Professional Documents
Culture Documents
There are four non-finite forms of the verb in English: the infinitive, the gerund,
participle 1 and participle 2.They possess some verbal and non-verbal features.
Lexically non-finite forms do not differ from finite forms. Grammatically the
difference between the forms is in the fact that the non-finite forms denote a
secondary action, a process related to that expressed by the finite verb.
Non-finite forms of the verb possess the verb categories of voice, correlation and
aspect. They do not have the categories of person, number, mood and tense. They
do not have morphological features of non-verbal parts of speech – nominal,
adjectival, adverbial. In the sphere of syntax, non-finite forms possess both verbal
and non-verbal features. Their non-verbal character reveals itself in their
syntactical functions. The infinitive and the gerund perform the main syntactical
functions of the noun – subject, object, predicative, they also perform the functions
adverbial modifier and attribute. Participle 1and participle 2 are used as attribute
and adverbial modifier. Non-finite forms cannot form a predicate themselves,
although unlike non-verbal parts of speech they can function as part of a compound
verbal predicate.
Syntactically the verbal character of the non-finites is manifested mainly in the fact
that similarly to finite forms they can combine with nouns in the function of object
(direct, indirect, prepositional), with adverbs and prepositional phrases used as
adverbial modifiers and with subordinate clauses. All non-finite verb forms may
participate in predicative constructions – two-component syntactical units where a
noun or a pronoun and a verbal are in predicative relations similar to those of the
subject and the predicate.
THE INFINITIVE
The infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb, which names a process in a most
general way. In all its forms and functions, the infinitive has a special marker, the
particle to. The particle to is generally used with the infinitive stem and is so
closely connected with it that it doesn't commonly allow any words to be put
between itself and the stem. Occasionally, however, an adverb or a particle can be
inserted between them.
e.g. He didn't wish to even speak with her.
Although the particle to is closely connected with the infinitive, sometimes
the bare infinitive stem is used.
The infinitive has a double nature: it combines verbal features with those of
the noun.
1
The nominal features of the infinitive are only syntactical – the infinitive
performs syntactical functions of the noun: subject, object, predicative, attribute,
adverbial modifier.
The verbal features of the infinitive are of two kinds: morphological and
syntactical.
Morphological: the infinitive has the verb categories of voice, correlation
and aspect (see table 1).
Table 1
Voic
Correlation e Active Passive
Aspect
to go –
Non-perfect Common
to take to be taken
to be going –
Continuous
to be taking –
to have gone –
Perfect Common
to have taken to have been taken
to have been going –
Continuous
to have been taking –
The perfect infinitive is used to denote an action, which is prior to that of the
finite verb.
e.g. I am so pleased to have met my old good friends.
The perfect continuous infinitive is used to denote an action, which lasted for a
period of time before the action of the finite verb.
e.g. It seems to have been raining for ages.
2
e.g. He doesn't remember saying that.
3. After the verbs of sense perception and after the verbs to make, to let, to have
(примушувати), to help.
e.g. She doesn't let him watch TV till late at night.
Why do you always make me follow your instructions?
I have never heard him say anything like that.
She helped me (to) fill in my application form.
But when these verbs are used in the passive they are followed by the "to
infinitive".
e.g. He was heard to return very late.
They were not let to experiment, as it was too dangerous.
4. After the expressions had better/best, would rather /sooner, cannot (help) but,
to do nothing but, nothing to do but, nothing to do but / except.
e.g. I cannot but agree with you.
You look unwell you had better stay at home today.
She does nothing but dream about something all day long.
5. After why (not)to introduce a question. Why followed by the infinitive means a
stupid or pointless action.
e.g. Why speak about that if it is not interesting for anybody?
6. After than.
e.g. I have more important things to do than (to) discuss this problem.
7. In the cases when the infinitive expands the meaning of the verb to do.
e.g. Turn off the gas was all I did.
The particle to can be used without the infinitive if the latter is clearly understood
from the preceding context.
e.g. She always understands everything quite well if she wants to.
The infinitive as subject may either precede the predicate or follow it.
When the infinitive follows the predicate it is introduced by the so called
introductory it, which is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
3
e.g. It is very interesting to study languages.
To study languages is very interesting.
But: He stopped to collect his thoughts (he made a pause, he paused). The
infinitive is used as an adverbial modifier of purpose.
The infinitive as object is used after the verbs taking one object:
to agree to fear to neglect
to decide to forget to plan
to expect to learn to preferand others.
e.g. He deserves to be praised.
He agreed to consult me.
4
Some of these verbs can be used with the perfect infinitive to denote the action,
which takes place or is supposed to take place before the action of the finite verb.
e.g. Don't regret to have promised it.
The infinitive as object is used after the verbs which take two objects
to advise to induce to persuade
to compel to invite to recommend
to encourage to let to request and others.
to forbid to order
to force to permit
e.g. Let me know about your decision.
They invited Edward to join their company.
The infinitive as object is used after the verbs that can take only a conjunctive
infinitive phrase as their object: to know, to show, to wonder.
e.g. He did not know what to say.
She showed how to operate this machine.
Both non-perfect and perfect forms can be used in this function. The non-perfect
forms are used to show immediate priority, the perfect forms are used to show that
there is a gap of time between the action of the finite verb and that expressed by
the infinitive
e.g. He is pleased to meet you.
He is pleased to have met you.
3. The quantitative adjectives much, little, (no) more, (no) less, little more,
enough.
e.g. I didn't have much to say, so I left.
He has no more to add.
4. Ordinal numerals(especially first) and adjectives nextand last.
e.g. He was the last to finish the distance.
She is always the first to help in a difficult situation.
The adverbial modifier of purpose stands after the predicate or before it.
It can be introduced by the conjunctions in order, so as, as if, as though and the
preposition except. Used with the conjunction so as it has the additional meaning
of manner, as if/as though – comparison, except – exception.
e.g. She turned her head so as not to show anybody her fear.
In order to be in time we had to take a taxi.
He read several books (in order) to make a good report.
6
In this function the infinitive always follows the predicate and denotes an action
that takes place after the action denoted by the predicate. The infinitive may be
preceded by the particles only, merely, simply, which change the meaning of the
whole sentence: the action denoted by the infinitive preceded by these particles
makes the action denoted by the predicate pointless or irrelevant.
e.g. He entered the room to see nobody in it.
She returned to her native town to realize how lonely she was.
He argued simply to say something.
3. After the verbs of emotion (to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, etc.).
e.g. They don't like him to speak like that.
4. After the verbs of wish and intention (to want, to wish, to desire, to intend, to
mean, etc).
e.g. I want you to be more careful.
They don't mean us to participate in it.
7. After the verbs of order and permission (to ask, to order, to allow).
a)If the object is expressed by a noun or a pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or
when the infinitive is passive.
e.g. The teacher asked the answer to be given in writing.
The doctor ordered the patient to be prepared for the operation.
b)If the object is expressed by a noun or a pronoun denoting a living beingand if
the infinitive is active we find a direct object in the sentence.
e.g. The teacher asked the students to give their answers.
8
8. The construction also occurs after the verbs requiring a prepositional object (to
count on, to rely on/upon, to look for, etc.).
e.g. I rely on you to support my proposal.
She can't count on him to forgive her lie.
3. With the verbs of permission, request, intention, order, compulsion (to allow/
to permit, to order/to command, to request, to compel, to force/to make, to mean
and others).
e.g. They were made to keepsilent.
He was requested to make a report at the conference.
4. With the verbs of saying and reporting (to say, to report, to announce, to
declare).
e.g. The flight was announced to be delayed till 6 o'clock.
