Designing LED Lighting For Growing Plants

DESIGNING LED LIGHTING FOR
GROWING PLANTS
Alejandro D. Caranto
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Copyright © 2023
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ii
About the Author
Dr. Alejandro D. Caranto is currently an Associate Professor at the

Tarlac State University (TSU), College of Engineering and Technology.
He earned his Doctor of Philosophy major in Development Education at
the Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation in 2011, where he also served
as a faculty member. He is one of the few engineers who successfully
upgraded his profession into becoming a Professional Electronics
Engineer (PECE). Prior to joining TSU in 2011, he served as the College
Dean of the Lyceum Northern Luzon, College of Engineering where he is
responsible for obtaining the Program’s Government Recognition (GR)
status for Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering (BSECE) and Bachelor of Science in Computer
Engineering (BSCpE).
In line with the Vision and Mission of his school, he has provided various extension services to
the people in the community. His goal is to impart skills and technological training to uplift their quality
of life.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………………..…. i
COPYRIGHT PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………….. ii
ABOUT THE AUTHOR………………………………………………………………………………… iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………….….. iv
PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………………………………. v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………………………………………… vi
Chapter 1 Introduction to LED Lighting for Growing Plants…………………………….. 1
Chapter 2 Designing Color Red LED Lighting…………………………………………………. 6
Chapter 3 Designing Color Green LED Lighting………………………………………………. 16
Chapter 4 Designing Color Blue LED Lighting………………………………………………… 26
Chapter 5 Designing Color Violet LED Lighting………………………………………………. 35
Chapter 6 Designing Multi-Color LED Lighting………………………………………………… 44
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
iv
PREFACE
Designing LED Lighting for Growing Plants is intended as a guide in designing electronic circuits
that will be used for lighting plants employed in the horticulture industry. Here, the author designed
LED lighting utilizing the colors red, green, blue, and violet LEDs. The basic circuit of a LED was the
prototype used to design the LED lighting. A schematic diagram of an array that comprises 25, 50, and
100 LEDs has been drawn using the three types of connection which are series, parallel, and series-
parallel. The required value of resistance to limit the current flow in the circuit has been computed
together with the appropriate power rating of the resistor to be used in order to avoid damage to the
devices.
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to extend his profound gratitude to the following individuals who helped
make this publication possible:
First and foremost, our Almighty God, the source of all knowledge and wisdom, for sustaining
the author with sound mind, body, and spirit to make this book a reality;
Secondly, his wife, Dr. Almira Ferrer-Caranto, for her encouragement and support and to
their three children, Zaid Jamil, Paulo Emmanuel, and Lariza, for serving as inspiration in completing
the tedious task of writing a book;
And to the following:
Dr. Richard D. Sanchez, Founder and Head Research Consultant of Embracing the Culture of
Research (ETCOR) Educational Research Center, for showing diligent effort in giving valuable
suggestions for the improvement of this book;
To all the management and staff of ETCOR;
and to all my colleagues in the College of Engineering, Tarlac State University.
ALEJANDRO D. CARANTO
vi
Chapter 1
Introduction to LED Lighting for Growing Plants
Visible light is a form of electromagnetic waves. These waves are present in the colors of the
rainbow and each color includes a different wavelength. The color red region has the longest
wavelength and color violet region has the shortest one. When all these waves in the visible light
spectrum are seen collectively, they form white light. When white light passes through a prism, you
will see all the colors in the visible spectrum. These colors are divided into seven regions with its
wavelength in decreasing order and frequency increasing order, as shown in Figure 1.1. The figure
shows the visible light spectrum region from violet to red color with their wavelength, frequency, and
photon energy.
Light is essential in plants in order to produce food through the process called photosynthesis.
Through this photosynthesis, plants use the green chlorophyll, a pigment, to help convert carbon
dioxide, water, and light into carbohydrates and oxygen. This is needed so that plants can grow and
produce harvest.
Figure 1.1 Visible spectrum of light
Using artificial lighting for plants has gotten significant attention in the farming and horticulture
business. It offers advantages in using them for plant stimulation in a location where there is no sunlight
or less sunlight is available. It is believed that the utilization of such will increase more especially
growing plants inside the home or greenhouses.
Light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that when it is energized, it emits light.
Similar to an ordinary diode, it consists of a junction that allows current to pass through it in only one
direction. Figure 1.2 shows the basic circuit of light emitting diode (LED) and how it is being biased.
The schematic symbol of LED has an arrow pointed outwardly which indicates that it radiates light.
Forward-biasing is the normal operation for an LED in which the anode is directly connected through
the positive terminal and its cathode to the negative terminal of voltage source. The free electrons and
holes are the charge carrier of a diode such as light emitting diode (LED). When the free electrons
move from higher to lower energy level, the LED radiate energy in the form of light. It has the ability
to radiate energy across a wide wavelength spectrum depending on the materials being used and the
doping process.
1
Figure 1.2 Basic circuit of LED
The manufacturing of LEDs come from the materials or elements such as aluminum, phosphorus,
indium, arsenic, and gallium. They can manufacture LEDs with different color in the visible light
spectrum like that of red, green, blue, violet, or other colors. In this book, the author utilized colors
red, green, blue, and violet as the components for designing electronics circuit of LED lighting for
growing plants. Figure 1.3 shows the four colors LED.
Figure 1.3 Image of different color LED
Taking a look back at Figure 1.2, you will find a resistor to limit the current flowing in the LED.
This resistor is needed to protect the diode from damage. When it reaches its maximum current
capacity rating, the LED will be destroyed or burned. We will use Ohm’s law to solve the parameters
for the basic circuit of LED like the value of current, which is:
VS  VD
IS  Equation 1
RS
where IS = series current

