01 VIRTUE ETHICS DEFINED LIST OF CONTENT

PRESENTATION

02 SOCRATES AND PLATO'S MORAL

PHILOSOPHY

03 ARISTOTOLE'S ETHICS
05 THOMAS AQUINAS' ETHICS

04 06
AN EVALUATION OF THE GREEK AN ANALYSIS OF THOMISTICS
PHILOSOPHER'S ETHICAL ETHICS
THEORIES
INTRODUCING
OUR BEST TEAM RICHMON ZEAR CAMPIT

DIANA ALASCO JONE CLED IGLAMO

JUSTINE CAMPIT MILDRED RIVERA

VIRTUE ETHICS
DEFINED
 VIRTUE ETHICS IS A MORAL
PHILOSOPHY THAT TEACHES
THAT AN ACTION IS RIGHT IF
IT IS AN ACTION THAT A
VIRTUOUS PERSON WOULD
PERFORM IN THE SAME
SITUATIONS.
VIRTUES ARE THE FREELY CHOSEN
CHARACTER TRAITS THAT PEOPLE
PRAISE IN OTHERS. PEOPLE
PRAISE THEM BECAUSE:

(1) THEY ARE DIFFICULT TO

DEVELOP

(2) THEY ARE CORRECTIVE OF

NATURAL DEFICIENCIES

(3) THEY ARE BENEFICIAL

BOTH TO SELF AND SOCIETY
SOCRATES AND PLATO'S
MORAL PHILOSOPHY
MORAL PHILOSOPHY SOCRATES' POINT IS WHAT
IS GOOD HAS A CERTAIN INDEPENDENCE FROM
THE WHIMS OF THE GODS' DETERMINATION OF
THE RIGHTNESS OF OUR ACTIONS AND MORES.

BAD ACTIONS ARE PERFORMED OUT OF

NOT KNOWING THE GOOD.
ARISTOTOLE'S
ETHICS
Eudemian Ethics- concept to describe the highest good
humans could strive toward or a life 'well lived'

Nichomachean Ethics- How to live a good life? By

achieving the ultimate happiness through desire and capacity
to understand the truth and application of virtues.
Aristotle’s
Telos
TELOS
means function,
purpose,end,goal

ARISTOTLE BELIEVES
THAT
essence or essential
nature beings, including
humans, lay not at their
cause (beginning) but
at their ends (telos)
.
Happiness and
Virtuesthe ultimate human goal is self-realization.

This entails achieving one’s natural purpose by

functioning or living consistently with human
nature

Accomplishing it produces happiness, inability to

realize it leads to sadness, frustration and
ultimately to poor life

Happiness is the greatest good of all human life(

only intrinsic good), while all other things like
pleasure, wealth, and honor are merely means to
an end, happiness is mans ultimate goal as it as
end in itself
 Aristotle’s idea of happiness should also be
understood in the sense of human flourishing.

Virtue as
This flourishing is attained by the habitual
practice of moral and intellectual excellence
and virtues

Habit
The function of human being accordingly,
consists in activities which manifest the best
states of his rational aspect, that is the
virtues
·Moral virtues , for Aristotle is the only
practical road to effective action, the virtuous
person, who has good character, sees truly,
judges rightly and act morally
Virtues and The
Golden Mean
Two Kinds of Virtues

VIRTUES OF INTELLECT MORAL VIRTUE

Virtues of the mind that is expression of character,

usually acquired through formed by habits reflecting
teachings like logic and repeated choices. Also called
mathematics. virtue of character
Virtues and The
Golden Mean
VIRTUE LIES NEITHER IN THE VICE OF DEFFIENCY OR IN THE VICE OF EXCESS BUT IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE GROUND, MORAL VIRTUE IS THE GOLDEN MEAN BETWEEN THE TWO LESS
DESIRABLE EXTREMES

WE TEND TO DO ACTIONS THAT BRING DELIGHTS AND AVOID ACTIONS THAT BRING AGONY.
THE VIRTUOUS PERSON IS BROUGHT UP TO FI D ENJOYMENT IN VIRTUES ACTIONS AND
SORROW IN VICES
Virtues and The
Golden Mean

COURAGE Temperance Justice Prudence

 We must recognize not only that the

Phronesis
mean is neither too much nor too little
but also it is relative to us as moral
agents. What constitutes the right

and Practice amount of something may differ from

person to another

It is a grasp of the appropriate way to

respond, to feel, and act in particular
situation. Once we learned the proper
amount of some kind of action through
moral virtue and practical wisdom, then
we can act with accordance with the
right prescription.
AN EVALUATION OF THE GREEK
PHILOSOPHER'S ETHICAL
THEORIES
 THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

Socrates Plato Aristotle

 Socrates Plato
Human beings who behave immorally do
so out of ignorance of the good
 Socrates believed that no one does
wrong voluntarily. Evil is the result of
ignorance. If people knew what was the
right thing to do they would do it. We
always choose what we think is the best
or good for us. So, if someone chooses
to do what we think is wrong, then that
person made a mistake and must be
educated to see the error. They mistook
evil for the GOOD. Do you agree? Why
or why not?
Why I should be
Moral?
Aristotle's Concept

His Concept of virtue is more active than that of plato's

His ethics therefore can be deemed better for it

distinguishes 'doing right' from knowing what is right

Moral view is more ethically practical, particular,

and applicable.
He could also better explain accountability and
responsibility.
THOMAS
AQUINAS' ETHICS
 ‘ANGELIC DOCTOR,’ ALSO CALLED

AS ‘PRINCE OF SCHOLASTICS’

ITALIAN PHILOSOPHER AND

THEOLOGIAN (1225-1274)

BELIEVES THAT HAPPINESS

Who
Who is
is Thomas
Thomas Aquinas?
Aquinas? CONSIST IN ACTIVITIES IN

ACCORDANCE WITH VIRTUE

 5.1

NATURAL LAW

AN ORDINANCE OF REASON FOR THE

COMMON GOOD, PROMULGATED BY
SOMEONE WHO HAS CARE FOR
COMMUNITY.
“RULES AND MEASURES,” “RATIONAL
PATTERNS OR FORMS”
 4 PRIMARY
four
TYPES OF
four primary
primary types
types of
of law
law
LAW

1) Eternal Law 2.) Natural Law

Portion of Eternal law that
RATIONAL PLAN OF GOD; relates specifically to human
conduct.
ALL CREATION IS ORDERED.
Moral Law; do good and
avoid evil.
 4 PRIMARY
four
TYPES OF
four primary
primary types
types of
of law
law
LAW
3.) Human Law 4.) Divine Law

Moral virtues is reinforced and Disclosed through sacred

cultivated. text or scriptures
Includes civil and criminal laws How man can be inwardly

holy and eventually attain
Human laws that are against natural
law are not real laws salvation.
NATURAL LAW: PRIMARILY
SIGNIFICANT IN ETHICS
Knowable by natural reason
Synderesis – Faculty of Moral
insights or conscience
(Thomas) Natural

Inclinations
to Some Specific Goods:
1.To Survive

2.To Reproduce and Educate offspring

3.To Know the Truth about God,

Live Peacefully in Society

 5.2

FEATURES OF HUMAN ACTIONS

- Human actions are evaluated through their conformity to natural
law and their specific features.

1.Species 2. ACCIDENTS 3. End

– object of the action, – CIRCUMSTANCES – agent’s intention. (Bad
intention spoils a good act,
kind of action. SURROUNDING
but good intention cannot
(Good, Bad, or Neutral). THE ACTION. redeem a bad act.
 5.3

- “All actions are directed towards ends, Happiness is the final end.”
- Happiness ≠ pleasure, material possessions, honor
- Happiness = activities in accordance with virtue
Virtue – ‘A good habit bearing on activity.’

2 TYPES OF

HABITS
1.Acquired habits – autonomous will of a person.

2.Infused habits – Directly instilled by God in our faculties.

 TWO KINDS OF INFUSED
VIRTUES
2
1 Theological
Moral Virtues Virtues
– ACTIVITIES THAT ARE LESS -CONCERNED DIRECTLY WITH GOD.
VIRTOUS, INFERIOR TO THE -SERVES TO ATTUNE US
FINAL END. TO OUR FINAL END, WHICH IS GOD.
Four Basic Virtous: a) Prudence, b) Fortitude,
The virtues of: a) Faith, b) Hope, c) Love
c) Temperance, d) Justice.
AN ANALYSIS OF
THOMISTICS ETHICS
One of the accomplishments
of Aquinas in ethics, is to
mention, as much as
possible, all of the things that
matter in ethical evaluation
of action.
Moreover, he avers that matters in morality is not only
what one actually does but also his intention in doing
the act.
AQUINAS BELIEVES THAT SOME BASIC
PRINCIPLES ABOUT MORALITY ARE IN
FACT KNOWABLE BY ALL, HE THUS
AGAINST SKEPTICISM ABOUT VALUE


Thomistic ethics is comparatively

applicable, his specific prescription is to
do good, avoid evil, pursue knowledge
and live at peace
 - Aquinas departs from the Augustinian view of the
AQUINAS VS. world as sin-laden and disordered.

AUGUSTINE
- Aquinas promotes Aristotles positive depictions
of the world as rational, humane and ordered.

- Augustine teaches us the awe of God coming

down to sanctify man, while Aquinas starts with the
proper understanding of man and hiw that lead us
up to God
 He who is not angry when there is just cause
for anger is immoral. Why? Because anger
looks to the good of justice. And if you can live
amid injustice without anger, you are immoral
as well as unjust
.- Thomas Aquinas
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