In all mentioned cases the predicate is always in the passive voice and the
infinitive is used with the particle to.
14
виникають непорозуміння, проте завжди продовжує робити все по-своєму.
20. Відстоювати свою точку зору означає, перш за все, мати її.
16
departure. 10. Dora was the first _______ and then everybody began to shout
trying to air out their opinions.
b) Adverbial modifier of purpose
1. Last month my parents celebrated their silver wedding and all the family
gathered _______. 2. I didn’t understand why Sheila came in the morning. – She
might have dropped in _______. 3. She bowed graciously and turned _______. 4.
We climbed up the mountain _______. 5. The draught was very strong and the
woman rose from her chair _______. 6. _______ you should avoid seeing him. 7.
_______ you should read many articles and books on the subject. 8._______ you
should have a lot of patience. 9. _______ you should understand people better. 10.
We are to be very careful _______ during the trip for the country’s climate differs
greatly from ours.
c) Adverbial modifier of result
1. The novel was easy enough _______. 2. I wanted to say something to
comfort Sally but she was too sad _______. 3. You are always trying to teach him
but he is adult enough _______. 4. Simon is experienced enough _______ while
you are not here. 5. We are too aware of the fact not _______ so we decided to
interfere. 6. He was too astonished _______ and listened to the news silently. 7.
He is clever enough _______ so you needn’t give him advice. 8. Some people are
too selfish _______, that’s why they seldom sympathize with others. 9.
Fortunately, Paul is patient enough _______ and he never gets angry with the kids’
tricks. 10. The passengers were too tired and impatient _______ so they wanted to
get immediate information about the flight.
20
відкинути дрібниці, у цілому мені подобається цей проект. 19. Коли в
дитинстві ми слухали розповіді свого діда, завжди відкривали рота від
подиву. 20. Мені прийшлося там залишитися, лише щоб не бути
неввічливою.
22
отримати цю посаду. 20. Стверджуючи це, Сара має на увазі, що вона
залишила всі документи на столі, а коли повернулася в офіс, їх там не було.
24
інші. 20. Це не той факультет, на якому можна вчитися не докладаючи
зусиль.
27. Point out the Complex Object and the Complex Subject
with the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. Adams did not seem to do any preparations at all. 2. ... and with despair in
his heart, my uncle watched Adams calmly take the stolen speech out of his pocket
and read it to the professors who were gathered to hear. 3. He realized that nothing,
nothing he could say would make them understand 4. His legs seemed not to
belong to him. 5. He bought everything for himself, and for his friends, if they
were only heard to admire a horse or a dog or a golden cup, it was at once
presented to them. 6. Some, indeed, appeared to give him a welcome at first, but
after a few days got tired of him and showed it him so openly that he was only too
25
glad to go away. 7. So the day came when he was forced to say to himself that he
had not a true friend in the world. 8. The moonlight seemed to fall directly on the
stone and he could see a little piece of paper and a golden key. 9. Both knew that
neither the gesture nor the phrase was meant to convey the meaning. 10. As it
opened, her eyes became larger, her mouth more tightly pursed, as if she expected
some creature to jump out at her. 11. But one day the child refused to eat her
breakfast and started to cry when her mother tried to make her eat her cereal. 12.
They spilt salt everywhere, and as for the butter! I never saw two men do more
with a pound of butter in my whole life than they did. 13. When Miss Sullivan later
spelled into the little girl's hand the word "w-a-t-e-r", and then let the water from
the pump run over her hand, a new world seemed to brighten the face of the child.
14. Then we shall catch a ship for Rio de Janeiro and let the consulate go to the
dog. 15. Just then they heard somebody knock at the door. 16. "Sit down; let the
cows take care of themselves, and keep yourself easy. You appear to be a little
fidgety," said the roguish grocer. 17. "Why, Seth, you seem to perspire as if you
were warm. Why don't you take your hat off? Here, let me put your hat away." 18.
Thomas Gainsborough, the famous English painter, was also considered to be quite
a good musician. 19. Yet there are times when music seemed to be his employment
and painting his diversion. 20. Every day a soldier came to take him to colonel,
who tried to force him to tell the names of his comrades.
28. Point out the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. Arthur did not move a muscle but he felt the blood rush into his face and
his heart beat like a hammer. 2. Sam liked her from the first lesson, when he
watched her arrange a rose on a piece of white paper as the model for class work.
3. Irene did not move, did not seem to see him. 4. He seemed to be quite ignorant
of what it was. 5. He was weak and hungry, but he did not let them touch him and
ate the food they gave him only after they had gone away. 6. Tom thought that it
was very strange, but as his uncle was known to be a strange man, he believed that
everything would be all right. 7. I am leaving all my precious stones to you
because I want you always to remember your dear uncle. 8. It was his own closet
and even his wife was not allowed to have a key. 9. "It's all right, Mr. Henry, it was
not a bad fall. Take this – it'll make you feel better." 10. “But her third husband,
Lord Henry! You don’t mean to say Ferrol is the fourth.” 11. The clerk handed him
a railroad ticket and the five-dollar bill with which he was supposed to start a new,
honest life. 12. Ben Price investigated the scenes of the robberies and was heard to
say: .... 13. You are aware also of what my duty compels me to do. 14. Suddenly
he remarked that every face that he drew seemed to have a fantastic likeness to
Basil Hallward. 15. "I saw you put it there. I watched you open the safe and take it
out, and I followed you. I looked through the window and saw you hide it in that
wardrobe." 16. The thought seemed to make him happier and he said he for one
hand had been working long enough and was ready for bed. 17. "The farm; but you
won't expect me to spend all my time working on the farm?" 18. James looked at
26
him, but Walter appeared to be sleeping. 19. The supply of tea in the house
happens to be exhausted. 20. Mr. Gregory proved to be a very tall person, with the
dead skin of a man to whom exercise was unknown.
27
31. Rephrase the sentences changing Complex object into
Complex Subject or Complex Subject into Complex Object.
1. In the morning the mother made me have a substantial breakfast. 2. Peter
was made to change his mind. 3. My neighbor saw the postman deliver the
telegram in the morning. 4. They are supposed to have agreed on everything. 5.
The coach expects the team to train hard to win the competition. 6. Nobody heard
them speak about their intentions. 7. We will let you speak about your research in
details. 8. James was seen to pack on the pedestrian area. 9. The teachers consider
the students to pass their exams successfully. 10. At the station they announced
the train to be 10 minutes late.
32. Read the story, define the functions of the infinitives and
infinitive constructions. Act it out as if you were one of the
characters.
The Indian and the Spaniard
A Spaniard was riding across a deserted country in South America.
Suddenly his horse went lame. He felt nervous because he saw that his horse
would never be able to carry him home and he was too tired to go to town on foot.
A little later he saw an Indian riding a fine fresh horse and asked him to exchange
horses. The Indian refused to do this. The Spaniard used force and made the Indian
give up his horse. He rode away leaving his lame horse to the Indian. The Indian
followed him until he reached the town where he found the Spaniard.
The Spaniard had nothing but appear before the judge. The Indian told the
judge that the horse was his own and asked the judge to send for the horse. This
was done, and the Indian, throwing his cloak over the horse's head, said to the
judge: "This man says that the horse is his, let him, therefore, tell you which ofits
eyes іs blind."
The Spaniard said at once: "The right one." The Indian, taking off the cloak,
exclaimed: "Neither the right eye nor the left; the horse is not blind at all." The
judge had to say that the horse must be returned to the Indian and ordered the
Spaniard to pay a large sum of money to the Indian.
