MODULE-3: TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY & MANAGEMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY & MANAGEMENT

Technology strategy and management is a field that deals with the planning and
implementation of technology initiatives to support an organization's goals and objectives. It
is a critical aspect of modern business as technology has become a driving force for
innovation, competitiveness, and growth. The main aim of technology strategy and
management is to align technology investments with the business strategy and ensure that
the technology initiatives are aligned with the organization's goals.
The process of developing a technology strategy starts with a thorough understanding of the
organization's goals, strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities. This is followed by a review
of the current technology landscape and the identification of technology trends that can
support the organization's goals. Once the technology landscape is understood, the
organization can determine which technologies are the most critical to t success and focus on
developing a technology roadmap that outlines how the technology initiatives will be
implemented, over time.
One of the key elements of a technology strategy is the development of technology standards
and guidelines. These standards and guidelines help ensure that technology they initiatives
are aligned with the organization's goals, and provide a framework for decision-making and
technology investments. The standards and guidelines also help to ensure that technology
initiatives are implemented in a consistent and controlled manner, which is critical for the
success of the technology initiatives.
Another key aspect of technology strategy and management is the development of technology,
governance, Technology governance is the process of managing and controlling technology
initiatives to ensure that they align with the organization's goals and are implemented in a
consistent and controlled manner. This includes the development of policies, procedures, and
processes that govern the use of technology within the organization.
Finally, technology strategy and management also involve the development of a technology
architecture. A technology architecture is a blueprint of the technology components and
systems that support the organization's goals and objectives. The technology architecture
provides a framework for the implementation of technology initiatives and helps ensure that
technology investments are aligned with the organization's goals.
In conclusion, technology strategy and management is a critical aspect of modern business.
It helps organizations align their technology initiatives with their goals and objectives, ensuring
that technology investments are used effectively and efficiently to support the organization's
success. By following best practices in technology strategy and management, can stay ahead
of the curve and remain organizations competitive in today's rapidly changing technology
landscape.

3.2 NEED FOR TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY

The need for a technology strategy stems from the rapid pace of technological change and its
increasing impact on all aspects of our lives and businesses. A technology strategy provides
a roadmap for how an organization can leverage technology to achieve its goals, stay
competitive, and navigate the complexities of the technological landscape.
Some of the key reasons for the need for a technology strategy

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
are:

• Alignment with business goals: A technology strategy helps align technology investments
with the overall business strategy, ensuring that resources are directed towards initiatives
that will have the greatest impact on the organization's success.
• Competitive advantage: Technology is constantly evolving, and organizations must stay
ahead of the curve to remain competitive. A technology strategy helps organizations
identify the technologies that are most critical to their success and prioritize investments
in those areas.
• Risk mitigation: Technology comes with a range of risks, such as cyber threats, data
breaches, and system failures. A technology strategy helps organizations identify these
risks and implement measures to mitigate them, protecting the organization's assets and
reputation.
• Resource allocation: A technology strategy helps organizations allocate resources
effectively, ensuring that they are being used in a way that aligns with the organization's
goals and objectives.
• Attraction and retention of talent: A strong technology strategy can demonstrate that an
organization" committed to investing in its employees and their professional growth,
making it more attractive to potential employees and helping to retain existing talent.
In short, a technology strategy is essential for organizations effectively leverage technology,
stay competitive, and achieve their goals in a rapidly changing technological landscape.

3.3 TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION

Technology adoption is the process of embracing technologies and incorporating them into
one's daily routines, work processes, and decision-making processes. It is a dynamic process
that reflects the changing technological landscape and the need for organizations and
individuals to stay up-to-date with new developments.
The technology adoption process typically goes through five ŝtages: awareness, interest,
evaluation, trial and adoption:

• Awareness: In this stage, individuals or organizations become aware of the technology

and its potential benefits They may learn about the technology through advertising word
of mouth, or industry conferences.
• Interest: In the interest stage, individuals or organizations may gather more information
about the technology and consider it more seriously. They may conduct research, attend
demonstrations, or consult with experts to learn more about the technology's capabilities
and limitations.
• Evaluation: In the evaluation stage, individuals or organizations weigh the costs and
benefits of the technology to determine whether it meets their needs. They may also
compare the technology to existing solutions to assess its value proposition.
• Trial: In the trial stage, individuals or organizations may test the technology in a limited
capacity to see how it performs. They may implement a pilot program, conduct a small-
scale rollout, or run a test with a select group of users.
• Adoption: Finally, in the adoption stage, the technology is fully integrated into their daily
routines and processes. This stage may involve retraining employees, updating systems
and processes, and updating policies and procedures.
The speed and extent of technology adoption depend on several factors, including:

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
• Perceived benefits: The more individuals or organizations perceive the technology to be
beneficial, the more likely they are to adopt it.
• Technical expertise: Individuals or organizations with a high level of technical expertise are
more likely to adopt new technologies quickly and effectively.
• Availability and accessibility: The more easily accessible and widely available a technology
is, the more likely it is to be adopted.
• Social and cultural context: Social and cultural norms can influence the rate of technology
adoption. For example, in some cultures, there may be resistance to new technologies,
while in others, there may be a strong emphasis on innovation and change.
• Risk: The level of risk associated with the technology can influence its adoption rate.
Individuals or organizations are more likely to adopt technologies that are seen as low risk
and proven to be effective.
Technology adoption is a complex process that involves multiple stages and a range of factors.
It is driven by the desire for increased efficiency, improved outcomes, and access to ne
benefits, technical expertise, availability and accessibility, social capabilities and services, and
is shaped by the perceive and cultural context, and level of risk associated with technology.

3.4 TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION

Technology diffusion is the process by which a new spread and becomes widely adopted
across a population. refers to the spread of innovation through communication channels and
the decision-making processes that influence adoption. Technology diffusion is a key factor in
the grow and development of economies and societies, as it enables the technologies to be
shared, adapted, and utilized for the bene of individuals, organizations, and society as a whole.
The technology diffusion process is influenced by a variety of factors, including the
characteristics of the technology itself, the individuals and organizations that adopt the
technology, and the broader social and economic context.

• Characteristics of the technology: The characteristics the technology, such as its ease of
use, compatibility with existing systems, and cost, can play a major role in i diffusion. For
example, a technology that is simple to us and inexpensive is more likely to diffuse quickly
and become adopted widely.
• Adopter categories: The theory of technology diffusion proposes that individuals and
organizations can be classified into different categories based on their likelihood of
adopting a new technology. The five categories are innovators, early adopters, early
majority late majority, and laggards. Each category has its own set of characteristics, such
as risk tolerance, influence, and technical expertise, that influence their adoption
behaviour.
• Social and economic context: The broader social and economic context can also play a
role in technology diffusion. For example, the level of government support, the availability
of funding and investment, and the level of competition in the market can all impact the
rate and extent of diffusion.
The technology diffusion process can be modelled using a variety of approaches, including
the Bass model, the adopter categories model, and the S-curve model. These models help to
explain the rate and extent of diffusion and provide insight into the factors that influence the
adoption of new technologies.
Technology diffusion is a complex process that involves the spread of innovation through
communication channels and the decision-making processes that influence adoption. It is

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
influenced by a variety of factors, including the characteristics of the technology, the individuals
and organizations that adopt the technology, and the broader social and economic-context.
Understanding the technology diffusion process is important for organizations and
policymakers who seek to promote and support the growth and development of new
technologies.

3.5 TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION

Technology absorption refers to the process by which organizations adopt and integrate new
technologies into their operations, processes, and culture. It is the process of making a new
technology a part of an organization's internal knowledge and experience base, allowing it to
be effectively utilized and leveraged for competitive advantage.
Technology absorption is an essential part of the technology adoption process, and involves
several stages, including:

• Awareness: In this stage, organizations become aware of the technology and its potential
benefits. They may learn about the technology through advertising, word of mouth or
industry conferences.
• Interest: In the interest stage, organizations may gather more information about the
technology and consider it more seriously. They may conduct research, attend
demonstrations, or consult with experts to learn mor about the technology's capabilities
and limitations.
• Evaluation: In the evaluation stage, organizations weigh the costs and benefits of the
technology to determine whether it meets their needs. They may also compare the
technology to existing solutions to assess its value proposition.
• Implementation: In the implementation stage, organizations plan and execute the
integration of the technology into their operations, processes, and culture. This may
involve retraining employees, updating systems and processes, and updating policies and
procedures.
• Integration: Finally, Lin the integration stage, the technology is fully integrated into the
organization's operations and processes. This stage may involve monitoring and
evaluating the technology's performance and making adjustments as needed to optimize
its benefits.
The success of technology absorption depends on several factors, including:

• Management support: The level of support from top management can have a major impact
on the success of technology absorption. Management must provide the resources and
support needed to integrate the technology effectively.
• Employee training: Employees must be trained on the new technology to ensure that they
are able to effectively use it in their work. This includes training on how to use the
technology, as well as training on how it fits into the organization's overall processes and
culture.
• Culture: The organizational culture must be supportive of technology adoption, with a focus
on innovation, continuous improvement, and learning.
• System compatibility: The technology must compatible with the organization's existing
systems, processes, and culture. This requires careful planning and consideration of the
technology's impact on the organization's overall operations.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Technology absorption is the process by which organizations adopt and integrate new
technologies into their operations, processes, and culture. It is an essential part of the
technology adoption process and requires careful planning, management support, employee
training, a supportive culture, and system compatibility to be successful. By effectively
absorbing new technologies, organizations can leverage their benefits to gain a competitive
advantage and drive business growth and success.

3.6 TECHNOLOGY COMPETITIVENESS

Technology competitiveness refers to a country or a company's ability to develop, produce,
and market technology-based products and services. It is a measure of their ability to innovate
and create new products, processes, and systems, and to efficiently use existing technology.
The competitiveness of a country or company in the technology sector is influenced by several
factors, including:

• Research and Development (R&D) investments: A high level of R&D investment indicates
a strong commitment to developing new technologies and improving existing ones.
• Skilled workforce: Having a well-educated and trained workforce that is capable of utilizing
technology is crucial for a country or company to be competitive in the technology sector.
• Access to capital: Access to capital is necessary for companies to fund R&D and other
investments in technology.
• Infrastructure: A well-developed infrastructure, including access to high-speed internet and
electricity, is essential for technology companies to operate effectively.
• Government policies: Government policies play a significant role in shaping the technology
sector, such tax incentives for R&D and investment in education and training programs.
• Market demand: The level of demand for technology. based products and services can
also impact technology competitiveness. A large market for technology product can
encourage companies to invest in R&D and innovate.
Overall, technology competitiveness is a complex and dynamic concept that is influenced by
many factors. A country or company that is competitive in the technology sector is able to
effectively create, produce, and market innovative technology. based products and services,
and to efficiently use existing technology

3.7 ELEMENTS OF TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY

A technology strategy is a long-term plan that outlines how an organization will use technology
to achieve its goals and objectives. The elements of a technology strategy typically include
the following:

• Vision and mission: The vision and mission of the organization form the basis of the
technology strategy and help guide the organization's technology-related decision making.
• Goals and objectives: The technology strategy should clearly define the goals and
objectives of the organization and how technology will support their achievement.
• Market and competitive analysis: Understanding the market and competitive environment
is critical for determining how technology can be leveraged to gain a competitive
advantage.
• Technology trends and innovations: The technology strategy should take into account
current and future technology trends and innovations and how they will impact the
organization.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
• SWOT analysis: A SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)
can help the organization identify the internal and external factors that will impact its
technology strategy.
• Technology portfolio management: Managing the technology portfolio involves assessing
the organization's current technology assets and determining which should be retained,
developed, or discarded.
• Investment strategy: The technology strategy should include a plan for how the
organization will invest in technology and how it will prioritize these investments.
• Implementation plan: The technology strategy should outline the steps required to
implement the technology plan and how it will be executed.
• Measurement and evaluation: The technology strategy should include metrics for
measuring the success of the technology plan and a process for regularly evaluating its
effectiveness.
Having a well-designed technology strategy can help organizations align their technology
investments with their goals and objectives, prioritize their investments, and effectively
leverage technology to achieve a competitive advantage.

