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    This document discusses key concepts in psychology research including variables, causation vs correlation, and drawing conclusions. It defines independent and dependent variables, and control vs confounding variables. Causation means one variable directly causes changes in another, while correlation refers to the relationship between variables without implying direct causation. To draw conclusions, researchers must understand the study aims, procedures, participants and equipment used in the methodology.

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    psych lesson 2

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    This document discusses key concepts in psychology research including variables, causation vs correlation, and drawing conclusions. It defines independent and dependent variables, and control vs confounding variables. Causation means one variable directly causes changes in another, while correlation refers to the relationship between variables without implying direct causation. To draw conclusions, researchers must understand the study aims, procedures, participants and equipment used in the methodology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views12 pages

    Psych Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    hhh
    This document discusses key concepts in psychology research including variables, causation vs correlation, and drawing conclusions. It defines independent and dependent variables, and control vs confounding variables. Causation means one variable directly causes changes in another, while correlation refers to the relationship between variables without implying direct causation. To draw conclusions, researchers must understand the study aims, procedures, participants and equipment used in the methodology.

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    of 12

    How do we know what we

    know in Psychology

    - Variables and Relationships


    - Applying conclusions
    - Causation and Correlation
    Variables and Relationships

    - A variable is something that can change or vary in an experiment.


    - Two main variables to consider:

    Independent Variable Dependent Variable


    it is something that the it is the effect of manipulation of
    researcher believes will have an the independent variable. This is
    effect on the dependent variable something that is measured by
    and so it is what they can the researchers.
    manipulate.
    Control and Confounding Variables

    - A control variable is a variable that


    could possibly affect the
    dependent variable but IS NOT the
    independent variable, and thus,
    needs to be kept constant
    - A confounding variable is a
    variable that was not kept
    controlled and thus, had an effect
    on the dependent variable which
    affects the validity and reliability of
    the results
    Example

    What is the…
    1. Independent Variable?
    2. Dependent Variable?
    3. Possible Control Variables?
    4. Possible Confounding Variables?
    Applying conclusions

    - In order to draw a conclusion, it is important to know the methodology used.


    - Methodology refers to the aims, procedures, participants and the equipment
    used in the study.
    1. Aim : identifies the relationship being investigated between the IV and DV in
    a particular study.
    2. Participants : people who took part in the study.
    3. Procedures : the things the participants were asked to do.
    Example

    What is the…
    1. Aim?
    2. Procedure?

    Who are the participants?


    Correlation and Causation

    CORRELATION IS
    NOT THE SAME AS
    CAUSATION.
    CAUSATION IS NOT
    THE SAME AS
    CORRELATION.
    Causation vs Correlation

    Causation Correlation
    When one variable causes a The relationship between two
    change in the other variable variables.
    Eg: the heat of the sun CAUSES ice cream Eg: smoking could possibly increase the
    to melt chance of lung cancer
    Correlation

    - The relationship between two variables.


    - Positive correlation : when one variable increases, so does the other.
    - Negative correlation : when one variable decreases, so does the other.
    - No correlation : no connection between the two variables.
    Watch this!
    Questions?
    Thoughts and comments?
    Thank you!

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