30
багато майбутніх чемпіонів. 4. Малося на увазі, що Роберт очолить цю групу
дослідників, проте він чомусь відмовився. 5. Не знаю, як його примусили
змінити свою думку, проте це сталося. 6. Ніхто не хотів слухати моїх
пояснень, мені навіть не дозволили сказати жодного слова у своє
виправдання. 7. Алісі дозволили подовжити сесію, тому що вона не з’явилася
на екзамен через хворобу. 8. Кожні кілька хвилин на вокзалі об’являли, що
розклад потягів з наступного тижня змінюється. 9. Дуже схоже, що Девід
переможе в цьому турнірі, уже зараз рахунок на його користь. 10. Певно,
вашу думку поділяє більшість колег, тому її варто ще раз обговорити. 11.
Бачили, що він поспішно вийшов з офісу близько 12 години, але не бачили,
щоб він повертався. 12. Вважають, що цей турнір з часом стане одним із
найпрестижніших у світі. 13. Вважають, що ти програв через те, що був
занадто самовпевнений і не зміг оцінити суперника. 14. Я випадково знайшов
ці папери у своєму столі, проте не розумію, звідки вони взялися. 15. Він
виявився досвідченим адвокатом і дав нам цінні поради. 16. Нора виявилася
не лише розумною людиною з безліччю ідей, вона схоже здатна їх
реалізувати. 17. Здається, він так захопився чимось, що навіть не чує, що ти
його кличеш. 18. Несхоже, що ти розумієш небезпечність таких дій, інакше
ти б уже щось змінив. 19. Нам можна було не поспішати, тому що коли ми
приїхали в аеропорт, там об’явили, що рейс затримується на півтори години.
20. Відомо, що працівники цього інституту раніше досліджували вплив
деяких природних явищ на самопочуття людей.
39. Point out the for-phrases with the infinitive, define their
syntactical functions, and translate the sentences into
Ukrainian.
1. In this country it was enough for a man to have distinction and brains for
every common tongue to wag against him. 2. It was now a race for Helen to learn
the names of all the things she had known before only through the sense of touch.
3. "How are you getting on? It's time for you to begin acting," said Thacker. 4. His
friend, who was used to Newton's peculiar ways, sat down and waited for him to
come to dinner. 5. For some time Wolf watched the man go, waiting for him to
return. 6. The losses now were so high that it was time for so well known a
detective as Ben Price to begin investigations. 7. "The only thing to do," she
finished breathlessly, "is to whip him – is for you to whip him, Edward." 8."I
thought," said the son simply, "that it would be better for me not to come to the
dinner-table." 9. Suddenly the painter appeared at the door of the studio, and made
staccato signs for them to come in. 10. The other stopped just in time for Rosemary
to get up before the tea came. 11. After the service he waited for everybody to
leave, in order not to break his promise to Annie. 12."There is a chance for you to
make some money, friend Watson," said he. 13. My son's eyes are too bad for him
to stand the light. 14. I've brought a magazine for you to read during the journey.
15. As night came Nancy's anxiety increased and she sat by the fire waiting for
Sikes to drink himself to sleep. 16. I hid in the shadows of the stairs both times for
them not to notice me. 17. Fagin raised his finger, but his anxiety was too great for
him to utter a word. 18. "Leave them alone," said Sikes, "there's light enough for
me to do what I want." 19. It would be absurd for him to marry so much beneath
him. 20. Why had it been left for a stranger to reveal him to himself? 21. “Ah! I
was waiting for you to call me Dorian.” 22. It is impossible for you to refuse
now… Now it is for me to dictate terms.
33
1. Дайте мені ще трохи часу, щоб я підготував належну відповідь. 2.
Ми зачекаємо, доки він зателефонує, і тоді домовимося про зустріч. 3. Це
явище мають дослідити вчені. 4. У нас була можливість з’ясувати все, проте
ми не скористалися нею. 5. Цей текст доволі складний, щоб студенти
зрозуміли його без словника. 6. У мене є цікавий фільм, який ми могли б
подивитися ввечері. 7. Наш викладач завжди укладає такі вправи, які
студенти робили б з ранку до ночі. 8. Твоя поведінка занадто дивна, щоб
хтось міг зрозуміти причини твого настрою. 9. Усі зібралися тут, щоб ти
розповів нам про все, що бачив під час подорожі. 10. Ці речі ти маєш
впакувати у валізу. 11. Ці статті ти маєш вивчити, оскільки в них описані
останні дослідження з цієї проблеми. 12. Вчитель робить тобі зауваження, не
для того, щоб ти ображався, а для того, щоб ти вдосконалював свої знання.
13. У місті треба влаштувати спортивні майданчики, щоб діти мали
можливість займатися спортом. 14. Я зателефоную тобі ввечері, щоб ти знов
не переплутав час репетиції. 15. Ти маєш подбати про те, щоб усі вчасно
дізналися про конкурс.16. Мені дуже важко згадувати ті сумні події. 17. Нам
усім дуже хочеться, щоб Аліса перемогла у конкурсі піаністів. 18. Я думаю,
вона зробила це, щоб ми усі зрозуміли, що ставилися до неї несправедливо.
19. Не хвилюйся, ще буде можливість тобі довести всім, що ти здатна
добитися успіху. 20. На твоєму столі я залишив статтю, щоб ти прочитав і
висловив своє враження.
37
комп’ютер, бо він не може нічого з ним вдіяти. 20. Усі знають, що колись цей
чоловік був дуже відомим актором.
TESTS
38
Test 1
1. Define the infinitives or the infinitive predicative constructions, write them
out and state their syntactical functions.
1. To consider all pros and cons you will understand that it’s a worthy offer.
2. Mark has always considered himself to succeed his father’s business.
3. Robert seems to have changed his mind.
4. Yesterday most of the staff saw James come to work quite moody.
5. They felt there was nothing to speak about anymore.
6. This problem is for an experienced lawyer to solve.
7. Steve had not recovered and played the game only to draw it.
8. Nelly was too excited to understand what was happening.
9. To follow your recommendations means to spoil the entire affair.
10.She hasn’t made up her mind yet where to go at the weekend.
39
5. Вважають, що Ден успадкує бізнес свого батька.
6. Ользі дуже хочеться, щоб ти звернув на неї увагу.
7. Нам немає про що сперечатися, тож давай робити все як слід.
8. Йому не дозволили нічого сказати у своє виправдання.
9. Мері не вважає себе здатною керувати проектом.
10.Вона завжди примушує мене слухати свої поради.
11.Ми спізнилися і прийшли лише щоб побачити, що вистава вже
почалася.
12.Врахувати твої безглузді зауваження означає лише змарнувати зусилля
багатьох людей.
Test 2
1. Make sentences with the infinitives as:
1. For-to-infinitive construction (adverbial modifier of result).
2. For-to-infinitive construction (attribute);
3. Complex subject (with the active predicate);
4. Complex object (after the verb of compulsion);
5. Adverbial modifier of subsequent event.
6. Adverbial modifier of purpose.
7. Predicative.
8. For-to-infinitive construction (object);
9. Complex subject (with the passive predicate);
10.Complex object (after the verb of permission);
40
5. Відмовитися від його допомоги означає залишитися без підтримки
взагалі.
6. Ти говорив занадто невпевнено, щоб хтось повірив у твої плани.
7. Мені дуже сумно дивитися на те, як ти марнуєш свій час.
8. Ти вже зрозумів, як виконувати ці завдання?
9. Чому б нам не влаштувати поїздку на природу?
10.Очікують, що команди зіграють матч у ніччю.
