PH 1320 Chapter 2 Notes

 Health Trends
o Longer life expectancy at birth
o Better birth outcomes
o Increase in years of healthy life
o Disease trends
o reduction infectious diseases and increase chronic diseases
o Health disparities
 The difference in health status between groups
 Disease Trends
o Infectious
o Noninfectious
o Communicable
o Noncommunicable
o Acute
o Chronic
 Health Equity
The idea that all people should have an equal chance or fair opportunity to live healthy lives
 Global Health Influences
o Social and cultural upheaval associated with urbanization
o overpopulation
o Greenhouse gasses
o Global warming/climate change
 Sustainable Development Goals
 Health Problem
o A condition of humans that can be represented in terms of measurable health status of quality
of life indicators
 County Rankings Model
o Model in PowerPoint
o Length of life and quality of life, and their effects on death or health
 Premature Death
 o Behavioral Choices
o Social Circumstances
o Medical Care
o Environmental conditions
 Risk and Protective Factors
o Risk Factors:
o Protective Factors
o Biological
o Environmental
o Lifestyle
o psychosocial
o Use of and access to health-related services
o Determinants of disease
 Causes of Death and Contributing Factors
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 Health Problem Analysis
o A framework for analyzing health problems to identify their determinants and contributing
factors so that interventions can be targeted rationally towards those factors most likely to
reduce the health problem
o Identify a priority problem in the community.
o What are some things that increase the problem?
o What are things that reduce the problem?
o Who or what in the community is capable of making these changes?
o Is this an issue we can adequately address?
 Determinants
 proven to influence level of health problem
 Direct contributing factors
 Affect the level of a determinant
 Indirect contributing factors
 Affect the level of direct contributing factors; more likely to be controllable and a
basis for intervention
 Data & Limitations
o Consider the following for quality of the data:
 Where do the data come from?
 Has the source of the data been evaluated for validity?
 What were the methods for obtaining the data?
 Are the data current or is there a lag?
 What are the limitations of the data?
 Are there any potential biases generated by the process used to collect the data?
o Numbers
 Public health practitioners often use numbers to determine resource allocation or to
advocate for policy
o Rates
 A mathematical expression for the relationship between the numerator and the
denominator.
 Commonly used rates include:
 Prevalence- The number of all cases with the disease or condition over specific time
period in a population
 Incidence- The number of new cases occurring during a specific time period in a
population
o Mortality
 Expresses the number of deaths in a population within a prescribed time
o Morbidity
 A measure of disease incidence of prevalence in a given population, location, or other
grouping of interest
o Associations
 The most commonly used measures of association in public health are:
 Relative risk
 Odds ratio
 Attributable risk
o Economic Dimensions
 Cost-benefit analysis:
 Focuses on monetary benefit of the action or intervention.
 Cost-effectiveness analysis:
 Focuses on non-monetary value of the action or intervention.
 Return on investment
  Measures economic gains or losses associated with an intervention or strategy.
 Healthy People
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