VS = source voltage
VD = LED voltage drop
RS = source resistance
The typical values for commercially available LEDs is ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 V depending on
the materials used and of the manufacturer with a forward current of usually 20 mA. The voltage drop
of LED differs on the current, color, tolerance, and other parameters. Table 1.1 shows the forward
voltage or voltage drop of different colors of LED as used in this book. Other color LED that is not used
in this book is not given in the table.
2
Color Forward Materials
voltage
(V)
Red 1.6 – 2.0 Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)
Galium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP)
Aluminum gallium indium phosphide
(AlGaInP)
Gallium phosphide (GaP)
Green 1.9 – 4.0 Gallium phosphide (GaP)
Aluminum gallium indium phosphide
(AlGaInP)
Aluminum gallium phosphide (AlGaP)
Blue 2.5 – 3.7 Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)
Silicon carbide (SiC)
Violet 2.8 – 4.0 Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)
Table 1.1 LED color and materials
The brightness of an LED when energize depends on the current flowing through it. If we want
to make the brightness of the LED almost constant, we should set the source voltage (VS) much higher
than the LED’s voltage drop (VD). For instance, let’s say a NTE3019 Red Diffused LED has a forward
voltage from 1.65 to 2.0 V with a forward current of 20 mA. If we consider that the LED in the circuit
of Figure 1.2 is an NTE3019 and is mass-produced, the brightness of the said LED will be constant if
the voltage source (VS) is much larger than LED voltage drop (VD). But if the voltage source is slightly
more than the LED voltage drop, the LED’s brightness will differ obviously from one circuit to another.
Let’s take a look at some sample circuit design of an LED lighting for growing plants. The LED
circuit can be connected in three ways. These are series connection, parallel connection, or series-
parallel connection. The series connection comprises of LEDs joined in such a way that one component
is connected to the next component that allows the flow of current in one direction within the close
loop. It has no branches as shown in Figure 1.4(a). The parallel connection is a connection in which all
the components are connected across each other’s terminals as shown in Figure 1.4(b). The series-
parallel connection is a combination of series and parallel connection in which some of the components
are connected in series and some are in parallel as shown in Figure 1.4(c).
Let’s analyze the circuit in Figure 1.4.
a. For the series connection, the voltage drop for each

LED is added together,
VLEDTOTAL  VLED1  VLED2  VLED3
or
VLEDTOTAL  VLED1  3
since, VLED1  VLED2  VLED3
3
We can solve the voltage drop of resistor, VR,
VR  Vin  VLEDTOTAL
Since this is a series connection, the current flowing the resistor is:
LED1 LED2 LED3
R1
Vin
a. Series connection
R1
Vin LED1 LED2 LED3
b. Parallel connection
R1
LED1 LED3 LED5
Vin
LED2 LED4 LED6
c. Series-parallel connection
Figure 1.4 Three types of LED connection
I R  I LED1  I LED 2  I LED3
Solving for resistance R1,
VR
R1 
IR
b. For the parallel connection,
4
VR  Vin  VLED1
since VLED1  VLED2  VLED3
The total current flowing in the resistor, IR,
I R  I LED1  I LED2  I LED3
Solving for resistance R1,
VR
R1 
IR
c. For the series-parallel connection, the
VLEDTOTAL  VLED1  VLED2
or
VLEDTOTAL  VLED1  2 , since two LEDs are connected in series.
We can solve the voltage drop of resistor, VR,
Since, there are three branches, the current flowing through the resistor, IR,
I R  I LED1  I LED 3  I LED5
or
I R  I LED1  3 , since each branches have the same current flowing through it.
Now solving for the resistance, R1,
VR
R1 
IR
On the succeeding chapters, we will apply these equations to design LED lighting for plants with
various colors.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5
Chapter 2
Designing Color Red LED Lighting
The red light emitting diode (LED) was commercially available in the 1960s and utilized primary
elements like gallium, arsenic, and phosphorus to produce this light. This red light has a wavelength
of 655 nanometers. Another material, gallium phosphide was used to produce red LED emitting a
wavelength of 700 nanometers. But the latter version has been limited in its application because of low
apparent brightness resulting from relative insensitivity of the human eye in that spectral region. The
decade of the 1970s has seen technological developments in LED enabling additional diode colors to
be manufactured. This improved the quality and reliability of the devices. In the past years, the
efficiency of high-performance red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased by 30%. This efficiency
was achieved through the optimization of the components. Red LEDs have many applications including
lighting plants for stimulation. The efficiency increase results in a higher light output at the same level
of power usage. LED efficiency ratings can be determined by how much light can be generated in a
component and what portion of the light is emitted at the surface.
The color red light is helpful in regulating the growth and development of plants. Within the
photosynthetically active wavelength of 400 to 700 nm, sunlight emits roughly similar amounts of blue,
green, and red light. An array of LED lighting when developed for plant growth applications emit a
large proportion of red light with more or less 80 percent of the visible light spectrum emitted in the
red region. The red light on photosynthesis is at least as effective as other colors of light for promoting
plant growth. This color of light is among the best colors to stimulate plant growth. When plants are
grown under only red light, the result has a stretched, elongated appearance; the leaves are thin and
large and plants become tall. But when a relatively small amount of blue light is supplemented with
red light, the increased growth of plants is stalled. The amount of red light has a pronounced effect on
leaf expansion and stem elongation. The pigment phytochrome arbitrates the flowering of plants with
a photoperiodic flowering response. Usually, plants are very perceptive to low concentrations of red
light.
In this chapter, we will design LED lighting using red color LED. Different colors have different
voltage drops. Here, we will solve for the electrical parameters needed for an array of LEDs of 25, 50,
75, and 100 components.
First, let's start to design with several 25 red LED components. Figure 2.1 shows the electronic
circuit with no resistance value yet. The circuit’s configuration is a series-parallel connection. The first
column is a series connection of LED1 to LED5 connected in series with R1. The second column is also
a series connection of LED6 to LED10 connected in series with R2. Next, is another series connection
of LED11 to LED15 in a series connection with R3. Next, a series connection of LED16 to LED20 in a
series connection with R4. Lastly, a series connection of LED21 to LED25 in a series connection with
R5. Each column of connection is connected in parallel with each other.
6
Vin
20V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
LED1 LED6 LED11 LED16 LED21
Figure 2.1 Circuit of LED Lighting with 25 red LEDs
The assumed voltage drop red color LED is:
VLED  1.83 V
All the 25 LEDs in the circuit have a voltage drop of 1.83 V.
VLED  VLED1  VLED2  VLED3  VLED4  VLED5  1.83V
The forward current for each LED is:
I LED  20 mA
Since, the resistor is in series with the 5 LEDs, the current flowing through them is the same.
We can use
I R  I LED
 20 mA
For the total voltage drop in a series, that is a series connection of LED1 to LED 5, LED 6 to
LED10, LED11 to LED15, LED16 to LED20, and LED21 to LED25:
VLEDTOTAL  1.83V  5 LEDs