3.8 ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION

Technology absorption refers to the process by which a organization acquires and implements
new technologies to improve its operations and competitiveness. It involves only the adoption
of new technology but also the integration of that technology into the organization's processes
and systems, The role of technology absorption is critical in the following ways:

• Improving efficiency: Technology absorption can organizations streamline their operations,

reducing costs and increasing efficiency.
• Enhancing competitiveness: Adopting new technologies can provide organizations with a
competitive advantage by improving their products, processes, and services.
• Keeping pace with change: Technology is constantly evolving, and technology absorption
is essential for organizations to keep up with the latest developments and remain
competitive.
• Encouraging innovation: Technology absorption can encourage innovation by providing
organizations with new tools and capabilities to solve problems and develop new products
and services.
• Building capacity: Technology absorption can help organizations build capacity by
providing access to new technologies and knowledge, and by strengthening their
technology-related skills and capabilities.

3.9 BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION

There are several benefits of technology absorption, including:

• Increased efficiency: By adopting new technologies, organizations can streamline their

operations, reducing costs and increasing efficiency. This can result in improved
productivity, better utilization of resources, and higher profits.
• Enhanced competitiveness: Technology absorption can provide organizations with a
competitive advantage by improving their products, processes, and services. For example,
adopting new manufacturing technologies can help organizations produce goods faster
and more efficiently.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
• Improved customer experience: Technology absorption can improve the customer
experience by enabling organizations to offer new and innovative products and services.
• Improved decision-making: New technologies can provide organizations with access to
data and information that can be used to make more informed decisions. For example,
data analytics technologies can help organizations analyse large amounts of data to make
better decisions.
• Improved innovation: Technology absorption can encourage innovation by providing
organizations with new tools and capabilities to solve problems and develop new products
and services.
• Access to new markets: By adopting new technologies, organizations can expand into new
markets and reach new customers.
• Attraction and retention of talent: Organizations that invest in technology can attract and
retain talented employees who are interested in working with cutting- edge technologies.
• Increased transparency and accountability: Technology can help organizations increase
transparency accountability by providing access to accurate and reliable data and
information.

3.10 CONSTRAINTS IN TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION

Despite the potential benefits, technology absorption can also be constrained by several
factors, including:

• Resistance to change: Some employees may resist the adoption of new technologies,
which can technology absorption. This can be due to a lack of understanding of the
technology, fear of job loss, or simply a resistance to change.
• Lack of resources: Organizations may lack the resource including funding manpower and
expertise, effectively absorb new technologies. This can limit the ability of organizations to
adopt new technologies and realize their benefits.
• Integration challenges: Integrating new technologies into existing systems and processes
can be complex and time- consuming. This can result in increased costs and a longer
implementation time.
• Technical challenges: New technologies may require significant technical expertise and
knowledge to implement effectively, which can be a constraint for organizations without
the required skills and knowledge.
• Regulatory barriers: Some technologies may be subject to regulations and standards that
can constrain their adoption and implementation. For example, certain technologies may
be subject to privacy or security regulations that limit their use.
• Lack of compatibility: New technologies may not be compatible with existing systems and
processes, which can constrain their adoption and implementation.
• Economic factors: The cost of new technologies can be a constraint, particularly for smaller
organizations with limited budgets. Additionally, the rate of return on investment in new
technologies may not be sufficient to justify the costs, particularly in the short term.

3.11 TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE

A technology package refers to a combination of hardware, software, and services that are
bundled together to provide a complete solution for a specific business need. The technology
package is designed to make it easier for organizations to adopt and implement new
technologies by providing them with a comprehensive solution that includes all the necessary
components and support.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
A technology package typically includes the following components:

• Hardware: This includes the physical equipment and devices needed to support the
technology, such as servers, computers, and other hardware components.
• Software: This includes the programs and applications that run on the hardware and
provide the functionality needed to support the technology.
• Services: This includes the support and services that are provided by the technology
provider, such as installation, training, maintenance, and technical support.
The benefits of a technology package include:

• Ease of implementation: Technology packages are designed to make it easier for

organizations to adopt and implement new technologies by providing a complete solution
that includes all the necessary components and support.
• Improved functionality: Technology packages often include advanced functionality that can
improve the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization.
• Increased efficiency: By providing a complete solution, technology packages can help
organizations streamline their operations and reduce costs.
• Reduced costs: Technology packages organizations reduce costs by eliminating the need
to purchase and manage multiple components and services separately.
• Better integration: Technology packages are designed to work seamlessly together
providing better integration and improved functionality.

3.12 TECHNOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE

Technological dependence refers to the reliance of an organization on technology to support
its operations and achieve its goals. This dependence can take many forms, including the use
of technology for communication, data storage, information processing, and decision-making.
Organizations can become technologically dependent for a variety of reasons, including:

• Improved functionality: Technology can provide advanced functionality that can improve
the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization's operations.
• Increased efficiency: Technology can help organizations streamline their operations and
reduce costs, making them more dependent on technology to achieve their goals.
• Better integration: Technology can provide better integration and improved functionality,
making it easier for organizations to achieve their goals.
• Increased competitiveness: Organizations may become dependent on technology to
remain competitive in their markets.
However, technological dependence can also have negative consequences, including:

• Vulnerability to cyber-attacks: As organizations become increasingly dependent on

technology, they become more vulnerable to cyber-attacks that can disrupt their operations
and compromise sensitive information.
• Reliance on technology vendors: Organizations may become-dependent on-technology
vendors to provide the hardware, software, and services needed to support their
operations. This can result in a loss of control and increased costs.
• Dependence on a single technology: Organizations may become dependent on a single
technology to support their operations, which can result in a lack of flexibility and reduced
competitiveness if the technology becomes obsolete or unavailable.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
• Increased costs: Organizations may become dependent on technology to support their
operations, which can result in increased costs for hardware, software, and services.
Technological dependence refers to the reliance of an organization on technology to support
its operations and achieve its goals. While technological dependence can bring many benefits,
it can also have negative consequences, including vulnerability to cyber-attacks, reliance on
technology vendors, dependence on a single technology, and increased costs. Effective
technology management is necessary to mitigate these risks and realize the benefits of
technological dependence.

3.13 INDIAN EXPERIENCE IN TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION

EFFORTS
The Indian experience in technology absorption efforts can be characterized by a mix of
challenges and successes. Over the last few decades, India has made significant efforts to
absorb and adopt new technologies to support its economic growth and competitiveness.
Some of the key highlights of the Indian experience in technology absorption efforts include:

• IT industry growth: India has emerged as a major player in the global IT industry, with a
large pool of skilled professionals and a growing market for technology-driven services.
• Government initiatives: The Indian government has launched a number of initiatives to
support technology absorption, such as the National Association of Software and Services
Companies (NASSCOM), which promotes the growth of the IT industry in India.
• Investment in research and development: India has increased its investment in research
and development, with a focus on developing new technologies in areas such as artificial
intelligence, biotechnology, and renewable energy.
• Start-up culture: India has a vibrant start-up culture, with a large number of young
entrepreneurs launching new technology-driven businesses.

However, India still faces a number of challenges in its efforts to absorb new technologies,
including:

• Infrastructure challenges: India still faces significant infrastructure challenges, such as a

lack of reliable electricity, internet connectivity, and transportation, which can limit its ability
to absorb new technologies.
• Skilled workforce shortage: Despite the large pool of skilled professionals in India, there is
still a shortage of skilled workers in certain areas, such as engineering and computer
science.
• Intellectual property protection: India has struggled with protecting intellectual property
rights, which can limit the ability of companies to invest in new technologies and bring their
products to market.
• Bureaucratic obstacles: India's bureaucratic obstacles can make it difficult for companies
to navigate the process of absorbing new technologies, resulting in delays and increased
costs.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
In conclusion, the Indian experience in technology absorption efforts is characterized by a mix
of challenges and successes. While India has made significant progress in areas such as the
IT industry, research and development, and start-up culture, it still faces significant challenges,
such as infrastructure, skilled workforce shortage, intellectual property protection, and
bureaucratic obstacles. To overcome these challenges, India will need to continue to invest in
technology and infrastructure, develop a more skilled workforce, and improve its intellectual
property protection and regulatory environment.

3.14 ISSUES INOVLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

ABSORPTION & GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
The management of technology absorption refers to the process of acquiring, adopting, and
integrating new technology into an organization or society. This process involves several
challenges and issues that must be addressed for a successful outcome.
Some of the key issues involved in technology absorption include:

• Financial Costs: The cost of acquiring and implementing new technology can be high,
which can make it difficult for organizations to adopt it.
• Technical Challenges: The integration of new technology into existing systems can be a
complex and time-consuming process that requires specialized knowledge and technical
skills.
• Resistance to Change: Employees may be resistant to using new technology, particularly
if they are not familiar with it or see it as a threat to their job-security.
• Data Privacy and Security: New technology can also bring concerns about data privacy
and security, particularly when sensitive information is involved.
To address these issues, governments around the world have at promoting implemented
various initiatives aimed technology absorption and innovation. Some examples include:

• Tax incentives and subsidies: Governments provide tax incentives and subsidies to
organizations that invest in new technology to offset the cost of adoption.
• Skill development programs: Governments invest in training and education programs to
equip individuals with the necessary technical skills to adopt new technology.
• Regulation and standards: Governments establish regulations and standards to ensure
the safe and responsible use of new technology, as well as to protect data privacy and
security.
• Research and development (R&D) funding: Governments provide funding for R&D
initiatives to support the development of new technology and to promote technological
innovation.
These initiatives aim to address the challenges of technology absorption and to promote a
more efficient and effective adoption of new technology in organizations and society as a
whole.

3.15 TECHNOLOGY POLICIES

Technology policies are government-led initiatives aimed at guiding the development and
deployment of technology within a country or region. The main purpose of these policies is to
promote economic growth, enhance social well-being, and improve the quality of life for
citizens through the use of technology.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Some of the key areas covered by technology policies include:

• Research and Development (R&D): Technology policies aim to support and encourage
R&D activities in areas such information and communication technology, biotechnology,
and nanotechnology. This is typically achieved through funding programs and tax
incentives.
• Industry Development: Technology policies aim to foster the development of technology-
based industries, such as software development, hardware manufacturing, and
biotechnology. This is typically achieved through tax incentives, subsidies, and investment
in infrastructure.
• Education and Skill Development: Technology policies aim to equip citizens with the
necessary skills and knowledge to participate in to participate in a technology-driven
economy. This is typically achieved through education and training programs, as well as
initiatives to promote computer literacy and access to technology.
• Infrastructure Development: Technology policies aim to such as broadband internet,
mobile networks, and data centres. This is typically achieved through investment in
infrastructure and regulatory measures aimed promoting competition and reducing
barriers to entry.
• Regulation and Standards: Technology policies aim to regulate the use of technology,
ensure privacy and security, and promote ethical use. This is typically achieved through
the creation of laws, regulations, and standards aimed at protecting citizens and ensuring
the responsible use of technology.
The implementation of technology policies is a complex and ongoing process that requires the
cooperation of government, industry, and the general public. By fostering the development
and deployment of technology, technology policies aim to improve the quality of life for citizens,
promote economic growth, and enhance the competitiveness of a country or region in a rapidly
changing technological landscape.

3.16 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY IN INDIA

Science and technology policy in India is aimed at promoting and regulating the development
and use of science and technology in the country. It covers a wide range of areas including
research and development, innovation, education, commercialization of new technologies,
and the use of technology in various sectors of the economy.
The government of India has a number of agencies responsible for implementing science and
technology policies, including the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
These agencies provide funding for research and development, as well as support for
commercialization of new technologies.
In recent years, the government has taken several steps to promote innovation in the country.
For example, it has set up innovation hubs, incubators, and accelerators to support start-ups,
as well as established programs to encourage entrepreneurship.
In the area of education, the government has implemented a number of initiatives to improve
the quality of science and technology education in schools and universities. This includes
providing funding for research and development, as well as scholarships and fellowships for
students who wish to pursue careers in science and technology.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Overall, the science and technology policy in India is aimed at promoting and fostering the
development and use of science and technology in the country, and ensuring that it contributes
to the growth and development of the economy.

Notes by Farhan V.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering.