
medium sandstone. 90% quartz to sub-rounded.
Composite 7400-
grained, well sorted, sub- Light grey, colorless grains,
Cuttings 7420 medium sandstone. 90%
angular to rounded, glauconitic Composite
grains are also present. 7200-7240 quartz grained, moderately
Cuttings
to well sorted and sub-
White to off white, medium to rounded in shape.
Composite 7420- coarse grained sandstone, 70 to Light grey, fine to medium
Cuttings 7440 90% quartz grained, well grained sandstone, 85%
sorted, sub-rounded. Composite quartz grained moderately to
7240-7275
Cuttings well sorted, well rounded.
Transparent white, medium Glauconite grains are also
grained sandstone. Up to 85% present.
Composite 7440-
quartz grained, very well
Cuttings 7460 Table 5 Lithofacies Description of Jagir-3
sorted, sub-angular to well
rounded.
JAGIR-3 WELL
White to off white, medium to
Grain Size Analysis shows B-sand is fine to medium
Composite 7460- coarse sand grained, and 80%
grained sandstone (2.0 to 2.51), moderately sorted with near
Cuttings 7484 quartz grained well sorted and
symmetrical and negative skewness. Sandstone with 75%
sub-rounded.
Quartz, coarse grained in sizes, sub-angular to sub-roundedin.
Table 4. Lithofacies description of Jagir – 4 well. Thin section No. 34 of Table 5. XRD pattern of Jagir-4 well
also favours petrographic study with quartz 93% (Fig. 5). The
results of the XRD analysis indicate that the sandstone samples
consist of quartz as the major mineral constituent while the
cementing material is calcite and iron oxide. The Jagir-3 well
is similar to Jagir-4 showing same stratigraphy.

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Jagir-4 well. S.No-70, B-Sand

quartz 82% (Fig.7). The results of the XRD analysis indicate
Jagir-3 well. S.No-34, B-Sand
that the sandstone samples consist of quartz as the major
mineral constituent while the cementing material is calcite
and iron oxide.

Quartz (Sio2) S-Q= 76.3% Sample Type Depth Quartz (Sio

Lithofacies identified
2) S-Q= 93.4%
Calcite (CaCo3) S-Q= 23.7% Feet Calcitefrom
(CaCoB-sand
3) S-Q= 6.6%
of Sonro-4
well
Composite 3942- White to off white and
Cuttings 3960 transparent grains, fine to
medium grained
sandstone of light grey
color. 90% quartz grained
very well sorted, well
rounded.
Cuttings 3960- Grey to light grey,
3970 medium grained
sandstone, well sorted,
sub-rounded.
Cuttings 3970- Grey, brown, medium to
3980 coarse grained sandstone,
moderately sorted, sub-
Fig. 5a XRD Analysis Results for Jagir-4 and Jagir-3 Wells angular to rounded grains.
Jagir -3 well. S. No -3 4 , B- Sand Composite 3980- Light brown, grey,
Cuttings 4000 transparent, medium
grained sandstone, more
than 85% are quartz
grains, moderately to well
Quartz (Sio 2) S -Q= 93.4% sorted, rounded to sub-
Calcite (CaCo 3) S - Q= 6.6%
rounded.
Composite 4000- Light grey, fine to
Cuttings 4031 medium grained
sandstone, moderately to
well sorted, rounded to
sub-angular.
Table 6 Lithofacies description of Sonoro-4

JUNATHI SOUTH-01 WELL

Fig. 5b XRD Analysis Results for Jagir-4 and Jagir-3 Wells
SONRO-4 WELL
Grain Size Analysis shows that B-sand is fine to medium
grained sandstone (2.0 to 2.51), moderately sorted with near
symmetrical and negative skewness. The sandstone with
80% quartz mineral, coarse grained, sub-rounded to sub-
angular in shape, Feldspar (F), and Muscovite (M) mineral
are also present (Table 6). Thin Section 24 of Table 10. XRD
pattern of Jagir-4 well also favours petrographic study with
Grain Size Analysis shows that B-sand is medium
grained sandstone (1.3 to 2.06), moderately to well sorted
with negative skewed. The sandstone with 85% quartz
mineral, coarse grained, sub-rounded to sub-angular in
shape, Feldspar (F), and Muscovite (M) mineral are also
present. Thin Section 66 of Table 7. The results of the XRD
analysis indicate that the sandstone samples consist of quartz
as the major mineral constituent while the cementing
material is calcite and iron oxide. XRD pattern of Jagir-4
well also favours petrographic study with quartz 87%
(Fig.6).

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Soro-4, S.No-24, B-Sand Sample Depth Lithofacies identified from B-

Type (Feet) sand of Junathi South-1 well
Off white, light yellow, medium
Composite 5169- grained sandstone, 90% quartz
Cuttings 5190 grained, well sorted, sub-angular
to sub-rounded.
White, light grey, medium to coarse
5190- grained sandstone, contain 85% quartz
Cuttings
5200 grained, well sorted, sub-angular to
Quartz (Sio2) S-Q= 82.6%
rounded.
Calcite (CaCo3) S-Q= 17.4%
Light grey, medium to coarse
5200- grained sandstone, 90% quartz
Cuttings
5210 grained, sub-angular to well-
rounded.
White to transparent white,
medium to coarse-grained
5210-
Cuttings sandstone, mainly composed of
5220
colorless quartz, moderately
sorted, and sub-rounded.
Off white to transparent medium
to coarse grained, very well sorted
Composite 5220-
and rounded grains. Glauconite
Cuttings 5244
and few feldspar grains also
present.
Table 7. Lithofacies Description of Junathi-South-1

ZAUR-5 WELL
Grain Size Analysis shows that B-sand is medium

Fig. 6a XRD analysis results for Sonro-4 and Junathi South-1 strongly negative skewed. The sandstone with 85% quartz
mineral, coarse grained, sub-rounded to sub-angular in
Junathi -1, -66, -San shape, Feldspar (F), and Muscovite (M) mineral are also
South S.No B d presen Thin Section 53 of Table 8. The results of the XRD
analysis indicate that the sandstone samples consist of quartz
as the major mineral constituent while the cementing
material is calcite and iron oxide XRD pattern of Jagir-4 well
also favours petrographic study with quartz 87% (Fig.7).

Depth Lithofacies identified from B-sand

Sample Type
(Feet) of Zaur-5 well
Light brownish, medium to coarse-
grained sandstone, 90% quartz
Composite 6416-
grained, very well sorted, sub-angular
Cuttings 6450
to sub-round. Feldspar grains are also
present.
Off white to light grey, medium
6450- grained sandstone, contains mostly
Cuttings
6460 quartz, moderately sorted, and well
rounded.
White to off white, greenish grey,
medium to coarse-grained sandstone,
6460-
Cuttings and 85% quartz grained, very well
6470
sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded in
shape.
White, Light grey, medium grained
6470- sandstone, 70 to 90% quartz grained,
Cuttings
6480 very well sorted, sub-angular to sub-
rounded.
Off white to Light brown, medium to
Composite 6480- coarse grained sandstone, Sub-angular
Cuttings 6515 to sub-rounded, moderately to well
Fig. 6b XRD analysis results for Sonro-4 and Junathi South-1 sorted.
Table 8. Lithofacies Description of Zaur-5

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Zaur -5 well. S. No -68, A-Sand

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

100
Zaur-5 (B-Sand)
90

80

Cumulative Weight Percentage

Quartz (Sio2) S-Q= 78.1% 70
Calcite ( CaCo3) S-Q= 21.9%
56
60
55
54
50
53
52
40

30
S.No. Mean Sorting Skewness LEGEND
55 1.968 1.224 -5.758
20
55 2.25 1.389 -0.778
54 2.334 1.278 -1.950
10 53 2.034 1.409 -5.165
52 2.334 0.879 -3.665
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Grain Size (Phi Value)

Fig. 8a Cumulative Frequency Curves of B-sand of Jagir-4

well

Fig. 7a XRD Analysis Results for Zaur-5 Well CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE
100
Jagir-4 (B-Sand)
Zaur -5 well. S. No -54, B-Sand 90 95
80 84
70
Cummulative Weight Percentage

68
67
60
50 66
65
50
64
Quartz (Sio 2) S -Q= 87.3% 40
Calcite (CaCo 3) S -Q= 12.7%
30
S.No. Mean Sorting Skewness LEGEND
68 2.81 1.49 -6.68
20 16 67 2.91 1.38 -6.64
66 2.87 1.24 -6.86
10 5 65 2.10 1.04 -1.62
64 2.48 1.39 -4.10
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Grain Siz e (Phi Value )

Fig. 8b Cumulative Frequency Curves of B-sand of Jagir-4

well

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

100
Jagir-3 (B-Sand)
90

80
Cumulative Weight Percentage

Fig. 7b XRD Analysis Results for Zaur-5 Well 70

45
44
60
43
Cumulative frequency curves of B-sand of Jagir-4 well 50
42
41
is shown in Fig.8, Cumulative Frequency Curves of B-sand
40
of Jagir-3 well is shown in Fig. 9, Cumulative frequency
30
curves of B-sand of Sonro-1 well Fig. 10, Cumulative S.No. Mean Sorting Skewness LEGEND
45 2.07 1.52 -2.08
20
Frequency Curves of B-sand of Zaur-5 well Fig. 11 and 44 1.95 1.56 -5.17
43 1.93 1.31 -3.47
Cumulative Frequency Curves of B-sand of Junathi South- 10 42 1.68 1.43 -3.8
41 2.05 1.51 -4.6
1 well Fig. 12. While the Grain Size Analysis is summarized 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
in Table.9 Grain Size (Phi Value)

Fig. 9 Cumulative Frequency Curves of B-sand of Jagir-3 well

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CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

Well Conclusions
100
Sonro-4 (B-Sand)
Jagir-4 strongly negative
90
skewed
80
Cumulative Weight Percentage

Jagir-3
70 moderately sorted, and strongly negative skewed
26
60 25
24 Sonro-1
50 23
22 symmetrical and negative skewness.
40

30
S.No. Mean Sorting Skewness
LEGEND Zaur-5
20
26
25
2.324
2.51
1.728
1.576
-0.571
-0.07
skewed
24 2.063 1.239 -0.492
10 23 2.125 2.287 -0.492 Junathi
22 2.316 1.047 -3.65
0 South-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 symmetrical and/or negative skewness.
Grain Size (Phi Value)
Table.9 Grain Size Analysis is summarized in table
Fig. 10 Cumulative frequency curves of B-sand of Sonro-1 well

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

100
Zaur-5 (B-Sand)
90

80
Cumulative Weight Percentage

70

56
60
55
54
50
53
52
40

30
S.No. Mean Sorting Skewness LEGEND
55 1.968 1.224 -5.758
20
55 2.25 1.389 -0.778
54 2.334 1.278 -1.950
10 53 2.034 1.409 -5.165
52 2.334 0.879 -3.665
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Grain Size (Phi Value)

Fig. 11 Cumulative Frequency Curves of B-sand of Zaur-5 well

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

100
Junathi-South-1 (B-Sand)
90

80
Cumulative Weight Percentage

70

64
60
63
62
50
61
40 60

30
S.No. Mean Sorting Skewness LEGEND
64 2.3 0.701 -1.094
20
63 2.06 1.218 -0.09
62 1.34 1.249 -1.25
10 61 2.06 0.473 -1.799
60 2.31 0.983 -1.26
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Grain Size (Phi Value) Table. 10 Petrographic study of well cuttings samples.
(Pl = Plain light, XPL Polarizing light)
Fig. 12 Cumulative Frequency Curves of B-sand of Junathi
South-1 well

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V. DISCUSSION
The use of well cuttings data to study lithological,
textural and mineralogical, characteristics using various
techniques predate the modern geological techniques such as
wireline logs and advanced downhole logging techniques. In
recent years there is renewed interest in the well cuttings
analysis as it has been testified by the studies of (Coffey and
Read, 2002; and Thomas and Read, 2006). The data indicates
that most of the facies are predominantly composed of quartz
grains which are moderately to well sorted, angular to sub-
rounded. B-sandstone facies comprises mostly of medium to
coarse sandstone and show frequent vertical changes due to
sea level fluctuations.
Textural signatures i.e. mean grain size, sorting, and
skewness was calculated using (Folk and Ward, 1957). The
grain size range from (1.9º to 2.03º) and that indicates
moderate energy conditions during the deposition of B-
sandstone. In B-sands particularly the strongly coarse
skewness indicates increasing flood flow competence in
usually occurring in transitional sedimentary depositional
environments (nearshore areas). Overall Sand B is showing
R-T trend with deposition of reservoir sands as discussed by
various workers (I.E.D.S. 1995, Copestake et.al, 1995.
Ahmed et al., 2004, Nazeer et al. 2012-2013 and Abassi et.al,
2015). Coarsening upward sequence is also evident in log
patterns.
The results of the XRD analysis indicate that the
sandstone samples contain 70 to 90% quartz as the major
mineral constituent while the cementing material is calcite
and iron oxide. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses
results confirm with the petrographic results indicate that the
major mineral constituent is quartz. XRD pattern analysis
shows in samples No. 53 and 34 the quartz is 87 to 93% while
in sample No. 34 and 70, calcite is from 6 to 23%.
The correlation of all the five wells analyzed studies
indicates that the thicknesses of B-sand of Upper sands of
Lower Goru are quite variable. The trend of line AB is
roughly in north south direction and it covers a distance of
about 53.3 km. It has been observed that the thickness of B-
sand unit generally decrease towards south and the maximum
thickness of B-sands occur in Jagir-3 and Jagir-4 wells.
Interpretation of wireline logs of five wells according to
the identification system of Selley (1985, 1998) indicates
that B-sand GR curve shapes generally exhibits a coarsening
upward sequence with almost uniform sorting. Textural
study proves B-sands bear good reservoir quality sandstone.
On the basis of GR log curves Dolan, (1990) and Ahmad et
al., (2004) the B-sands gamma ray log curve shows serrated
funnel shape at the base and followed by one or more cycles
of a cylinder (blocky) or bell shape. B-sands are interpreted
as barrier bar and progradational facies deposited during high
sea level.
Page 15
VI. CONCLUSIONS
 The lithofacies analysis of Lower Goru Formation on the
basis of textural analysis of well cuttings and GR log
response gives us idea that the B-sands of Lower Goru
Formation deposited deltaic to shallow marine shelf
environment. The sandstones are predominantly
composed of quartz with some dark colored minerals and
occasional grains of feldspar.
 Petrographic study indicates that the B-sandstone is
mature as the samples comprise 80 to 90% quartz grains.
Other minerals identified in samples are feldspar,
muscovite
 The mean grain size in the study area ranges from 1.19 to
2.35. In B-sands particularly the strongly coarse skewness
indicates increasing flood flow competence usually
occurring in transitional sedimentary depositional
environments (near shore areas).
 Overall Sand B is showing R-T trend with deposition of
reservoir sands as discussed by various workers (I.E.D.S.
1995, Copestake et al., 1995. Ahmed et al., 2004, Nazeer
et al. 2012-2013 and Abassi et.al, 2015).
 The B-sand of Lower Goru is interpreted as clean with
good reservoir quality for hydrocarbon accumulation on
the basis of petrography, XRD Analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our appreciation for the assistance
and cooperation of BP Pakistan and Directorate General of
Petroleum concession (DGPC), Islamabad for providing us
the essential data of well cutting samples, digital wireline
logs. We are also grateful to Dr. Rafique Ahmed Lashari for
his invaluable help for this work.
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