 9.15 V
Solving for the voltage drop of resistors where each resistor has a voltage drop of:
7
 20V  9.15V
 10.85V
Now, we can solve for the value of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5.
VR
R
IR
10.85V

20 mA
 542.5
or R = 543 Ω
Therefore,
R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  543 
Solving for the power in each resistor:
PR  I R  VR
 20 mA  10.85V
 217 mW
With a factor of safety of 2,
PRating  217 mW  2  434 mW .
We can use a ½-watt 543-Ω resistor.
Next, let’s now design with several 50 red LED components. Figure 2.2 shows the electronic
column is a series connection of LED1 to LED5. The second column is a series connection of LED6 to
LED10. These first and second columns are connected in parallel with each other. These also are in
series connection with R1. The third column is a series connection of LED11 to LED15. The fourth
column is a series connection of LED16 to LED20. The third and fourth columns are connected in
parallel with each other. These also are connected in series with R2. The fifth column is a series
connection of LED21 to LED25. The sixth column is a series connection of LED26 to LED30. The fifth
and sixth columns are connected in parallel with each other. These also are connected in series with
R3. The seventh column is a series connection of LED31 to LED35. The eighth column is a series
connection of LED36 to LED40. The seventh and eighth columns are connected in parallel with each
other. These are also connected in series with R4. The ninth column is a series connection of LED41 to
8
LED45. The tenth column is a series connection of LED46 to LED50. The ninth and tenth columns are
connected in parallel with each other. These are also connected in series with R5.
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
LED1 LED6 LED11 LED16 LED21 LED26 LED31 LED36 LED41 LED46
The assumed voltage drops red color LED is:
VLED  1.83 V
VLED  VLED1  VLED2  VLED3  VLED4  .....  VLED50  1.83V
I LED  20 mA
Solving for the current flowing through the resistor is:
I R  I LED  2
 20 mA  2
 40 mA
LED10, LED11 to LED15, LED16 to LED20, LED21 to LED25, LED26 to LED30, LED31 to LED35, LED36
to LED40, LED41 to LED45, and LED46 to LED50:

 9.15 V
9
 25V  9.15V
 15.85V
Now, we can solve for the value of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5. With a 40-mA flowing in the resistor,
VR
R
IR
15.85V

40 mA
 396.25 
or R = 396 Ω
and R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  396 
PR  I R  VR
 40 mA  15.85 V
 634 mW
PRating  634 mW  2  1,268 mW  1.268 W .
We can use a commercially available 2-watts 396-Ω resistor.
LED10. The third column is a series connection of LED11 to LED15. The said columns are connected in
parallel with each other. These also are in series connection with R1. The fourth is a series connection
of LED16 to LED20. The fifth column is a series connection of LED21 to LED25. The sixth column is a
series connection of LED26 to LED30. The said columns are connected in parallel with each other.
These also are in series connection with R2. The seventh column is a series connection of LED31 to
LED35. The eighth column is a series connection of LED36 to LED40. The ninth column is a series
connection of LED41 to LED45. The said columns are connected in parallel with each other. These also
are in series connection with R3. The tenth column is a series connection of LED46 to LED50. The
eleventh column is a series connection of LED51 to LED55. The twelfth column is a series connection
10
of LED56 to LED60. The said columns are connected in parallel with each other. These also are in series
connection with R4. The thirteenth column is a series connection of LED61 to LED65. The fourteenth
column is a series connection of LED66 to LED70. The fifteenth column is a series connection of LED71
to LED75. The said columns are connected in parallel with each other. These also are in series
connection with R5.
365Ω
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
LED1 LED6 LED11 LED16 LED21 LED26 LED31 LED36 LED41 LED46 LED51 LED56 LED61 LED66 LED71
The assumed voltage drops red color LED is:
VLED  1.83 V
I LED  20 mA
I R  I LED  3
 20 mA  3
 60 mA
to LED40, LED41 to LED45, LED46 to LED50, LED51 to LED55, LED56 to LED60, LED61 to LED65,
LED66 to LED70, and LED71 to LED75:
11
 9.15 V
 25V  9.15V
 15.85V
VR
R
IR
15.85V

60 mA
 264.17 
or R = 265 Ω
and
R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  265 
PR  I R  VR
 60 mA  15.85V
 951mW
PRating  951 mW  2  1,902 mW  1.902 W .
we can use a commercially available 2-watts 265-Ω resistor.
circuit with no resistance value yet. The circuit’s configuration is a parallel connection for all the LEDs.
The first column is a parallel connection of LED1 to LED10. These are connected in series with R1. The
second column is a parallel connection of LED11 to LED20. These are connected in series with R2. The
third column is a parallel connection of LED21 to LED30. These are connected in series with R3. The
fourth column is a parallel connection of LED31 to LED40. These are connected in series with R4. The
fifth column is a parallel connection of LED41 to LED50. These are connected in series with R5. The
sixth column is a parallel connection of LED51 to LED60. These are connected in series with R6. The
12
seventh column is a parallel connection of LED61 to LED70. These are connected in series with R7. The
eighth column is a parallel connection of LED71 to LED80. These are connected in series with R8. The
ninth column is a parallel connection of LED81 to LED90. These are connected in series with R9. The
tenth column is a parallel connection of LED91 to LED100. These are connected in series with R10.
Vin
30V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ? R6 = ? R7 = ? R8 = ? R9 = ? R10 = ?
VLED  1.83 V
I LED  20 mA

I R  I LED  10 LEDs
 20 mA  10
 200 mA
VR  Vin  VLED
 30 V  1.83V
 28.17 V
13
Now, we can solve for the value of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, and R10. With a 200-
mA flowing in the resistor,
VR
R
IR
28.17 V

200 mA
 140.85 
or R = 141 Ω
and R  R1  R2  R3  ....  R10  141
PR  I R  VR
 200 mA  28.17 V
 5,634 mW
 5.634 W
PRating  5.634W  2  11.268W .
Number of LEDs
Resistances 25 50 75 100
(in Figure 2.1) (in Figure 2.2) (in Figure 2.3) (in Figure 2.4)
R1 543 Ω 396 Ω 265 Ω 141 Ω
R2 543 Ω 396 Ω 265 Ω 141 Ω
R3 543 Ω 396 Ω 265 Ω 141 Ω
R4 543 Ω 396 Ω 265 Ω 141 Ω
R5 543 Ω 396 Ω 265 Ω 141 Ω
R6 - - - 141 Ω
R7 - - - 141 Ω
R8 - - - 141 Ω
R9 - - - 141 Ω
R10 - - - 141 Ω
Table 2.1 Summary of Resistances Value for Red LED Lighting
Summary Table of Resistances

Table 2.1 shows a summary of the computed value for resistances as shown in Figure 2.1, Figure
2.2, Figure 2.3, and Figure 2.4. Figure 2.1 has an input voltage of 20 V with 25 red LEDs. Figure 2.2
14
has an input voltage of 25 V with 50 red LEDs. Figure 2.3 has an input voltage of 25 V with 75 red
LEDs. While Figure 2.4 has an input voltage of 30 V with 100 red LEDs.
__________________________________________________________________________________
15
Chapter 3
Designing Color Green LED Lighting
Green color light emitting diode (LED) is usually a 5 mm LED with a green lens. It has a typical
forward voltage of 2.13 V and a rated forward current of 20 mA. This green LED is a two-lead
semiconductor device that emits green lights when activated. The charge carrier electrons can
recombine with the holes within the device when enough voltage is applied to the LED. The release
energy of photons is converted to light. This effect is known as electroluminescence.
LED is a device that emits photons when an electrical charge is applied to it. It is more efficient
and last longer. By altering the composition of the semiconductor LEDs, manufacturers can obtain the
devices into emitting various colors. To create green light, manufacturers typically apply one or more
phosphor materials to blue LEDs and change high-energy blue spectrum light into lower-energy light
through a process that reduces overall radiance by approximately 20 percent. To minimize loss of
efficiency, manufacturers have tried to develop efficient green LEDs that do not need phosphors. But
a main stumbling block is that the different known semiconductor materials that can be amalgamated
to radiate green light, usually indium and gallium nitride, have different-sized crystal lattice structures.
Each layer of the device should have a comparably sized lattice structure to the layer above or below
it for semiconductors to work efficiently.
Researchers found out that high-intensity green LED light was effective to promote plant growth
and, in particular, the short-wavelength green light was available for active plant growth. Plants look
green since green light is reflected by the plant. But irradiation with green light induces stem elongation
and decreased biomass production. Recent research indicated that green light drives photosynthesis
effectively. The percentage absorption of green light by plant leaves is about 70–80%. Greenlight also
affects plant morphology and physiology, including leaf growth, stomatal conductance, and early stem
elongation. It can penetrate into the plant canopy.
In this chapter, we will design LED lighting using green color LED. Different colors have different
First, let's start to design several 25 green LED components. Figure 3.1 shows the electronic
16
Vin
20V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
Figure 3.1 Circuit of LED Lighting with 25 green LEDs
The assumed voltage drop green color LED is:
VLED  2.13V
I LED  20 mA
We can use
I R  I LED
 20 mA
For the total voltage drop in a series, that is series connection of LED1 to LED 5, LED 6 to LED10,
LED11 to LED15, LED16 to LED20, and LED21 to LED25:

 10.65 V
 20 V  10.65V
 9.35V
17
VR
R
IR
9.35V

20 mA
 467.5 
or R = 468 Ω
and R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  468 
PR  I R  VR
 20 mA  9.35 V
 187 mW
PRating  187 mW  2  374 mW .
We can use a ½-watt 468-Ω resistor.
Next, let’s now design with several 50 green LED components. Figure 3.2 shows the electronic
18
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
VLED  2.13V
I LED  20 mA
I R  I LED  2
 20 mA  2
 40 mA
LED11 to LED15, LED16 to LED20, LED21 to LED25, LED26 to LED30, LED31 to LED35, LED36 to
LED40, LED41 to LED45, and LED46 to LED50:

 10.65 V
Solving for the voltage drop of resistors. Each resistor has a voltage drop of:
19
 25V  10.65V
 14.35V
VR
R
IR
14.35V

40 mA
 358.75 
or R = 359 Ω
and R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  359 
PR  I R  VR
 40 mA  14.35 V
 574 mW
PRating  574 mW  2  1,148 mW  1.148W .
20
connection with R5.
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
VLED  2.13V
I LED  20 mA
I R  I LED  3
 20 mA  3
 60 mA
to LED70, and LED71 to LED75:

 10.65 V
21
 25V  10.65V
 14.35V
VR
R
IR
14.35V

60 mA
 239.17 
or R = 239 Ω
and
R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  239 
PR  I R  VR
 60 mA  14.35V
 861mW
PRating  861 mW  2  1,722 mW  1.722 W ,
22
Vin
30V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ? R6 = ? R7 = ? R8 = ? R9 = ? R10 = ?
VLED  2.13V
I LED  20 mA

 20 mA  10
 200 mA
VR  Vin  VLED
 30 V  2.13V
 27.87 V
23
VR
R
IT
27.87 V

200 mA
 139.35 
or R = 139 Ω
and R  R1  R2  R3  ....  R10  139 
PR  I R  VR
 200 mA  27.87 V
 5,574 mW
 5.574 W
PRating  5.574W  2  11.148W .
Number of LEDs
R1 468 Ω 359 Ω 239 Ω 139 Ω
R2 468 Ω 359 Ω 239 Ω 139 Ω
R3 468 Ω 359 Ω 239 Ω 139 Ω
R4 468 Ω 359 Ω 239 Ω 139 Ω
R5 468 Ω 359 Ω 239 Ω 139 Ω
R6 - - - 139 Ω
R7 - - - 139 Ω
R8 - - - 139 Ω
R9 - - - 139 Ω
R10 - - - 139 Ω
Table 3.1 Summary of Resistances Value for Green LED Lighting