11.Мені байдуже, приєднаєшся ти до нас чи ні.
12.Нажаль, я не маю, чого додати до того, що вже сказав.
GERUND
The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb with some verbal and nominal features.
It is formed by adding the suffix -ingto the stem of the verb. The grammatical
meaning of the gerund is that of a process. Verbal features of the gerund are those
of voice and correlation. The gerund takes a direct object and can be modified by
an adverb. Its nominal characteristics are manifested in its syntactical functions.
Voice
Active Passive
Correlation
running –
Non-perfect
taking being taken
having run –
Perfect
having taken having been taken
41
The gerundhas two grammatical categories:the category of voice and the category
of correlation.
The non-perfect gerund denotes an action simultaneous with that expressed by the
finite verb.
e.g. I don't feel like speaking to him now.
The perfect gerund expresses an action prior to the action of the finite verb.
e.g. He was praised for having achieved very good results.
The gerund of transitive verbs possesses voice distinctions.
e.g. I hate being spoken to like this.
The basic difference in the meaning of the gerund and the infinitive is that the
gerund is more general while the infinitive is more specific.
42
• Try + infinitive means to attempt, to do one’s best.
e.g. I tried to persuade him but did not succeed.
Try + gerund means to do something as an experiment.
e.g. You are often late for the classes, try going to bed earlier.
• Be sorry to do something + infinitive means to apologize for a present
action.
e.g. I am sorry to interrupt you, Ms. July, but a Mr. Watson is here.
Be sorry for + gerund means to apologize for an earlier action.
e.g. I am sorry for making such a silly suggestion.
• Stop + infinitive means to stop briefly to do something else.
e.g. Having covered a long distance we stopped to refuel.
Stop + gerund means to finish, to give up.
e.g. Stop complaining of misfortune all the time!
• Like + infinitive means to think that something is good or right to do.
e.g. I like to solve problems as soon as they appear.
Like + gerund means to enjoy (general preference).
e.g. Monika likes skating, and Jim likes playing hockey.
Would like + infinitive means to want (specific preference).
e.g. I would like to go out tonight.
• Be afraid + infinitive means that the subject is unwilling to do something.
e.g. I am afraid to swim today for the sea is too rough.
Be afraid + gerund means that the subject is afraid that what is described by
the gerund may happen or is made frightened by it.
e.g. We were afraid of being caught with rain and stayed at home.
43
The gerund can perform any syntactical function performed by a noun. It may
function:
1. Alone, without modifiers.
e.g. He likes reading.
A pronoun in the objective case and a noun in the common case are also used,
especially in colloquial speech (with reference to a living being).
44
The gerund can be used as director prepositional object. There are verbs, which
can be followed only by the gerund, while others can take both – the gerund or the
infinitive.
The following verbs can take either the gerund or the infinitive:
to like to plan to forget
to dislike to prefer to remember
to have can't bear to regret
to intend to afford
As a prepositional object the gerund can be used after the following verbs and
phrases:
to agree to to prevent from to be conscious of
to consist in to stop from to be capable of
to insist on to assist in to be fond of
to hear of to help in to be proud of
to learn of to thank for to be sure of
to think of to blame for to be responsible for
to persist in to praise for to be sorry about
to count on to punish for to be keen on
to depend on to sentence for to be accustomed to
to rely on to have no difficulty in to be used to
to succeed in to congratulate smb on to be absorbed in
to look forward to to be afraid of to be engrossed in
to object to to be aware of to be (dis)pleased
to accuse of to be surprised at with/a
to suspect of to be tired of
45
e.g. the
We art
wanted
of teaching
to prevent you from taking a wrong an idea
decision.
of going
the
You'll
waybeof responsible
communicating
for inviting the participants.
an intention of learning
aIchance
don't want
of seeing
even to hear of staying here anythelonger.
habit of speaking
Why are you so surprised at seeing me here?
e.g. Why not support the idea of going by car?
If we hurry
The Gerund as we shall still have a chance of seeing him before the train
Attribute
starts.modifies nouns (mostly abstract) and is always used with prepositions:
The gerund
When the gerund is used to modify a concrete noun it is used with the preposition
for and shows the purpose or the destination of the thing.
e.g. The reading room is for working in it, but not for preventing others from
work.
The gerund can also precede the noun it modifies and in such cases no preposition
is required a writing table, a reading room, a diving suit.
47
General Training Exercises
1. Use the appropriate form of the gerund of the verbs given in
brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. After _______ (to dive) a second time, Mercury brought up a silver axe. 2.
For _______ (to forget) to take the credentials, the ambassador was obliged to go
back to his hotel to bring them. 3. The Spaniard was accused of _______ (to steal)
the Indian's horse and was made to pay a large sum of money. 4. Uncle Philip also
told to open the box without _______ (to shake) it. 5. ‘We'll risk it," he said. ‘I've
made my money by _______ (to take) risks.’ 6. ‘I don't believe it's good and I don't
advise you to eat meat. I don't know how you can work after _______ (to eat) heavy
things like chops,’ she said. 7. ‘But one thing I can tell for myself: if I had a chance
of _______ (to go) through my life again, I'd take it.’ 8 He was proud that he had
walked up the drive without _______ (to help), and he boasted he would live for
another five years. 9. ‘After I married Tom Meadows and George went away, I was
never sure of _______ (to marry) the right one.’ 10. And secretly John blamed his
brother for _______ (to break) the habits of a lifetime on that particular morning.
11. Yes, it was worth while _______ (to invest) money in the shoe business. 12. I
am not good at _______ (to tell) a story, Dr. Watson, but it is like this with me. 13.
‘… but I don’t quite forgive you for _______ (not to let) me know of your
engagement. You let Harry know.’ 14. Of course it was very important to keep you
from _______ (to come) into contact with anyone who could tell you that your
double was at work in Manson’s office. 15. By some means, which are not yet clear,
under a false name, he succeeded in _______ (to get) an official post in the office.
16. He said, still looking away from him: "Thank you for _______ (to help), Karl."
17. I remember _______ (to go) to the British Museum one day to read up the
treatment for some slight ailment. 19. You have to get these people out of the habit
_______ (to be afraid) to express themselves. 20. Instead of _______ (to pick up) a
greenhorn, ignorant of rates, he had come upon a Southerner.
50
for her was all any human being could ask. 4. The girl drew back much surprised,
she even stopped shivering for a moment. 5. Women defend themselves by
attacking, just as they attack by sudden and strange surrenders. 6. "She insisted on
going," she said. "So I gave the poor little thing a present of money. 7. The side door
of Miss Emery's shop was in Brick Passage, and not in the main street, so that a man
might arrive without attracting too much attention. 8. And they went on talking and
eating till it became dark and Annie lit the gas and drew the blind. 9. "I prefer that
way of telling you," she smiled quietly. 10. He accused me of coaxing you away
from the service of the firm and that sort of thing. 11. And how strange it was that,
instead of having been forced to reveal his own secret, he had succeeded, almost by
chance, in wresting a secret from his friend. 12. And, after all, burglary was
absolutely the only practical method of disposing the portrait – except burning down
the castle. 13. Even at the funeral the brothers had shocked the town by not speaking
to each other. 14."Oh, perhaps," said a lodger in the garret, "there is a press for
coining counterfeit money in the cellar ...” 15. ... and by the evening, any man
would deny ever having seen him before. 16. On the pretence of searching for his
hat and coat Vidocq succeeded in separating himself from the others for a few
minutes. 17. Days were employed in perfecting the likeness. 18. And so he had
begun by vivisecting himself, as he had ended by vivisecting others. 19. Human life
– that appeared to him the one thing worth investigating. 20. The mere fact of
having published a book of second rate sonnets makes a man quite irresistible.
10. Say how you would behave in the situations. Use the
gerund and gerundial complexes.
Model:
- What would you do if your friend asked you for advice?
- I would try to help in solving his problems. But I am not sure of being quite
experienced to give advice.
1. If your friends brought a stranger to your party.
2. If you were offered to watch a film you have already seen.
3. If you learn that your friend is a liar.
4. If you found yourself in a difficult situation.
5. If you lost your way in the forest.
6. If you were offended by a very close friend.
53
12. Translate the sentences. Define the syntactical function of
the gerund.
1. Погода була дуже погана, на дорозі – ожеледиця, тому батьки були
проти того, щоб ми з братом їхали до міста на автобусі. 2. Його бажання –
опанувати професію юриста. 3. Усі за те, щоб закінчити обговорення. 4.
Найулюбленіше заняття Тома – малювати пейзажі. 5. Хоча лікар наполягав на
тому, щоб батько кинув курити, він не зробив цього. 6. Чому ти кожного разу
починаєш сперечатися? 7. Давати поради, коли тебе не просять – не найкраща
манера спілкування з людьми. 8. Вони продовжують працювати над цією
проблемою, хоча результати ще дуже незначні. 9. Професор Вудварт розпочне
читати лекції на нашому факультеті з початку наступного семестру. 10. Якщо
й далі ти працюватимеш таким чином, ти не матимеш можливості закінчити
навчання успішно. 11. Участь у таких відповідальних змаганнях вимагає
серйозної підготовки. 12. Гра на будь-якому музичному інструменті вимагає
неймовірного терпіння і позбавляє дітей звичайних забавок. 13. Редактор був
за те, щоб дати інформацію про ці події у ранковому випуску новин. 14. Їсти
продукти швидкого приготування не дуже корисно для здоров’я. 15. Немає
смислу залишатися на узбережжі довше, бо не схоже, що погода зміниться на
краще. 16. Спізнюватися на заняття вже стало твоєю звичкою. 17. Моя ціль –
навчитися співати так, як співають у найкращих операх світу. 18. Кріс не
боєць, він припинив боротися, тому програв. 19. Робити висновки – твоє
завдання, моя задача – дослідити це явище. 20. Добре ладнати з колегами є
однією з умов успішної роботи.
56
1. Я постійно підозрюю, що він щось від нас приховує, бо він ніколи не
дивиться в очі. 2. У дитинстві мене ніколи не карали за те, що я зробив щось
неправильно, батьки вважали, що дитина має вчитися на власних помилках. 3.
Я обіцяю вам подумати про те, щоб поїхати на вихідні на узбережжя, проте я
не впевнена, що я взагалі хочу кудись їхати. 4. На мою думку, він цілком
усвідомлює, що сильно нашкодив справі, тому і почувається ніяково. 5.
Студенти вже звикли багато читати в оригіналі та цілком усвідомлюють, що
таким чином збагачують свій словниковий запас. 6. Я не хочу залежати від
того, допоможуть мені чи ні, я краще покладатимуся на власні сили. 7. Аліса
вже доросла і цілком здатна приймати зважені рішення. 8. Я випадково
дізнався про те, що вони приїздять наступного тижня. 9. Я впевнена, що тобі
не буде важко переконати всіх, що твоя робота варта уваги. 10. Я вже
втомилася сперечатися з тобою з кожної маленької дрібнички. Я проти того,
щоб мене контролювали на кожному кроці. 11. Нам треба завадити їй
розповісти всім про те, що ми бачили, доки самі не з’ясуємо, що сталося там
насправді. 12. По дорозі додому мене зупинив міліціонер і звинуватив у тому,
що я порушив правила, а я впевнений, що нічого не порушував. 13. Я не звик
поступатися, я звик відстоювати свою думку до кінця. 14. Я вже втомилася від
безкінечних сварок з тобою. Треба припинити сперечатися через дрібниці. 15.
Футболістів привітали з тим, що вони нарешті повернули собі звання
чемпіонів Європи. 16. На жаль, мені ніколи не вдавалося схилити когось на
свій бік, а моєму партнерові – навпаки. 17. Марк дуже пишається тим, що він
забив гола, коли тренер поставив його на заміну у фінальному матчі. 18. Ми
погоджуємося на те, щоб спочатку оглянути визначні місця, а ввечері піти до
Оперного Театру. 19. Подивись, він знов занурений у мрії про те, як в нього
закохається найкрасивіша у світі дівчина! 20. Ти цілком здатний дати раду
власному життю і не треба розраховувати на те, що доб’єшся успіху пальцем
не поворухнувши.
TESTS
Test 1
1. Write in the prepositions wherever required.
be surprised _____ seeing blame _____ having congratulate _____
broken having won
resist _____ doing the manner _____ assist _____ repairing
socializing
be aware _____ being be sentenced _____ keen _____ singing
mistaken having done
deny _____ having being be absorbed _____ appreciate _____ being
there thinking helped
depend _____ doing the way _____ explaining fancy _____ strolling
suspect _____ having the experience _____ object _____ being
committed negotiating involved
accuse _____ having the art _____ managing deny _____ having
done deceived
agree _____ leaving objections _____ being persist _____ training
appointed
consist _____ managing don’t mind _____ insist _____ leaving
listening
Test 2
1. Give the English equivalents of the words. Write prepositions wherever
necessary.
1. дізнаватися 11.допомагати
2. бути відповідальним 12.привітати
3. бути здатним 13.заперечувати
4. складатися з 14.мати успіх
5. чинити опір 15.відкладати
6. усвідомлювати 16.погоджуватись
7. підозрювати 17.здивуватись
8. не мати труднощів 18.звинувачувати
9. уявляти 19.залежати
10.розраховувати 20.бути впертим, наполягати
3. Translate the extracts and define the syntactical function of the gerund.
1. Я боявся запізнитися на потяг, тому вирішив взяти таксі. Приїхавши на
вокзал, я побачив, що в мене залишається ще кілька хвилин.
2. Хоча я погодився взяти участь у цьому проекті, у мене залишаються
деякі сумніви. Я хочу бути впевненим у тому, що прийняв правильне
рішення.
3. Терпіти не можу, коли зі мною розмовляють так категорично. Ви
переконаєте мене лише у тому випадку, якщо будете ставитися (regard)
до мене як до партнера.
4. Ваші обов’язки полягають у тому, щоб переглядати і відповідати на
листи читачів. Наша газета залишається популярною завдяки тому, що
ми працюємо з нашими читачами.
5. Нажаль, у мене не було можливості детально вивчити ваші пропозиції. Я
думаю, ви не проти того, щоб пояснити мені всі деталі зараз.
64
6. Він не усвідомлює того, що образив мене своїм тоном. Його манера
розмовляти з людьми завжди дратувала мене.
7. Не розраховуйте на те, що він прийде вчасно. Я б була дуже здивована
побачити його тут у назначений час.
8. Колеги звинувачували його в тому, що він зробив це не порадившись ні
з ким. Замість того, щоб урахувати думки своїх колег, він зробив усе по
своєму.
9. Тільки уяві собі, що їдеш у білому мерседесі! – А я не звик водити білі
мерседеси.
10.Моє єдине бажання – побачити, що ти добився успіху в житті. Тобі слід
припинити сумніватися у своїх силах.
65
PARTICIPLE
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb, which has a verbal and an adjectival or
an adverbial character.
Participle 1
Participle 1 is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb. The verbal
character of Participle 1 is manifested morphologically in the categories of voice and
correlation (see table 3) and syntactically in its combinability. Participle 1 can take a
direct, indirect or prepositional object. It may also combine with an adverb or a
prepositional phrase as an adverbial modifier, with a noun or an adjective as a
predicative.
Voice
Active Passive
Correlation
going –
Non-perfect
taking being taken
having gone –
Perfect
having taken having been taken
The non-perfect form is used to show that the action denoted by Participle 1 is
simultaneous with the action of the finite verb. The perfect form of Participle 1
indicates that the action denoted by participle 1 is prior to the action of the finite verb.
e.g. Learning the language you should read and speak a lot.
Having learnt the rules Alan began to do exercises.
When a prior action is meant no Participle 1 can be used. In such cases an attributive
clause is found in the sentence. It is translated into Ukrainian by an attributive clause.
e.g. The girl, who waited for you in the office, has already gone.
Note:
a writing table – a table for writing
adancingteacher – a teacher of dancing
dancing, writing - gerunds, which suggest the destination of the object or the object of
the person's occupation.
a talking man – a man who talks
the writing students – the students who write
the dancinggirl – the girl who dances
In the last cases Participle 1 is used as an attribute to modify the nouns.
67
Participle 1 as an adverbial modifier of concession is introduced by the
conjunctions though / although.
e.g. Though being pressed for time he agreed to consult me
Participle 1 as predicative.
Only non-perfect form is used. In this function Participle 1 gives the qualitative
assessment of the subject or the object in the case of the objective predicative.
e.g. Your story is touching.
I find your story touching.
Participle 1 as parenthesis.
e.g. Telling the truth, I am not quite sure that I am right.
Participle 2
Participle 2 of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed (d) to the stem of the verb.
e.g. to stop – stopped; to solve – solved.
Participle 2of irregular and mixed verbs is formed according to some fixed traditional
patterns going back partly to the Germanic strong verbs, partly to the weak verbs,
which underwent some changes in the process of history.
Participial constructions
In the constructions with the verbs of causative meaning and with the verbs denoting
wish Participle 2 is more frequently used. In the constructions with the verbs of mental
activity only Participle 2 is possible.
74
7. Translate the sentences. Explain the use of the participle.
Define the syntactical function of the participle.
1. Обміркувавши все досить ретельно та врахувавши усі слабкі місця свого
плану, Семюел вирішив діяти негайно. 2. Він завжди покладався лише на себе,
не очікуючи чиєїсь допомоги. 3. Він кивнув, ніби погоджувався зі мною, але
продовжував відстоювати свій варіант. 4. Ці події були для нього
несподіванкою, і він вирішив піти, не висловивши своєї думки. 5. Дівчинка
продовжувала гуляти, ніби не почувши моїх слів, але я бачив, що вона була дуже
зацікавлена. 6. Ніби почувши щось з вулиці, вона вийшла з кімнати,
намагаючись скористатися розгубленістю присутніх. 7. Вона вислухала слова
чоловіка і кілька хвилин сиділа мовчки, ніби обмірковуючи все ще раз, але для
себе вона вже прийняла рішення. 8. Дівчина дивилася на мене з повними сліз
очима, ніби сподіваючись на якесь чудо, але я нічого не міг для неї зробити. 9.
Детектив рухався по вулиці, роздивляючись вітрини магазинів, ніби
зацікавлений різноманітними дрібницями крамниць. 10. Він вислухав мене, ніби
погоджуючись з моїми думками, але зробив так, як вирішив раніше. 11.
Студенти, які навчаються на нашому факультеті, зазвичай працюють дуже
багато. 12. Що хоче той хлопець, який телефонує тобі кожні півгодини? 13.
Думаючі про справи, які я не встигла закінчити, я пригадала деякі деталі, на які
не звернула уваги раніше. 14. Хоча у водія був дуже великий досвід керування
вантажівкою, він не зміг уникнути зіткнення. 15. Щось я почуваюся ніяково,
хоча добре виспалась і встигла поснідати. 16. Коли викладач пояснював
студентам дієприкметник, він порівнював його вживання з вживанням герундія.
17. Я не можу звикнути до того, як ти спілкуєшся – наче постійно жартуєш. 18.
Після занять я завжди дуже втомлена, тому ніколи не починаю нічого робити,
доки не перепочину трохи. 19. Актори, які в цьому фільми виконують головні
ролі, лише початківці, проте мені дуже подобається, як вони грають. 20.
Зрозумівши, що був неправий, Марк прийшов вибачатися.
77
12.Point out the complexes with the participle, define the
constructions and their syntactical functions. Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian.
1. A few days later when Smith was in a train, he saw his dog running along the
road. 2. Seth already felt butter settling down close to his hair; and he jumped up
declaring he must go. 3. "That's too bad," said the professor. "You must have it (the
chimney) repaired." 4. The work having been done I could leave Birmingham and
return to New York. 5. Soon Midas sat down to breakfast; his daughter sitting beside
him. 6. Finally it was decided, that although the risk was great, they should go, Robin
Hood among them. 7. Dorian heard him first stopping on the pavement, and then
hurrying after him.8. The tree being planted in the wood, nobody could see it. 9. I
greeted them as gaily as I could, and then he shook hands with my mother, neither of
them speaking. 10. Smith stood near the door, cap in the hand. 11. Then there are other
stories – stories that you have been seen creeping at dawn out of dreadful houses and
slinking in disguise into the foulest dens in London. 12. She never looked up, and
never spoke, the firelight playing over her motionless figure. 13. A young man went to
an insurance office to have his life insured. 14. Then he said to himself, with his lips
locked together, "What if I have changed?" 15. He tidied everything up, put on his
coat, and hat in hand walked out of the church, locking the door behind him. 16. Dicky
stood with his head hanging. 17. And indeed she looked remarkably young for a
woman of forty-five, with twenty-five years of widowhood and a short but stormy
married life behind her. 18. Inside I could hear Mrs. Roof speaking with the corporal,
and the baby crying. 19. But all leave had been stopped; his request had been
definitely refused; the regiment was actually in the line, with fighting going on, – and
the situation extremely critical in that sector. 20. I had just come back from China, and
my family being away, I went to the country to stay with an uncle.
80
Тепер, коли контракт підписаний, ти можеш більше не нервувати, а починати
шукати нових клієнтів.
82
20. Translate the sentences, use participles and participial
constructions and define their syntactical functions.
1. Якщо зміняться обставини, я буду змушений відмовитися від поїздки. 2.
Він хоче, щоб його машину відремонтували до завтрашнього ранку. 3. Я не хочу,
щоб мої пропозиції розглядали сьогодні, оскільки жоден з вас не вивчив їх як
слід. 4. Вона почувається забутою, проте це не так, тому що кожного дня до неї
хтось заходить і всі телефонують кілька разів на день. 5. Я не знаю, чому вона
така незадоволена, все відбувається так, як вона планувала. 6. Я відмовлюся від
своїх звинувачень, якщо тільки мені пояснять, у чому я не права. 7. На вокзалі
ми почули, як оголошують прибуття потяга, і поквапилися, бо боялися
спізнитися. 8. Кожного ранку я чую, як по радіо говорять про ці події, проте не
розумію, навіщо про них говорити так часто. 9. Погода була чудова, ми
прогулювалися по парку, а навколо цвіли дерева, і бігали радісні дітлахи. 10.
Можна мені скористатися твоїм телефоном, бо я забув поповнити рахунок? 11. Я
не хочу, щоб мої зауваження обговорювали, бо впевнена, що права, і жодні
суперечки нічого не змінять. 12. Чуєш, називають твоє ім’я? Поквапся, твоя
черга йти на співбесіду. 13. Вона пальцем не поворухнула, сподіваючись, що все
владнається саме собою. 14. Куди б тебе не запросили, ти ніколи не
погоджуєшся піти. 15. Щоб їй не порадили, вона ні за що не послухає, бо дуже
вперта. 16. Навіть якщо йому запропонують щось варте уваги, він не зверне на
це уваги, бо зважає лише на власні інтереси. 17. Коли б її не побачив, вона
завжди в гуморі і завжди посміхається. 18. Вона поводиться з людьми, наче грає
на сцені, ніколи не зрозумієш, коли вона справжня. 19. Ти дивишся на мене, наче
ображена, не розумію, чому ти завжди примушуєш мене почуватися винним. 20.
Вам уже принесли ваші речі? Чи можу я ще щось для вас зробити?
Test 2
1. Underline participles and participial constructions and define their syntactical
functions.
1. It’s desirable that you concentrate on the most important when preparing to
answer at the exam.
2. Having been informed about the results of the interview James could not
understand why he was rejected.
3. I wanted my application considered as soon as possible and insisted that they
immediately do it.
4. Mary seemed absorbed in listening to your performance, but I am sure that she
did not hear anything.
5. My propositions rejected again I will have to think of changing the job.
6. All children were joyfully playing on the ground little Keith sitting on the bench
away from them.
7. All questions having been cleared out the students left the classroom.
8. Mike is really pessimistic and slow, so he does everything only if encouraged all
the time.
86
9. Jill looks as if frightened with something. Do you know what’s happening?
10.Whenever invited to join an outing or entertain herself Liza always finds a
pretext to refuse.
87
11.Марта відчула, що її охопило якесь побоювання, тому вийшла і зачинила
всі двері та вікна.
12.Аліса ніколи не пробачить твого вчинку, якщо їй не пояснять причин.
13.Джон добре обізнаний з цих проблем, проте не втрутиться, доки його не
попросять допомогти.
14.Відверто кажучи, я ніколи не вважала Сару здатною на рішучі дії.
15.Ми йшли по парку і розмовляли, на дворі поступово ставало холодніше й
холодніше.
16.Ключі від квартири були десь на самому дні валізи, і я мусила
розпаковувати її прямо біля дверей.
Revision Exercises
1. Point out the verbals, name them, explain their use and define
syntactical functions.
1. He could not remember what he had had at this feast, so long prepared, so
gloriously achieved. 2. And on opening it he found three small chests so heavy that he
could not lift them. 3. For it was as if his dead father's voice spoke to him
reproachfully from the grave, and in agony of despair he threw himself on the соld
stone and began to weep for his foolish wasted life. 4. My life was saved, when a few
minutes before there seemed to be no hope at all. 5. Instead of discouraging people
from having defense mechanism and resorting of tricks of escapism, it should help
them discover such blessing. 6. Life is too short to be wasted and desperately striving
to be normal. 7. Tom paid no attention, yet was trying how fast the engine could go
without falling off the track. 8. The little girl took a picture book, sat down under the
table, with her back to Tom, and slowly examined each page. 9. Nurse, having
completed her private business, came bursting in with the air of one restored to life
after a dangerous illness. 10. That did not matter, however, for she soon was typing
without making any errors. 11. Helen practiced speaking day after day until at last she
developed a clean voice. 12. All through college she had at her side her beloved Miss
Sullivan, who never grew tired of spelling into her hand what was said by the teacher.
13. On hearing a slight noise he looked up and saw Kid standing at the door of the
consulate. 14. They told me it was customary to call on you before having a look at the
town. 15. “I shan’t trouble you any more now. I am much obliged for your kindness in
coming round.” 16. The elaborate character of the frame had made the picture
extremely bulky, and now and then, in spite of the obsequious protests of Mr.
Hubbard, who had the true tradesman’s dislike of seeing a gentleman doing anything
useful, Dorian put his hand to it so that to help them. 17. It has been mad of him to
have allowed the thing to remain, even for an hour, in a room to which any of his
friends had access. 18. Lord Henry had the charm of being very dangerous. He was too
clever and too cynical to be fond of. 19. To become the spectator of one’s own life, as
Harry says, is to escape the suffering of life. 20. She made Rebecca accept a necklace
and a ring and a sweet white dress, which was too small for her now, though it would
fit her friend beautifully.
2. Point out the verbals, name them and explain their use and
define syntactical functions.
88
1 .The storekeeper was about closing up for the night, and while standing in the
snow outside, putting up the window shutters, saw through the glass a fellow grab a
pound of fresh butter from the shelf and conceal it in his hat. 2. Seth was in such a
manner cornered in by the boxes and the barrels that, while the grocer stood before
him, there was no possibility of getting out. 3. The next thing he did was to prepare
two smoking glasses of hot toddy, the very sight of which, in Seth’s present situation,
would have made the hair stand erect upon his head had it not been well oiled and kept
down by the butter. 4. Perhaps she had already told Rebecca that, but the young lady
did not appear to have remembered it. 5. Isaac Newton, the great scientist, was often
so deep in his own thoughts that he would forget to eat his dinner unless reminded to
do so. 6. On returning to his cell each day, he spent several hours in prayer; but his
religion, like the world outside seemed to be sleeping away from him. 7. He did not
see Miss Balston across the room, did not feel her standing there till he woke to find
the whole class looking and laughing. 8. Ten he had to find the rule and the string
again, and a new hole was made; and, about midnight, the picture would be up – very
crooked and insecure, the wall for yards looking as if smoothed down with a rake; and
everybody dead tired and wretched – except Uncle Podger. 9. On reaching home, and
entering the little lighted hall, the first thing that caught his eye was his wife's umbrella
lying on the rug chest. 10. I go where I like, enjoying delightful spots rarely visited by
other travellers. 11. I cannot leave a mountain without trying to find out all its
treasures and cannot enter a wood without observing the leaves of the plants living
beneath their shades. 12. After I get married I am going to sell my store and go west,
where there won't be so much danger of meeting people who knew me before. 13.
When dinner time came he refused the invitation to accompany a fellow-passenger to
the saloon, saying he did not feel well. 14. I've got one favour to ask, if it isn't too
much. If you'd let the kids come out in the yard sometimes, I'd like it. 15. “You have
done too many foolish things during the last fortnight to be entitled to give yourself
that name, Dorian,” answered Lord Henry. 16. It is not my fault that this terrible
tragedy has prevented my doing what was right. 17. The people who have adored me
… have always insisted on living on, long after I ceased to care for them, or they to
care for me. 18. You don’t know the danger I am in, and there is nothing to keep me
straight. 19. Finally he went over to the table, and wrote a passionate letter to the girl
he had loved, imploring her forgiveness, and accusing himself of madness. 20. Yes, it
was better to let Lord Henry in, and to explain to him the new life he was going to
lead, to quarrel with him, if it became necessary to quarrel, to part if parting was
inevitable.
93
10. Fill in the gaps with the required prepositions or
conjunctions.
1. Parents should always prevent their children _____ from taking thoughtless
decisions. 2. _____ coming home in the evening I nearly got into a pit for the path was
not lit. 3. _______ seen she is always engrossed _____ reading something in her
tablet. 4. _____ being greatly displeased with the results of the interview Mary hoped
to be employed. 5. Don’t worry, Nick, you will be assisted _____ carrying out this
task. 6. _____ asked to do Simon never does anything in time. 7. He won’t agree
_____ to participating in the contest _____ promised finance. 8. Linda can practice
_____ playing the piano for hours _____ even taking a short break. 9. _____ talking
back to everybody all the time you’d better change your way _____ speaking to
people. 10. Why not involve yourself _____ doing something different for a change?
11. I don’t know why you accuse me _____ having done it improperly. 12. You don’t
seem to have acquired the skills _____ designing web sites. 13. The criminal was
sentenced to 10 years in prison _____ having committed a cruel crime. 14. Don’t make
me listening to your excuses _____ having let us down again. 15. The participants
insist _____ being informed about all possible changes on the schedule. 16. He spoke
sincerely _____ trying to conceal anything important. 17. You may succeed _____
changing the whole routine. 18. _____ Mila’s propositionsaccepted _____ not she
won’t feel discouraged. She is used _____ being refused. 19. _____ watching the
documentary I learnt some surprising facts about the events. 20. James will surely
support your idea _____ being offered participation in the project.
95
D. Answer the following questions:
• Do you find the facts given in the article interesting?
• Is the idea of organizing local sponsorship worth attention?
• Which of the approaches to sports development could become useful in
Ukraine?
• What is your opinion as for organizing sports competitions for people with
disabilities?
• How can participating in sports competitions help people with disabilities?
E. Think and say if young people in your town are provided with
sports facilities and if sport is popular with the youth.
D. Discuss the information you learnt from the text, give your
opinion and reasons for it. When speaking you may base upon
the statements:
96
• The British Government pays much attention to education and invests money
into it for the British consider it to be of great importance for the nation.
• Young people in the UK have lots of possibilities to study and they are free to
choose the university and the form of studying.
• Adults who wish to continue their education can choose a nonresidential form of
studying.
B. Reproduce the story orally and in writing and give your own
opinion as for the simplicity of life and speech of the Lacons.
97
• Sometimes young people can ruin their health by smoking, taking drugs and
drinking.
• Students often slave at their books forgetting that they should have a rest, have
some entertainment and communicate with their friends and companions. They
are used to working till late at night and feel exhausted and as a result they
cannot realize their abilities and show their knowledge. Their efforts appear to
be useless.
• There are also such students who are always ready to postpone all their work
having a slightest difficulty, they pile up everything until the last moment and
often feel discomfort.
• Sometimes pupils or students are afraid to ask questions.
There are different reasons for that − they can be too
shy, they can be afraid to seem stupid or awkward; they
can fail to express their thoughts and ideas clearly.
• There are many people who are not open for communication. They cannot
participate in social activities, they have hardly any friends and often remain
lonely. Such people have nobody to share their failures and fortunes with. They
suffer greatly because of it.
98
B. Pick out verbals, define their form and syntactical functions.
Translate the sentences with verbals into Ukrainian.
Semester 2
Training Examination Grammar Test
Test 1
1. Use the required prepositions or conjunctions
1. Mark is too hesitant and won’t do anything __________ assured he is right.
2. __________ invited Gemma always comes accompanied by her cousin brother.
3. He promised to accept the offer __________ consulting with a lawyer.
4. Liza always has everything her own way __________ considering others’
opinions.
5. __________ listening to you reports I was making notes and found some
contradictions.
6. I don’t think you will win them over __________ passing on them your own
attitudes.
7. __________ leaving something important Sue looked through the things in the
suitcase again.
8. Jason will not agree to support the project __________ guaranteed participation
in it.
9. __________ having received detailed instructions the students coped with all
tasks well.
10.__________ having objections to the project Robinson gave way and supported
it.
99
5. The students were working hard and only Ben spared no pains to do well at the
classes.
6. When all suitcases were packed and taken to the car Gregory went to lock the
house.
7. The professional are to investigate this crime, not journalists.
8. I was really pressed for time, but didn’t want to look ugly so I hurried to the
hairdresser’s where they will do my hair.
9. Everyone considered that Megan would give way but she didn’t.
10.If all our remarks are considered we will not have any more objections.
3. Make sentences
1. With the gerund as an adverbial modifier of condition.
2. With the gerund as an adverbial modifier of time.
3. With participle 1 as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
4. With participle 1 as an adverbial modifier of time.
5. With participle 2 as an adverbial modifier of condition.
6. With participle 2 as an adverbial modifier of concession.
7. With the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of condition.
8. With the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of subsequent event.
9. With the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of result.
10.With the gerund as a prepositional object.
Test 2
1. Use the required prepositions or conjunctions
1. He will never do a hand’s turn __________ being instructed.
2. Are you sure you will succeed __________ making an effort?
100
3. James is very obstinate and will have everything his own way __________
persuaded to change his mind
4. You will definitely make your report better improve __________ adding some
interesting information.
5. It rained heavily and we didn’t go out __________ being caught with rain.
6. James is hesitating and says he will accept the offer of the job __________
being given much higher salary.
7. __________ being well aware of all possible obstacles David managed to avoid
them all.
8. __________ having accepted the offer Steve is not sure of having made the
right choice.
9. Mike never carries out any orders __________ assured that they are appropriate.
10.__________ seenNell always looks a million dollars!
3. Make sentences
1. With the gerund as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
2. With the gerund as an adverbial modifier of substitution.
3. With participle 1 as an adverbial modifier of concession.
4. With participle 1 as an adverbial modifier of reason.
5. With participle 2 as an adverbial modifier of condition.
6. With participle 2 as an adverbial modifier of concession.
7. With the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of comparison.
8. With the Objective Participial Construction.
9. With the Nominative Absolute PC (as an adverbial modifier of cause).
10.With the Nominative Absolute PC (as an adverbial modifier of attendant
circumstances).
101
4. Translate the sentences using the Infinitive, Gerund, Participle or predicative
constructions.
1. Погодившись залишитися у місті ще на кілька днів, я почав сумніватися,
чи правильне рішення я прийняв.
2. Дитина здається наляканою, проте не слід привертати занадто багато уваги
тому, що сталося.
3. Чому ти ставишся до цього так легковажно? Те, що відбувається зараз,
може мати досить серйозні наслідки.
4. Умови проведення переговорів, що обговорювалися на зборах, неможливо
реалізувати.
5. Усі запрошення було розіслані, тепер ми могли зайнятися плануванням
самої конференції.
6. Ми хочемо, щоб наші пропозиції негайно врахували.
7. Доповідач говорив про досить серйозні речі, всі слухачі час від часу
ставили йому запитання.
8. Усіх ознайомлять з результатами конкурсу, коли будуть розглянуті всі
твори студентів.
9. Він палець о палець не вдарить, доки йому не дозволять діяти на власний
розсуд.
10.Наша команда візьме участь у цьому турнірі, якщо їй нададуть добре
обладнану для тренування залу.
11.Ти поводишся так, наче досі сумніваєшся, що здатний зробити все краще
за всіх.
12.Я не захотів нікому нічого розповісти, бо боявся, що стану
посміховиськом, якщо мені не вдасться це зробити.
13.Стаття, що надрукована у вчорашній газеті, викликала велике
роздратування у суспільстві.
14.Після твого візиту, коли я нарешті зрозуміла все, я подумала, що дійсно
була неправа.
15.Коли ми дізналися цю новину, то мали такий вигляд, наче нам повідомили
щось несподіване.
16.Марк слухав мене уважно і робив якісь нотатки, а решта присутніх
займалися власними справами.
102
REFERENCES
103
16. R. Mansfield. A Cup of Tea.
17. A. Conan Doyle. The Stockbroker’s Clerk.
18. R. Goldberg. Art for Heart’s Sake.
104