3.2, Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4. Figure 3.1 has an input voltage of 20 V with 25 green LEDs. Figure 3.2
24
has an input voltage of 25 V with 50 green LEDs. Figure 3.3 has an input voltage of 25 V with 75 green
LEDs. While Figure 3.4 has an input voltage of 30 V with 100 green LEDs.
__________________________________________________________________________________
25
Chapter 4
Designing Color Blue LED Lighting
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductors that emit light when activated. There are
different chemicals used to give different LEDs colors. Engineers or inventors made the first LEDs in
the 1950s and 60s. During that era, scientists developed LEDs that emitted everything from infrared
light to green light, but unfortunately, they couldn’t develop blue color. To develop that, it needed
chemicals, including carefully-created crystals, that were not able to make in the lab. But once they
form it, the results were amazing. To make white LED light, a blue LED is also needed. Engineers use
a blue LED to excite some kind of glowing chemical in the corm converting the blue light to white light.
Scientists have worked together on producing high-quality gallium nitride, a chemical that appears in
many of the layers in a blue LED. They also realized how to add chemicals to gallium nitride
semiconductors in such a way that they would emit light efficiently.
Blue light is referred to as radiation with wavelengths between 400 and 500 nm in the visible
light spectrum. This blue region has relatively high energy and has noticeable effects on plant growth
and flowering. The human eye’s perception of blue light especially at shorter wavelengths is low
compared to green light. But blue light was studied to be equally effective as green or red light at
driving photosynthesis. It has high energy and is useful for plant growth stimulations. Blue photons
drive the photosynthetic reaction like any other color. Their high energy isn’t fully utilized, some of the
energy is essentially lost compared to photosynthetic photons with a longer wavelength. At least a
minimal amount of blue light is needed in sole-source like indoor lighting applications for normal plant
growth. Also, blue light regulates the opening of stomata. Stomata are tiny cavities on leaves that
control both water loss and the uptake of carbon dioxide. Usually, only a low concentration of blue is
required in a light spectrum for efficient photosynthesis. Therefore, indoor lighting, such as in vertical
farming, and greenhouse lighting incorporate blue in the spectrum. With blue light, plant grown are
usually shorter and have smaller, thicker and darker green leaves compared to plants grown without
blue light. In plant stimulation, these characteristics are necessary because blue light can turn into a
growth controller. Using blue light as a growth controller is especially effective with indoor lighting.
Also, this blue light has less or no growth impeding results in auxiliary greenhouse lighting. Radiation
with shorter wavelengths like blue stimulates the creation of compounds that can affect leaf
pigmentation. For some leafy crops, blue also boosts the production of healthful compounds like
antioxidants and vitamins. For these types of crops, providing blue radiation before harvesting can
increase crop quality attributes such as leaf coloration and nutrition. Blue LEDs have become very
efficient and inexpensive.
In this chapter, we will design LED lighting using blue color LED. Different colors have different
First, let's start to design with several 25-blue LED components. Figure 4.1 shows the electronic
26
138Ω
Vin
20V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
Figure 4.1 Circuit of LED Lighting with 25 blue LEDs
The assumed voltage drop blue color LED is:
VLED  3.45V
I LED  20 mA
We can use
I R  I LED
 20 mA

 17.25 V
27
 20 V  17.25V
 2.75V
VR
R
IR
2.75V

20 mA
 137.5 
or R = 138 Ω
and R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  138 
PR  I R  VR
 20 mA  2.75V
 55 mW
PRating  55 mW  2  110 mW .
We can use a 1/8-watt 138-Ω resistor
Next, let’s now design with several 50 blue LED components. Figure 4.2 shows the electronic
28
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
VLED  3.45V
I LED  20 mA
I R  I LED  2
 20 mA  2
 40 mA

 17.25 V
29
 25V  17.25V
 7.75V
VR
R
IR
7.75V

40 mA
 193.75 
or R = 194 Ω
and R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  194 
PR  I R  VR
 40 mA  7.75 V
 310 mW
PRating  310 mW  2  620 mW .
We can use a ¾-watt 194-Ω resistor.
30
connection with R5.
239Ω
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
VLED  3.45V
VLED  VLED1  VLED 2  VLED3  VLED 4  .....  VLED 75  3.45V
I LED  20 mA
I R  I LED  3
 20 mA  3
 60 mA
31
 17.25 V
 25V  17.25V
 7.75V
VR
R
IR
7.75V

60 mA
 129.17 
or R = 129 Ω
and
R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  129 
PR  I R  VR
 60 mA  7.75V
 465 mW
PRating  465 mW  2  930 mW .
We can use a commercially available 1-watt 129-Ω resistor.
32
Vin
30V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ? R6 = ? R7 = ? R8 = ? R9 = ? R10 = ?
VLED  3.45V
I LED  20 mA

 20 mA  10
 200 mA
VR  Vin  VLED
 30 V  3.45 V
 26.55V
33
VR
R
IR
26.55V

200 mA
 132.75 
or R = 133 Ω
and R  R1  R2  R3  ....  R10  133 
PR  I R  VR
 20 mA  26.55 V
 531 mW
PRating  531mW  2  1,062 mW  1.062 W .
Number of LEDs
R1 138 Ω 194 Ω 129 Ω 133 Ω
R2 138 Ω 194 Ω 129 Ω 133 Ω
R3 138 Ω 194 Ω 129 Ω 133 Ω
R4 138 Ω 194 Ω 129 Ω 133 Ω
R5 138 Ω 194 Ω 129 Ω 133 Ω
R6 - - - 133 Ω
R7 - - - 133 Ω
R8 - - - 133 Ω
R9 - - - 133 Ω
R10 - - - 133 Ω
Table 4.1 Summary of Resistances Value for Blue LED Lighting

4.2, Figure 4.3, and Figure 4.4. Figure 4.1 has an input voltage of 20 V with 25 blue LEDs. Figure 4.2
has an input voltage of 25 V with 50 blue LEDs. Figure 4.3 has an input voltage of 25 V with 75 blue
LEDs. While Figure 4.4 has an input voltage of 30 V with 100 blue LEDs.
__________________________________________________________________________________
34
Chapter 5
Designing Color Violet LED Lighting
Violet is the color of light which has the shortest wavelength in the visible spectrum between
blue and invisible ultraviolet. In RGB color model as used in electronics industry, violet is produced by
combining red and blue color with which blue is more than red. RGB color model is a model of additive
color with red, green, and blue primary colors are mixed in different percentage to produce a broad
range of colors. Many people confusedly related the color violet to purple. But in optics, violet is a
spectral color with particular wavelengths. The purple is the color of various combinations of red and
blue light and perceive by human eyes to be like of the violet. Violet can be seen at the end of the
visible spectrum of light between the blue and ultraviolet regions. Violet light wavelengths are between
approximately 380 and 435 nanometers. Violet objects often appear dark, because human vision
becomes less sensitive at wavelengths this short.
Violet light can enrich the aroma and taste of plants and can even shape color because it reacts
with the plant’s green pigment which is also known as chlorophyll. It also interrelates with the
antioxidants in the plants, making them richer with nutrients and healthier.
In this chapter, we will design LED lighting using violet color LED. Different colors have different
First, let's start to design with several 25 violet LED components. Figure 5.1 shows the electronic
100Ω 100Ω 100Ω
Vin
20V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
Figure 5.1 Circuit of LED Lighting with 25 violet LEDs
The assumed voltage drop violet color LED is:
35
VLED  3 .6 V
I LED  20 mA
We can use
I R  I LED
 20 mA

 18 V
 20V  18V
 2V
VR
R
IR
2V

20 mA
 100 
and R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  100 
36
PR  I R  VR
 20 mA  2 V
 40 mW
PRating  40 mW  2  80 mW .
We can use a 1/8-watt 100-Ω resistor.
Next, let’s now design with several of the 50 violet LED components. Figure 5.2 shows the
electronic circuit with no resistance value yet. The circuit’s configuration is a series-parallel connection.
The first column is a series connection of LED1 to LED5. The second column is a series connection of
LED6 to LED10. These first and second columns are connected in parallel with each other. These also
are in series connection with R1. The third column is a series connection of LED11 to LED15. The fourth
parallel with each other. These also is connected in series with R2. The fifth column is a series
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
37
V LED  3 .6 V
I LED  20 mA
I R  I LED  2
 20 mA  2
 40 mA

 18 V
 25V  18V
 7V
VR
R
IR
7V

40 mA
 175 
and R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  175 
38
PR  I R  VR
 40 mA  7 V
 280 mW
PRating  280 mW  2  560 mW ,
we can use ¾-watt 175-Ω resistor.
Next, let’s now design with several 75 violet LED components. Figure 5.3 shows the electronic
connection with R5.
239Ω
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
39
VLED  3.6 V
VLED  VLED1  VLED 2  VLED3  VLED 4  .....  VLED75  3.6V
I LED  20 mA
I R  I LED  3
 20 mA  3
 60 mA

 18 V
 25V  18V
 7V
VR
R
IR
7V

60 mA
 116.7 
or R = 117 Ω
and
40
R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  117 
PR  I R  VR
 60 mA  7 V
 420 mW
PRating  420 mW  2  840 mW .
We can use 1-watt 117-Ω resistor.
Next, let’s now design with several 100 violet LED components. Figure 5.4 shows the electronic
Vin
30V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ? R6 = ? R7 = ? R8 = ? R9 = ? R10 = ?

41
V LED  3 .6 V
I LED  20 mA

 20 mA  10
 200 mA
VR  Vin  VLED
 30 V  3.6 V
 26.4 V
VR
R
IR
26.4 V

200 mA
 132 
and R  R1  R2  R3  ....  R10  132 

PR  I R  VR
 200 mA  26.4 V
 5,280 mW
 5.280W
42
PRating  5.280W  2  10.56W .
Number of LEDs
R1 100 Ω 175 Ω 117 Ω 132 Ω
R2 100 Ω 175 Ω 117 Ω 132 Ω
R3 100 Ω 175 Ω 117 Ω 132 Ω
R4 100 Ω 175 Ω 117 Ω 132 Ω
R5 100 Ω 175 Ω 117 Ω 132 Ω
R6 - - - 132 Ω
R7 - - - 132 Ω
R8 - - - 132 Ω
R9 - - - 132 Ω
R10 - - - 132 Ω
Table 5.1 Summary of Resistances Value for Violet LED Lighting

5.2, Figure 5.3, and Figure 5.4. Figure 5.1 has an input voltage of 20 V with 25 violet LEDs. Figure 5.2
has an input voltage of 25 V with 50 violet LEDs. Figure 5.3 has an input voltage of 25 V with 75 violet
LEDs. While Figure 5.4 has an input voltage of 30 V with 100 violet LEDs.
__________________________________________________________________________________
43
Chapter 6
Designing Multi-Color LED Lighting
Light is needed by plants to grow, but experts have found that different colors affect a plant’s
growth differently. The sunlight seems white because it has all the colors from the light spectrum,
white light is not the color light plants grow best. Different colors of light affect plant growth and
stimulation. It is widely known that by amalgamating natural colors, which include white, black, red,
blue, and yellow, we will produce all other colors of the visible light spectrum. Sunlight contains all of
these colors, and it seems to be bright white. With the absorption of light, the plants create the
necessary nutrients to feed the plant. But there are specific colors of light that help plants in different
ways. Some affect plants more while some affect less. Also, the effects can vary from plant growth and
stimulation. The color of light for plant growth includes red, green, blue, and violet. Different colors of
light can also be used to create the perfect combination of lighting plants.
Red lighting has a great impact on the plant’s flora and makes the leaves more glowing and
tasty. Red light is considered to be advantageous for the blooming process. Combining red color light
with other colors such as blue, green, and violet is beneficial to plant growth. Also, combined with
other colors, you get the enhanced effects of the red light, such as better flowering and ripening of
produce.
Using green light radiation on plants stimulates stem elongation. Green light drives
photosynthesis effectively with a percentage absorption by its leaves of about 70%. It also affects plant
leaf growth, stomatal conductance, and early stem elongation. Leaves will utilize the transmitted green
light in photosynthesis for plant growth in combination with other colors.
Blue light has a remarkable effect on plants since chlorophyll absorbs it the easiest which makes
the plant transform it into energy through photosynthesis. This makes plant growth much quicker and
increases the development rate. The blue light enhances the formation of chlorophyll with which more
energy from the light is absorbed and produced. It also improves the plant’s oxygen conduction or
cellular respiration.
Violet light can enrich the aroma and taste of plants. It can affect color because it reacts with
the plant’s green pigment known as chlorophyll. It also intermingles with the antioxidants in the plants.
In this chapter, we will design LED lighting using multi-color LED. Different colors have different
First, let's start to design with several 25 multi-color LED components. Figure 6.1 shows the
The first column is a series connection of the color red LED1 to LED5 connected in series with R1. The
second column is a series connection of color green LED6 to LED10 connected in series with R2. Next,
is another series connection of color blue LED11 to LED15 in a series connection with R3. Next, a series
connection of color violet LED16 to LED20 in series connection with R4. Lastly, a series connection of
color red LED21 to LED25 in series connection with R5. Each column of connection is connected in
parallel with each other.
44
Vin
20V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
Figure 6.1 Circuit of LED Lighting with 25 multi-color LEDs
In the previous chapters, the values of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 have already been solved.
The value of R1 has been solved in Chapter 2 which is:
R1  543  .
With a power rating of
PRating  217 mW  2  434 mW ,
we can use a ½-watt 543-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.

The value for R2 has been solved in Chapter 3 which is:
R2  468  ,
PRating  187 mW  2  374 mW ,
we can use a ½-watt 468-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.

R3  138 .
PRating  55 mW  2  110 mW ,
45
we can use a 1/8-watt 138-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.
R 4  100  ,
PRating  40 mW  2  80 mW ,
we can use a 1/8-watt 100-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.

The value for R5 is the same with R1, therefore,
R5  543
We can use ½-watt 543-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.
Next, let’s now design with several 50 multi-color LED components. Figure 6.2 shows the
The first column is a series connection of the color red LED1 to LED5. The second column is a series
connection of the color red LED6 to LED10. These first and second columns are connected in parallel
with each other. These also are in series connection with R1. The third column is a series connection
of the color green LED11 to LED15. The fourth column is a series connection of the color green LED16
to LED20. The third and fourth columns are connected in parallel with each other. These also are
connected in series with R2. The fifth column is a series connection of the color blue LED21 to LED25.
The sixth column is a series connection of the color blue LED26 to LED30. The fifth and sixth columns
are connected in parallel with each other. These also are connected in series with R3. The seventh
column is a series connection of color violet LED31 to LED35. The eighth column is a series connection
of color violet LED36 to LED40. The seventh and eighth columns are connected in parallel with each
other. These are also connected in series with R4. The ninth column is a series connection of the color
red LED41 to LED45. The tenth column is a series connection of the color red LED46 to LED50. The
ninth and tenth columns are connected in parallel with each other. These are also connected in series
with R5.
46
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
R1  396  .
PRating  434 mW  2  868 mW ,
we can use a 1-watt 396-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.

R2  359  ,
PRating  574 mW  2  1,148 mW  1.148W ,
we can use a commercially available 2-watts 359-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.
R3 194 .
PRating  310 mW  2  620 mW ,
47
we can use a ¾-watt 194-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.
R4  175  ,
PRating  280 mW  2  560 mW ,

R5  396
We can use a 1-watt 396-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.
The first column is a series connection of LED1 to LED5. The second column is a series connection of
LED6 to LED10. The third column is a series connection of LED11 to LED15. The said columns are
connected in parallel with each other. These also are in series connection with R1. The fourth is a series
connection of LED16 to LED20. The fifth column is a series connection of LED21 to LED25. The sixth
column is a series connection of LED26 to LED30. The said columns are connected in parallel with each
other. These also are in series connection with R2. The seventh column is a series connection of LED31
to LED35. The eighth column is a series connection of LED36 to LED40. The ninth column is a series
connection with R5.
48
239Ω
Vin
25V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ?
R1  265  .
PRating  951 mW  2  1,902 mW  1.902 W ,
R2  239  ,
PRating  861 mW  2  1,722 mW  1.722 W ,
R3  129 .
PRating  465 mW  2  930 mW .
49
we can use a commercially available 1-watt 129-Ω resistor.
R4  117  ,
PRating  420 mW  2  840 mW ,
we can use a commercially available 1-watt 117-Ω resistor for a factor of safety of 2.
R5  265
PRating  951 mW  2  1,902 mW  1.902 W ,
electronic circuit with no resistance value yet. The circuit’s configuration is a parallel connection for all
the LEDs. The first column is a parallel connection of the color red LED1 to LED10. These are connected
in series with R1. The second column is a parallel connection of the color green LED11 to LED20. These
are connected in series with R2. The third column is a parallel connection color blue of LED21 to LED30.
These are connected in series with R3. The fourth column is a parallel connection color violet of LED31
to LED40. These are connected in series with R4. The fifth column is a parallel connection of the color
red LED41 to LED50. These are connected in series with R5. The sixth column is a parallel connection
color green of LED51 to LED60. These are connected in series with R6. The seventh column is a parallel
connection of the color blue LED61 to LED70. These are connected in series with R7. The eighth column
is a parallel connection of the color violet LED71 to LED80. These are connected in series with R8. The
ninth column is a parallel connection of the color red LED81 to LED90. These are connected in series
with R9. The tenth column is a parallel connection of the color blue LED91 to LED100. These are
connected in series with R10.
50
Vin
30V
R1 = ? R2 = ? R3 = ? R4 = ? R5 = ? R6 = ? R7 = ? R8 = ? R9 = ? R10 = ?
In the previous chapters, the values of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, and R10 for this
circuit have already been solved.
R1  141 .
PRating  5.634W  2  11.268W ,
R2  139  ,
PRating  5.574W  2  11.148W ,

R3 133 .
PRating  531mW  2  1,062 mW ,
51
R4  175  ,
PRating  280 mW  2  560 mW ,

R5 141
PRating  5.634W  2  11.268W ,
R6 139 
PRating  5.574W  2  11.148W ,
R7 133
PRating  531mW  2  1,062 mW ,
R8 175
PRating  280 mW  2  560 mW ,

The value for R9 is the same with R1 and R5, therefore,
52
R9 141
PRating  5.634W  2  11.268W ,
The value for R10 is the same with R3 and R7, therefore,
R10 133
PRating  531mW  2  1,062 mW ,
Number of LEDs
R1 543 Ω 396 Ω 265 Ω 141 Ω
R2 468 Ω 359 Ω 239 Ω 139 Ω
R3 138 Ω 194 Ω 129 Ω 133 Ω
R4 100 Ω 175 Ω 117 Ω 175 Ω
R5 543 Ω 396 Ω 265 Ω 141 Ω
R6 - - - 139 Ω
R7 - - - 133 Ω
R8 - - - 175 Ω
R9 - - - 141 Ω
R10 - - - 133 Ω
Table 6.1 Summary of Resistances Value for Multi-Color LED Lighting

6.2, Figure 6.3, and Figure 6.4. Figure 6.1 has an input voltage of 20 V with 25 multi-color LEDs. Figure
6.2 has an input voltage of 25 V with 50 multi-color LEDs. Figure 6.3 has an input voltage of 25 V with
75 multi-color LEDs. While Figure 6.4 has an input voltage of 30 V with 100 multi-color LEDs. Now that
the required value has been known, it is ready to fabricate the LED lighting for growing plants.
__________________________________________________________________________________
53
References
Diep, F. (2014). Why A Blue LED is Worth a Nobel Prize?. Popular Science
www.popsci.com/article/technology/why-blue-worth-noble-
prize/
Elderson, S. (2023). What Color of Light is Best for Plant Growth. Today’s Gardener
https://todaysgardener.com/what-color-of-light-is-best-for-plant-growth/
Malvino, A., & Bates, D. J. (n.d.) Electronic Principles. 7th Edition.
McKenna, P. (2010). Green LEDs for Efficient Lighting. MIT Technology Review
www.technologyreview.com/2010/04/12/263512/green-leds-for-efficient-lighting
Runkle, E. (2016). Red light and Plant Growth. GPNMAG.COM

www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/resources/pdfs/red-light.pdf
Runkle, E. (2017). Effects of Blue Light on Plants. GPNMAG.COM

www.canr.msu.edu/floriculture/uploads/files/blue-light.pdf
54
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Designing LED Lighting For Growing Plants

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DESIGNING LED LIGHTING FOR

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NBDB Registration of ETCOR (Digital and Print): 6312

EPUB ISBN: 978-621-06-0853-3

Dr. Alejandro D. Caranto is currently an Associate Professor at the

ABOUT THE AUTHOR………………………………………………………………………………… iii

Chapter 1 Introduction to LED Lighting for Growing Plants…………………………….. 1

Chapter 2 Designing Color Red LED Lighting…………………………………………………. 6

Chapter 3 Designing Color Green LED Lighting………………………………………………. 16

Chapter 4 Designing Color Blue LED Lighting………………………………………………… 26

Chapter 5 Designing Color Violet LED Lighting………………………………………………. 35

Chapter 6 Designing Multi-Color LED Lighting………………………………………………… 44

Figure 1.1 Visible spectrum of light

Figure 1.3 Image of different color LED

where IS = series current

Let’s analyze the circuit in Figure 1.4.

a. For the series connection, the voltage drop for each

VLEDTOTAL  VLED1  VLED2  VLED3

since, VLED1  VLED2  VLED3

Vin LED1 LED2 LED3

LED1 LED3 LED5

LED2 LED4 LED6

I R  I LED1  I LED 2  I LED3

Solving for resistance R1,

b. For the parallel connection,

since VLED1  VLED2  VLED3

The total current flowing in the resistor, IR,

I R  I LED1  I LED2  I LED3

Solving for resistance R1,

c. For the series-parallel connection, the

VLEDTOTAL  VLED1  VLED2

VLEDTOTAL  VLED1  2 , since two LEDs are connected in series.

We can solve the voltage drop of resistor, VR,

I R  I LED1  I LED 3  I LED5

Now solving for the resistance, R1,

LED1 LED6 LED11 LED16 LED21

LED2 LED7 LED12 LED17 LED22

LED3 LED8 LED13 LED18 LED23

LED4 LED9 LED14 LED19 LED24

LED5 LED10 LED15 LED20 LED25

Figure 2.1 Circuit of LED Lighting with 25 red LEDs

The assumed voltage drop red color LED is:

All the 25 LEDs in the circuit have a voltage drop of 1.83 V.

VLED  VLED1  VLED2  VLED3  VLED4  VLED5  1.83V

The forward current for each LED is:

VLEDTOTAL  1.83V  5 LEDs

Solving for the power in each resistor:

With a factor of safety of 2,

PRating  217 mW  2  434 mW .

We can use a ½-watt 543-Ω resistor.

Figure 2.2 Circuit of LED Lighting with 50 red LEDs

The assumed voltage drops red color LED is:

All the 50 LEDs in the circuit have a voltage drop of 1.83 V.

VLED  VLED1  VLED2  VLED3  VLED4  .....  VLED50  1.83V

The forward current for each LED is:

Solving for the current flowing through the resistor is:

VLEDTOTAL  1.83V  5 LEDs

Solving for the power in each resistor:

With a factor of safety of 2,

PRating  634 mW  2  1,268 mW  1.268 W .

We can use a commercially available 2-watts 396-Ω resistor.

Figure 2.3 Circuit of LED Lighting with 75 red LEDs

The assumed voltage drops red color LED is: